GraduateDissertations1 PDF

Graduate Dissertations in Musicology
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Department of Music
1939 201 4
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2015
Joshua Busman
Sounding Passion: Listening to American Evangelical Worship Music (1997-Present)
(under the direction of Mark Katz)
My dissertation is an ethnographic and phenomenological analysis of evangelical praise and
worship music, a pop-styled liturgical music which has experienced a meteoric rise among
American evangelicals in recent years. I specifically center my analysis on one of the influential
evangelical media networks on the planet: the Passion Conferences (also known as Passion268 or
the 268 Generation). At its most basic, this dissertation is concerned with the ways in which the
material culture of praise and worship musicspecifically the video and audio recordings,
songbooks, and supplementary prose materials produced by Passions sixsteps record label and
publishing armis mobilized into larger discourses of meaning and identity within evangelical
communities of practice.
By using a variety of ethnographic and phenomenological methodologies, I examine the ways that
mass-mediated worship music functions as a primary theological discourse, provides strong sites
of affiliation in a post-denominational context, shapes worshippers embodied selfunderstandings, and interfaces with the complex web of late-capitalist market structures.
Throughout, I attempt to move the study of congregational music-making away from the notion
that religious belief is primarily propositional or even rational and towards an examination of
how belief consists in the affective, lived experiences of the religious life. Religious music is
instrumental in shaping belief, not merely through its ability to preserve theological texts, but
also in its ability to accomplish specific and essential theological work through communal
experiences of sound.
My concern with experiences in and around practicing Christian communities leads me to adopt
an ethnographic stance in which practitioners experiences with religious music-making are placed
front and center. The centrality of religion within the human experience as well as its importance
in political and social structuring means that my research deals with music as it functions at the
most personally and culturally significant junctures of human identity formation. By understanding
how Christian communities are always worshipping with everything in their sensory toolkit, my
work offers new ways of understanding embodied religious experience as well as the formations
of community and identity that congregational music-making provides to so many.
Catherine Hughes
Branding Brussels Musically: Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in the Interwar Years
(under the direction of Annegret Fauser)
My dissertation explores the efforts of the cultural elite in Brussels to establish their city as a
center for the performance of the newest in European art music between the world wars. With
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the support of a fascinating group of patrons, institutional directors, concert organizers, and
conductors, many of the foremost international composers of the period heard premieres of their
work in the Belgian capital. The citys rich musical life attracted Darius Milhaud, Igor
Stravinsky, Alban Berg, Francis Poulenc, Paul Hindemith, and many others. Performances of
their music made Brussels a crossroads for the distinct French, German, and Russian conceptions
of musical modernism. Openness to this wide variety of new music became a hallmark of
Belgiums cultural identity. Musicological literature addresses the Belgian cultural elites
involvement with musical modernism only superficially. By developing a nuanced view of the
role of modern music in musical life in Brussels, my dissertation will question the ways in which
smaller European cultural centers approached new music, fostered cosmopolitan attitudes, and
established identities distinct from those of such dominant international cities as Paris, London,
and Vienna.
I will develop a nuanced view of the ways in which four key members of the Belgian cultural
elite approached musical modernism. The process of cross-cultural exchange, the definition and
re-definition of musical modernism, and the challenge of constructing national identity were
particularly important during the interwar period. Paul Collaer, Henry Le Buf, Corneil de
Thoran, and Queen lisabeth each responded to these cultural and political forces through their
support of the newest in music. Through the examination of primary sources, considerations of
the work of these four figures will challenge traditional conceptions of constructing nationalism,
and contribute to current discussions in musicology of processes of cross-cultural exchange,
cultural appropriation, and cosmopolitanism. My dissertation will also enrich current
understanding of the role of patrons, concert organizers, and institutional directors in the
circulation of new music, and offer an important view of the coexistence of competing sets of
aesthetic values that complicates current discourse on musical modernism.
Brian Jones
Signifying DIY: Alternative Rock Aesthetics Beyond the Underground
The idea of a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethos has led a broad and ill-defined history through the
20th century and beyond. The ethos has remained central, however, to the aesthetic sensibilities
of particular rock, punk, indie, and electronic genresvalorizing the role of the amateur and
nurturing an egalitarian sense of empowerment by complicating or breaking down boundaries
between production and consumption. In this dissertation, I examine how modes of aural
signification in recorded rock can evoke DIY sensibilities. One of my central propositions is that
DIYs lasting contribution to rock culture lies not necessarily in its encouragement of egalitarian,
participatory music scenes; but rather in fostering the production of rock records
that sound and feel as though they came from such a scene. I refer to this latter phenomenon
as signifying DIYa type of aural signification in which the sound of a record foregrounds
processual elements of its own production. For a listener, a rock recording that signifies DIY
shows the seams of its constructionwhether in the messy residue of interpersonal interaction
during recording, seemingly spontaneous acts of technological experimentation, or lo-fi
production values. We can consider DIY-oriented signification as inviting the listener to create
a production mythan imagined narrative that carries meaning and significance beyond its
conveyance of simple fact.
In this dissertation, after establishing a theoretical and analytical framework based on the
principles described above, I will consider three major case studies to demonstrate salient aspects
of DIY-oriented signification in mass-mediated rock. I focus on artists from the 1990s and early
2000sa time when DIY-oriented alternative and indie genres found receptive listeners among
broad spheres of popular music and culture. The first case study examines the music of Beck and
the west coast lo-fi and indie music cultures in which he established himself. The second
considers Jeff Tweedy and his band Wilco, examining the groups broad shift from alt-country to
an experimental, process-oriented aesthetic culminating in Yankee Hotel Foxtrot. The
experimental, punk, and indie scenes of Chicago in the 1990s provide the discursive and
aesthetic backdrop for this analysis. The third case study focuses on the Flaming Lips, from their
early years as a noisy, punk-oriented alternative band to their move toward media and sound
experimentation in Zaireeka(1997) and The Soft Bulletin (1999). The groups bizarre integration
of punk, noise, pop, and prog sensibilitiesall with a DIY emphasis on unorthodox
spontaneityprovides a fascinating example of a band that moves among starkly different
modes of DIY signification while maintaining a sense of experimental continuity. Overall, these
case studies demonstrate a variety of ways that DIY aesthetics shape and influence the
production and interpretation of mass-mediated rock.
Kristen Turner
Opera, Class, and Culture in America, 18781910
My dissertation considers the social, cultural, and musical implications of European opera
performed in English translation in the United States between 1878 and 1910. Moderately-priced
English-language opera productions were caught in a middle ground between European opera
performed in foreign languages, which was expensive to attend and considered high art, and
comic operetta which was perceived to be a cheap night of harmless entertainment for the middle
class with little artistic worth. Many English-language opera companies tried to position
themselves as high art at the peoples prices, but by 1910 this strategy was failing, leading to the
end of attempts to use opera in English as a way to create a uniquely American form of opera.
The critical discourse around opera in English translation centered on four areas of contention
the development of a bourgeois class in the United States that associated opera with wealth; the
appropriate relationship between a new American culture and older European models; the
aesthetics of performing opera in translation; and shifting notions of high and low art. I examine
the ways this discourse played out in a variety of contexts. Through the interpretation and
integration of a rich set of primary documents, I describe the business and marketing practices of
the operatic industry from the founding of a new traveling opera company to its inevitable
demise. Using three representative examples, I show how the discourse also contributed to the
use of opera in projects of cultural, economic, and social uplift for women (such as prominent
English-language singer Emma Juch), African Americans (like baritone and opera impresario
Theodore Drury) and the residents of smaller cities (in this case Raleigh, North Carolina).
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Finally, the discourse around English-language opera also found a place in the reception and
performance of individual pieces. I concentrate on BizetsCarmen, which premiered in New
York in 1878. After establishing how several English-language companies presented the opera
based on evidence from scores, libretti, and other production documents, I analyze critical
reception of the work, which became a focus for American anxieties about class, race, the nature
of national identity, and the proper role of women in society.
By the end of the Gilded Age, binary constructions of culture in the United Stateshigh art
versus low art, entertainment for the middle class versus cultural transcendence for the elite, and
American music versus European importsleft little room for opera in English translation. In
the absence of any successful operas written by native composers, as well as financially viable
English-language companies, the niche for opera in English translation all but disappeared.
Rather than serving as a path to the creation of a truly American operatic style, after World War I
the goals of English-language companies became less ambitious and centered on expanding
operas audience.
2014
Ryan Ebright
"Echoes of the Avant-Garde in American Minimalist Opera"
The closing decades of the twentieth century witnessed a resurgence of American opera, led in
large part by the popular and critical success of minimalism. Based on repetitive musical
structures, minimalism emerged out of the fervid artistic intermingling of mid twentieth-century
American avant-garde communities, where music, film, dance, theater, technology, and the visual
arts converged. Within opera, minimalism has been transformational, bringing a new, accessible
musical language and an avant-garde aesthetic of experimentation and politicization. Thus,
minimalisms influence invites a reappraisal of how opera has been and continues to be defined
and experienced at the turn of the twenty-first century.
Echoes of the Avant-garde in American Minimalist Opera offers a critical history of this
subgenre through case studies of Philip Glasss Satyagraha (1980), Steve Reichs The Cave
(1993), and John Adamss Doctor Atomic (2005). This project employs oral history and archival
research, as well as musical, dramatic, and dramaturgical analyses to investigate three
interconnected lines of inquiry. The first traces the roots of these operas to the aesthetics and
practices of the American avant-garde communities with which these composers collaborated early
in their careers. The second examines how the non-traditional modes of communication used by
these operaswhether narrative or technologicalrestructure the relationship between spectator
and performer. The third line of inquiry takes a political approach, focusing on how these works
perform an exceptionalist notion of national identity.
Through the construction of interdisciplinary frameworks that draw on theories of drama,
narrativity, film, and sound studies, this dissertation presents a nuanced profile of the evolution of
American opera. It also offers a musically-oriented perspective on cultural constructions of
American identity, thus contributing to a growing body of scholarship on American
exceptionalism. Finally, this dissertation documents the avant-gardes continued legacy as its
aesthetics and techniques migrate from the fringe into the operatic mainstream.
Matthew Franke
"The Impact of Jules Massenet's Operas in Milan, 1893-1903"
(under the direction of John Ndas)
The reception of French opera in Italy in the late nineteenth century has received little scholarly
attention. This dissertation attempts to fill at least part of that gap through a study of the reception
of four operas by Jules Massenet, the most internationally successful French composer of the
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1890s, in Milan, the capital of the Italian music publishing industry. Massenets Italian reception
demonstrates that operas relationship to Italian identity politics in the late nineteenth century was
far more complex than has been previously imagined.
Massenets operas, performed in Italian translation, occupied an ambiguous middle ground in
Italian identity politics. Italian critics described Massenets operas as purely French, as
contributing to Italian musical culture, as inherently cosmopolitan works, and even at times as
Germanic. In all these cases, Italian music and theater critics sought to translate Massenets operas
into Italian culture, whether as role models for or foils to Italian musical development. Massenet
also participated directly in Italian musical culture, visiting Milan frequently to supervise
productions of his operas, writing an opera influenced by Italian models, and serving as a judge in
an Italian competition for new operas.
Music historians have long agreed that Italian opera suffered an identity crisis in the late nineteenth
century; Alexandra Wilson has shown that young Italian composers of this period were often
evaluated in terms of the italianit (Italian-ness) of their works. Recent studies have suggested that
young Italian composers had to find a balance between the rival legacies of Giuseppe Verdi (Italian
heritage) and Richard Wagner (imported German culture). Without denying the importance of such
aesthetic oppositions between Italian and German music, this dissertation seeks to broaden and
complicate this discourse. Massenets example shows the ways in which lines between French and
Italian opera could be redrawn as needed to make room for alternative, cosmopolitan constructions
of Italian musical and cultural identity.
Chris Reali
"Lost Soul: Making Music in Muscle Shoals"
(under the direction of Jocelyn Neal)
Muscle Shoals, Alabama, is a unique site for studying the complex intertwining of music, race,
and the American South. Exploring this site reveals how and why the music recorded in Muscle
Shoals became integral to the cultural framework within 1960s and 70s America. By
incorporating close analysis of key soul music recordings, original interviews, and recently
discovered archival material, my dissertation represents a new chapter in soul music scholarship.
The period considered, 1960 through 1975, includes the ascension, dominance, and decline of soul
music on the pop music charts, as well as Muscle Shoals transition from soul mecca to pop music
hit factory. I use two methodologies: (1) musical analysis, (2) ethnographic research, and two case
studies. In the first I foreground the contributions of the all white studio musicians to identify the
musical elements that characterize the so-called Muscle Shoals sound. My conclusions challenge
the often narrowly-focused associations between race and soul music, and revise the place of
Muscle Shoals within the narrative of an authentic (black) Southern musical past.
Christopher Jason Wells

"'Go Harlem!': Chick Webb and his Dancing Audience During the Great Depression"
(under the direction of David F. Garcia)
This dissertation examines the career and music of Harlem drummer and bandleader William
Henry Chick Webb. Foregrounding Webbs connections with audiences, it emphasizes local
circumstances and dialogic, co-creative performer-audience relationships. While many scholars
mark 1935when heavily arranged big band jazz music became broadly popularas the Swing
Eras beginning, this project situates swing as a local genre in Harlem in the late 1920s and 1930s.
Adopting conjunctural analysis from cultural studies, it emphasizes the particular sociopolitical
and economic conditions in which Webb and other African American bandleaders and arrangers
developed this music during the Great Depression. It explores the interplay between composition,
improvisation, race, gender, dance, economics, urban geography, and political power through
which Webbs deep sonic connections with local audiences developed.
Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the dissertations three internal chapters are discrete
methodological case studies that explore Webb and his music through spatial practice theory,
carnal musicology, and critical discourse analysis. Spatial practice theory updates the classic jazz
itinerary methodbuilt here from over 1,000 clippings in African American newspapersto
follow how specific ballrooms and nightclubs, neighborhood dynamics, race and gender identities,
political events, and ideologies informed Webbs tremendous stylistic diversity. Carnal
musicology blends the authors experience as a vernacular jazz dancer with close readings of
diverse historical source material and analytical tools from music theory to reconstruct and analyze
Webbs live interactions with improvising lindy hop dancers at Harlems Savoy Ballroom. Critical
discourse analysis routes critiques of Webb and singer Ella Fitzgerald from white male aficionados
in the emerging field of jazz criticism through queer theory and critical race theory to connect
jazzs aesthetic system with broader structures of white supremacy, patriarchy, and class privilege.
The concluding chapter blends these perspectives to analyze Webbs 1937 battle of music with
Benny Goodmans orchestra.
Ultimately, the dissertation advances an immanence-focused, rather than transcendence-focused,
approach that can investigate figures whose significance, like Webbs, stems primarily from their
popularity with specific audiences in particular times and places. Through this paradigm, jazz
studies can disentangle itself from the uncritically transcendent narratives that entrench jazz
history within problematic discourses of American exceptionalism.
2013
Will Boone
"Hearing Faith: Experience, Belief, and Popular Music in the Lives of African American SpiritFilled Christians"
Hearing Faith explores the intersection of faith and religious popular music in the lives of black
spirit-filled Christians in the United Statesa group of believers whose core religious identity
centers on direct experiential knowledge of the Holy Spirit. It grows out of immersive ethnography
with one independent African American congregation in Durham, North Carolina, and additional
field research with African American spirit-filled Christians in central North Carolina and
Houston, Texas. This study challenges representations of spirit-filled worshipers as theologically
homogenous, and representations of their preference for commercial popular music as
theologically shallow, by showing how local worship communities exert considerable creative
theological agency through musical practice.
The dissertation has three main sections. The first focuses on recordings, investigating the
relationship between recording artists and those who adopt their recordings as worship repertoire.
The success of this relationship is dependent upon shared experiential knowledge of spirit-filled
worship. The second section focuses on sound. It discusses how recordings are adapted for worship
by local congregations and analyzes how they become part of heterogeneous soundscapes that
embody a complex spirit-filled acoustemology, or way of knowing the world through sound. The
third section focuses on body, and analyzes the ways in which spirit-filled worshipers use dance
and gesture to creatively interpret popular recordings with the goals of building and expressing
faith. In this way, the dancing body becomes a site for both natural and supernatural hearing, as
well as a site for re-sounding so that others might hear.
Hearing Faith not only explores the unique role of hearing in black spirit-filled music and worship,
it applies its findings to the lively and contentious debates about the contemporary black church.
Conspicuously absent from recent criticisms of spirit-filled churches are the voices of believers
themselves, particularly those voices that speak in musical and embodied languages. Hearing
Faith provides the keystone for moving this impassioned dialogue toward more nuanced
understandings based on careful listening to what worshipers themselves are saying with their
songs and their bodies.
Naomi Graber
Found in Translation: Kurt Weill's Musical America
(under the direction of Tim Carter)
This dissertation reexamines composer Kurt Weills position as an assimilated migr by
investigating the composers musical plays and film scores of the late 1930s, his first years in the
U.S. Previously unconsidered archival evidence, including correspondence and music, reflect both
Weills keen awareness of the Depression-era culture and his continued commitment to innovation
on the musical stage. He worked within experimental and political circles like the Group Theatre
and the Federal Theatre Project to comment on pressing issues of the Depression, including
pacifism (Johnny Johnson, 1936) and homelessness (the unfinished One Man from Tennessee,
1937). In Hollywood, Weill worked with fellow migrs Fritz Lang and William Dieterle on films
in two of the most prominent left-wing, the anti-fascist epic (Blockade, 1938, although Weills
score was not used) and the social problem films (You and Me, 1938). Weill also composed scores
for the more commercial Playwrights Producing Company. His most well-known show from this
period, Knickerbocker Holiday (1938), is often seen as simply a satire on President Roosevelts
New Deal, but it also depicts European immigrants throwing off an Old World tyrant and
embracing democracy at a time when suspicion of German migrs prevented many of Weills
European associates from securing visas to escape Nazi Germany. Weill also tried to comment on
contemporary race relations in the unfinished Ulysses Africanus (1939). The show is filled with
hidden analogies to Weills own experiences as a German-Jewish exile, and represents an attempt,
albeit a clumsy and patronizing one, to reach across the U.S. color line. All of these works show
that Weill did not simply go commercial upon arrival in the U.S., as much of current scholarship
suggests, but rather carefully constructed an identity as a politically forward-thinking cultural
figure. Weills experiences also show that, rather than being a backward interregnum between
early modernism of the early twentieth century and the high modernism of the 1950s, the 1930s
were a decade of artistic and cultural innovation.
Tim Miller
Instruments as Technology and Culture: Co-constructing the Pedal Steel Guitar
The pedal steel guitar is a musical instrument that emerged in the context of country music in the
mid-twentieth century United States. Through a case study of the pedal steel, this dissertation
theorizes instruments as technological objects that exist within constantly evolving, mutually
influential relationships among instrument makers, players, and listeners. Placing the instrument
at center, I investigate how the refinement of the pedal steels mechanisms and techniques have
both responded to and shaped the aesthetic and commercial priorities of country and other popular
music since the 1950s. I also show the relationship between individual musicians and their
instruments to illuminate the impact of both technology and cultural forces on human agency and
the formation of knowledge. Drawing on the fields of ethnomusicology, historical musicology,
organology, and Science and Technology Studies, I engage historical, ethnographic, and
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experiential research to generate a new model for examining instruments within diverse cultural
contexts.
My first chapter establishes the background of the steel guitar in the United States, showing that
its transformation from a symbol of the exoticism of the Hawaiian Islands to an essential elemental
of American music stemmed from both its musical use and its technologization as an amplified
instrument. In Chapter Two, I demonstrate that the development of the pedal steel guitar between
1950 and 1975 was a product of a mutually influential dialogue between instrument designers,
professional musicians, and the forces of the commercial music industry. Chapter Three argues
that within the broader narrative of the instruments evolution, individual musicians generated
their own idiosyncratic ideas about music that were influenced by their embodied interactions with
the pedal steels technology. In Chapter Four, I show that shifts from professional to amateur use,
from custom design to mass manufacture, and from oral tradition to written instruction resulted in
the standardization of the pedal steels form and functionality in the 1970s. Chapter Five examines
the pedal steel guitar in the twenty-first century, showing how technologies both carry the weight
of cultural history and allow for a continual flow of new ideas through the agency of individual
users.
My analysis of the pedal steel guitar illustrates that instruments are co-constructed objects, not
only embodying the ideas of makers and musicians, but also redistributing the cultural knowledge
embedded in their design. In doing so, I offer new means to account for the role of musical
technologies in performance practice and genre formation, and new insight into the impact of
instruments on the embodied experience of individual musicians. Beyond its applications to the
study of music, my analysis of instruments reveals how individual users embrace, reject,
manipulate, and reinterpret the function and significance of technology, and thus negotiate their
own places in the collective of society.
2010
Kimberly Francis
Mediating Modern Music: Nadia Boulanger Constructs Igor Stravinsky
In 1925, French pedagogue, composer, performer, and conductor Nadia Boulanger proclaimed that
no composer could provoke such profound thoughts and intense enthusiasms as Igor Stravinsky.
Beginning in the twenties, Boulanger promoted the Russian expatriate unceasingly in her private
teachings, her public lectures, and her press releases. And as the grande dame of the Conservatoire
Amricain, Boulanger held the power to introduce Stravinsky to the world in the early twentiethcentury. In the Chteau de Fontainebleau just outside of Paris, she taught countless students the
discipline necessary to understand the infinite beauty of music. In this milieu, Boulanger served as
cultural mediator between the Russian master and her beloved students.
Beginning in 1928, Stravinsky sent his son, Soulima, to Boulanger for an education, and three
years later began sending scores to her for approval. She was eventually trusted to conduct and
perform premieres of Stravinskys music, and copy-edit his manuscripts. Yet, despite this key role,
Boulangers voice has all but been erased from the literature. As a result, generalities, anecdotes,
and rumors are all that account for the current scholarship about Stravinsky and Boulangers
involvement. Drawing on newly available materials, my dissertation will offer, for the first time,
a detailed and nuanced view of how these two figures existed in a symbiotic relationship that in
turn shaped the larger course of twentieth-century music.
William Gibbons
Eighteenth-Century Opera and the Construction of National Identity in France, 1875-1918
In the wake of the disastrous Franco-Prussian war, French musicians and audiences sought ways
to reaffirm the greatness of their nation. One strategy was to look to the glories of the past as
evidence of continued French superiority. In this dissertation, I will examine the role of eighteenthcentury opera in constructing a compelling musical past. In particular, I will focus on three
composers with vastly differing reception histories in France: Mozart, Gluck, and Rameau, all of
whose works received attention both on and off the operatic stages of Paris during the time period
of this study. The Austrian Mozart was a favorite throughout the latter half of the nineteenth
century, serving to present Paris as the cosmopolitan capital of civilization. By 1900, however,
performances of his operas ground almost to a halt in favor of revivals of Glucks works, a
composer who could be adopted by the French and made into a source of national pride. Rameau,
finally, represented the apex of the purely French tragdie lyriquean important dramatic genre
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for establishing a nationalistic rhetoric of music history, but one that also encountered difficulty in
gaining popular success at the fin-de-sicle given its musical style. By tracing the critical and
compositional reception surrounding these composers and the revivals of their works, I will offer
a new look at how music of the past can be used to support narratives of national identity, as well
as provide new insight into the French reception histories of three of the most influential composers
of the eighteenth century.
Douglas Shadle
Music of a More Perfect Union: Symphonic Constructions of American National Identity, 18401870
(under the direction of Evan Bonds)
The genre of the symphony has long been recognized as a medium for constructing national
identities in German, French, and Russian culture, yet little is known about the genres history in
the United States. Between 1840 and 1870, the era of the first generation of American orchestral
composers, it served as a potent means of expressing American national identity. During this
period of American cultural history, two separate processes shaped conceptions of national
identity: decolonization from Great Britain and a nascent sense of imperial expansionism. This
dissertation explores how mid-century American symphonic composers musically constructed
national identities reflecting these conceptions and argues that this practice continued well into the
twentieth century.
Composers who focused on decolonization generally employed one of two separate strategies. The
first was emulation, or copying European symphonic models with the intention of continuing the
symphonic tradition. George Frederick Bristow (18251898), for example, wrote symphonies that
might be mistaken for music by Mendelssohn or Schumann. The second strategy was
exceptionalism, or selectively omitting traditional stylistic elements in order to pave new musical
pathways. The exceptionalist William Henry Fry (18131864) developed an idiosyncratic style
that eclectically blended progressive symphonic aesthetics, Italian opera, and American popular
song. Each composers symphonies answered the question of how the United States should define
itself with respect to the Old World.
The composers who focused on expansionism were more concerned with how the United States
should define itself with respect to the rest of the Western Hemisphere. Anthony Philip Heinrich
(17811861), for example, constructed a national identity built on the precepts of Manifest
Destiny. His symphonies assimilate an exotic musical style intended to represent Native
Americans and the aura of the American landscape into the fabric of European classicism and
American popular music. Louis Moreau Gottschalk (18291869) painted musical portraits of
nations in Latin America that were heavily laced with continental American musical styles. These
symphonies promoted the blossoming imperialist agenda of many Americans at mid-century.
Karen Shadle
Re-Voicing American Psalmody: The Singing Voice and Identity in New England, 1770-1800
(under the direction of Phil Vandermeer)
Victory for the Patriots in the Revolutionary War brought more than political independence; it also
marked increasing efforts to mold a distinctive culture in many areas of American life, including
music. Tunebooks provide a case in point. Those printed in New England during the 1770s and
80s were among the first to include large numbers of new compositions by Americans alongside
British favorites. Accompanying this shift toward native composition is a shift in the functions and
textual themes of the collections. The physical act of singing itself became a central pedagogical
and aesthetic focus. Selected and newly-composed tunes drew heavily on Biblical texts that put
forth singing as a means of praising God. This obsession with singing influenced a subgenre of
more elaborate anthems that addressed techniques of vocal production and the mechanics of fourpart polyphony. These tunes open a window onto broader aspects of New England culture in the
Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary periods. Not merely a means for making music, the singing
voice became a powerful symbol, embodying many of the perceived virtues of Colonial life: the
voice was universal, utilitarian, natural, God-given, free, portable, and easily honed through hard
work. Institutions devoted to cultivating the voice, such as the singing school, underscored its
religious and social significance. By examining these songs about singing and the social and
religious environment that supported them, I offer a new understanding of American psalmody
that demonstrates a remarkable self-reflexivity and illustrates the blurring of the didactic/aesthetic
and sacred/secular lines typical of this time period.
Jeffrey Wright
The Enlisted Composer: Samuel Barbers Career, 1942-1945
(under the direction of Jocelyn R. Neal)
Throughout the 1920s and 30s Samuel Barber emerged as one of Americas premiere composers.
In 1942, however, the trajectory of his flourishing career was thrown into question by Americas
entrance into World War II and the composers subsequent drafting into service. Barber was
deemed unfit for active service, assigned clerical work, and forbidden to compose during work
hours. Fueled by his passion for his craft and a desire to help the American war effort through his
compositions, Barber scraped together the time to compose a march for military usea work that
gained great popularity with his fellow soldiers. This popularity led to a series of commissions
from the US government, including his Second Symphony and Capricorn Concerto. The composer
quickly found himself confronted with the conflict between writing music for the war effort and
writing music strictly as artistic expression, a personal conflict with which he would be in constant
negotiation until the end of the war and his discharge form the Air Force in 1945.
In my dissertation I examine Barbers musical compositions during his tenure in the Army Air
Corps and later with the Office of War Information. I use these works as a lens through which to
explore the composers life, musical identity, and career development during a time when his rising
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popularity was threatened by one of the largest global conflicts of the twentieth century. This study
further illuminates the clash between personal identities and nationalist ideologies in art of this
period, and investigates the complex intersections between nationalism, propaganda, identity, and
musical heritage.
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2009
Robert Joseph Gennaro
The Genesis and Reception of Robert Schumann's Kerner "Liederreihe", op. 35
(under the direction of Jon Finson)
Robert Schumann's Zwlf Gedichte von Justinus Kerner: Eine Liederreihe , op. 35 (1840),
represents the composer's final song cycle from his Liederjahr , and it stands as one of his three
contributions to the nineteenth-century Wanderlieder tradition (the others being op. 36 and op.
39). While multiple comprehensive studies address several of Schumann's song cycles (opp. 39,
42, and 48), op. 35 has not received the same amount of attention from musicologists. One of the
reasons for this, according to Barbara Turchin, is the misunderstanding of op. 35's poetic theme
and musical substance. The Kerner Liederreihe lacks the kind of teleological narrative found in
Dichterliebe and Frauenliebe und Leben . But there may be more important questions surrounding
op. 35 than tightly-knit narrative progression.
My study places op. 35 in the context of the loosely-knit nineteenth-century Wanderlieder cycle
by tracing its history from genesis through critical reception. I examine the process by which
Schumann composed these songs, from his selection of Kerner's verse to the chronology of
composition, realization in the Berlin Liederbcher , and organization in the first edition print.
Although there are no known sketches for op. 35, we can compare the layers of the autograph
realization to study Schumann's compositional process. In the final two chapters I examine the
publication and reception history of op. 35, noting the way in which Schumann divided the cycle
into volumes and how writers have assesed the result, from the earliest known review to the most
recent studies by current musicologists. In general, we find that Schumann tried to bring tonal and
narrative order to the opus in a loose sense, a phenomenon in which writers (including this one)
have become increasingly interested.
Virginia Christy Lamothe

The Theater of Piety: Sacred Operas for the Barberini Family (Rome, 1632-1643)
(Under the direction of Tim Carter)
In a time of religious war, plague, and reformation, Pope Urban VIII and his cardinal-nephews
Antonio and Francesco Barberini sought to establish the authority of the Catholic Church by
inspiring audiences of Rome with visions of the heroic deeds of saints. One way in which they
did this was by commissioning operas based on the lives of saints from the poet Giulio Rospigliosi
(later Pope Clement IX), and papal musicians Stefano Landi and Virgilio Mazzocchi. Aside from
the merit of providing an in-depth look at four of these little-known works, SantAlessio (1632,
1634), Santi Didimo e Teodora (1635), San Bonifatio (1638), and SantEustachio (1643), this
dissertation also discusses how these operas reveal changing ideas of faith, civic pride, death and
salvation, education, and the role of women during the first half of the seventeenth century. The
11
analysis of the music and the drama stems from studies of the surviving manuscript scores, libretti,
payment records and letters about the first performances. This dissertation also provides a
discussion of the religious culture in which these operas took place by examining other
contemporary primary sources such as sermons, histories of saints lives, spiritual exercises, Jesuit
school plays, books of manners and social decorum, and accounts of festivals held in Rome during
the papacy of Pope Urban VIII.
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2008
Kevin Bartig
Composing for the Red Screen: Sergei Prokofiev's Film Music
Recipient of the Glen Haydon Dissertation Award
Sergei Prokofiev's film scores are unique among music composed for the cinema in having attained
a notable popularity in concert halls across the world. Prokofiev accomplished this feat, moreover,
while working in the complicated and oppressive artistic milieu of Stalinist Russia. Prokofiev's
film scores were tremendously influential on subsequent generations of film composers,
effectively shaping one of the twentieth century's most prominent and public art forms. Such
confluence of continued performance, musical influence and politico-musical interaction is rare in
the history of twentieth-century music.
Prokofiev composed music for eight movies between 1932 and 1946, from the well-known
Aleksander Nevsky and Lieutenant Kije to more obscure propaganda films such as "The Partisans"
in the Ukranian Steppe and Tonya. Discussion of the composer's work with film music, including
the celebrated collaboration of Prokofiev and director Sergei Eisenstein, has remained remarkably
absent from musicological literature. My dissertation explores the film music as a series of
composer-director collaborations, each involving different technical problems and aesthetic goals.
Prokofiev's film scores furthermore provide a window into the politics of musical life in the Soviet
Union of the 1930s and 1940s. Prokofiev's decision to return to the socialist fold at the exact
moment Stalinism had reached a frenzied level fundamentally shaped his work as a composer of
film music. This dissertation will draw upon a host of newly declassified archival materials housed
in Moscow that will help to clarify and reinterpret the ways in which Prokofiev's music was tied
to and shaped by the Soviet regime.
Peter Lamothe
Theater Music in France, 1864-1914: " accompagner, soutenir, souligner"
Incidental music (music which accompanies spoken drama) formed one of the most important and
widely influential genres to which a composer could contribute at the turn of the twentieth century
in France. It was a regular part of the dramatic experience at the Comdie-Franaise and the
Thtre de l'Odon, written by such leading figures as Georges Bizet, Claude Debussy, Gabriel
Faur, Jules Massenet, Camille Saint-Sans, and countless others. Moreover, incidental music
played a crucial role in establishing the reputations of these highly influential composers. In later
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years, incidental music fed directly into the nascent art of film music. Yet in spite of the many
overtures, entr'actes, melodramas and divertissements residing in various archives and libraries in
Paris, no study has offered more than a fleeting glimpse into this fascinating and significant body
of music. Theater historians have neglected it in part because of their lack of training in musical
studies, while musicologists have neglected the study of incidental music in favor of opera. A
study of the role of music in Parisian theatrical life would shed light on the history of drama and
contribute to the cultural history of France, in which the theater plays so large a role.
In my dissertation I will establish the critical framework for assessing incidental music in Parisian
theaters from 1864 to 1914, and begin to survey this repertoire. Because it would be impossible
and even counterproductive to address each of the numerous works in detail, the dissertation will
include several case studies as a means to present examples of trends seen in the larger context of
staged Parisian music. These case studies will include at least one example of an institutional
history ("Music at the Comdie-Franaise under the Directorship of Paul Porel, 1884-1892") and
one analysis of an important production ("The Revival of Alphonse Daudet and Georges Bizet's
L'arlsienne at the Thtre de l'Odon, 5 May 1885"). Other case studies will include a survey of
incidental music in Paris during the year 1911 (the year of Debussy's Le martyre de SaintSbastien), and the impact of incidental compositions on the career of Jules Massenet.
Ethan Lechner
Composers as Ethnographers: Difference in the Imaginations of Colin McPhee, Henry Cowell,
and Lou Harrison
(Under the Direction of Sarah Weiss)
This is a study of the ideas of musical difference held by three twentieth-century composers
Colin McPhee, Henry Cowell, and Lou Harrison. Each wrote about culture, and was thus in a broad
sense an ethnographer, and each was influenced by non-Western musics in the development of
innovative compositional techniques. I discuss how their very different views on non-Western
musics were inextricable from other aspects of their professional work. I compare their ideas to
those of his closest colleagues and contrast them with dominant anthropological understandings of
culture difference in the twentieth century, particularly the attitude of cultural relativism dominant
in Ethnomusicology. In the introduction I discuss the importance of formulations of differences to
American modernist composers generally, in particular the lines of differentiation they drew
among their own music, conventional Western music, European music, Romantic music,
Oriental music, and primitive music. I argue that modernists very often formulated their
representations of non-Western musics through the same process of negation of conventional
ideals and styles by which they developed their own aesthetic programs.
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Marc Medwin
Listening in Double Time: Temporal Disunity and Resultant Form in the Music of John Coltrane
1965-1967
(under the direction of David Garcia)
The music of John Coltrane's last grouphis 1965-67 quintethas been misrepresented, ignored
and reviled, primarily because it is a music built on dichotomy. Scholars and critics have thus far
attempted to approach all elements in this music comparatively, as is customary regarding more
conventional jazz structures. This approach is incomplete and misleading, given the music's
conceptual underpinnings.
Using Coltrane's own observations concerning this music, temporal perception theory and several
performers' perspectives on formal procedures in mid 1960s improvised music, all filtered through
my experience as a listener and musician, this dissertation presents an analysis and
contextualization of the symbiotically related temporal and formal polarities that guide Coltrane's
1965-67 works. The present study treats, separately, solos of the period as well as temporal and
formal complexities in Coltrane's deployment and expansion of a jazz rhythm section; an
investigation is then made, based on new historical research, into the manifestation of similar but
hitherto unexplored modes of expression in today's jazz and rock avant-garde.
Kathleen Frances Sewright

Poetic Anthologies of the Fifteenth Century and their Relationship to the French Secular
Polyphonic Chanson
(under the direction of John L. Ndas)
This dissertation is a study of four poetry sourcesthree manuscripts and one early printand
their relationship to the fifteenth-century French secular polyphonic chanson. Three of the poetic
sources are true anthologies, and all were compiled from smaller, internally consistent collections
of poems, many of which poems survive with musical settings in notated sources of the period.
This suggests that at least some of the exemplars from which this poetry was copied were
themselves notated.
The first chapter examines Berlin, Staatliche Museen Preuischer Kulturbesitz,
Kupferstichkabinett MS 78.B.17 (the Rohan Chansonnier), and identifies collections from Paris
and central France, as well as collections featuring poetry by Alain Chartier and members of the
French royal court. Chapter 2 investigates Paris, Bibliothque Nationale, MS fonds franais 1719,
and determines that at least two, and possibly three of its constituent collections were copied from
musical exemplars, including one from the French royal court of the 1470s and 80s. Chapter 3
studies Antoine Vrard's ground-breaking print Le Jardin de plaisance et fleur de rethoricque, an
extremely important repository of many fifteenth-century chanson texts. These texts, in nineteen
collections, were organized according to a carefully conceived strategy, probably by a former
employee of Charles d'Orlans, the poet Regnauld Le Queux. It is possible to identify musical
15
collections within the volume emanating from the courts of the Burgundian duke Philippe le Bon,
and Jean de Bourbon at Moulins. Chapter 4 discusses British Library MS Lansdowne 380. This
volume was written for a young, unmarried girl to serve as an instrument of her education. This
was likely Elizabeth Kingston, who married William Kingston, counsellor and body man to King
Henry VIII of England. The chanson texts preserved within the volume appear to reflect repertory
cultivated at the court of either Antoine or Jean Croy, vassals to Philippe le Bon, and offer concrete
evidence of English interest in the French polyphonic chanson of the fifteenth century. These four
poetry sources also provide information about specific compositions, allowing us to re-date
specific chansons by Hayne van Ghizeghem, Loyset Compre and Alexander Agricola.
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2007
K. Paul Harris
U2's Creative Process: Sketching in Sound
(under the direction of John Covach)
This dissertation examines compositional process in contemporary popular music, and the central
role of recording technology in this process. I focus on the Irish rock band U2, one of the most
technology-intensive popular music groups of the last two decades of the twentieth century. U2 is
an ideal case-study in that they compose many of their songs almost entirely in the recording
studio, in close collaboration with their producers. One of the most interesting partnerships of this
kind has been the team of Canadian Daniel Lanois and Briton Brian Eno, co-producers of U2's
most critically acclaimed albums. The U2-Lanois/Eno collaborations thus serve as a rich source
for exploring the relationship between recording and the process of musical composition.
I examine how artists use technology to construct songs that convey their meaning largely through
the carefully-crafted sounds that comprise the work, rather than primarily through lyrics, standard
song forms, genre-specific arrangement, or other culturally-coded conventions of song. A
secondary goal is to examine how the aesthetic priority of seeking unusual, affective sounds
operating primarily at the musical surface influences U2's style at other levels, such as song form,
harmonic language, melody, and text writing and setting.
Travis Stimeling
Austin's Progressive Country Music Scene and the Negotiation of Texan Identities, 1968-1978
The Austin, Texas, progressive country scene of the 1970s, with its extensive network of clubs
that regularly featured a community of local rock and roll bands, singer-songwriters, and folk
singers, has been characterized by music critic Rick Koster as "mellow to the third power." In the
wake of the turmoil of the late 1960s, such a low-pressure cooperative environment was seen by
many Austin musicians as an opportunity for them to break free from what they perceived to be
the oppressive music industry regimes of Nashville, Los Angeles, and New York. Austin's
maverick rhetoric failed, however, to fully represent the relevance of Texas' cultural history, the
existence of a struggling music industry in Austin, and the complex relationships musicians held
with Nashville and the other major musical centers they publicly disavowed.
This dissertation seeks to characterize Austin as both a site of tensions between mainstream and
quasi-independent country artists and as a place where Texans - both native and adopted - used
17
country music to articulate their anxieties and affirm or redefine their cultural identities. It is the
central assumption of this work that perceptions and projections of Austin as a unique
countercultural place had a direct impact upon both the composition and reception of Austin's
progressive country music. The reality of Austin music in the 1970s was, therefore, much more
heterogeneous than the rhetoric of the Austin scene might indicate. The physical space of Austin
provided the infrastructure within which the work of singer-songwriters, rock and roll bands, and
Nashville recording artists could exist, while romantic visions of Austin's cosmic cowboys'
provided metaphoric space within which important cultural and social issues could be addressed.
This study will combine the music made during this time, the business practices of the venues
where these artists performed, and the social histories as recounted through interviews and
historical documents to offer a more representative understanding of the scene and its role in
popular culture. Through an exploration of Austin's physical, musical, and social spaces, this
research will demonstrate that Austin was much more than a site for inveterate rebel cowboys to
perpetuate derogatory Texan stereotypes in anti-commercial music. Instead, these stereotypes were
employed as tools to construct Texan-ness and to broadcast it to a national audience.
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2006
Seth J. Coluzzi
Structure and Interpretation in Luca Marenzio's Settings of Il Pastor Fido
Using Luca Marenzio's Seventh Book of five-voice madrigals of 1595 as a test case, my
dissertation focuses upon the question: how might a book of madrigals have been read in the
sixteenth century? To answer this question, several fundamental theories of readership and their
applicability to music prints are considered and called into question, while analyses of the music,
text, and printed documents suggest how the structure of the book and the information contained
therein support certain types of readings. This study will ultimately open a new perspective on
issues of readership within the field of research surrounding the history of the book.
Jonathan Andrew Flory

I Hear a Symphony: Making Music at Motown, 1959-1979
This dissertation explores the intersections between social status and musical production in the
music of Motown between 1959 and 1979, the period of this record company's most successful
and best-known work. More significantly, this study reveals Motown's strong relationship with the
cultural formation of the American black middle class, by discussing the ways in which the
processes of making music at Motown and the creative products of the company were inextricably
connected to many of the most pressing issues facing this cultural and ethnic group.
Chapter 1 provides a theoretical and historical framework for the formation of Motown in the
context of Detroit's black middle class of the late-1950s. By carefully analyzing the company's
output during these formative years, this chapter shows that Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr.
created music in a wide range of styles, and marketed these styles to a localized, mostly black
Detroit audience. Chapter 2 provides an analysis of Motown's broad national success between the
years 1963 and 1967 by considering the ways the songwriting and production team of Holland,
Dozier, and Holland used musical and textual troping techniques to create black middle class
identities for The Four Tops and The Supremes. Chapter 3 tracks Motown's move into more
racialized musical territory in the late 1960s. A lengthy discussion of the emergence and stylistic
characteristics of Norman Whitfield's psychedelic soul music, which he produced and wrote
mainly for The Temptations, shows how Motown's stance toward racial unity, taken from the
company's roots in the black middle class, was still pervasive in the music of this era. Marvin
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Gaye's compositional technique in the 1970s, which I call vocal composition, is the subject of
chapter 4. I show how this technique allowed Gaye to explore and confront his own personal
conflict between his popular hyper-sexualized soul music and the more conservative cabaret music
he longed to sing throughout his career.
Jason Andrew Gersh

Text Setting in William Byrd's Liber primus sacrarum cantionum quinque vocum (1589):
Toward an Analytic Methodology
From Andrews through Kerman, it has become a commonplace that Byrd was acutely sensitive to
text and somehow managed to translate that sensitivity into his musical settings. Yet remarkably
little has been done in Byrd scholarship to examine just how his text setting might operate.
However, within Byrd's 1589 Cantiones lies an array of evidence of how Byrd prioritized various
musical and extramusical factors in his setting of the texts. In my dissertation I shall begin to
uncover this evidence through an examination of various compositional tools available to Byrd:
rhetorical commonplaces, musical and spiritual; mode; texture; and sonority. While some
compositional tools appear to lie almost entirely in the musical realm and bear little impact upon
text setting, others play a powerful role in determining text-music relationships. In my conclusion,
I shall compare and contrast these tools and the evidence they have brought forth in order to
propose a methodology for analyzing text setting in Byrd's sacred works.
Letitia Glozer
The Madrigal in Rome: Music in the Papal Orbit, 1534-1555
This dissertation focuses on the Roman madrigal during the reigns of Paul III (Alessandro Farnese,
r. 1534-49) and Julius III (Gian Maria del Monte, r. 1550-55). No study to date has detailed the
gradual musical separation of Florence and Rome and the development of musical culture in the
latter city during an era in which Arcadelt, Costanzo Festa, and Palestrina served in the papal
chapels. Other musicians in Rome at the time include Giovanni Animuccia, Bernardo Lupacchino,
Jacques du Pont, Nicol-Vicentino, and Orlando di Lasso. This is only a partial list of composers in
and around Rome, but suggests the rich vein of material available. The dissertation will shed light
on the gradual development of a Roman civic music culture, with its interlocking strands of papal
and cardinalate patronage, the note nere and arioso madrigals, music printing, and academic music,
all in the same city at the same time. Many of the seeds were in place before the 1550s, and by
tracing their growth this study will better our understanding of Roman musical culture throughout
this period as well as the preceding decades.
20
Akitsugu Kawamoto
Forms of Intertextuality: Keith Emerson's Development as a "Crossover" Musician
Despite the broad range of attempts to mix 'rock' and 'classical' music by 'progressive (prog) rock'
musicians from the late 1960s, many writers on prog rock have interpreted the music in a relatively
monolithic manner; they often have interpreted the resulting intertextuality simplistically as an
elitist experiment that opposes rock's populist origin. This could certainly be one interpretation of
prog, but it is only one of many; there are many additional kinds of possible narratives, according
to the specific ways in which the materials are combined and fused. Yet the variety of intertextual
approaches has rarely been recognized explicitly, and little analytical or musicological attention
has been paid to the influential relations between distinctly different intertextual styles.
Generalized approaches to intertextuality have been common not only within popular music
studies, however, but also within many humanistic fields. Since Julia Kristeva's coinage of the
term intertextuality in 1969, theorists of the arts (literature, music, painting, architecture, etc.),
sociology, politics, economics, and many others, have almost always treated intertextuality in a
singular manner, presuming that all intertextual practices are more or less of the same kind and
that there is no influence of one intertextual practice upon another. Consequently, dynamic aspects
of intertextuality that result from correlation between diverse forms of intertextuality have rarely
been fully considered, though they play crucial roles in the history of twentieth-century arts.
This dissertation suggests the need to view intertextuality in its multiplicity and dynamism, by
disclosing and interpreting a variety of intertextual practices and their important historical
developments in the case of prog-rock keyboardist Keith Emerson's 'crossover' music. Following
an introduction on theories and practices of musical intertextuality, Emerson's general style of
blending 'rock' and 'classical' music is elucidated in comparison with that of other prog rock
musicians. The development of his crossover styles is then considered, from The Nice period
through ELP (Emerson, Lake and Palmer) era to the solo period of the 1980s, 1990s and beyond.
The analysis focuses on various methods of combining 'rock' and 'classical' music, and on the
historical development of those different methods. Analytical results are interpreted from the
viewpoints of narrativity in music, and a multitude of possible narrative interpretations are shown.
This study thus proposes and models a range of pragmatic ways to expand the scope of intertextual
analysis, and transcend the limits of certain intertextuality theories in music, as well as in the arts
in general.
Mark David Porcaro

The Secularization of the Repertoire of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, 1949-1992
(under the direction of Thomas Warburton)
In 1997 in the New Yorker, Sidney Harris published a cartoon depicting the "Ethel Mormon
Tabernacle Choir" singing "There's NO business like SHOW business..." Besides the obvious play
on the names of Ethel Merman and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, the cartoon, in an odd way, is
a true-to-life commentary on the image of the Salt Lake Mormon Tabernacle Choir (MTC) in the
mid-1990s; at this time the Choir was seen as an entertainment ensemble, not just a church choir.
21
This leads us to the central question of this dissertation, what changes took place in the latter part
of the twentieth century to secularize the repertoire of the primary choir for the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS)?
In the 1860s, when the MTC began, its sole purpose was to perform for various church meetings,
in particular for General Conference of the LDS church which was held in the Tabernacle at
Temple Square in Salt Lake City. From the beginning of the twentieth century and escalating
during the late 1950s to the early 1960s, the Choir's role changed from an in-house choir for the
LDS church to a choir that also fulfilled a cultural and entertainment function, not only for the
LDS church but also for the American public at large. The primary demarcation for this change is
seen through the Choir's repertoire. Several major periods represent the change: (1) J. Spencer
Cornwall's tenure (1935-1957) in which there was a creation of a core repertoire of mostly sacred
works, (2) The increasing secularization of the Choir's repertoire during Columbia Records'
recording contract with Richard P. Condie (1957-1974), and (3) The period under Jerold Ottley's
direction (1974-1999) in which there was a struggle to control the recording repertoirewhich
eventually led to the separation of the repertoire by Jerold Ottley into secular albums dictated by
Columbia and sacred albums of Ottley's choicewhich lasted until the end of the relationship
between Columbia and the MTC.
Bryan Proksch
Cyclic Integration in the Instrumental Music of Haydn and Mozart
Cyclic coherence, the manner in which movements of a work relate to one another, is a
compositional device generally associated with the music of the nineteenth century, beginning
with the works of Beethoven. Because thematic resemblance, a fundamental aspect of nineteenthcentury cyclic coherence, appears with much less frequency in late eighteenth-century music,
Haydn and Mozart's interest in this device has been questioned. Our attitude towards cyclic
coherence in Haydn and Mozart has been skewed by this nineteenth-century focus on thematic
connections as well as an "all or nothing" approach towards proposed relationships among
movements.
I will argue for a broader conception of cyclic coherence in the music of Haydn and Mozart by
viewing it as a compositional approach that incorporates a variety of compositional techniques and
musical elements with varying degrees of strength. Thematic resemblance will not play a central
role in this conception of cyclic coherence. Instead, compositional elements, such as counterpoint,
phrase structure, tessitura, articulation, and harmonic motion, will be examined to evaluate cyclic
connections on a work-by-work basis. I will begin by outlining a methodology for the examination
of eighteenth-century cyclic coherence using Mozart's String Quartet in A Major (K. 464) as a case
study. Next, I will examine the various guises of cyclic coherence in the period with reference to
a variety of works by the two composers. Finally, I will examine the role of genre as an influential
factor in cyclic coherence through a broad study of a large number of instrumental works written
by Haydn and Mozart from 1780 onward.
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2005
Michele Leigh Clark
The Performances and Reception of Rossini's Operas in Vienna, 1822-1825
Although Vienna had cultivated a long tradition of Italian opera, from 1822 to 1825 Rossini's
works enjoyed unprecedented popularity there. Rossini's visit in 1822 provides a focal point for
exploring the theatrical milieu of that time, the access the Viennese had to his music, his
adaptations of specific operas for that city, the critical reception of his oeuvre in contemporary
periodicals, and the impact these factors had on public reception of Rossini's operas. Because of
cultural and political events in the preceding decades, Vienna boasted a flourishing theatrical
infrastructure that presented not only his works, but also translations of Italian and French
repertoire, Singspiele, German opera, and ballet. Rossini's operas were also available to the
Viennese in the form of published music and librettos, all of which were monitored by the imperial
censors.
Domenico Barbaia played a crucial role in promoting Rossini's music and in arranging the
composer's visit in 1822, for which they selected Zelmira, Elisabetta, Regina d'Inghilterra, La
Gazza Ladra, Matilde di Shabran, and Ricciardo e Zoraide for performance at the
Krntnerthortheater. Rossini adapted these works to suit Viennese tastes by emphasizing
compositional techniques that he felt would please a German audience and by choosing operas
whose formal structures were fairly conventional compared to his more innovative oeuvre
composed in Naples. Other factors in his revisions for Vienna included the genre of these works,
the singers' familiarity with them, and their individual capabilities. The popularity of his music
triggered a counter-response from the members of the press, many of whom were proponents of
German opera. In their critiques they hoped to promote a strong nationalist tradition and to
influence public opinion against Rossini's music. Rossini's visit was a high point in the musical
history of Vienna. The development of an operatic infrastructure, the availability of his music
through theatrical performances and printed sources, the adaptations which he made for the
Viennese operas, and critical reception of his works in contemporary periodicals all had an effect
in popularizing his music and shaping the Viennese operatic milieu from 1822 to 1825.
Jonathan Hiam
Music at Black Mountain College: The European Years, 1939-46
(under the direction of Severine Neff)
Between the years 1939 and 1945 the music program at Black Mountain College was dominated
by the presence of European migrs. Heinrich Jalowetz, a friend and former student of Arnold
23
Schoenberg, arrived at the college in 1939 as a refugee of Hitler's rise to power. Jalowetz imbued
the curriculum at BMC with the musical ideals of the Second Viennese School, and in 1944 he
organized the Black Mountain College Summer Music Institute that attracted the largest gathering
of Schoenberg's disciples in America. The institute had an immediate effect upon American
composers, prompting Roger Sessions to call the event "the most important thing that has ever
happened in musical education in America." Another European refugee, musicologist Edward
Lowinsky, joined Jalowetz on the faculty in 1942. Under his influence, the study and cultivation
of Early Music flourished. The Black Mountain College Summer of Music Institute of 1945 was
devoted largely to Early Music and attracted such figures as musicologist Alfred Einstein and
harpsichordist Erwin Bodky. This dissertation examines the two Black Mountain Summer Music
Institutes and discusses the musical aesthetics that informed the institutes' lectures, seminars, and
performances, and closes with an evaluation of the entire known repertory performed at BMC.
Chapter I introduces the sources and bibliographic material for this study and provides an overview
of the history of the music program at BMC. Chapter II outlines the history and philosophical
foundations for BMC and examines the biographies of Jalowetz and Lowinsky, drawing upon their
own writings, published and unpublished. Chapter III discusses the Black Mountain College
Summer Music Institute of 1944 and its relationship to Schoenberg's Viennese Verein fr
musikalsches Privatauffrungen. Chapter IV examines the 1945 institute's emphasis on Early
Music and influence of the political rift of 1944 within the BMC faculty on the formation of a rival
institute at Kenyon College. Chapter V compiles and evaluates a list of known works performed
at BMC between 1933 and 1956.
Elizabeth A. Kramer
The Idea of Kunstreligion in German Musical Aesthetics of the Early Nineteenth Century
Religious imagery and ideas permeate late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century
German writings about music. Although the connection of music to human and divine matters
itself was not new, the frequent and forceful invocation of terms such as "religion", "spiritual",
"divine", "heavenly","purity", and "infinity" is striking and parallels other musical developments.
At this time audiences began listening to music in a fundamentally new way, which they often
described as Andacht or devotional contemplation. Composers were increasingly characterized as
divinely-creative artists, rather than indentured craftsmen, and their music was given an important
role in new accounts of the Modern, Christian, Romantic Era. And in the wake of the
Enlightenment, there was renewed debate on the nature of true church music. These late
eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century trajectories can be seen as part of the diverse
constellation of ideas within the contemporary concept of Kunstreligion (art religion). Three broad
perspectives on the relationship between art and religion can be discerned in the literature of this
time: art seen as the expression of religion, art and religion seen in symbiosis, and art supplanting
or becoming a religion. The controversies surrounding particular applications of Kunstreligion to
24
music and the other arts offer a unique window onto various and sometime conflicting beliefs
about art and religion.
In my dissertation I hope to provide a history of the idea of Kunstreligion as it interacts with
German musical aesthetics in the period roughly between 1790 and 1830. Through reference to
texts by writers such as J.G. Herder, Friedrich Schleiermacher, A.W. and Friedrich Schlegel,
F.W.J. von Schelling, G.W.F. Hegel, E.T.A. Hoffmann and others I will show that the use of the
concept to describe music emerged from an intellectual atmosphere which included the revival of
Platonic Idealism, the continued influence of Pietism and revival of Roman Catholicism, new
knowledge of eastern religions and mystery cults, and the advent of new philosophies of history.
As an idea of musical aesthetics circa 1800 Kunstreligion accounts for the phenomenon of
religious imagery in a way that other formulations have not. At the same time, it interacts with
ideas of philosophy and literature that other scholars have evoked in writing about musical
aesthetics of this time. Others, for example, have noted the importance of aesthetic contemplation,
but what was the influence of contemplation on modes of listening, performing, and composing?
And how is the religious idea of Andacht related to other types of contemplation and perceptive
intuition? Mythic accounts of Beethoven are well documented, but how did the religious and
philosophical commitments of critics and historians affect their various characterizations of
musicians as demigods, divine creators, priests, and prophets? How might religious ideas of
immanence and transcendence shape the way contemporary writers understand the musical tone
and aspects of the musical work such as tone painting, form and content? Finally, how might the
concept of Kunstreligion lead to a better understanding of theories of how music is historically and
hierarchically related to other arts?
Timothy Allen Striplin

The Eighth- and Ninth-Century Frankish Alleluia
This dissertation is a study of the Alleluia of the Mass as it developed in the eighth and ninth
centuries. It presents a reassessment of the earliest evidence for the growth, development, and
transmission of the Mass Alleluia repertory within the Carolingian world. It is argued here that the
Frankish program of "Romanization" involved not only the adoption of the cantus romanus but
also the transformation and adaptation of that chant by the Franks. In the process of hybridization,
the northern ecclesiastical reformers added a number of newly-composed Alleluias to the relatively
small fund provided them by the Romans. This study explores these eighth- and ninth-century
"Frankish Alleluias." An examination of their melodies, texts, liturgical assignments, and patterns
of transmission offers evidence with chronological significance.
Comparative analysis of the Alleluias appearing in the three Old Roman gradualia and the six
manuscripts edited in Hesbert's Antiphonale Missarum Sextuplex results in the identification of
fifty-seven early Frankish additions to the Alleluia repertory. Tracing the evidence of these
Alleluias preserved in twenty-seven Frankish manuscripts of the eighth through the early twelfth
centuries allows for the division of the sample into three distinct groups. Among the first group
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are Frankish Alleluias of local import that appear in isolated pockets of the Empire, or those chants
presenting scant, scattered, or severely limited evidence of their existence (Alleluias of Limited
Distribution). The second group comprises Frankish Alleluias with universally-known verses, but
with widely divergent regional melodic traditions (Regional Alleluias). Only chants of the third
group are stable textually and melodically (the Carolingian Core Alleluias).
A study of melodic characteristics and liturgical assignments reveals two layers within the Core:
one early layer, in place by the 790s, and a later group that entered the repertory over the course
of the first half of the ninth century. The Compigne Antiphoner, F-Pn lat. 17436, is the earliest
surviving manuscript to include the Core in toto. I conclude that, rather than resulting from a single,
unified reform effort, the Frankish Alleluias entered the repertory within the context of the ongoing
reforms of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald.
26
2003
John Lowell Brackett
The Philosophy of Science as a Philosophy of Music Theory
The purpose of this thesis is twofold. On the one hand, it examines the role played by the
philosophy of science in the development of post-war American music theory. In particular, it
describes post-analytic philosophy of science as a backdrop for understanding the metatheoretical
writings of musical theorists such as Milton Babbitt, Benjamin Boretz, Michael Kassler, and
Matthew Brown. On the other hand, my thesis offers an internal critique of music theory's reliance
on the philosophy of science. While I do not question the value of modeling musical theories
according to certain principles associated with the philosophy of science, I do emphasize that we
must be careful about what philosophy of science we use as a guide. Many of the views and
assumptions in the philosophy of science that were adopted by writers such as Babbitt, Boretz,
Kassler, and even Brown, have undergone radical changes. The construction of a "scientific image
of music theory" must, I believe, reflect these changes and developments.
In Chapters 1 and 2, I describe the philosophy of science's views on theory structure (the axiomatic,
or "Received View") and explanation (the "covering-law model"). In these chapters, I critique the
writings of Kassler, Boretz, and Brown and their views on theory structure and/or explanation. In
Chapter 3, I describe the "physics bias" of a great deal of twentieth-century philosophy of science.
This bias, I argue, presents an unnecessary limitation to what is to count as "scientific," not only
for the philosophy of science but for scientifically minded music theorists as well. Here I describe
the relationship of biology to the philosophy of science by examining the concept of "function"
and alternative explanatory strategies. In Chapter 4, I try to show how Arnold Schoenberg's theory
of tonality can be viewed from a biological/functionalist standpoint, i.e., as a theory that offers
functional - as opposed to lawfully determined - explanations. In the final chapter, I briefly
consider issues relating to functional laws and psychological reduction. Finally, I argue for an
instrumental conception of musical theories where any truth-claims that may be advanced by a
particular theory are "framework" relative.
Jennifer Hambrick
Berlioz's `Dramatic Symphony': Genre and Meaning in Romo et Juliette
"The genre of this work will surely not be misunderstood. Although voices are frequently used, it
is neither a concert opera, nor a cantata, but a symphony with choruses." Despite the ironic opening
gambit of Hector Berlioz's preface to the 1858 vocal score of his Romo et Juliette symphony, it
27
is precisely the genre of the work that music critics and scholars have so consistently
misunderstood since its premire in November 1839. The mixture of genres within the context of
Berlioz's "dramatic symphony" posed seemingly insurmountable problems for contemporary
critics. Even today no one has attempted to explain Berlioz's aesthetic rationale for including choral
recitative, instrumental and choral fugues, an air, a funeral march, a programmatic scherzo, an
instrumental adagio, and an operatic finale in one symphony. Instead of attempting to make sense
of the evident problems the work's generic mixture poses for a symphony, scholars have tended to
read Romo et Juliette almost exclusively in the context of French opera, with the effect that both
Berlioz's symphonic masterpiece and his skill as a composer have been misunderstood and,
consequently, undervalued.
I propose that there is greater meaning to the mixture of genres in Romo et Juliette and that each
of the genres represented in this symphony has a meaning in the context of the contemporary
debate on musical expression. A systematic investigation of the interactions of forms and
performing forces in this mixture of genres will shed light on an array of aesthetic, philosophical,
and orchestrational issues at work in Berlioz's music. When read as a response to Beethoven's
Ninth Symphony, whose generic mixture and formal arrangement puzzled contemporary critics
and continues to puzzle music scholars, the generic mixture in Romo et Juliette assumes renewed
importance in musical culture. By taking into consideration the broader context of contemporary
music criticism and writings on musical expression (including Berlioz's own), my investigation of
the aesthetic and cultural implications of the different genres at work in Romo et Juliette will
contribute to the emerging picture of early nineteenth-century Parisian musical culture. The
questions of musical form that this symphony raises also have implications that extend well beyond
Berlioz's sphere in France to his German contemporaries. In comparing the music and writings of
Berlioz, Liszt, and Wagner that come in the wake of Romo et Juliette, I aim to illuminate paths
of influence not yet fully explored, thus filling out the picture of Berlioz's influence on the New
German School and contributing to the fascinating web of interactions between nineteenth-century
French and German musical spheres.
Emily Laurance
Varieties of Operatic Realism in Nineteenth-Century France:
The Case of Gustave Charpentier's Louise (1900)
(under the direction of James Haar)
When Gustave Charpentier's Louise first premiered at the Opra-comique in 1900, it was a critical
commonplace to refer to it as a realist work. Even its generic subtitle"roman musical"seemed
to speak of its connection to a movement that was largely literary. In terms of opera, there was no
established genre of the kind, nor did a "realist opera" describe any fixed stylistic categories. What
then, was behind this reaction? In terms of genre, Louise is a hybrid, showing borrowings from
many different traditions. Major sections of it show influences from French popular boulevard
theater. Its plot shows affinities with mid-century melodrama and bourgeois theater traditions.
Charpentier himself often cited Zola as an influence, and Louise's working-class plot and its quasi28
symbolic treatment of Paris bear this out. Musically, the work shows obvious debts to Wagner,
both because of its avoidance of clear number division and its leitmotivic organization. The
melodic contours, harmonic language and masterful orchestration, however, are clearly in line with
the grand French tradition as Charpentier learned it from Jules Massenet. All of these influences
contribute to the perception of Louise as a realist work, but each represents a different version of
realism.
Nineteenth-century realism typically embraced two competing versions of the realthe realism
of particulars, and a determinist realism emphasizing natural forces and physical laws. These were
set against each other, making the sharpness of the former stand out against the backdrop of the
latter, the descriptive particulars infusing realist works with a strong sense of materiality. For
music to fit into this scheme, it too must be used in a similar contrasting manner. On the one hand
it must become almost a physical object. It has to be cordoned off into individual units,
differentiated from each other in time and through the use of highly contrasting musical attributes
so that they acquire some kind of identity. On the other, music can aid in the suggestion of causal
realitiesoften through the use of open forms, as it does in Louise. The deftness with which
Charpentier accomplished the musical suggestion of competing realisms was undoubtedly one of
the main reasons for its striking success.
Margaret Elizabeth McGinnis

Playing the Fields: Messiaen, Music, and the Extramusical
This study explores the interplay of music and extramusical subjects in the work of one composer
rooted in one cultural milieu, thereby applying historical and analytical methods to one of music
aesthetics' most enduring questions. The music of Olivier Messiaen (1908-92) is fertile ground for
this investigation because of his fondness for extramusical subjects. I apply the theories of
sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to read Messiaen's compositional decisions as acts of cultural
positioning and to track circumstances that have fostered certain extramusical interpretations of
Messiaen's music. In addition, Kofi Agawu's concept of "play" between introversive and
extroversive semiosis informs my music analysis by providing a model for relating musical
structures and extramusical referents. In evaluating Messiaen's positioning I suggest he often
landed between cultural poles rather than squarely aligned with any one pole. In occupying points
of tension, Messiaen revealed the effects of cultural forces that pulled from either side, and these
unresolved tensions gave rise to his most creative and fascinating work.
I examine four areasmysticism, modernism, synesthesia, and theologythat are especially
fruitful for examining the interaction of Messiaen's music with extramusical subjects. These areas
also reveal how music's extramusical subjects can facilitate cultural discourse and positioning.
Some listeners interpreted his music as "mystical," but this label had cultural implications
Messiaen found distasteful. His mid-century compositions invoke some of the rational, scientific,
and mathematical tropes popular with that era's avant-garde. However, the formal structures and
extramusical references of these compositions imply cultural positions diametrically opposed to
29
rationalism. He composed colored music in a cultural field that sometimes associated synesthesia
with occult mysticism. However, Messiaen's rational, systematic treatment of color resists mystical
readings of his colored music. Finally, his theological music translates the common language of
theology into a personal mode of expression. In each of these fields, Messiaen found the unstable
center, where he embraced rather than resolved tensions. His answer to most either-or question
was an exasperating "yes." His primary language was not musical or extramusical, but that of
mediation, translation, and reconciliation.
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2002
Matthew Richard Baumer
Aesthetic Theory and the Representation of the Feminine in Orchestral Program Music of the
Mid-Nineteenth Century
(under the direction of Mark Evan Bonds)
Recent attempts to show how instrumental music reflects societal attitudes about gender in the
nineteenth century have been hampered by difficult questions of what those works portray,
according to the aesthetics of the time. To address the problem, this study examines depictions of
female characters through the lens of mid-nineteenth century criticism, within the context of a
reevaluation of the aesthetic history of orchestral program music. Case studies of representations
of the feminine illustrate the changes in aesthetic theory and vice versa.
Eighteenth-century composers and theorists held program music in low esteem, and early
Romantics like E. T. A. Hoffmann regarded Beethoven's programs as peripheral to the music's
ability to reveal the ideal world beyond appearances. The aesthetic outlook of A. B. Marx was far
more hospitable for program music because it took root in Hegelian idealism, which located the
ideal in a universal mind. Hegel argued that music lacked an objective content, but Marx described
an objective content in Beethoven's music using the language of program music, as in his
description of masculine and feminine themes in sonata form. In his essays on Beethoven's
overtures he recognized the second theme's potential to represent Klrchen or Valeria, but
identifies Leonore with the first theme, demonstrating a flexible approach.
When Liszt shifted his focus to composition around 1848, his aesthetic lay closer to Hoffmann's
than Marx's. After a debate with Wagner in 1851-1853 about what the Tannhuser overture
represents, in which the depiction of Venus figured prominently, Liszt accepted the explicit
program and shifted towards a Marxian aesthetic. In 1855 Liszt quoted Hegel and A. B. Marx in a
series of essays that established an aesthetic in which the program provided an objective content
while the music presented an immediate emotional experience. The portrayal of Gretchen in the
"Faust" Symphony exemplifies this aesthetic. As can be seen in two contemporary reviews and a
new analysis of the final chorus, Liszt recast Goethe's Gretchen to focus on the ideal that pervades
program music of this period: the eternal feminine.
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Songtaik Kwon
Mahler and Bach: Counterpoint and Polarities in Form
(under the direction of Severine Neff)
Despite the complex and highly original aspects of Mahler's musical forms, the majority of
scholars still favor sonata-allegro as the primary source for understanding the first movements of
his symphonies. This decision can be surprising because in certain movements the repetitions of
the introductory material can be more prominently articulated than the transitions or even main
thematic groups. These skewings of traditional schema often produce formal plans that are cyclic
in nature. I contend that such cyclic forms have roots not only in nineteenth-century works but also
in Baroque music, specifically that of Johann Sebastian Bach. In my thesis I will show how Mahler
intensively studied Bach's music through analysis and performance. As much as possible I will use
manuscript materials to make my points. Next I will discuss Bach's ritornello form, its
interpretation in the current scholarly literature, and its relation to late nineteenth-century cyclic
forms. Finally I will show how Mahler reinvents Bach's formal and developmental ideas by
incorporating them into his own works of the middle and late periods. In analytic commentary I
will use the methods and working vocabulary of Mahler's friend and collegue, Arnold Schoenberg.
Certain passages of Mahler's later works will particularly illustrate how he reinvents the Bachinfluenced forms of his middle period through aspects of motivic development, phrase structure,
and even sonata-form principles. This fusion of contrapuntal and homophonic ideas determines
most clearly Mahler's complex and original sense of form.
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2001
Jane Elizabeth Dahlenburg
The Motet c. 1580-1630: Sacred Music Based on The Song of Songs
This dissertation is a textual study of late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century sacred music
based on the Song of Songs. The first chapter of the study explores the Song itself: the changing
text in the various sixteenth and seventeenth-century Vulgate editions, and the long history of
exegetic interpretation which asserts that the Song describes various types of divine, not human
love. The second chapter examines the Song's role in the continually evolving Roman liturgy,
which continued to be used as a textual source by composers. Finally, a series of case studies
explores individual works from various standpoints. I begin with Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's
1583/1584 fourth book of motets for five voices, and show that rather than using the Bible as a
textual source, which has always been assumed in the secondary literature, Palestrina extracted his
text from the Roman lectionary. Antonio Cifra's 1619 Motecta ex sacris cantionibus was clearly
based on Palestrina; however, Cifra made significant textual changes to reflect a Mariological,
rather than a tropological, interpretation. Adriano Banchieri's 1611 Vezzo di Perle approaches the
text from a monastic point of view, while Severo Bonini's 1615 Affetti Spirituali uses musical
dialogue to dramatically portray an allegorical reading (i.e., dealing with the love between the
Church and Christ) of the Song. Finally, Seraphino Patta's 1609/1611 Sacra Cantica, though
musically unsatisfying, is highly innovative in its organization which clearly outlines the stages of
the via mystica.
Elizabeth Randell Upton

The Chantilly Codex (F-CH 564): The Manuscript, Its Music, Its Scholarly Reception
This study explores the creation and subsequent history of the manuscript Chantilly, Muse Cond
564 (the "Chantilly codex," hereinafter Ch), the central source for modern musicological
understanding of late fourteenth-century music. Armed with new codicological information and
informed by a thorough re-examination of scholarship on this source, I then discuss the musical
style and cultural significance of a group of ballades transmitted by this source.
Chapter One narrates the discovery of this manuscript in the nineteenth century, and, based on
archival documents from the Muse Cond, demonstrates how the historical and personal interests
of its last private owner shaped and colored all later perception of its music. Chapter Two
investigates Ch as a physical object, providing a full codicological description and, in particular,
distinguishing between temporal layers of activity. My reconstruction of the original copying
33
sequence as well as that of later additions to the manuscript allows for greater accuracy in
determining the significance of codicological evidence. Chapter Three discusses musicological
scholarship on this source in the twentieth century, focusing particularly on scholarly attempts to
determine the origin of the manuscript and its music, to understand the nature of its musical style,
and to place that style in the larger story of medieval music. Scholarship on this manuscript has
been marred by misinformation and colored by a set of preconceptions dating back to the
nineteenth century; I attempt to sort out what is useful from what is not. Chapter Four discusses a
group of eighteen ballades, most of which were written to honor identifiable historical figures from
the fourteenth century. Long valued for the historical information they provide, these ballades are
shown to provide insight into the aesthetics and cultural uses of music in later fourteenth-century
courtly circles. Reinterpretation of the editing of these songs provides a radically new picture of
musical style in this period, allowing for new understanding of the relationship between words and
music in the later fourteenth century. There are two appendices: the first provides transcriptions of
the archival documents discussed in Chapter One; the second presents an updated inventory of the
contents of Ch.
34
2000
Rachel Golden Carlson
Devotion to the Virgin Mary in Twelfth-Century Aquitanian Versus
(under the direction of John Ndas and James McKinnon)
Twelfth-century Aquitanian versus, collected at the abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges, have won
musicological attention as early representatives of freely-composed, practical polyphony. Recent
studies focus on transcription methods, manuscript transmission and musical style, but rarely
textual content. I posit that additional insight into the significance and function of the versus can
be gained by studying the texts as their compositional inspiration. The versus deal largely with the
Virgin Mary and stand among the first musical repertories of the twelfth-century Marian cult. This
fact has been noted occasionally by scholars but has not been explored systematically. I analyze
versus portrayals of Mary through poetic imagery and biblical allegory and contextualize the texts
in terms of patristic thought.
In chapter 1, I explain my methodology and review previous research. I present three reasons to
read versus texts closely: the texts reveal the theological concerns of the monks who wrote them;
music and text compellingly interact in the versus; and the tone of the texts suggests the versus'
possible function. In particular, I believe that the exploratory, sometimes unconventional, nature
of the poems supports James Grier's notion that versus are monastic, paraliturgical inspirations.
Chapter 2 discusses treatments of Mary's virginity, the most popular topic of Marian reverence in
the versus. I focus on several common biblical allegories for virginity: Gideon's fleece, Daniel's
mountain, the burning bush, and Jesse's rod. In my analyses, I suggest that chronological
distinctions in poetic style parallel recognized trends in musical construction. Specifically, I assert
that the more intricate musical settings of later versus, as recognized by Leo Treitler, were created
to conform to a corresponding poetic artifice. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 consider presentations of Mary
as mother, mediatrix, and bride, respectively. Chapter 6 explores ways in which Marian
appellations of mother, daughter, and bride merge, in keeping with developing Marian exegesis.
The symbol of the lily exemplifies overlapping imagery between Mary and Christ, demonstrating
how selected versus elevate Mary's importance to rival that of God himself. Volume 2 of the
dissertation contains my transcriptions and translations of the Marian versus.
35
Georg Anton Predota

Johannes Brahms and the Foundations of Composition:
The Basis of his Compositional Process in his Study of Figured Bass and Counterpoint
(under the direction of Jon W. Finson)
Beginning in the late 1840s, despite having access to his composition teachers Eduard Marxsen's
supposedly vast library, Johannes Brahms felt compelled to establish his own personal collection
of books on music. His theoretical treatises show multiple layers of annotations, suggesting that
Brahms re-read and worked through individual books several times. The consistency of Brahms's
dialectic methodology by which he indicated a more sophisticated level of comprehension through
a specific color-code, affords us the opportunity to trace his continued growth as a musician and
composer. From his personal annotations within his musical treatises it is not only possible to
understand how he treated and understood eighteenth and nineteenth-century compositional
theory, but also to see how his study of thoroughbass and counterpoint prepared the basis of his
compositional process.
Brahms's compositional process relied on a soprano-bass framework constructed in strict
accordance with his extensive knowledge of contrapuntal theory. This rudimentary structure
established an overall harmonic plan and organized the material into a contrapuntally inspired
phrase structure. Since the outer voices were not sufficient to answer all questions of harmony and
voice leading, the composer added figured bass to indicate the desired harmonic progression on a
localized level. In essence, Brahms used figured bass as an all-purpose tool. This tool afforded him
the flexibility and freedom to reorganize his musical thoughts, and as an essential element of his
compositional process it perfectly complemented the integrity he placed on strict counterpoint.
Richard Allen Rischar

One Sweet Day: Vocal Style in the African-American Popular Ballad, 1991-1996
This dissertation is devoted to the study of vocal style in African-American popular ballads
released between 1991 and 1996. There is intensive musical analysis of selected songs, with "One
Sweet Day" by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men as a centerpiece. The analysis serves as a
springboard for considering larger questions of identity in modern society. Chief among these is
the notion of "musical blackness" as it has developed in recent years. I claim that musical stylistic
features of contemporary ballads represent multiple cultural systems and traditions, including but
not limited to race.
36
1999
Jane Elise Alden
Makers of a Songbook: The Scribes of the Laborde Chansonnier
The Laborde Chansonnier (Washington, Library of Congress, Music Division, MS M2.1.L25
'Case') is one of the central sources for French songs from the second half of the fifteenth century.
That there are close relationships between it and other manuscripts (the 'Copenhagen', 'Dijon',
'Nivelle' and 'Wolfenbttel' chansonniers) has long been known, but previous interpretations have
engendered assumptions which are not supported by the evidence of the manuscripts themselves.
Of the five, Laborde has the most intriguing history of copying, with implications that the plan for
the manuscript changed on more than one occasion. While Laborde is at the centre of this
investigation, the discussion frequently addresses its relationship to the other manuscripts in the
group. To understand the cultural conditions that led to the copying of chansonniers, chapter 1
addresses the function of small decorative books within the context of fifteenth-century society.
Of particular relevance is the status of manuscripts and the role of the scribe in the early years of
printed books. Problems are identified in scholarly approaches which do not adequately consider
scribal methods of compilation and organization of repertory. Chapter 2 focuses on the physical
aspects of Laborde, identifying and numbering its scribes. The chapter also reconstructs a relative
chronology for Laborde's compilation, and outlines the various stages of completion. Chapter 3
tests the application of ordinary scribal practices to the specialized copying of music manuscripts.
Through a close examination of script, an evolution is traced in the work of the scribe responsible
for the Dijon and Copenhagen Chansonniers. Since this scribe also worked on Laborde, the
identification of an earlier and later style has important chronological implications. Chapter 4 calls
into question the chronology which has come to be accepted for the five manuscripts. It argues
that the assumptions which led to the Nivelle Chansonnier being considered the earliest of the
group were based on a flawed methodology. In the light of a revised chronology, chapter 5
reconsiders the repertories contained in these manuscripts, and their changing patterns of
transmission. The popularity of certain pieces is viewed from a local rather than an international
perspective.
Laurel Elisabeth Zeiss

Accompanied Recitative in Mozart's Operas: The chef d'oeuvre of the Composer's Art
Orchestrally accompanied recitative occupies a nebulous realm in the world of opera. Lying at the
intersection of speech, aria, and instrumental music, it lacks the lyricism of arias; yet it is not as
37
speech-like as simple recitative which is supported solely by the harpsichord and cello. Mozart's
mature operas provide an ideal compendium of the era's compositional strategies within this hybrid
genre. Using eighteenth-century music theory as a springboard, this study examines Mozart's
accompanied recitatives from textual, musical, and dramatic perspectives.
In contrast to other vocal genres of the time, accompagnato treats the voice and orchestra as
essentially equal partners. The instruments "speak" between the singer's phrases. During an age
that consistently criticized instrumental music as "inarticulate" and "meaningless," the idea that
the orchestra can convey "passions even more effectively" than the voice is a bold assertion. This
potential for expressive power prompted Rousseau to call accompanied recitative "the chef d
'oeuvre of the composer's art." Additionally, modulations that are unusual for arias, such as the one
Mozart uses to set Osmin's rage, are commonplace for accompanied recitatives.
Although analysts have typically treated accompanied recitatives apart from an opera's arias and
ensembles, these passages are an integral part of a work's dramatic flow and musical expression.
Accompagnati often generate musical processes that continue into the subsequent number.
Elisions, interjections of recitative into lyrical numbers, and harmonic, thematic and motivic links
all blur the boundaries between recitative and arias. Analyzing accompagnato-aria pairs reveals a
middleground of musical coherence that stands in-between large-scale tonal plans and motivic
unities within individual numbers. Similarly as distinctions between opera seria and opera buffa
were collapsing, accompagnato, a genre associated with the elevated serious style, expanded its
dramaturgical associations. While in seria works, the texture portrays moments of great distress
and high passion, in Mozart's comedies it acts as a marker or signifier of certain character types,
such as the sentimental heroine. Accompanied recitative's traditional uses may also be subverted
to portray moments of deception. In short, the genre of accompagnato challenges, as well as
complements, some of our underlying assumptions about operatic form.
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1998
Christopher Emile Mehrens
The Critical and Musical Work of Deems Taylor in Light of Contemporary Cultural Patterns
Deems Taylor (1885-1966) was one of the most visible figures in American art music during the
1920s. Known for his activities as an intellectual, critic and composer, Taylor has been often
described as a conservative or post-Romantic. Careful reconsideration of his work proves that
although such labels are indeed accurate, they were also too narrow and too simplistic, for at times
his critical views were in conflict with his musical practices. As a critic he was sympathetic to the
work of many musical modernists, yet as a composer he was unable to break free from the more
conservative romantic tradition.
Taylor's work was a consequence of the global atavism which grew in response to the tremendous
aesthetic and stylistic ferment of modernism. Some composers responded by seeking inspiration
and revitalization from primitive, early (neoclassicism for example), folk and popular music. In
Taylor's case, he searched for inspiration, accommodation, and revitalization along more
antimodern lines. As defined by T. J. Jackson Lears, antimodernism was a "retreat to oriental or
medieval aesthetics, the pursuit of intense physical or spiritual experiences, and the search for a
sense of self sufficiency." Taylor's life and work embodied these activities. This dissertation traces
Taylor's life and work, beginning in the late 1880s and ending in 1931. Particular emphasis is
placed on his work from 1918 to 1931, especially his article on music for Harold Edmund Stearns's
Civilization in the United States: An Inquiry by Thirty Americans, his critical writings for the New
York World, and his musical settings of Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass and James
Branch Cabell's Jurgen.
Stephen D. Press
Prokofiev's Ballets for Diaghilev
(under the direction of Jon W. Finson)
Sergey Sergeyevich Prokofiev is well-known to audiences as the composer of the popular Peter
and the Wolf, Alexander Nevsky and Lt. Kije Suite as well as the ballets Romeo and Juliet and
Cinderella. But the success of these pieces and other works from his career in the Soviet Union
has overwhelmed his early work for Sergey Pavlovitch Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: Chout (1921),
Le pas d'acier (1927) and L 'enfant prodigue (1929). These ballets usually garner no more than
brief mention in the plentiful surveys of the Ballets Russes or in studies of Prokofiev's much
celebrated contemporary, Igor Stravinsky. However, knowledge of these works is crucial for an
39
understanding of Prokofiev's mature ballet style. These ballets provided his first theatrical
successes in western Europe. Furthermore, they document the composer's self-professed stylistic
redirection away from Parisian modernism towards heightened lyricism--a style that is incorrectly
associated with only his Soviet period works.
Chapter One traces the fifteen year relationship between Diaghilev and Prokofiev during which
the impresario influenced the composer at many important junctures. Though Diaghilev rejected
Prokofiev's first ballet Ala i Lolli as well as the first version of its successor, his tenacity,
discernment and encouragement led to a fruitful collaboration. Chapter Two demonstrates that
while Prokofiev followed Stravinsky to the Ballets Russes, he worked there on his own stylistic
terms. Despite a common heritage each composer responded to Diaghilev's call for an overt
Russian style with a personalized "neokuchkism." By comparing the original 1915 short score of
Chout with the Diaghilev-directed revised version in Chapter Three I show how Prokofiev's
development as a ballet composer was indebted to the impresario's guidance. Chapter Four
examines the Janus-faced Le pas d'acier: on the one hand the most trendy work Prokofiev penned
for Paris and on the other, the beginning of his shift towards a more prominent lyricism. Chapter
Five summarizes the collaboration that produced one of the company's enduring masterpieces,
L'enfant prodigue. Its recognizable "new simplicity" is distinguished from Stravinskian
neoclassicism. A summary of some common themes in Prokofiev's ballets for Diaghilev precedes
a brief valedictory.
40
1996
Maureen Elisabeth Buja
Antonio Barr and Music Printing in Mid-Sixteenth Century Rome
Antonio Barr (fl. 1551-1572) was a singer and composer who arrived in Rome in the early 1550s
and issued his first books as a printer in 1555. His chosen genres for printing were the light forms:
villanesche, moresche, and most prominently, madrigals. His anthologies, collected under the
series title " ... delle Muse ... " (of the Muses), defined the new style of Roman madrigal, the
"madrigali ariosi," which had developed outside the milieu of the Ferrarese and Venetian styles.
As a printer, Barr was innovative in his use of special symbols, most notably being the first to
print the natural sign, which was first seen in his printing of Nicola Vicentino's treatise, L'antica
musica riddotta alla moderna prattica. Because of his background as a composer, his music prints
are noted for their careful attention to detail, with few typographical music errors. In addition to
his music prints, Barr also published non-music books. These appeared only during his first year
of work, 1555. They include one of the most reprinted books from the mid-sixteenth century, Paolo
Giovio's Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose. This has remained in print from 1555 until the
late twentieth century. Another was a book of poetry in memory of Livia Colonna, a woman who
had been the victim of a particularly gruesome murder. Through his music and non-music books,
we can see how Barr represents the norm of publishing in Rome. His activities and failures in
publishing permit us to examine the economics of printing, the competition and cooperation among
publishers, and allows us to observe at the larger picture of Rome as a failed center of publishing,
as it increasingly lost ground to the more active printers in Venice. The dissertation includes texts
from all Barr music publications.
Jiesoon Kim
Ignaz Pleyel and His Early String Quartets in Vienna
The 1780s are widely recognized as the decade in which the string quartet became a genre
independent from other kinds of Austrian instrumental chamber music. Many Viennese composers
cultivated the string quartet at this time, including Joseph Haydn and W. A. Mozart. One of the
most popular and prolific of these quartet composers was Ignaz Pleyel (1757-1831).
The early string quartets of Pleyel, op. 1 through op. 9, were written between 1782 and 1786.
Pleyel's string quartets show great variety in their cyclical structure, e.g., in the number of
movements (two, three, or four), the sequence of tempo, key, and formal structure. These quartets
41
are mostly homophonic with the first-violin melody dominating over simple accompaniment; this
texture is often identified by an amiable and light style. At the same time, Pleyel tried to emulate
the quartets of Haydn and Mozart, as, for example, in the four-movement quartets, op. 3 and 5A,
and in the quartets displaying a concern for motivic unity and contrapuntal texture. Our modern
perception of string quartets, which is almost entirely based on those of Haydn and Mozart, has
exalted the string quartets as the genre for connoisseurs, demanding the most refined taste and
intellectual content. But Pleyel's string quartets mostly appealed to the growing number of amateur
musicians, and contemporaneous reception shows that the most popular quartet composer from the
mid-1780s until the end of the century in Vienna was not Haydn or Mozart, but rather Pleyel.
Bradford Charles Maiani

The Responsory-Communions: Toward a Chronology of Selected Proper Chants
(under the direction of James McKinnon)
This study explores those chants that serve as both communions for Mass and as Matins
responsories. The frequency with which these two genres are exchanged is unique--over one
quarter of the communion cycle, in fact, has some history in the responsory repertory. An
examination of their texts, melodies and liturgical assignments shows the responsory-communions
to be frequent and distinct anomalies in both the genres in which they appear, and finds that most
are assigned to dates known to be the subject of eighth-century liturgical revisions. It is argued
here that these observations are both related and chronologically significant, and that the
responsory-communions are a comparatively late layer of the Roman repertory. As liturgical texts,
responsory-communions are notable for their length, scriptural derivation, and literary style. Only
nine of the total forty-one are psalmic--most are gospel texts of a dialogue type drawn from
particularly dramatic or poignant points of scripture. In addition to their dual liturgical role, and
the biblical translation they most often employ, this could suggest that some originated as a discrete
set relatively late in liturgical history.
The responsory-communion melodies support this hypothesis. As a comparative base, a
representative sample of psalmic communions and responsories are examined in detail, and with
surprising frequency responsory-communions prove to conflict with the stylistic, modal and
formal norms of these presumably older psalmic chants. Responsory-communions are also
distinguished by a highly unstable theoretical and written tradition, further recommending them as
latecomers to the Roman repertory.
Liturgical information also supports a late date for the responsory-communions. Most are assigned
to Paschaltide, recently described as the last season to be revised in the late-seventh or early-eighthcentury formation of the Franco-Roman communion cycle. The ordines romani show a concurrent
restructuring of the Matins Lectionary that appears to have had equally significant consequences
for the responsory repertory. It is within the context of these liturgical adjustments that responsorycommunions were most likely created, as products of a concerted musico-liturgical project to fill
a shortage of repertory in both of the genres to which they are assigned, shortly before the reception
of the cantus romanus by the Franks.
42
Stephanie P. Schlagel
Josquin des Prez and His Motets: A Case Study in Sixteenth-Century Reception History
Josquin des Prez (ca. 1440-1521) is the first major composer whose repertory and reputation vastly
outlived their maker. His motets in particular were copied, printed, performed, and studied
throughout the sixteenth century, marking the emergence of a new phenomenon in the history of
western music. The present dissertation considers many of the forces that contributed to the
longevity of these works and the composer's posthumous fame. At the core is the blossoming of
music historiography as an outgrowth of the humanistic movement. Stylistic and nationalistic
considerations also put Josquin at the center of methodical explorations of music's recent past.
The first chapter of this study examines the role of printed anthologies in the preservation and
dissemination of Josquin's motets. Publications of Petrucci, Grimm & Wyrsung, Formschneider,
Berg & Neuber, and LeRoy & Ballard are among those considered. Close readings of dedicatory
letters, studies of the repertorial organization and scope, and investigations of the interests,
aesthetics, and agendas of the compilers of these volumes document a sixteenth-century perception
of the historical significance and timely relevance of this repertory. The next chapter explores
Josquin as a subject in sixteenth-century musical thought. In music treatises and other non-musical
texts, Josquin is frequently associated with the notions of genius and natural talent; his music is
subjected to some of the earliest attempts at music criticism. His motets are also associated with
the changing status of music from a mathematical craft to a poetic art. For these reasons his music
is considered a turning point in accounts of music's past and he is thought to be the originator of a
new modern style. The third and fourth chapters explore ways in which sixteenth-century
musicians interacted with Josquin's motets: the circuitous paths by which they traveled, the
adaptations and revisions to which they were subjected, and how other composers explored these
works through parody, imitation, and by adding si placet parts. To conclude the study, comparisons
between the fate of Josquin's motets and those of his contemporaries, particularly Mouton and
Isaac, place in greater relief the unique regard for Josquin.
43
1995
Keith Harris Cochran
The Genesis of Gaspare Spontini's Agnes von Hohenstaufen: A Chapter in the History of German
Opera
Spontini wrote his final opera, Agnes von Hohenstaufen, for the court opera in Berlin in 1827 and
later revised it for performances in 1829 and 1837. The opera's prolonged genesis took place
against a background of changing ideals in operatic aesthetics and the composer's own shifting
fortunes as General Music Director in Berlin. Spontini wrote and revised Agnes at a time when
German Romantic opera had begun to take root, Rossini's operas dominated stages throughout
Europe, and grand opra developed in Paris.
The dissertation presents an archival, source, and stylistic study of Spontini's final opera. The first
chapter provides an introduction by briefly surveying the reception history of Spontini's German
operas and the musicological literature devoted to them. The second chapter presents new archival
material in an examination of Spontini's tenure as General Music Director in Berlin from 1820 to
1841. Among the issues explored are the continued impact of French taste on the operatic
repertoire of Berlin, Spontini's conflicts with Ludwig Wittgenstein, his superior at court, and the
intendants, Count Brhl and Count Redern. Spontini's strained relationships with his colleagues
led to a significant loss of power when his contract was renewed in 1831. The next chapter
examines the libretto of Agnes. Spontini's awareness of new aesthetic ideals is apparent in his
choice of subject matter loosely based on German Medieval history and the incorporation of local
color. The fourth chapter is an evaluation of the surviving musical sources for Agnes, including
autograph, manuscript, and performance material from Berlin. The remaining two chapters provide
an account of the opera's genesis by focusing on the musical changes undertaken in the revisions
by Spontini. These changes are seen in light of the work's relationship to contemporary operatic
trends, especially the rise of grand opera, and its place within Spontini's own stylistic development.
Doris Bosworth Powers

Johann Nikolaus Forkel's Philosophy of Music in the Einleitung to Volume One of his
Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik (1788): A Translation and Commentary with a Glossary of
Eighteenth-Century Terms
(under the direction of Howard E. Smither)
Johann Nikolaus Forkel's metaphysical essay on the philosophy, aesthetics, and rhetoric of music
forms the Einleitung to volume one of the Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik (1788). Forkel shows
in this writing that the musical expression of man stands in synchronic relationship with man's
44
development of mental and perceptual capacities, termed Empfindung. He presents his

understanding of tonal structure and its gradual development in various cultures. These ideas, new
in his time, are based on precepts of universal history with the purpose of loosening the
philosophical orientation of music from its mooring in mathematics and placing it within a
linguistic model. Given this change of conception, he could include musical lectures and concerts
in the fine arts offerings at the University of Gttingen. Evidence is presented for Forkel's strong
reliance on writings by Johann Adolph Scheibe as the starting point of his essay.
Forkel describes how each musical element contributes to the expression of the flow of feelings in
a composition, because, as he sees it, music is a full-fledged language of feelings. Musical rhetoric
provides the structure through which to channel the expression of feelings in a composition, which
consists of several aspects of a primary feeling. The narrative of feelings throughout an entire work
constitutes a process of experiencing feelings, a sequence better understood in the twentieth
century than in the eighteenth.
Forkel balances four dichotomies present in eighteenth-century thought: interpretive versus
descriptive history, music as language versus mathematics, harmony versus melody, and
instrumental versus vocal music. Some of these dichotomies possibly result from the physical
manner in which we process perceptions and information in the brain. Under contemporary rubrics
of cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, linguistics, biomusicology (perception),
aesthetics, and rhetoric, music theorists in the twentieth century are pursuing the same complex of
interwoven topics as did Forkel. In addition, Forkel's essay suggests to performers ways of
consciously building artistic conceptions of eighteenth-century compositions. As a musical
philosopher, Forkel not only summarizes some significant intellectual trends of the eighteenth
century, but treats issues that are of interest to twentieth-century music theory, philosophy, and
performance.
Lauriejean Reinhardt
From Poet's Voice to Composer's Muse: Text and Music in Webern's Jone Settings
This study examines the creative friendship between Anton Webern and the poet/painter Hildegard
Jone. The primary objective of the study is two-fold: (1) to view Jone's poetry and Webern's Jone
settings through the lense of early twentieth-century Austrian culture; and (2) to consider the ways
in which Webern's music relates to Jone's poetry. The study draws on archival materials pertaining
to both artists, including primary sources that have only recently been made available. The opening
chapters establish a profile of Jone as an artist. Chapter 1 sketches Jone's biography and discusses
her activities as a painter. Chapter 2 considers Jone's career as a poet, focusing on her working
methods, publication history and aesthetics and examining representative poems. Chapter 3
discusses Jone's creative relationship with Webern in light of the correspondence; the issue of
collaboration is discussed with regard to Webern's Kantate op. 31/VI. Chapters 5 through 8 focus
on Webern's Jone settings, with an emphasis on the insights afforded by the primary sources.
Chapter 5 offers an overview of the sources, including literary materials, sketchbooks, row tables,
45
short scores and fair copies. Chapters 6 through 8 discuss the evolution and style of Webern's first
Jone settings; more specifically, they examine the curious relationship between Webern's Drei
Gesnge op. 23 and a texted fragment found in the sketches for the Konzert op. 24. Careful analysis
of the sketches reveals important interconnections between the histories and musical languages of
the two compositions. The relevance of these interconnections to the Drei Lieder op. 25 and Das
Augenlicht op. 26 are also discussed. Chapter 9 explores the broader ramifications of Webern's
creative relationship with Jone. In particular, the chapter considers why Webern turned to Jone's
poetry for his mature, twelve-tone works by noting similarities in the artists' responses to the events
of World War I, the cultural climate of the First Austrian Republic and the advent of World War
II. Three issues identified as central to Webern's interest in Jone's poetry are the artists' mutual
belief in art as language, their shared understanding of their relationship to the past, and their belief
in the spiritual nature of art.
Scott Allan Warfield

The Genesis of Richard Strauss's Macbeth
Richard Strauss's first tone poem, Macbeth, Op. 23, is the pivotal work in his turn from the
conservative style of his youth to the progressive style that made him the leading German
composer at the end of the nineteenth century. Strauss's earliest orchestral compositions display
his strong affinity for textbook sonata-allegro form as he learned it from his father, Franz Strauss,
and his only teacher, Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. Even when he began to develop his own style in
the mid-1880s, his orchestral works continued to follow standard formal models, although Strauss
often modified tonal plans and disguised the seams in the subdivisions of movements.
Strauss encountered difficulties in the composition of Macbeth as he attempted to reconcile his
conservative education with the progressive ideas of the New German School that he learned from
Alexander Ritter. A study of the extant sources makes it possible to partially reconstruct the earliest
version of Macbeth and to demonstrate how Strauss revised the first score. That revision, made on
the advice of Hans von Blow, was more extensive than Strauss's comments on the matter have
implied. In addition to cutting a long coda that represented the "Triumphant March of Macduff,"
Strauss also removed a literal return of part of the first theme and reworked the approach to the
ending. Strauss later withdrew this revised first score to correct imbalances in the orchestration. In
the definitive second score, Strauss also made other changes which made his intentions easier to
realize in performance.
A study of various correspondences and other documents, including many previously unknown
items, shows some of the difficulties Strauss encountered in trying to secure performances and
publication of his works in the late 1880s. His publisher, Eugen Spitzweg, initially refused to
accept Macbeth, and only later took it when Strauss withheld the more successful Tod und
Verklrung. Macbeth failed to earn a place in the repertoire in part because of negative critical
opinion that misunderstood the relationship of the work's program to its form. A careful
examination of the work's motivic surface shows, however, that program and form are consistent
with one another in Macbeth.
46
1994
Mario Joseph Serge Grard Champagne
The French Song Cycle (1840-1924), with Special Emphasis on the Works of Gabriel Faur
This study outlines the origins and development of the French song cycle from its early roots in a
style based on the German song cycles of the first half of the nineteenth century, especially those
of Robert Schumann, to the death of one of its primary practitioners, Gabriel Faur. The works
discussed begin with Pome d'avril (1866) by Jules Massenet, with an aside to Hector Berlioz's
Les Nuits d't, and end with Don Quichotte Dulcine (1937) by Maurice Ravel. Gabriel Faur
wrote seven song cycles spanning the period under consideration. Three of his cycles are in the
early style, three are in the late style, and one combines traits from both styles. The early style is
marked by its dependence on musical links to provide the unification of the cycle. These links are
often accomplished by the return of material from the beginning of the cycle at its end. The late
style differs from the early style in that its unity resides in the text, not in the music. There are a
large number of cycles and possible cycles from the period under study and continuing on into the
twentieth century, most of which are unpublished or are otherwise difficult to obtain. The genre
also undergoes another profound shift in the 1910s and 1920s where the use of an instrumental
ensemble or orchestra begins to supplant solo piano as the accompanimental medium of choice for
songs. The material and the methodology presented here provide a starting point from which to
begin to reassess this neglected genre.
Michael Edward McClellan

Battling over the Lyric Muse: Expressions of Revolution and Counterrevolution at the Thtre
Feydeau, 1789-1801
The French Revolution is inseparable from the rhetoric that surrounds it, and the theater of the
revolutionary era is particularly rich in source material for the study of revolutionary rhetoric.
Drama, opera, vaudeville, melodrama, as well as the place and manner of performance, all
reflected the contemporary political discourse. The theatrical world and the political sphere drew
upon each other in such a way that theaters became political forums while, in turn, public figures
adopted self-conscious, theatrical mannerisms in order to create and project a suitable public
image. Indeed, as revolutionaries opened up politics to popular scrutiny, the French government
appropriated theatrical models and deliberately "staged" their proceedings as a means to generate
favorable public opinion and legitimate their position. Music proved to be well suited to its
rhetorical role in advancing the cause of the Revolution. Throughout the 1790s music frequently
served as a means of intensifying the emotional content of political as well as poetic texts. France
47
had a long tradition of employing music to support a text rhetorically, and this tradition informed
revolutionary musical practice. For example, composers of opera consciously adapted the musical
conventions that they had inherited to new political contexts and created a revolutionary music of
the theater.
This study examines the rhetorical uses of music, specifically music for the theater, during the
French Revolution. The mixture of music and drama at theaters such as the Opra, OpraComique, and the Thtre Feydeau possessed a special persuasive force that made them especially
valuable as well as potentially dangerous. The focus of my study is one of these theaters, the
Thtre Feydeau. At that theater, music assumed an enormous rhetorical significance that attracted
both revolutionary and counterrevolutionary audiences. These groups appropriated the Thtre
Feydeau as a public forum in which to express their social and political views. As a result, the
history of this theater reflects the politicization of French culture during the 1790s and the aesthetic
consequences of this process.
Sally Eileen Norman

Cyclic Musical Settings of Laments from Ariosto's Orlando furioso
The publication of Ariosto's Orlando furioso in 1532 provided a rich text source for madrigal
composers during much of the sixteenth century and beyond. About 730 settings by over 150
composers have survived, at least in part. For musicians, the most popular sections of the poem
were the laments; those portions where a character steps out of the action to speak directly to the
reader about his or her unhappiness concerning the loss (or perceived loss) of a love. This study
analyzes twenty-four cyclic musical settings of eight such laments from the Furioso, including
works by Berchem, Gabrieli, Merulo, Nicoletti, Rossetto, and Wert, spanning the years 1554 to
1588.
After a brief overview of the poem and the range of musical settings from it, Chapters 2 through 7
examine each cycle in detail, looking particularly at modal manipulations and text/music
relationships. Chapter 8 offers concluding observations about the works and Volume 2 provides a
critical edition of nine of the cycles previously unavailable in modern edition. The most impressive
aspect of the musical settings addressed in this study is their rich diversity of style, in contrast to
the somewhat generic nature of the texts. These styles include arioso, note nere, declamatory,
canzonetta, highly dramatic, and didactic canonic styles. Despite this diversity, some general
trends can be seen in the sample. First, like madrigal cycles in general, these cycles experience
heightened modal manipulations, both for structural and expressive reasons, as the century
progresses. This is particularly true in the longer laments which include narrative portions. Second,
as a group the cycles reflect the lamenting character of their texts both through modal associations
(a marked preference for Mode 2) and melodic signatures (the widespread use of a group of related
lament arie, based on the descending stepwise span of a fourth). Finally, there is a strong tendency
for composers to pay tribute to the oral reciting traditions of the Furioso by using archaic formal
repetitive patterns and various melodic formulas in their musical structures.
48
1992
Paul Edward Corneilson
Opera at Mannheim, 1770-1778
In November 1780 Mozart traveled from Salzburg to Munich to finish writing Idomeneo, an opera
that reflects his musical experiences at Mannheim, Munich, and Paris, in 1777 and 1778. Most
decisive was his encounter with the music establishment of elector palatine Carl Theodor at
Mannheim. The famous orchestra was called "an army of generals, equally fit to plan a battle, as
to fight it," and magnificent operas were performed regularly at the court theater. During his stay,
Mozart won the respect of the musicians with his skills as a composer and performer. Mannheim
opera in the 1770s sets the stage for Mozart's Idomeneo, written for and supervised by basically
the same group of people.
Drawing on a variety of sources, including newly identified reports and music manuscripts, this
dissertation re-examines the historical and cultural context of opera at Mannheim. A relatively
stable company of singers maintained high standards of performance in Italian and German, comic
and serious, operas. Together with the orchestra, these singers helped to shape the musical
character of the arias and ensembles. In 1770 Anton Raaff, the most famous tenor of the day,
arrived at court; in the next decade he sang the title roles in the major operas, including Idomeneo.
The principal soprano roles were shared by Dorothea Wendling (the first Ilia) and her sister-inlaw Elisabeth Wendling (Elettra).
Musical tastes at Mannheim were eclectic. A series of "reform" operas by Jommelli, Traetta, and
Majo--all to librettos by Mattia Verazi--yielded to works by a new generation of composers in
about 1770. Italian opere serie by Piccinni (Catone in Utica, 1770) and J. C. Bach (Temistocle,
1772 and Lucio Silla, 1775) were superseded by serious German operas with performances of
Wieland and Schweitzer's Alceste, by Marchand's company in 1775. This period of opera at
Mannheim culminated with Holzbauer's Gnther von Schwarzburg (1777) and Schweitzer's
Rosamunde, scheduled for carnival 1778 but postponed following the death of the elector of
Bavaria, Maximilian III Joseph. Less than a year later, Carl Theodor (now duke of Bavaria)
transferred his court to Munich. Because of this accident of fate, Idomeneo, the most famous
"Mannheim opera," had its premiere in Munich.
49
Robert Michael Nosow

The Florid and Equal-Discantus Motet Styles of Fifteenth-Century Italy
Italy in the early fifteenth century fostered a period of intense musical exchange, furthered by the
Council of Pisa in 1409. Motets in the surviving manuscripts reflect the cultivation of older styles
and the development of new kinds of motets. The organization of the manuscripts themselves helps
define the motet as a genre. The equal-discantus motet style descends directly from the Italian
motet of the fourteenth century. The style emphasizes the interaction of two equal discantus parts-equal in terms of range, melody, rhythmic activity, and text--above a slower, free tenor. It
underwent less an internally-generated change than an absorption of new style influences. The
cultivation of the style spread from the principal musical centers across Italy; its forms depended
in large part on the requirements of patronage. Later equal-discantus motets, after 1425, such as
"Summus secretarius" by Johannes Brassart, reach a new maturity by employing the style in
individual ways with respect to melody and structure. In contrast, the florid and discantus-tenor
motet styles developed through a process of style transference. The latter is characterized by a
strong duet between the structural voices. It originated through the application of song style to
motet texts in the 1420s. Two early antecedents date from the time of the Council of Pisa, including
Johannes Ciconia's "O petre christi discipule." The florid motet style probably developed from the
discant Mass style in Italy. Its first examples are the liturgical "Ave verum corpus" by Hugo de
Lantin, and "Flos florum" by Guillaume Du Fay. The style emphasizes a flowing, ornate discantus
voice over a slower tenor-contratenor pair. "Flos florum" was imitated by other musicians in Italy,
most of whom knew Du Fay, resulting in a cohesive body of works. Several allude, directly or
indirectly, to the opening phrase of "Flos florum." Du Fay's "O proles yspanie/O sidus yspanie"
places the florid motet within the Office of Vespers and extra-liturgical contexts. The process of
style transference closes with Du Fay's rondeau "Seigneur leon" of 1442, written in the manner of
a florid motet.
Stephen Mark Shearon

Latin Sacred Music and Nicola Fago: The Career and Sources of an Early Eighteenth-Century
Neapolitan Maestro di Cappella
(under the direction of Howard Smither)
Nicola Fago, "il Tarantino," was the first of three generations of maestri di cappella to work in
Naples during the Settecento. He arrived in Naples in 1692, studied with Francesco Provenzale,
and was an active professional there from ca. 1700 to 1745. As maestro di cappella of the
Conservatorio Sant'Onofrio a Capuana, the Chiesa San Giacomo degli Spagnuoli, the Cappella del
Tesoro di San Gennaro, and the Conservatorio Santa Maria della Pieta dei Turchini for 3, 9, 29,
and 32 years, respectively, Fago was highly regarded as a pedagogue, contrapuntist, and composer
of church music. Indeed, during the years 1708-1725 he was one of the most frequently mentioned
musicians in the Gazzetta di Napoli. His students included Leonardo Leo, Francesco Feo,
Giuseppe de Majo, Niccolo Jommelli, Nicola Sala, and likely Michele Falco, as well as his son
50
Lorenzo. Giuseppe Sigismondo described Fago as the catalyst behind Sala's Regole del
contrappunto pratico (1794), which was later incorporated into Choron's Principes de composition
des ecoles d'Italie (Paris, 1809). Fago was also the brother-in-law of the great castrato Nicolino
and worked closely with such singers as Nicolino, Matteuccio, and Farinelli. He clearly was an
integral part of the Neapolitan music scene in the early eighteenth century.
Source studies form the core of this work. Part I discusses Fago's biography, legacy, and standing
in the Neapolitan musical environment. Part II treats, in detail, at least 107 sources containing his
Latin sacred music and establishes the autograph and other hands (while exposing a heretofore
unrecognized Leo autograph), establishes the original (versus later) instrumentation of several of
his works, and corrects several misattributions (one of which was to Domenico Scarlatti). Part II
also includes 137 hand samples. Part III is an overview of Fago's Latin sacred works, which include
a Requiem Mass, Mass Ordinaries, litanies, psalms, canticles, hymns, sequences, responsories,
motets, and miscellaneous works. Appendices include diplomatic transcriptions of twenty early
documents; transcriptions of early historiography concerning the composer; a works list consisting
of 99 titles (approximately 25% of which are new) with incipits and detailed source information;
216 watermark tracings; and 196 rastra measurements.
51
1991
Liane Renee Curtis
Music Manuscripts and Their Production in Fifteenth-Century Cambrai
Cambrai Cathedral is well known as a fifteenth century musical center, and home to the composer
Guillaume Dufay. The wealthy chapter also promoted the copying and production of music
manuscripts. Since few northern sources of sacred music survive from the early and mid-fifteenth
century, the study of those which are still extant is particularly important. The music manuscripts
6 and 11 of the Cambrai Bibliothque municipale are unusual in many respects, such as their large
dimensions, and late use of parchment and black notation. Dates of the mid-1430s for Ca 6 and
early 1440s for Ca 11 are proposed. The seven works unique to these sources, including several
Kyries which may be of English origin, a Credo, and three hymns are edited here.
Through an examination of archival documents and Cambrai music sources of both chant and
polyphony (Ca 11), a number of manuscripts can be identified as having been copied by the wellknown scribe Simon Mellet. The breadth of his production in the years 1445-1480 gives us a new
understanding of the role of a cathedral scribe. Two outside scribes, Jean de Namps and Gerard
Sohier, were hired to recopy the cathedral antiphoners in the years 1446-1456. This monumental
project stressed the high priority of chant in the musical life of the cathedral, as well as the constant
flux of the liturgy, which resulted in the need for this recopying. Other documents reveal the use
of choirboys in polyphony earlier than 1417, and provide information on groups with musical
responsibilities, including the greater and lesser vicars.
Delpha LeAnn House

Jacques Hotteterre "le Romain": A Study of his Life and Compositional Style
Jacques Hotteterre "le Romain" (1674-1763) is the most famous member of his family of
woodwind players and instrument makers who were active at the French court during the reigns
of Louis XIV and Louis XV. His own reputation is based, however, not on the work that he did as
a performer or instrument maker, but rather on his publications of music and treatises. This study
compiles all of the available biographical information which presents evidence of his activity at
court, as well as his teaching, publishing, and other business ventures. Nearly all of Hotteterre's
extant compositions were published between 1708 and 1723, and various reasons account for his
subsequent inactivity as a composer. Aside from his craftsmanship and originality, Hotteterre's
importance as a composer must be evaluated in the light of the enormous popularity of the
instruments for which he wrote: the transverse flute and the musette.
52
Whether or not "le Romain" actually travelled to Rome, his music displays the influence of Corelli.
A stylistic study of both French music in the 1680s and the music of Corelli was undertaken in
order to provide a background for a study of Hotteterre's compositional style, which synthesizes
elements of both earlier styles. From these background studies, the tangible, identifiable
characteristics of each profusion of ornaments indicated by signs, melodies which can stand
independently of their accompaniment, and rhythms which are remarkably unrepetitive while
using a limited number of rhythmic patterns. Corelli's influence on Hotteterre can be seen in his
use of strongly tonal and patterned harmonic progressions, his composition of sonatas which
contain structural and harmonic relationships among movements, his use of rounded binary forms,
the quantity and quality of imitative and fugal compositions, the rhythmic independence of the
parts, the variety of textures and melodic intervals, and the frequency of sequences, suspensions,
and internal rests.
Laura Williams Macy

The Late Madrigals of Luca Marenzio: Studies in the Interactions of Music, Literature, and
Patronage at the End of the Sixteenth Century
This dissertation is designed as four independent but interrelated essays on Luca Marenzio's late
madrigals. After a general introduction to the various channels of traditional music patronage
available in late sixteenth-century Rome, Chapter I reconsiders Marenzio's unorthodox career in
the broader perspective of Roman intellectual patronage. The three other essays address issues
surrounding the music itself. Chapter II places Marenzio's Quinto libro sei (1591) in the context
of Medici Florence--comparing it to the composer's contributions to the wedding festivities of
1589. Chapter III considers the sixth and seventh books for five voices, both of which are
dominated by texts drawn from Giambattista Guarini's Il pastor fido. Marenzio's Pastor fido
madrigals are stylistically distinct from those of his northern contemporaries Giaches Wert and
Claudio Monteverdi. It is argued here that Marenzio's Pastor fido style reflects the play's reception
in Rome as opposed to the northern courts. In Chapter IV, Marenzio's striking use of Petrarch's
poetry in three late publications is placed in the context of late Renaissance poetics. The books
discussed in this chapter are the Madrigali (1588), the Sesto libro sei (1595), and his last book,
the Nono libro 5 (1599).
Jonathan Marcus Miller

Word-Sound and Musical Texture in the Mid-Sixteenth-Century Venetian Madrigal
Around 1540, the composers Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, and Willaert's pupils worked
within a culture filled with a new spirit of invention in the Italian language. Venice was under the
aesthetic spell of the great poetic theorist Pietro Bembo, who developed a comprehensive neo53
Ciceronian theory of linguistics, syntax, accent, and even affect for individual vowels and
consonants. Recent research has linked syntactical rigor and variety in Willaert's music with this
theory; the specific Bembist emphasis on word-sound and accent shapes my focus for musical
analysis. Through detailed examination of diction, I show these composers to be highly sensitive
to linguistic matters. Composers frequently arrange rhythm and texture to highlight internal textual
similarities. Favorite methods include aligning sounds vertically in different voices (with assonant
or alliterative attacks) and forming consecutive sound-clusters and accents.
Following an introduction to my methods, I analyze the four-voice madrigals in Willaert's great
collection Musica nova (written c. 1538-1545, published in 1559). The unusually dense textures
in these four works emphasize phonic sonorities. I then expand my inquiry to include cinquecento
ideas of poetic accent and study Willaert's structural uses of accent in Musica nova madrigals 5
and 6. In Chapter 4, I compare seven madrigals from Venice and Florence, written to the same
Petrarchan sonnet. Imitative writing produces some sound-alignments as a matter of course;
however, in exhaustive embedding of poetic sound in musical texture, non-Venetian madrigals fall
far short of Venetian ones. I also compare a previously unnoticed madrigal pair (by Arcadelt and
Willaert), which demonstrates further the distinctiveness of the Venetian approach to poetry in
polyphony. In Chapter 5, I provide a new assessment of Rore's imitative process in the Primo libro
(1542), showing its relationship to word-sound and demonstrating its flexibility. Challenging
prevailing notions, I show that his melodies frequently imitate material from the middle of earlier
entries and even from earlier passages. I also offer new speculations about Rore's influences on
Willaert, as Rore follows Willaert's phonic style only in part. In conclusion, I combine analytical
tools in a detailed study of Rore's "Hor che'l ciel." This study shows the profound influence of
humanistic thinking and literary criticism on an entire repertoire and offers a new way of studying
polyphonic vocal music.
Robert Stuart Shay

Henry Purcell and "Ancient" Music in Restoration England
In the early 1680s Henry Purcell turned his attention toward older polyphonic music, copying
anthems by Tallis, Byrd, and Gibbons, among others, and composing new anthems using older
polyphonic techniques, all within a single manuscript volume, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge,
MS Mus. 88. This dissertation examines this seldom-explored part of Purcell's career, concluding
that the study of old polyphony was an important force in Purcell's musical maturation, a force that
made its impact felt throughout his career.
Views of Renaissance music in writings from seventeenth-century England are given in Chapter 1
as a backdrop to this study. These writings indicate that the rules of old polyphonic composition-the stile antico--were never codified in England and that old polyphony was regarded with
increasing veneration as the century progressed. By Purcell's time a number of older polyphonic
masterworks were still held in high esteem, but their style was not easily reproduced. Purcell is
thus seen as pursuing a relatively untrodden path in trying to recapture this style in his
54
compositions. Additional context for Purcell's activities is given in Chapter 2, in which the sources
of sacred music from his time are examined to show what proportion of the repertory was still
based on older music. A core group of old polyphonic pieces, closely reflecting the contents of
John Barnard's First Book of Selected Church Musick (1641), was carefully maintained in the
sacred repertory of Purcell's time, and it is from this core that Purcell copied works into Fitzwilliam
88.
The next two chapters are devoted to Fitzwilliam 88 itself. Chapter 3 provides a full manuscript
analysis of this source, in order to reveal Purcell's methods of copying older works and to shed
light on the resulting didactic process. Chapter 4 examines Purcell's own anthems from Fitzwilliam
88 in detail, showing their indebtedness to older polyphonic models. The final chapter indicates
that Purcell's study of the past remained a significant stylistic influence throughout his oeuvre. The
viol fantasias, created around the same time or slightly before the Fitzwilliam 88 anthems, are
investigated to show their relationship to Purcell's vocal polyphony. And finally, some of the later
dramatic music is explored to demonstrate that Purcell's polyphonic techniques continued to wield
their influence throughout his career and were sometimes used for specific and meaningful
dramatic connotations.
55
1990
Christine D. de Catanzaro
Sacred Music in Mozart's Salzburg: Authenticity, Chronology, and Style in the Church Works of
Cajetan Adlgasser
(under the direction of Howard Smither)
The church music of Cajetan Adlgasser and other Salzburg contemporaries of Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart has received relatively little scholarly attention. Nevertheless, judging from the large
number and broad dispersal of sources, the composition of church music was a major occupation
of these composers, including Mozart himself. Cajetan Adlgasser contributed to all the major
subgenres of Salzburg church music in the mid-eighteenth century: his output included Masses,
Requiems, Litanies, Vespers services, Offertories, Marian Antiphons, Hymns, and German sacred
songs. His work as a composer, from c. 1745 until his death in 1777, bridged the activity of the
older generation of Johann Ernst Eberlin and Leopold Mozart and the younger generation of
Wolfgang Mozart and Michael Haydn. This dissertation examines both the sources and the style
of this pivotal figure in the history of Salzburg church music.
In Part I of this dissertation, after a discussion of the dissemination of the sources of Adlgasser's
church music, the issues of authenticity and chronology are considered. Because of the lack of
signed autographs, other means of verifying authenticity must be developed. Several criteria for
examining the non-autograph sources are established, and each source is studied according to these
criteria. The authenticity of each work is determined on the basis of this source study. In addition,
all of the evidence regarding chronology is assembled, and a partial chronology of the works is
developed. Part II examines aspects of the style of Adlgasser's church music. The role of music in
the liturgy is briefly considered, and the large-scale structure and instrumentation of the works are
discussed. Fugal techniques and aria forms are examined in detail and compared to the fugues and
arias of contemporaries, including Mozart. In Part III a thematic catalogue provides detailed
information on all of the known sources of Adlgasser's church works. This study contributes to a
clearer understanding of the sources of Salzburg church music, and it expands our knowledge of
this neglected but significant genre of Classic music. It also provides a context for the sacred music
of the greatest Salzburg composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
William Robert Thornhill

Kurt Weill's Street Scene
In the dissertation, I attempt to answer some of the questions raised by Weill concerning the
essential character and nature of Street Scene. What role should it assume in the overall scheme of
56
his career? Does it contain within it a partial solution to the reconciliation of his European and
American careers? Did he ascribe to it an importance beyond its scope and aesthetic value, or was
it instead the most ideal representation of his thoughts on the American musical theater to that
point? In order to discuss these questions I have divided the dissertation into three sections, each
of which should lead cumulatively to a clearer perception of what the work represented for Weill,
and what relationship it bore to his vision for the American musical theater.
The first section of the dissertation attempts to reconstruct Kurt Weill's Street Scene, tracing its
development from Weill's original conception to the final preparation of the Broadway production.
In addition to all the relevant secondary sources, I have utilized all the available primary sources
from Weill's diaries, letters, project notes, and, most importantly, his own annotated copy of Elmer
Rice's original Street Scene play. The evidence from the primary sources presents an earlier version
of Street Scene than hitherto known; in certain statements made by Weill in letters, he indicated
that he was not adverse to certain additions which would be of benefit in future productions. Also,
I have concentrated on Weill's own constantly evolving ideas for the show and the consequences
of the collaborative process which led inevitably to something quite different from the original
conception.
The second section represents an examination of selected American writings by Weill, their
relationship to his European and American careers, and their influence on what he sought to
achieve in Street Scene. Here I emphasize Weill's notions of opera and Broadway opera, how these
are connected to his ideas formulated in Europe, and how in Street Scene he attempted to reconcile
seemingly disparate genres. The third section focuses on Street Scene's music, seeking to
synthesize an examination of the music with the discussion presented in the previous two sections.
By considering the piano-vocal score, along with the musical drafts and sketches, I hope to clarify
the relationship of the music to his writings on music, and to demonstrate that some aspects of the
music represent a thread of continuity with that which he had achieved already in Europe. Finally,
the dissertation contains an appendix that illustrates the transformation of the original play to the
musical theater work, a synopsis corresponding to the individual musical numbers, and a complete
list of all the cuts, omissions, and projected numbers from the annotated play, all coordinated with
Rice's original work.
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1989
Richard Miles McKee
A Critical Edition of Carlo Pallavicino's Il Vespasiano
This dissertation provides a modern critical edition of the seventeenth-century Venetian opera, Il
Vespasiano, music by Carlo Pallavicino, libretto by Giulio Cesare Corradi. It was the opening
opera for the Teatro Grimani di San Giovanni Grisostomo in 1678 and became one of the most
widely disseminated operas of the later seventeenth century. The edition is based on the earliest
known source, I MOe Mus.F.894, which corresponds closely to the second issue of the 1678
libretto. Two other complete scores of the opera were consulted, I Vnm
Ms.It.Cl.IV.Cod.462(=9986) from 1680 and I MOe Mus.F.898 from 1685.
Volume 1 includes a discussion of the 1678 libretto and its relationship to the "reform" libretto; a
comparative study of sixteen libretti representing different versions and dissemination of the opera,
printed 1678-1695; and an examination of the three complete manuscript scores with observations
about the music. It was the practice of late seventeenth-century librettists and composers to write
new arias--either additions or substitutions--for each new production of an opera. The recitative of
the various libretti of Il Vespasiano remains stable, and the number of substitute and added arias
in each libretto is usually small, making a comparative study of aria texts possible. The libretti
printed after 1678 fall into three categories: (1) ten libretti that follow the 1678 libretto in many
details; (2) two from Ferrara with new arias by Giuseppe Tosi; and (3) four that have additions and
revisions by Aurelio Aureli. The Appendices of Volume 1 include all aria texts from the libretti
studied and a facsimile of the 1678 libretto to which the score corresponds.
Volume 2 is the edition of the score with a statement of the editorial principles and commentary.
An effort has been made to show what a seventeenth-century opera manuscript was like, and yet
make the music accessible to a twentieth-century reader. Note values and accidentals are retained
from the sources as they appear. Barlines and beaming of flagged notes are sometimes changed to
conform to modern practice. Vocal C-clefs are changed to G-clefs. Castrato parts retain their
original ranges. The continuo is not realized, and only figures from the sources are included.
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1988
Kevin Oliver Kelly
The Songs of Charles Ives and the Cultural Contexts of Death
Death is only one of a number of topics encountered in the total output of songs by Ives. Yet to
Ives death was an important subject, as demonstrated by his many songs in which it finds reference.
This dissertation surveys the cultural phenomenon of death in America from the middle decades
of the nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth, providing a fitting cultural context
for the study of Ives's selection and musical treatment of death song texts. For while Ives's music
in many cases is quite individual and innovative, his texts are often retrospective, mirroring
situations and attitudes prevalent in an earlier era. In addition to nostalgia, Ives shared with
Victorian Americans a tendency to idealize concepts such as the afterlife (by viewing it as a place
of rest, reunion, and a perfection of the domestic sphere) and beauty (frequently correlating it with
melancholy, the redemptive role of women, the innocence of children, or the sustaining power of
Nature). Concepts such as these--all of which appear in Ives's songs--facilitated human efforts to
deal with the larger and less comprehensible issue of death. Ives's songs involving death and these
related subjects exhibit a considerable range of style and points of view, with regard to both their
texts and music. Through these various, even conflicting approaches, Ives presents death as a
multifaceted subject that reflects his broad, all-encompassing view of life itself.
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1987
Raymond James Bishop, Jr.
The Operas of Alfred Bruneau (1857-1934)
In this dissertation, I present a detailed examination of the operas of Alfred Bruneau (1857-1934).
This relatively obscure artist, a pupil of Jules Massenet, was at one time considered a highly
original and innovative composer. Contemporary critics, in fact, heralded him as a leader of new
French school, a group of young artists who reacted against the gentle sweetness of Massenet's
highly successful opra-lyrique. Although not actually a founder of a school, Bruneau was among
the first to attempt a dramatic fusion of a modified Wagnerian motivic system with the more direct
and powerful narrative style influenced in part by the Italian verismo composers. The difficulties
of this task posed great problems for Debussy, Bruneau and all their contemporaries. An
examination of Bruneau's operas and those of many of his contemporaries, has led me to conclude
that Bruneau's works are among the best of his generation. The strengths and weaknesses of his
operas reveal a great deal about the problem of musical style in this complex period.
The first chapter of this dissertation traces Bruneau's long and distinguished career, discussing the
major influences on his musical development, particularly his relationship with the distinguished
writer, Emile Zola. The next two chapters consider the literary aspects of French opera libretto in
the 1890s and the relationship of Bruneau's operas to contemporary works. The remainder of the
dissertation presents a detailed stylistic analysis of the operas with occasional mention of
contemporary works. The stylistic elements considered are: motives, melodic types, harmony,
tonality, orchestration, a brief discussion of four late operas, and a short conclusion. Hopefully,
the ideas presented here will stimulate further research and discussion of this inadequately
researched field.
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1986
Jean Louise Kreiling
The Songs of Samuel Barber: A Study in Literary Taste and Text-Setting
Samuel Barber's compositions for accompanied solo voice comprise a dozen opus numbers (more
than three dozen songs), spanning almost fifty years of his life. These works have received little
critical attention, perhaps because Barber's frequently lyrical, neoromantic style fails to stimulate
polemical discourse among analysts and historians. Yet Barber's selection and handling of texts
clearly invite close investigation and explication. The texts of Barber's songs range from the
anonymous eighth- to thirteenth-century writings set in the Hermit Songs to poetry by such
modernists as Joyce and Yeats; from Matthew Arnold's famous "Dover Beach" to obscure
surrealistic verse by American, Filipino, and Polish poets; and from the fastidious regularity of A.
E. Housman's poetry to the rhapsodic prose of James Agee. Barber's text-setting techniques are as
diverse as his texts; depending upon the literary stimulus, the composer used musical structure and
style to imitate, elaborate, illuminate, or even contradict the language he set. By means of literary
and musical analysis, as well as examination and interpretation of primary materials including
sketches, notes, and autograph scores, this study explores the motivations, purposes, and results of
Barber's choices of and treatments of song texts. These findings contribute not only to a clearer
understanding of Barber's compositional technique and his historical position, but also to an
important perspective on the complex relationships between music and language.
Paul Robert Laird

The Villancico Repertory at San Lorenzo el Real del Escorial, c. 1630 - c. 1715
(under the direction of James W. Pruett)
The villancico was Spain's most pervasive vernacular religious genre from the sixteenth to the
nineteenth century. This study centers on 201 villancicos by 43 composers written between c. 1630
and c. 1715, performed at the royal monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial (founded 1563), and
held today in its archive. The historical context for the works is provided through the consideration
of the genre's earlier history in Chapter I. The villancico often reflected foreign influences, but
after 1550 a vernacular musical style emerged, characteristically dominated by triple meter,
syllabic declamation, and homorhythmic textures.
There survive no villancicos from the monastery from before c. 1630. A brief history is offered of
the genre's use at the Escorial until about 1650. After mid-century, the Escorial villancicos are
approached through manuscript study. Although the works were written mostly by non-Escorial
composers, manuscripts usually were prepared by scribes at the monastery. Comparison of scribal
61
hands and composers in the collection with works in other Spanish archives sheds light upon the
dissemination of villancicos.
Consideration of the works' texts in Chapter III includes study of textual concordances in villancico
text booklets at the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid; concordances provide information on the
exchange of texts and help match musical settings with some texts in the booklets. Textually--and
musically--villancicos are usually bisectional, with a through-composed estribillo and strophic
coplas. Textual content, ranging from religious symbolism to comedy, is summarized.
The music of the collection is considered in terms of principal influences, texture, rhythm, other
musical elements, and performance practice. Musical influences include the Spanish vernacular
style, Latin polyphonic music, polychoral writing, and Italian opera. Textural contrast in the
villancico is of great interest; representative works for polychoral forces, single choirs, and smaller
ensembles are examined. Triple meter, frequent syncopation, and hemiola are pervasive.
Harmonically and melodically, the collection is homogeneous; musical interest originates in
dance-like meter and textural interplay. Performance practice is considered in terms of
contemporary treatises and primary sources. Nine representative villancicos are presented in
modern edition in Volume II; complete texts with prose translation are included.
Mark Alan Leach

The Gloria in excelsis Deo tropes of the Breme-Novalesa Community and the Repertory in
North and Central Italy
(under the direction of Calvin Bower and James Pruett)
Gloria in excelsis deo tropes were numerous and widely distributed during the tenth to the twelfth
centuries, and they form an important part of the medieval musical legacy. Yet Gloria tropes in
Italy have remained largely unexplored. The present dissertation, then, investigates this nearly
unknown repertory, which is seen to include fully one-half the complete European stock of about
one hundred and twenty tropes. By identifying the manuscripts, and cataloging and analyzing the
tropes, we examine an aspect of the role that musicians in Italy played in the creation, preservation,
and transmission of medieval chant.
The study focuses on north and central Italian manuscripts, ca. A.D. 900-1200, and gives particular
attention to the large collection of tropes in MS. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 222 (Ox 222),
an eleventh-century source from the old and distinguished monastic community of Breme and
Novalesa, in northwestern Italy. Based on paleographic, textual, and musical analysis, we also
suggest that the Breme-Novalesa community produced yet another manuscript containing Gloria
tropes: this is MS. Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense 3830, from the late eleventh or early twelfth
century.
Included in the study are editions of most Gloria tropes found in north and central Italy. Diversity
of textual and musical forms suggests that distribution patterns in Italy were quite diverse, although
perhaps two areas of especially active circulation may be perceived, the first among centers east
62
of Bobbio and south of the Po, and the second among those locales from Bobbio west and north
of the Po. Musically speaking, Gloria tropes in Italy may be based on variants of two melodic
formulae or may be freely composed; some tropes are melodically derived from earlier examples
or are found to contain melodic idioms in common with older pieces. A certain number of tropes
were intended to interpolate particular Gloria melodies. Volume II reconstructs the nondiastematic melodies of Gloria tropes in Ox 222. These reconstructions supplement the analyses
of volume I and reveal aspects of the notation that would be useful in recovering other music from
the manuscript.
Giulio Maria Ongaro

The Chapel of St. Mark's at the Time of Adrian Willaert (1527-1562): A Documentary Study
(Italy)
The hiring of Adrian Willaert as maestro di cappella at St. Mark's in 1527 and the thirty-five years
of his tenure in that position are rightly regarded as milestones in the history of music in Venice.
Willaert is credited with improving the quality of the chapel, bringing it from relative obscurity to
European renown, while establishing the foundations of a Venetian school that reached its
sixteenth-century zenith during the "golden age" of the Gabrieli. In spite of the importance of
music at St. Mark's, studies entirely or partially devoted to the development of its singing chapel
in the first half of the sixteenth century are rare. Caffi's classic Storia della musica sacra nella gia
cappella ducale di San Marco (Venice, 1854) is increasingly showing its age and presents little
information on the singers of polyphony. An article by Rene Lenaerts in 1938 offered a larger
selection of archival documents concerning the chapel, but the author often relied on easily
accessible, and faulty, copies of original documents.
After a thorough discussion of the available archival sources for the period in question (never
satisfactorily described in the existing literature), I examine the situation of the singing chapel of
St. Mark's prior to Willaert's arrival in Venice, in order to be able to assess accurately the changes
brought by the Flemish master. Most of the discussion is devoted to the history of the chapel
between 1527 and 1562, tracing its growth, personnel changes, administrative structure, with
particular emphasis on the influence of Willaert on new developments.
An extended section focuses on the study of the patronage system at St. Mark's, including matters
such as recruiting, provenance of the singers, and benefices. In addition, I examine the outside
activities--both musical and non-musical--of the singers of the chapel, trying to arrive at a
definition of their socio-economic status through a careful reading of diverse documents, such as
wills, tax declarations, and business transactions. The appendixes include virtually all existing
archival records--many of them hitherto unpublished--pertaining to the chapel's history up to 1562,
and a biographical dictionary of all singers active at St. Mark's during the period in question.
63
Jeannette Morgenroth Sheerin

The Symphonies of Johan Agrell (1701-1765): Sources, Style, Contexts
(under the direction of James Pruett)
This study of the symphonies of the Swedish-born composer Johan Agrell includes the following
material: a biography based on archival sources; an examination of the transmission of his
symphonies (printed and manuscript sources, including information about the paper, copyists,
provenance, and date of the principal sources), their authenticity, and their place in eighteenthcentury musical life (collectors, repertories, and the size and composition of ensembles); an
analysis of Agrell's musical style; a detailed thematic catalogue; and an extensive bibliography.
Agrell studied and worked in a variety of eighteenth-century cultural environments. He attended
schools in Linkoping (1712-21) and university in Uppsala (1721-23), served in the private Kapelle
of Prince Maximilian of Hessen-Kassel and occasionally in the ducal ensemble in Kassel (172346), and held the position of kapellmeister of the free imperial city of Nrnberg (1746-65). Of the
thirty-seven symphonies ascribed to Agrell, twenty-eight are authentic. Five are of doubtful
authenticity, and four are spurious; conflicts in attribution involve Brioschi, Hoffmann,
Lampugnani, Locatelli, Pokorny, Reluzzi, Schaffrath, Solnitz, and Johann Stamitz. Roughly onehalf of Agrell's authentic symphonies date from before 1750, including one conducted by Vivaldi
in 1738 and six in the print of Agrell's Op. 1 (Nrnberg: J. U. Haffner, 1746 or 1747). The most
important collections of Agrell's music are located in Stockholm, Lund, Uppsala, Darmstadt, and
Berlin.
Agrell's symphonies are predominantly Classic in style and structure. His increasingly flexible
treatment of register and texture, supple manipulation of phrasing, sophisticated development
techniques, expressive harmonic language, and careful planning of cadences all provide movement
to counteract the frequent articulations of his characteristic concatenation of short, contrasting
melodic and rhythmic ideas. Agrell composed eleven symphonies containing four to six
movements, strongly preferred binary designs, based many movements on dance styles, and wrote
many passages for two winds plus continuo. His symphonies--as well as those by several
composers with whom he was associated (Roman, Chelleri, Graupner, and Endler)--give
impressive evidence that the orchestral suite must be reckoned as one of the most important
stylistic sources and generic models of the concert symphony.
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1985
William Rhea Meredith
The Sources for Beethoven's Piano Sonata in E major, Opus 109
The history and genesis of Opus 109 are recorded in four sketchbooks, some loose sketch leaves
in a miscellany, twenty-nine letters, numerous entries in conversation books, and the sources
surrounding the first edition. The dissertation investigates these sources in three ways. Collating
the letters and conversation books, it reconstructs the particular history of the conception and
commission of the sonata. Studying the sketches, it examines the genesis of the sonata in strictly
musical terms. Using the sources related to the first edition, it attempts to establish a basis for the
preparation of a new edition of Opus 109 and, by implication, for other sonatas. Careful collation
of the letters and conversation books reveals that Beethoven had conceived the first movement
before the letter commissioning the sonata arrived, and that the first movement was probably first
intended as a contribution to a pianoforte anthology. The second and third movements were
sketched in a later sketchbook, at much greater length than the first. The different formal
procedures in these movements are reflected in different methods of sketching. A study of the
sources pertaining to the first edition--the autograph, copyist's score, and first edition--raises
questions regarding the authority of the primary sources. As many as six hundred variants exist
between the autograph and the first edition, and it is questionable whether either source can be
adopted as the sole basis for an edition. The dissertation attempts to show how the discrepancies
arose and to suggest ways of resolving the differences.
JoAnn Udovich
Modality, Office Antiphons, and Psalmody: The Musical Authority of the Twelfth-Century
Antiphonal from St.-Denis
The fame of the twelfth-century St.-Denis Antiphonal, F-Pn lat. 17296, rests on extra-musical
factors: its origin at the Royal Abbey, its early date, the finished and complete nature of the book,
and its inclusion as one of twelve manuscripts indexed in Hesbert's Corpus antiphonalium officii.
This study evaluates the authority of the musical text of this source. A distinctive feature is the
consistent appearance of the ending formulas (differentiae) for the psalm recitations in the outside
margins. Consideration of the physical structure, including page layout, proves that the antiphonal
was planned as a totality, and that the marginal placement of the differentiae was part of the
original design. A compilation of the antiphons assigned each formula shows that the differentiae
used at St.-Denis in the twelfth century numbered twenty-six, ranging from a single appearance of
the differentia for the Tonus peregrinus to more than 300 examples of one eighth-mode formula.
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Identification is made of formulas which have been erased or altered, antiphons lacking
differentiae, and a small number of errors. With twenty-six formulas the repertory of F-Pn lat.
17296 is small, and possible explanations for the lack of certain differentiae are offered on the
basis of comparison with two contemporary tonaries from Nevers and Sarum.
The system of musical notation (neumes placed on staves of four dry-point lines with clef), one of
the earliest to communicate exact pitch, is also an important feature. The large quantity of variants
among the neumatic forms used in the notation of the differentiae suggests that the neumes were
not merely markers of pitch. Four classes of variants are identified, and each is explained on the
basis of text setting. A tabulation of the finals of the antiphons compared with the models of the
differentiae reveals that multiple finals were associated with eleven of the twenty-six differentiae.
Transcriptions of seventy-five antiphons, including many with alternate finals, appear in the course
of the discussion. The study concludes that the musical text of F-Pn lat. 17296 was thoughtfullyprepared. The marginal placement of the differentiae, in particular, was an intelligent attempt to
grapple with certain problems encountered in the writing-down of the entire office repertory in the
"new" pitch-accurate notational system.
66
1984
Carol Bailey Hughes
The Origin of the First Russian Patriotic Oratorio: Stepan Anikievich Degtiarev's Minin I
Pozharskii (1811)
The work introduces and describes an era during which a Russian serf composer and a member of
the Russian petty nobility collaborated to create in 1811 "the first Russian patriotic oratorio": Minin
i Pozharskii, ili Osvobozhdeniia Moskvy (Minin and Pozharskii, or the Freeing of Moscow).
Although unrecognized in Western musical literature, this oratorio constitutes apparently the
earliest secular, patriotic composition cast as a traditional, Western European oratorio--a form
unquestionably imported from the West and without direct parallel in native Russian choral music.
Neither the talent of the composer, Stepan Anikievich Degtiarev (1766-1813) nor the skill of the
librettist, Nikolai Dmitrievich Gorchakov (c. 1780-1847), nor the dramatic merits of the oratorio's
subject explains the positive impression which the 1811 premiere of Minin i Pozharskii made upon
the Moscow public or the place which the composition holds in the annals of Russian music
history. For this reason, the dissertation emphasizes the social atmosphere and artistic precedents
which surrounded and motivated the creation of the oratorio.
Part One introduces the Russian social milieu from 1760 to 1820 and the musical genres important
during that period. Particular emphasis is given to the powerful Sheremetev family which owned
Stepan Degtiarev, to the institution of the krepostnoi teatr (serf theatre) and to two native Russian
a cappella choral genres--the kant and the khorovoi kontsert. Part Two considers the composer
Degtiarev and the librettist Gorchakov as representatives of their era. Part Three narrows the
discussion to the specific subject depicted in the oratorio Minin i Pozharskii--a battle waged in
1612 by military heroes Kuz'ma Minin (d. 1616) and Prince Dmitrii Pozharskii (1578-1642)--and
presents various manifestations of that theme in Russian art and literature. Part Four concentrates
on the oratorio itself: the primary sources, the libretto, the instrumentation, the musical setting of
the text, the response of society mirrored in contemporary reviews, and the subsequent critical
writing which the oratorio inspired. The dissertation is based largely on research conducted in the
Soviet Union during the academic year 1981-82.
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1983
Leanne Langley
The English Musical Journal in the Early Nineteenth Century
Based on a thorough examination of over sixty music and nonmusic periodicals published in
England or Scotland between 1665 and 1845, this study discusses the English musical journal as
a distinctive genre of specialized literature in the early nineteenth century. Part 1 treats the origins,
development, function, reception, and impact of English musical journals; Part 2 examines in
greater depth the two most outstanding and influential journals of the period, the Quarterly Musical
Magazine and Review (1818-1830) and the Harmonicon (1823-1833). Bibliographic details as
well as a summary of the content and outlook of each of the sixty-four periodicals examined appear
at the end of the dissertation in the form of a descriptive catalogue.
Briefly stated, my conclusions are historical, literary, and, to some extent, sociological. A view of
musical style and English taste clearly emerges, but neither music nor aesthetics has been a primary
focus of the study. I have shown that the nineteenth-century English music periodical was part of
a journalizing tradition much wider than simply the serial publication of music. By addressing the
commercial issues of production and readership, I have also been able to gauge the influence of
single publishers, editors, and contributors with more accuracy than has heretofore, been possible.
Much anonymous musical criticism is identified, and the careers of several eminent periodical
writers of the early nineteenth century are considered in depth.
The richness of English periodical writing on music in this period is nowhere more striking than
in Richard Mackenzie Bacon's Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review and William Ayrton's
Harmonicon. Largely produced by single writers in the same decade, these two journals present
an ideal comparison between provincial and London musical life, amateur and professional
interests, Handelian and Mozartian tastes, essay and encyclopedic format, philosophical and
technical language. Both were highly successful publications, recognized in England and abroad,
before they collapsed around 1830. For the images and insights they offer to modern scholars of
nineteenth-century music, the Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review and the Harmonicon
deserve fresh attention.
68
Tilden A. Russell
Minuet, Scherzando, and Scherzo: The Dance Movement in Transition, 1781-1825
The dance movement in instrumental music changed radically around the turn of the nineteenth
century. The period of greatest change may reasonably be demarcated by the completion in 1781
of Haydn's quartets, Op.33 (the dance movements of which are named either scherzo or
scherzando) and the composition in 1825 of Mendelssohn's Octet, Op.20 (the scherzo of which is
completely independent of minuet conventions). During this period, the dance movement was
treated in a variety of traditional and innovative manners in the chamber and symphonic works of
minor and major European composers.
Study of the dance movement in the broadest possible context disproves two commonly-held
notions. First, the scherzo had a long history before 1781 and did not in fact metamorphose from
the fast minuet. Second, the minuet was not a stable paragon of convention in the eighteenth
century; rather there were fundamental differences between the dance and the art minuets, and the
art minuet itself was responsive to many external stylistic and formal influences. After 1781,
movements designated minuet, scherzando, and scherzo--plus unnamed movements--partake in
common from a pool of richly diverse style traits. As a result, it is impossible to establish firm
definitions for the three terms.
German musical aesthetics during this transitional period most strongly reflect eighteenth-century
English influence. With regard to the dance movement, the comic in music is the most important
German concept to emerge from English aesthetics. Developments in the dance movement parallel
attitudes on the comic as traced in journal articles and reviews. This body of contemporary opinion
suggests that the dance movement in transition is a paradigm of the displacement of Classical
values by Romantic ones. In a larger sense, the dance movement is a key to the sources of musical
Romanticism.
Penny Suzanne Schwarze

Styles of Composition and Performance in Leclair's Concertos
Leclair's twelve concertos for solo violin, ripieno strings, and basso continuo--first published in
Paris in 1737 and 1745--mark a rare use of the Vivaldian concerto idiom by a French composer.
The concertos have been cited therefore as manifesting a union of French and Italian tastes.
Previous writers have pointed to such obvious factors in this union as Leclair's occasional use
within a Vivaldian framework of movements deriving from French theater genres.
The first part of the study focuses on manifestations in Leclair's compositional style of a subtler
but much more fundamental union of national styles, one that has not been explored previously.
Leclair's treatment of musical materials and of each of the three movements in the concerto cycle
69
reveals an underlying hierarchy of symmetries that, in quintessentially French fashion, imposes

order at all levels of the musical process from the smallest thematic idea to the concerto cycle as a
whole. Thus even the most Italianate of materials and structures are subjected to a French aesthetic
of imposed order. The union of a French compartmentalization with the Vivaldian idiom draws
attention to individual, often brief musical moments rather than generating an Italianate thrust of
energy. The compositional style gives only a partial impression of the concertos; the performance
style completes the impression. The second part of the study therefore explores clues to Leclair's
performance style revealed by contemporary accounts, Leclair's own instructions, 18th-century
instruments, treatises on performance, and special performance conventions. These clues reveal
that although Leclair's style of performance shares more in common with that of his Italian
contemporaries than with that of the earlier French orchestral style of violin playing, a strong
French influence persists. This influence persists not only in such specific practices as notes
ingales and ornamentation but also in the general attention to expressive shaping at the small
scale. Such shaping complements and indeed gives meaning to the musical details that are so vital
to Leclair's compositional style.
70
1982
Sara Cathcart Ruhle
An Anonymous Seventeenth-Century German Oratorio in the Dben collection (Uppsala
University Library vok. mus. i hskr. 71)
The Dben collection of the Uppsala University Library contains an anonymous and untitled set
of manuscript parts for a late seventeenth-century North German oratorio, the sole extant
representative of the early German oratorio. In 1928 the manuscript was attributed to Dietrich
Buxtehude and was later published in abridged form under the misleading title Das Jngste
Gericht. Heated debate over the question of Buxtehude's authenticity as the composer has resulted
in a misunderstanding of the work and of Buxtehude's relationship to it. A detailed examination of
the manuscript presents a complete view of the oratorio and discounts Buxtehude, but not one of
his emulators, as composer on stylistic grounds.
Wacht euch zum Streit (working title, the textual incipit of Act I) is presented against its historical
background and also in the context of its manuscript collection. A detailed description of the
manuscript source and its date precedes a short history of the Dben collection and an account of
the scholarly controversy that has surrounded this manuscript. The historical context of Wacht
euch zum Streit is established with emphasis on the various sacred dramatic forms of the period.
Treatment of the libretto as a literary form complements the musical background. After an
overview of the tonal plan and structure of Wacht euch zum Streit, the music is discussed according
to the three textual types that comprise the libretto. Although the music is conventional for North
Germany in this period, the structure is on an unusually grand scale.
The extended length of this oratorio places it outside the Lutheran liturgy and confirms its intention
as a concert work; as such it represents the North German tradition of sacred concerts. The
nonliturgical function suggests a popular orientation that is borne out by the colorful allegorical
libretto and the simple but attractive music.
Wacht euch zum Streit is of primary importance for the history of German sacred music and for
the history of an era. Its music, grand scope, and text reveal much about North German culture
after the Thirty Years War.
71
1981
Frank Walter Glass
Der zeugende Samen: Wagner's Concept of the Poetic Intent
This study deals with Richard Wagner's concept of the dichterische Absicht, or the poetic intent,
acting in opera as the seed that generates the musical response and brings forth in combination
with that response what Wagner considered to be the perfect dramatic artwork. The concept is
traced from its first statement in Oper und Drama through Wagner's subsequent theoretical
writings, and the relation of the concept to Wagner's ideas on how words and music combine to
produce drama is shown. The theoretical statement of the concept is then compared with musical
examples from three of Wagner's operas--Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg,
and Parsifal--to suggest ways in which the concept can be seen to work in practical terms. The
concept is found to be a consistently valid aspect of Wagner's theory and practice from Oper und
Drama on, in spite of the seeming contradictions in the later essays and in spite of the different
ways in which words music combine to produce drama in the later operas.
Jane Ozenberger
From Voix de ville to Air de cour: The Strophic Chanson, c.1545-1575
From its first appearance in the sixteenth century, the strophic chanson is stylistically
distinguishable from the chanson proper. Although usually published in the guise of a part-song,
the strophic chanson is by nature a monodic genre. It relies for its substance upon simple, syllabic
melodies associated with courtly lyrics. Such melodies are known at mid-century as voix de ville;
that term is supplanted after about 1570 by the name of air--after the Italian aria--or air de cour.
Attaingnant first publishes chansons with multiple strophes in his anthologies of the mid-1540s;
after 1550, Le Roy & Ballard issue whole volumes devoted to the strophic genre, which is
identified as the chanson en forme de voix de ville. These concise, chordal chansons, published
under the names of Certon, Arcadelt, and other prominent composers, are typically arrangements
of preexistent melodies, many of them dance tunes, wedded to polished, amorous verses. The
outdated works of the court poet Saint-Gelais form the nucleus of the strophic text repertory. Both
verse and music mark the genre as an unpretentious form of entertainment, which enjoyed enduring
popularity: the mid-century voix de ville are still being reprinted for a wide public as late as 1588.
Pierre Clreau is the first composer to invest the strophic chanson with higher artistic intent, in his
settings of Ronsard and other humanist poets. His three-voice chansons adopt the chordal, monodic
72
style of the chanson en forme de voix de ville, but his original melodies eschew the dance meters
characteristic of that genre, in favor of a closer approximation of textual rhythms.
The strophic chansons published by "Nicolas" and Nicolas de La Grotte in the 1560s reflect a
change of style that marks the transition from voix de ville to air de cour. The typical, dancelike
voix de ville harmonized by "Nicolas" stand in contrast to the elegant, text-dominated airs set by
La Grotte. These airs de cour, with their declamatory, formulaic rhythms, seem to embody the
humanist aspiration for a closer union of text and music.
Craig Henry Russell

Santiago de Murcia: Spanish Theorist and Guitarist of the Early Eighteenth Century
The Resumen de acompaar la parte con la guitarra (Antwerp, 1714) and the "Passacalles y obras
(1732)" by Santiago de Murcia mark the apogee of the baroque guitar in Spain. The basso continuo
treatise in the Resumen is one of the most important theoretical works for the baroque guitar; it
provides insights, as well, into the status of music theory in early eighteenth-century Spain.
Murcia's pasacalles, diferencia pieces, and preludes show him to be an excellent composer capable
of controlling large formal structures. The bulk of the compositions in Murcia's books are not his
own, however, but compositions borrowed from his French contemporaries. Until now, little has
been known of Murcia's life except that he was the Guitar Master to Maria Luisa Gabriela of
Savoy, the Queen of Spain. In this work, a plausible biography is formulated, drawing upon
primary source material in Spanish archives. It is probable that Murcia was a student of Francisco
Gueru as a choirboy in the Royal Chapel and Royal College. Evidence is presented suggesting
that Santiago de Murcia was the son of Gabriel de Murcia and Juana de Len, both of whom were
vihuelists and employed in the Royal Chapel. His patrons are identified with respect to
biographical dates, diplomatic duties, and military honors.
Murcia's views on theoretical matters are compared with other theoretical writings of the time. In
addition to continuo realizations, suspensions, and cadences, Murcia devotes considerable time to
several curiosities: the different clefs and the transpositions they imply; mensuration symbols of
the "modern foreign style" and the "old Spanish style"; the use of coloration and white mensural
notation; and the active use of the eight modes and their cadential formulas. Due to Murcia's
importance in the history of the baroque guitar and Spanish music, a critical edition of his complete
works is found in volume 2 of this dissertation. Included are the original Spanish with an English
translation of Murcia's continuo treatise and a modern transcription of the musical works. The
original tablature notation, replete with Murcia's left-hand fingerings and ornamentation, is placed
above all musical transcriptions. Corrections and editorial suggestions are found in the critical
notes at the end.
73
1980
Charles Andr Barbera
The Persistence of Pythagorean Mathematics in Ancient Musical Thought
(under the direction of Calvin M. Bower)
Several ways of knowing music exist in Western civilization, two of which predominate:
grammatical (linguistic) and mathematical. As early as the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.,
Pythagoras and Pythagoreans initiated and developed a mathematical way of knowing about the
world in general, and in particular about music. Historians of mathematics have long recognized
that the Euclidean generalization of mathematics during the fourth century B.C. rendered obsolete
the qualitative, substantive mathematics of the Pythagoreans, which previously had played a
participatory role in the development of Greek mathematics. This generalization, culminating in
Euclid's compilation of the Elements of Geometry (c. 300 B.C.), transformed mathematics into an
abstract theory, capable of accommodating incommensurable magnitudes and generally applicable
to all physical sciences.
Historians of music have long recognized that several ancient musical treatises, most of which date
from well after the fourth century B.C., contain and rely upon Pythagorean mathematics. My study
investigates why a mathematical way of knowing that was rendered obsolete during the fourth
century B.C. by the Euclidean generalization lived on in the musical treatises, persevering for over
a millennium after having been superseded. I conclude that the link and strength between
Pythagorean mathematics and ancient musical theory was substantive number. Pythagorean
number is as corporeal as sound, and in this way Pythagorean harmonics (musical theory)
distinguishes itself from the incorporeal harmonics of Plato. In addition to mathematical changes
and developments, during the fourth century B.C. Pythagorean musical theory was threatened by
the geometrically conceived musical theory of Aristoxenus, but withstood this threat on its own
merits. Pythagorean mathematics survived because Aristoxenus's Elements of Harmony did not
eradicate Pythagorean musical theory. The link between the Pythagorean mathematical and
musical theories was of sufficient philosophical strength to withstand the turn of events during the
fourth century B.C.
In this study I present a brief history of Pythagorean mathematics in order to discuss its connection
to sound and to music on the bases of: classification, proportional theory, and transfer of terms. In
so doing I define a central tradition for the transmission of Pythagorean mathematics in ancient
musical treatises as the corpus of treatises that, in devoting themselves exclusively or largely to
musical matters, exhibit Pythagorean mathematical reasoning. The major mathematical traits and
issues occurring in this tradition include: the relation of reason to sensory perception; the myth of
the Pythagorean hammers; the treatment of the semitone; the division of the tetrachord; the
arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means; and the assignment of numbers to notes and ratios to
intervals. This tradition includes the following treatises: Sectio canonis, Nicomachus's Manual of
Harmony, Theon of Smyrna's Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium,
74
Gaudentius's Introduction to Harmony, and Boethius's De institutione musica. In addition to these

treatises, I discuss works by the following authors: Aristides Quintilianus, Cassiodorus,
Censorinus, Chalcidius, Iamblichus, Macrobius, Martianus Capella, Porphyry, and Proclus.
Finally, I use Ptolemy's Harmonica to evaluate the major mathematical traits and issues found in
the musical treatises under consideration.
Carol Dell Newman

Keyboard Dances and Variations in Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale, MS. Fo 8
MS. Fo 8, the sixteenth volume of the Turin keyboard tablature, contains seventy-three
compositions: dances (single-section and multi-sectional), variation sets, and imitative works.
Over two-thirds of the pieces are anonymous; works by known composers include Frescobaldi
partitas, Sweelinck variation sets, and unica ascribed to Samuel Scheidt, Hans Leo Hassler, Johann
Staden, Valentin Dretzel, and Francesco Turini. The musical style and structure of these pieces are
the central issues of the dissertation, which consists of two volumes: the first examines the
repertory of Fo 8, and the second (Supplement) presents transcriptions of all unpublished pieces
along with a complete thematic catalog. Although questions of provenance and concordances are
dealt with to some extent, full answers to such questions are reserved for future research. In
particular, the postulation of the manuscript's having been compiled by a German in Venice
remains to be confirmed.
The repertorial study of Fo 8 focuses on the unpublished dances and variations in the context of
all seventy-three compositions. In addition to traditional analysis of musical elements, special
attention is paid to factors that define individual pieces. In the majority of dances and variations,
a musical style of textural variety and harmonically conceived figuration coexists with modal flux
and tonal/modal ambiguity. Despite tonal/modal ambiguity, cadential harmony often assumes
tonal focus. Furthermore, variation technique is the principal means of achieving structural length-the longest dances contain strain variations, and lengthy structures are all multisectional dances
or sets of variations. The dances in Fo 8 (single-section and multi-sectional) demonstrate three
styles in the history of the keyboard dance: (1) the oldest display predominantly chordal, strict
textures that reveal sixteenth-century consort influences; (2) the majority show uses of idiomatic
keyboard texture such as harmonically conceived figuration, repeated-note passages, wide leaps,
and sequentially repeated scales; and (3) a few short dances in the middle of the manuscript not
only incorporate idiomatic keyboard texture, but also show a considerable degree of stylization in
the use of the lute-inspired stile bris.
Comparisons of multisectional dances (dances with variation sections) with variation sets
(designated collections of variations on special subjects) reveal that (1) multisectional dances
retain a melodic/harmonic subject--with a defining strain and cadential structure, melodic contour,
and harmonic outline--whereas variation sets rarely treat the subject as a complete
melodic/harmonic statement within itself; (2) melodic/harmonic procedures characterize
multisectional dances, whereas structural procedures for variation sets include cantus-firmus,
75
continuous bass/harmonic, sectional bass/harmonic, as well as melodic/harmonic plans; (3) the

subjects of variation sets are generally less distinguished by internal pauses; (4) the breadth of
variation treatment contributes to both the greater length of variation sets and the greater distance
from the original subject; and (5) multisectional dances and variation sets share a common
vocabulary of variation techniques: melodic embellishment, harmonic variation, retention of
melody with changes in other voices, elaboration of cadential connections and upbeats, and
interaction of patterns, repetitions, or melodic/rhythmic figures.
76
1979
James Robert Briscoe
The Compositions of Claude Debussy's Formative Years (1879-1887)
James C. B. Fogle
Seventeenth-Century English Vocal Music as Reflected in British Library Additional Manuscript
11608
Jan Patrick Lee
Musical Life and Sociopolitical Change in Warsaw, Poland: 1944-1960
Craig L. George Lister
Traditions of Keyboard Technique from 1650 to 1750
(under the direction of Calvin Bower)
Nathaniel Leon Orr
Liszt's Christus and Its Significance for Nineteenth-Century Oratorio
1978
Leslie Ellen Brown
The Tragdie lyrique of Andr Campra and His Contemporaries
|(under the direction of Howard E. Smither)
Ross Wesley Ellison
Unity and Contrast in Mendelssohn's Elijah
Julia Ann Griffin
The Oratorios of Giovanni Paolo Colonna and the Late Seventeenth-Century Oratorio in Bologna
and Modena
77
1977
Lance W. Brunner
The Sequences of Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare CVII and the Italian Sequence Tradition
James Forbes
The Nonliturgical Vocal Music of Johannes Hieronymus Kapsberger (1580-1651)
Don Chance Gillespie
John Becker: Midwestern Musical Crusader
Karen S. Wilson
A Historical Study and Stylistic Analysis of Franz Liszt's Annes de plerinage
(under the direction of William S. Newman)
1976
Anne Hui-Hua Chan
Beethoven in the United States to 1865
Molly Nelson
The First Italian Opera Season in New York City: 1825-1826
78
1975
Charles M. Atkinson
The Earliest Settings of the Agnus Dei and Its Tropes
Suzanne G. Cusick
Valerio Dorico, Music Printer in Sixteenth-Century Rome
Thomas H. McGuire
The Piano Works of Charles Koechlin (1867-1950)
Gordon P. Spice
Johann Gottfried Gebhard: Moravian Musician
Glenda Goss Thompson
Benedictus Appenzeller: Matre de la chapelle to Mary of Hungary and Chansonnier
(under the direction of Thomas Warbuton)
1974
James R. Hines
Musical Activity in Norfolk, Virginia, 1680-1973
Sherrill Virginia Martin
The Passamezzo in Germany in the Sixteenth Century
(under the direction of Thomas Warbuton)
Linton E. Powell, Jr.
The Piano Music of Joaquin Turina (1882-1949)
79
William F. Prizer
Marchetto Cara and the North Italian Frottola
Zay V. David Sevier
The Theoretical Works and Music of Johann Georg Ahle (1651-1706)
Mary Vinquist
Recorder Tutors of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Technique and Performance
Practice.
1973
Mary Frances Boyce
The French School of Violin Playing in the Sphere of Viotti: Technique and Style
(under the direction of Edger Alden)
James Monroe Chamblee
The Cantatas and Oratorios of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Sonja S. Ingram
The Polyphonic Salve Regina, 1425-1550
Gary L. Maas
The Instrumental Music of Joseph Joachim
Larry Wayne Peterson
Messiaen and Rhythm: Theory and Practice
Jane Illingworth Pierce
Hans Gerle: Sixteenth-Century Lutenist and Pedagogue
80
Addison W. Reed
The Life and Works of Scott Joplin
Walter Westafer
Over-All Unity and Contrast in Brahms' German Requiem
1972
Cenieth Catherine Elmore
Some Stylistic Considerations in the Piano Sonatas of Nikolai Medtner
Susan Clydette Harden
The Music for the Stage Collaborations of Weill and Brecht
Jeanne Holland
Chopin's Teaching and His Students
Susan Patrick
Hans von Blow as Music Critic
1971
Marcia Judith Citron
Schubert's Seven Complete Operas: A Musico-Dramatic Study
John Joseph Hindman
Concert Life in Ante Bellum Charleston
81
James Thomas Igoe

Performance Practices in the Polyphonic Mass of the Early Fifteenth Century
Eleanor Fowler McCrickard
Alessandro Stradella's Instrumental Music: A Critical Edition with Historical and Analytical
Commentary
Douglas R. Nelson
The Life and Works of Lamar Stringfield (1897-1959)
(under the direction of Edger Alden)
Rudolf Schnitzler
The Sacred Dramatic Music of Antonio Draghi
Charles Edgar Stevens
The Musical Works of Christian Ignatius Latrobe
Nyal Zeno Williams
The Masses of Giovanni Francesco Anerio: A Historical and Analytical Study with a
Supplementary Critical Edition
1970
Jerrold C. Baab
The Sacred Latin Works of Kaspar Frster (1616-73)
Jackson Hill
The Music of Kees van Baaren: A Study of Transition in the Music of the Netherlands in the
Second Third of the Twentieth Century
(under the direction of Harold Andrews)
82
1969
John Hendrik Calmeyer
The Life, Times, and Works of Pietro Antonio Locatelli
(under the direction of Edgar Alden)
Betsy Clifford Farlow
Thematic Unity in Selected Nonprogrammatic Symphonies of the 19th Century
Henry Louis Schmidt III
The First Printed Lute Books: Francesco Spinacino's Intabulatura de Lauto, Libro primo and
Libro secondo (Venice: Petrucci, 1507)
1968
Philip Taylor Jackson
The Masses of Jachet of Mantua
(under the direction of Wilton Mason)
Stephen Edward Young
The Organ Works of Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933)
(under the direction of Rudolph J. Kremer)
1967
Harold Lee Andrews
Tonality and Structure in the First Movements of Haydn's Solo Keyboard Sonatas
Mary Gray Clarke
The Violin Sonatas of F. M. Veracini: Some Aspects of Italian Late Baroque Instrumental Style
83
Exemplified
Gayle Allen Henrotte
The Ensemble Divertimento in Pre-Classic Vienna
Paul Gene Strassler
Hymns for the Church Year, Magnificats and Other Sacred Choral Works of Diego Ortiz
(under the direction of Glen Haydon and Wilton Mason)
1966
Ralph Scott Grover
The Influence of Franck, Wagner, and Debussy on Representative Works of Ernest Chausson
1965
Charles Allison Horton
Serious Art and Concert Music for Piano in America in the 100 Years from Alexander Reinagle
to Edward Macdowell
Calvin Raymond Huber
The Life and Music of William Brade
84
1964
Eddie Covington Bass
Thematic Procedures in the Symphonies of Berlioz
Melvin Bernstein
The Sacred Vocal Music of Giaches de Wert
(under the direction of Glen Haydon)
Sherman Philip Kniseley
The Masses of Francesco Soriano: A Style-Critical Study
1962
Hubert Platt Henderson
The Vocal Music of John Wilson
Edward Leon Kottick
The Music of the Chansonnier Cordiforme: Paris, Bibliothque Nationale, Rothschild 2973
James Worrell Pruett
The Works of Filippo Vitali
John Satterfield
The Latin Church Music of Christopher Tye
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1961
R. Lee Bostian
The Works of Rinaldo di Capua
Herbert William Fred
The Instrumental Music of Johann Christoph Pepusch
Brian Kent Klitz
Solo Sonatas, Trio Sonatas, and Duos for Bassoon before 1750
J. Harris Mitchell
The Works of Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello
Keith Eugene Mixter
Johannes Brassart and His Works
John R. Shannon
The Mylauer Tabulaturbuch: A Study of the Preludial and Fugal Forms in the Hands of Bach's
Middle-German Predecessors
1960
Bertram Earl Davis
The Works of Johannes Vincenet
Donald Mahlon Fouse
The Sacred Music of Giammateo Asola
86
Efrim Fruchtman
The Baryton Trios of Tomasini, Burgksteiner, and Neumann
Lilian Pibernik Pruett
The Masses and Hymns of Costanzo Porta
William Gray Sasser
The Guitar Works of Fernando Sor
87
1959
Caroline O. Sites
Benedetto Marcello's Chamber Cantatas
1958
William Klenz
Giovanni Maria Bononcini: A Chapter in Baroque Instrumental Music
Edgar vom Lehn
The Sacred Cantatas of Philipp Heinrich Erlebach (1657-1714)
James Frank Monroe
Italian Keyboard Music in the Interim between Frescobaldi and Pasquini
Philip Francis Nelson
Nicolas Bernier (1665-1734): A Study of the Composer and His Sacred Works
Robert Lamar Weaver
Florentine Comic Operas of the Seventeenth Century
1956
Edgar Hiester Alden
The Role of the Motive in Musical Structure
88
Henry Bryce Jordan

The Music of Pelham Humfrey
1955
George E. Muns, Jr.
Climax in Music
1953
Almonte Charles Howell, Jr.
The French Organ Mass in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(under the direction of Jan Philip Schinhan)
1952
Allen McCain Garrett
The Works of William Billings
Herbert Stanton Livingston
The Italian Overture from A. Scarlatti to Mozart
89
1950
Delbert Meacham Beswick
The Problem of Tonality in Seventeenth-Century Music
90
1949
Willis Cowan Gates
The Literature for Unaccompanied Solo Violin
Gwynn Spencer McPeek
The Windsor Manuscript, British Museum, Egerton 3307
Wilton Elman Mason
The Lute Music of Sylvius Leopold Weiss
1939
Peter Sijer Hansen
The Life and Works of Dominico Phinot (ca. 1510-ca. 1555)
91

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Graduate Dissertations in Musicology

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertations from 1990 1999

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertations from 1980 1989

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertations from 1970-1979

Dissertations from 1960 1969

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertations from 1950 1959

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dissertations before 1950

Christopher Jason Wells

Virginia Christy Lamothe

Kathleen Frances Sewright

Jonathan Andrew Flory

Jason Andrew Gersh

Mark David Porcaro

Timothy Allen Striplin

Margaret Elizabeth McGinnis

Elizabeth Randell Upton

Georg Anton Predota

Richard Allen Rischar

Laurel Elisabeth Zeiss

Bradford Charles Maiani

Doris Bosworth Powers

development of mental and perceptual capacities, termed Empfindung. He presents his

Scott Allan Warfield

Michael Edward McClellan

Sally Eileen Norman

Robert Michael Nosow

Stephen Mark Shearon

Delpha LeAnn House

Laura Williams Macy

Jonathan Marcus Miller

Robert Stuart Shay

William Robert Thornhill

Paul Robert Laird

Mark Alan Leach

Giulio Maria Ongaro

Jeannette Morgenroth Sheerin

Penny Suzanne Schwarze

reveals an underlying hierarchy of symmetries that, in quintessentially French fashion, imposes

Craig Henry Russell

Gaudentius's Introduction to Harmony, and Boethius's De institutione musica. In addition to these

Carol Dell Newman

continuous bass/harmonic, sectional bass/harmonic, as well as melodic/harmonic plans; (3) the

James Thomas Igoe

Henry Bryce Jordan

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