Blam) Genie ccheu on Length of paltun/ 0. of element (0 the patiun Compallt ts Coubsheig) wales co O(n-on41) tims | Compass elt exes shifts Been) + Bcm-oner) ~ Gln) lems by Compowing p with ab to (G= 0... meomer by using Hous Ru ual of Pa compared: How Ruel Euccluats ole of & polynoanil Pe planJs to PLon-1] + to( Plm-2]4-- 4 to(Ploq+ toPcq)-- )) | Enanple Geauen Po; 32731 | > Bxtolt 2x (024 TRIO 3xt0 +1 i No of cmutlyplrceclow 2 4434+! = © mullylicatw | Ato of onllipleratooms cen be hecluccel by i pulling % = (0 | © 3444 9484 7224 BXdE : 1 (3U212KEF TRASH | > a (1 (32249447)43) #1 | : a(n (9 (3x42) 44941 —_— tI 4 No: of omaltplicateons = g — 9m)cm) € ; Stnilaaty we con fond a sehshiing wrth los a ts a asincow of StK am: tsvr = tolts— 0" r[ser] + TE saan] Fg. m=. 623456246 ts: YS6 29 tse = Se2a¢ fsars (o(asera- sy) tS | = WC US629- lly | = w(Se2a)es | = S6204+5 | = 662¢5 So omly shifting u meccled which can be cicheud em Conalint bmi + Omly problema when am G large of mot porseble bo Stoxx im mounal emt. 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Longth Ke Compal Pacfen.Fuunclem CP) qi0 -n0of characla matcheo era ~> scan tut pom byt & cughe whi gro and Plate] # Th] Q= Rg] .-> nert choroclir dloesmvé amatch Sp Plas] = = 10t] Qzqt! .-> mert Characlts matches qe ls ay Pmatotud 2 ‘paltun occurs totth shyt aq X0q] bee bm rat amalth®) a | COMPLEKITY Classes - \- cto P: Yes/No problems auth a polynomual ham culgan Polynomecd fim onecuns | | | Ih you ou gruman anay of a Cnleger i /Oa,.- An wean asked & scorch an elerment ty that. shir can he acheined ty | tunncng & fon bevp (€ om | Searching among m nos: OC) | 4 OMG polyneenial tme | Yes/Alo problems anecins efseciacn problems | lays up: beewsuom prcblamy - Ya/Ko problems with & polynomial lie | “checkeng algonither amore precy tly gras 0 tolutton (kg: Subset of wel | Wecan cheok in polynoanial tems Y that soluliin G what eve om lockwy | fox Cts tk o Clique of size ta | clagusr- Hears att mock tnluconnsclisl & tach oltes ° nave Ba chow Peotuded age we Can check Y tho clique 0 Noe S prowrcled a solectim ese corn aucuefy polynoonial terme | aBep - a aol o clique © polynameat fn . is PENP? % 02,03... An — Soattng O(mlogn) GY polynoaniad terms 0)’, 0p’, a3’... Qn’ be Scalia oP Can we cuaefy 2 a eorlid anray or mot ? Foa thet check Y AZ A2¢ ag -- Z£Qn1 EQ PENP‘ue Penp hut P#NP Fg: Show that CNE-SAT & % NP? p- Find a s0lulion w polynomuat fms Ne- Check 0 soleelem ur polynomial Cnn Vrotsol boi How b procws a problom & Wp Complete 2 = Bekma NP Had- A peoblum Np. hoxol tf all Other problims on NP com be momually keduced & ie ret wp kes: A problem G NP comple f of & om NP and NP Had ‘The most: abifcouclt problums on NP fh cur tolue cm NP har! om polyncenial tunie then P= NP Alp. | Complue proputy oO All pans that axe on Ne that bas he seduced & a Np. complule pom im | polyrecual Ls € NP An tur phomalh com be xudleieed (0 NIP Complete pbm wi polymoonead Gui —> fon solued Qruwur com be setaced os the onsite of NP- j Po | NP— Hane | due femal a bolultn for amy NP complete problim - aneans awe have fy | Golutuon fox NP clam of problems | Neel of Atp complet - Froudrng a polynomial trom joneth {tempi plan ps Sead emech oigouthon fox aay NP How b proous : Grusn a prblom &- pu NP phers can be tecluced bo NP compli ' Quy NP Complele pl coun he Soluued tr polynowu'cl tix Chen Ol! UP plms can be solusd vr polynoowuienl “Cus Thy P= MP6 pore selutiom exes fox NP Comp Cole pom - dhow NP plu Cannel be sclud ry polynoanial iu | Proow cx problem & MP complete : | Reoluctiom Method To promt tx pb B as NP complete - (b hoxal | Tea that take a NP complete pom which & abeady known be be Ke-cenplel Rephiose Alog Rephaouing emapluyca oH polynomial tune - | Fnslanee —y——. Inslancr —s[Potynomal | % : | Geof A Potynemutt poof we nye Fi eee —s pele Tame Recln ta Be | © he | Bleck Bow ' Tastaner wef A & homfoumed, So mow which becomes am Yp fos ph B | Reoluuclrem wi polyrnomicd this ax polynunuial toms algmy (clan P) 1) ea | To Show bu Kte Compl. Osté wu ti Ne © Toke a pb t¢ known & he AP cemplelt , ancl Recluce Ue te phm BO» polynomial tome Cneerall phn Of Solwurg A cuing B hos 2 parts Cfo clecuion phm) olhuwae 3 pare Easy (0) + Easy (0) - Eay Eosy@ 4 Yad a2 Yao Bord acts leks botttr oeck Jp B com be solued om poly normal Cue cé (P) «Then ts P ushich Contact | ch orsunpliow of Aa AIP Corup loli + Bence prooutd | You gprs phos - Comet to cectien Pls. | w Quaph coloteng ph - Amd the cmiincanun no of Celocus Dieu im - Con & graph Colowud tengo ColouCss P: Poms that aur goluatte tr polymer tere Pbims that can he solucd tn O(n*) deme for soone unstant & and Ns Size of put b phim. 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Atl problems cannot be So(we tA polytoméal brme: Taring Haultig Problem: connct be sotued by any Compeitur Thou aux problems which cannot & folurdl tr Ota!) tums Sroblems that ae scluable by polynomucel bony algan cated ay Traclotl: Pacblerms that eget baporpolynoomc terme Us nbactable (had. No polynoamut fume aulgmm hax Atscound fe ain NP Comphele problem “class P- consisb of problems that am soluabts tn polynernectel tems Paw blems thett coun he solued tr teams O(n) fox scone Constant &, = Size of Yp problem. . : i - Class ue conesh of problerns that qu turifiatls orpolynonmct tis i Grauen a eerig cate’, tolucligar“eue Lan woufy the eestfeeate W Conseel 0 tims polynomial @\eseef tp of preblom | Ege Ginn a patb, can cheek 4 the path & Harméltoawan eyo robin SCN galisfcebclaty , coutyitale wtowld be wrignement of eelees b sariable - We can check o> polyncemtod line that assiymanent Sats et boolean foumula any pachlem wn’ P & also NP. as any pblim Pu solucbte 4 chacously aunufrable ewclhout een sepplued ty a cntificale So PE NP Ne comple- kU 05 NP and & as hawt as any problim w NP Hany np complete problem Lan be soled i polynoanceu Lemie, excerss btoblum tn NP has polynocmical tune alge + Host secatst beleewe NP Complete problems as mbactable~Thu awe 3 hey concepts vi showing ¢ a -pacllere. fo be NP Comptila Dreucoo peetlomn vs Cplomizatton problem Epleangatcon problem wy whch each foasible olution has cn ance ales ucilue and cut weeh b frord @ foastble sclutom wth heat Ueleee. + Deeeecon prchlems au those i» which nsiin ch ALamply ya or m0 Relatcom blo eplumegation phan and a telolid aleeu con problem works w fawoce then wwe want to shew te ophmtselom 4 hod thea if Wwe con prouccle emvictencr that olecduin phm & hard, we abo cap piowa eurdliner that rolalel eptionizatcon problem & hava |) Redtercleoous The motto of Shoutng one problem | anothn apple when oth._proble Ou gees wet problems. Thy clea a stake b prooue {AIP Comp irs. bots t clu a dacuton problin A, ea Shpul & particelas phrn u Called as enstance of that Poms epee be knoe how & Soteu o cifewn daexécon phe B th polynoomtiel Gore Fry we! hous a procecttue hat brounsfoums any wislaner 0 ef A enlo gum eit pot @ wtth the ‘ fottouning chauactuistees : \ \ oO no barca thar ss Aescat ue the samt, we onset of 6 ans of PU Yes Sucka nocedu called as Polynomial he ° r “d fet kin OE” Tbe iste wal gaa — | Chaos Potyearnaal toms isa _ Sy ee 5 Nara | a ___ Potynormucad Terns agro & cecal 4 | Reducing™ 3K £4" Poltoud. RhoC!4) f : : . we 8 By) fer 4 Nek » 3 yr2 t lee ue dohule Thue / ir2, (2 | rey _ ay = 1 ano 14 32 Get med 14 Fy 2 byrl tod ITD d= geo(a-3, iq) =f | dr Gen(3-@,18) =F br Geo(3- 0,1 | peo ay yolesk Qere | ih ceek Bz-y | yo? rou tyfoo. Ut Kiergt 2 - fos). Xi > toy med) Mea Fx) mod we DK? et eo (Fd ky ~ v2 |) me)Hopute:V ! | Pobabulslic Atgouthon ~ Some culgonctham behaue cefferent avhen ub u opplud teuries for te some tastanet. “26 execuleon Amu and eLuen ofp may vary emmsictorably * 6 allouud © go t cnfienele loop dition by joo ot peouudded of cocwus | with reasonably small puchability on any youn trstance, | alge geo Stuck, scomply testart on same uislance fon a push chance of scour 4 ip thus y amoee than ov Corel ances, seuual olffacnt nay be oblaunsd | by cunning probabilistic algorithan anu than once =| Algom whow the wueell and way of xesult eblacned olepend! an chance | Also costed 0s Randomised Algorithm — dlepencls on tandorm aes for tbs Oprrateoas | Computer comn genaati on Preudowandom not. @ Nos that axe genualed by | apie bat meennbu Cooks candom. | _ Honte Caste dlgm - Hoy prodlivcs ineorseot wrull with probable? — bounded ea pe shabhly Randoanized Algms \ has Vegas Algre — produess comecl cescitt ane only uration from one @ anothu un ke the hunny tem © Hoolyfeid determina tic alg wstutch uses eancamnoy om decision + When dead ond xetal the algoutton| Monte Caro ALGORITHMS. | Imconporate puobabulely into ana 7 sed evhen ave brow that a set of scenarios can happom but av rintus of tohether they will happen | oman world as a syslomn + Founelate avoild os battle 6 + Each sep ot dexation pi 4 tual Sf world 1 'yslom tll euentually eontucrge to adoirab meas we t HC Qoed for: Examine complen Aggregateans fon stomps o.eleows \ nconporating ceneerlatnly onto analyses | Kaploueng anintecbon tect | Semplfecateom of comptor systame + Sconseemaly anaes onestober + Peobabulity w Eypcal fos Monte Carlo alms that gobi clectscon phim + Momte Couto Colors con be geen an euplecit Upperbound on loleat. enon | Pecbability | Appleone, (0 Gptemizatiom stun 5 panty coma foma probably de bebuteon Y [Dm ancetocleotiones Engg. tb analipe conclatid ond uiluconclaltd uaation | 0 dnalog and degelal integrated cbt 12) qeoslodi Lees ~ arnenerel piveasiong , flow Shere quantitate Ae cnatyse. 9) computational bology- Stuctyong brologccal ystems (A Jating puonalty of mor (DP Decteleng Set Equ 6) Applicateoms Cryptography (9) uuyying Habicx Mellplecalon r A keinclomized alge ath delumeaus ke running Gam , but ofp may be fneovset wth 0 culain piobabilityVeufying Mater Meultyphrcalton Consider 38 nxn omalrias A,8,c ket C= AB Meultiply Aand & and compare woul wrth ¢ Ip eauong shiaigh(fourmd mali amultplicaleom algonthon tho: tabs pun lms Of Olm) + Stranens Algm 6 fos and eusn {asl lor onus fo aery douge n tut the asymptotically faslisl algm cwnentty known alll kequuu a meen Ofm?34)- f wie au eotleng lo foluale ct smett probability ef oe ” Cent om OCn2) 1s suypectent to Sole This preflear a Cohen tue peobabiliste clgm O(n) a Suuppectent ASsumu C #AB rr ¢ fu onal: ¢ now of d contains allecal one non joo deg Console. cony subset Se $1, 2,... 03 / — kat 2,0) = vetlot of tengih ba obtained ty adding porit-wtse the KoWs of D indluxed ty ofeanents of & For tastance Ft 3.43 (2) 6 oblarined by addhing fost 3nd o tows of b Testirig whetha ov mol CAB by computing =5C0) for o tandemly chosen | Seb S and Comparing xslt cuth 0. Thu can be dom ofectiauly by wrtthout fast Coomputing b : | Consider > a 0 emabuin melleplecolton of «6 oun | ers ahmary actor of kngth a 2 AI if Jes cand %-0 othaurse | . . _ We j We enn unify sharghtty =5(0)= x0 @ a ran nalux | So cox tut & about checking whelhu x(ne-c 4 0 Ol AB = XC for wancloanly Chosen bunacy cuectos *. Habu fare of OCn2) compute XAB - Os helio t Compalt 4 bn matlitx X ann. Inatux. Funcltom Fiurualds (ABC, fon (<— Hom do %<— Undom(o... 1) - Ih (#A)B = xO then xeleun True else Reliun FASCFalse 05 Qnsauer amecuns AB AC, eegaudlus how onary Bimeus ous getlely i Ams TRUE 9 Comselo a 3x3 mate | az [) 2 3 p-/24 4 c- |" 24 37 | jas 6 ts 4 my os | 764 265 a 4S | | | = ya | x= [1t,0)- benny eectox Ly Aca om Funiuatdt (8,613) outs x2 [2] | xas [1 op ft 9 3 (44 ers 346] 4s 6|- yea) B14) | cae: (B74) [3 ) ; 2 fisnite — saas4sy — dorearys] | s 4 | ; ‘| [40 aq re] xe + C1 off 24 27)» [i129 vanes 37441] 29 6s 47 a 98 2 fo 9 128] > cal frornalls uth x= [or xae for gfe 3) = [ar see 644) GS 6 y é » (vu a J 2 (nse (O18 05) 1g) + (eaptze lt eset 4g enF795) 1s 4 2 (t loy 336) | es efor J(u 2 34 )> (1 thy 136) | ag UL page os (x Ae 43 4 4% Go aut hous b Aapeort Facinalds b tinwesFunction Repeat Feevuatas (n.B, ¢, 1, &) fote-1@k do Nh Fremalds( A,B,C, m) = FALSE then Reliun FALSE Retun TRUE, Sh au the K tem, olpo tue then C* 9B I) C#AB, Jon cach cat on Frervalds that d wit action tun with a probably o to. 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Rerrdlennizeattom & perfoomuceel for Selucling eclge Tind_Mincut ( uaclieetid Geaph 9 ' while thee at mo: of modes > 2 do 2 Pio an edge G,w al random” Gg (3 Combact the elge (4 Rumoue al Loops Ss Oulpul the temareeng edges Fa |} —-—-—-8 MoncutG_ — bohuele Ivi>2 : | { Sotoctand vdge Cry) € Q—> (—— tnsfounty at ca.don | contact Cy) | Retuun Let | 5 | Comacela the edlges Ge), (48), Go) Combat the oage an Remow al i 6) | (cn) & > ne | ®) Pee | ff | Ld) (th d= ncen cut ead peettetitcle | Then G has alleast ho ealges chor m+ mo, of noclu wh gaphSimes graph has ancncuk of attest dl, it must haus amincimevm dcegeer d, and thu alcast dn edges 2 Puchability of pickrng an edge belonging & cut en just Slop ote 2[LIS vegas ALgoeinucy |= nenctomnegee algan that alucays gran Cousot ascot ov (L trfouns abt the frelon + Ege @eurck Sout - Pintot chosen raxctona, but toselt aloowys sorted t t always ema Ofecluely, but tk aay ofp 4 symbol not past of _ Golulisn space tr wideeab facts T Nodytid cletuomenestic atom by wing tondomnex oh clectt cen 1 When dleac. end restart the algm + Mewiage reennving me anetlysct eumumes sores dlirbrbatton ef problem inslaneu £g: Qucek Sot , Sefeetom Sot | £g= Cemscclu: problum of feodteng a’ en an amay 0f 2 elements , | Taput: An cw.ay of nd temnens » which hal au a's ancl othe hal bs | Cutpett « Find an ‘a’ in ase | Fienetenga. tv ( aay A, 1) Begn Repeat Randomly select me element: fron nn Chumentt | Unt a @ focend | Fool Ngo succeeds with prohabelety 1.» | Quek gout + Afamcliar algm wheu Keundeannen 4 dmployed = Detrumemeter @turck soul ECQULULs O(n2) & soit NNO | ~ falgmn selecl prrot element at xaotdom, Olnlog n) Hane Keqiued + daplace -| ty eequus O(ntegnd Wows O(n?) + Diawde amay into 6 and Solus eecouusiruly 5 coud ns ee pict therment canclonly Mea ee 2 @ 1 9 4 nar weluchd 8 atl wwalle “Cument @ lt of pro! faxga elerments & taught of praeot | | Pracol Seloolid xandoon [ omen tach elermens Uh pruol ander i ond = Exch, both @ UG Cument ebemmunt < Pieol Exchange cunntnt Cerment Certs ob 2 eo1% 4 ? ? Tyre | a Vv 2row ¢ & @ 4 7 | 4 . i tinea ome ofan Cussent > plot | e@ 6 9H > i - | a + tot Simply Susop me index <> prwtSelsclzom Sort: | of 1 tm vat er | Ye yo | Tet 1 small Camus S | s2y 9 4 GCF yw , 462 mo omievel:2, — CrCheg 1 pote with 2 , 8 @€ 8 4 97PROBA BIISTIC. ALCOR ITHNS. Randomness useal in alguns fo apptoarmate Soliton of mumuicad problems 4 Close oxarmple for aucimnerical prohabileche atgmn sconulalicn. Eslamal amsan Length ef @ queue w 0 sqstam so complar that uw enfeasublr to gee Closed fous Sotcattoms ox mumoical anseuer by citucminit lic amethed Anccuws abld by Probabilistic alan a approwmaticn, but ik expects precitton Compo actin. jauatlab to algm encuaws. eur ¢ _ Jannl 6f wso%k performed 8 lo obly tre odecteomal digit of prctiten, (00 limes auoUk ex ecelic Sotegua Pree? wa conttinuons function and q a <6, than aa of the sonforr bourcs by the comme y= fo, Tho t-ami and the wotreal tones %=Q anol ¥=6 & 6 a fforde a —}__ t 1 a b Comsida a wotangle 6} wxdth b-a and height 1/6-a. as Shown. hea of uctongle and sunjpet beloco cuuau also of game Aiea Ano! Sams wtdth , Chey anuat haus Somes aunrage heught- We conclude rat cueing heightey curus bho als @ 2 (b-a)- f we labs a pernt beloeo., (0 take cugatow hughe, ther caluprete. also Aotolt fou anbultuy continous fastion f:R—>R A peobabilishis algrn jor her &- To esteonal amg haght of conus by xanclom samplay and anectliply result by b-a.| Saretion HcimeC 5m, 6) | sam <—O | fou (<1oan do 1 <— unugpum (rb) | Stum <— seems fOr) | totun (b-0) x (Seum/n) | | Analyse Shous-Chat uatance of estate caleutatid by alga 3 ciaeusly | preeportiwmal fo mo. ef sample prints. Dahchalim of estrmale & approximalely | moumat aohen mcs lauge & alimal: of ence ot | d Viebia | A tcasom bo «we HonteCeslomnteqatiom & when tut haus te ewateeale a omatlepe entegeot (dpa deturminusle align & sannpls the flr gencialized fe seucral dtoncnsiar , the no | Sample points nected f& gel deter precuien gous exponent rally -oxch chimenven of miagral b& be tualuated f tco ps merce b euatuale a sianplr nleg tall, then ‘© aie (0000 pb ef a oor 100 gud f> acheeut Jame puciiter when double tntigeal eccaletalid » Ome mutton ps cstlt be neccted foe a buple calegtod . fn NCaly,, demension of enlagqral hos little effect on prcesscem cbtd, eucn though ant of work fpr each Uralion increas slughtty wrth dimension Numi « ced fe entalate enlignal 4 demseston fou 4 heghe % mo chee Somply Uchniquee can Compete Beller algmms cub bul with anon Complication Precerton of pbms Can be Compe ceed sung hy buecl Lichnrigues pautly Systemmatia and pully probabtlestie Counting doth an m dit regal, toxin oxcinay. ot Ser can count upto ati fom o ‘The ugulu oan count mo anon than &” duilincl Ualues a UU the anak No, ways fo set or brneny Ualues we can count beyond 2” & ws Skip (ntuos dar tales . kg” 1} wwe count only exin nos ttt Con Count Upo lies cbabatl Waluus Kee c= mn bit tageslu Baretumes Cali lenote the integer topeesental bray fy the rages (Sino proctdias ws complemented tratCo ; ckCD @ Juncker Count Cc)| counter) = Retwins. the m0. of Calls b toh) Sion Last call en cnet cnt Cc) - Resets he cocinlr & 3e00 lekCQ - edolt one @ county count) - aste fo h consent walue digms Should be able & onainlarn arbitany lange mo.of eruntest C1 C2 --- No infgnn con be paused blur Calls: exciple dough tugulr w@ expliout pacameler. Wf detaninistic counleng stsaligy eoventing connok stip walues. Thaw & mo atu way tcck con add ¢ fp corenty for any oltoe call» Bohowior of UckEawn anust be | dlotaeamencel by cumsant af cuatue of ct thu @ value 0 9 URACO temas unchanged counts willick ab that pe until mut co) Called « A detuominuslic counting ‘nou than a” ouonls to an obit agit © tmporslbt- Fle cut hows € lax the rubs teluun the be: of Ficks Sines last init i A profabilétie stintgy €© count tuubt fas &- Regula ano bunawy count, chutiated do 300 on ang cit. ete iad sated pace, {f headl- ado Ib kagcalte + f taut lo nothing cohen count tt dalled releun tunes the | terlue alsned gate © peowealune tnitco c<0 PHocadune beokcc) foo cic do ih coun = head thon xefean cecer I Pkobobility of overflow «3 too Small to be woith checking Function counrtCc) Reto 9S | Counteig turce fox oneons aplo aln., which can be achuued actually bY O Single | addubmal bi 0 Kegciters Probabuldle counting Saabigy com count exponantrelly | fata 0 © OLY « 8 hub au sufistint & Count onow than Sx107euumnb. | Fos tut exp register an ostumale of legauithon of actual no of ticks. count telmn aoe Senor count ef 0 & be ssprasenled Wwe Slat thy slab wacky ¢ | Cus ediaral of to.of tok: breomu 1-1 ceuth probabelity whl | wwmains 9&1 axt complimentary probabilety | P | apeold alee Keluined by count Co) ofl tha lich 0 | (ath npsetntep = 242-1 || | | | By matéimaticol induclion we can proous that uaxtonce of count afm ticks fa anln-n/2 - Slardad ceutation w toughly toh of actial ne of cuunts | kasegas Algoruthans Hobs probabalitia choien fo hulp quucl thurm mone quuchly oo easiest They news tulun a uneng Answer. 2 main covleg Ou ef las wages colg ms onal 1 ce tandocmnes fo quit thet stauch § 0 cobuet solution 4 Guusonterd elisn | anfostunate chovees ae ameicle © Allow themvelues te lake usreng Guns that | bung thom te dead ond, u statu ih mpoucils to ford 0 solulion wn this tung cli hasaregas algm of ype used when a enon deburminsstie alga by colus a phen | tens much foste om than tn worse cose fAUIcksoul - Inconporaiting a element of Rardommer auow Walgm & umn AY} ble gerd and bod untaness | Funclum seleclwoty (1[1..n],s) [ $ Feds the ¢gancillsl elimant rT Ie Sone | fet jen | Repeat i £ Arse bus» T01..j7? PetL unifour CO) i pructbi CTE 4, pk, Sek then jek elie f $2 | Mente b ele Retin p Procootaus Quucksorthy (TL...) {sorb subouny TL. .j) entornen deeuaseng xd? Y jee a supfreunlty Smay then tnsal (1@i--{D else Pe-T Cisrsfoum Cpl Pewetbes C TC, prh) quachsont Lv OTe. £)) Atuchsont kv (70657).G nploxcty Clee of Loundomuzed | Alo RP class Class of cecisiem problems for which the a an ofccuent polynomial Gms Kanclomiged olga tohich Aecogaczer NO trslance with absolult | Certainly and yes urlance with probability of atleast Yo. | Zee. Problom classes harumg algans wrth polynomeay farms Cuerags Lore [running fume whase Op u aloays corel Chas vegas) | BPP. Class of problems fos whroh both Ves and Ato (rslancu ay allowtel > be edentyfced weth somu euon ° Represents the cham of effcount | candomaca allgns ZPPC RP & BPP | PP. Descutbes cleciscon problenms asth a polynoameal tamu digouthm eur & mou acourale thon probabuldy Y2 but enor prcberbulity cannot be bounded auoay prom Random ed Polynoancal Clay Reclass) - & the complexely class of problem for whech thon ens 3 propertte 9 SE always tun polynomial brane gp size 2D 4] Comet ansewu & No, ut always teGuns No. 3) Hf comet ans & Yes , Ut seluuot yes wath proforbululy allecst IpDION'S FACTORIZATION & a genvial peepose integer [ccleugetlcom ancthod , bastel bn finding tong usuet J sgaus modelo unlega Congreuenes Gf Sqacus : dng contegar om canbe eeprecentid a n= vy? = (04 pap 224? = omodn & n[a?-y? Garyperg) = omodn DE sorme Hone nr nevtha denucles Gey) o% Cx-Y) alone £9: n=3s 36 mod as =I 86 = ¢amod 35 Facto =< Geo(m-y, 35 , Geo(X4Y, 3S) Qcep (6-1 135), Go(6rtl 35) Us _ Dekoats, Theosemn, het on be a Compost entegus « ket and b be a oltsteick inlegus blo 120-1 Such that a+b zn f a2anod m = bancdn then gco(arh,n) wa aon- biwel dbraison of Comidu N= 2534 Aut A= 2012 and b= 29 ath An 2012 40127 VEY F QS37 aancd n = 2012°amod 2637 9: 1sas Re (69g Banod” = acl $22 Soon +1629 q= Soo R= (b29 i a? = (545m +629 Q2. bs mod ti a®ancdm = b?anodn ital 7 Hon a#b and ath zo. Theosem says Geo (a+b n) = Qco( 3/39, 28394 43 & anon Keoual Arter of n& Select any emligu rk 9 Choose an lege % tandomly from Items 3 Compute Y= aanod 4 Foctuze Y Sf facteu ef Y au pace and oot an elment of & 16 ghen choo anothu tnlegn % else Cooutwuck ker x & matux Mu which erty Mij u Zuo th J prcane appeass be be an ener pocuar tn Me faces ef Ye 7 S — Othauue Ae 2 Fg? massa .k=F Comsictuthe 7 paces 2,3,5,1, 0, 13,17 Fast tonlegus blo 1 and 2536 Say = 1769 Cleutak ds squcur medulo m: a%= 123304 Ryo 116? nod 2537 9: 1233 &= 1ay0 y = yo Faclouge y uw tayo + 24xSx31 He | Farle snes 37 a oot decwiahe by any of he adomaside ZR Pe Pacomes and abo 31 & mot in 78mooth os 2 A 2 31 | Second attermpt- > 2y55. | dul on? Galeulob. Sete amodulom. mod om 2yss2mod 2539 » a G> 2375 2 l6So 2, Focloune y > loso- axaxs Kt 650 | “am | Record, comtorenig (hes lentil @ buccuE 2 Tes: ' = QYSS + 16S axaxs xu “y \, = 970 Ya = 200 DKS KIBKUF ae %= 0S yg = 728 Q2PKIXIS a ; | My INS yy = 2296 Bex 5x17 As 2 2b Ys: MO 2x32vsxU | te: 8 Ye. 32g © DXB KIBKH | Ag = (UY yas you 22x 99 ¥F %w = 433 Y= Dogg 2YKI Ietr He 2 3 5 F NB oF ka ‘toto o0 ' @ © chkow corsexpomds b one sucrty | he o@ 1 9 o ' 3 Each column costspunel t O18 of | Lo © 4 0b © | Aclamessebte preianes rfo t 1 0 @ : sft ot © 1 oe t]t wo e@ott | r}Jo totore | sLo oo ol 10 Tirtows bhould be Selecled and amu | utiplicd based on folloun conditoms ° | D Eaponents th the procuck ort euon ue ¥ wd 2) Thos aust exul a nom ermply sel- of tems that adds up ard fr! the ktmaindn using qodulo-2 and Kull Choeld be 300. W¥rYyyg = ake atestx nex 132x177 Ys Yy Ys Ye ¥a > 08 x a! x etx 12x NRX IS? % 7% | @, Expomenb th thee au eusn- Tun find the squeue joot Of produc 6 folreted Hocus , then wrth aod a and tu tuomed as a ‘as [RRB TRE TRUTH IBEX 172 mod 2537 = Dana Ax SP? KUK BR 17 Mod 2537 b calculated as b= Ny K Hy XM HE ood 2537 = 2YSS RK VIOX GSE XY 33 nod 2537 The condliteoms a2 anodln » b2 aned and Qtb#% w& gatifed @ and bam tnleges bua land m1 Gul when que Cos Yr 3 Yo Ys Yo Ya s a= o8x3@Ks*x 72x IK IEXIF Mod 2527 = 1972 be QUES X NOS Xiyse y2/b¥ COX (EGYY Mod 2537. ~ Sey The quolaby te condition arb snMopuse SOUAE VI Peltemene cwhethie any pes | lone segrmenty ntact WEEP TECHNIRUE fot of Sweep hime Stata US PEVENT Por Reine seucip lechnque & cn algonttham fer deltmemong echethe any treo line | Begonenls ma set of segancnls unlescet thes aulgontihem ccs technique | Calica as suueepen | Atgonttham Kerns tn O(n a tame who m= no. Segements Cue ake Gruen St Acteeonvaes coly whethor ox not any trluscelsain euuts, Uk dowsanct print at | tnluseeteons [Inoout cox b fd att entusrbi asl of mtensegments cont nb | dat Seucrping an Conaginary wcrtioal surcep leat posses through goaun set of | gevanuhive. ebyjcols feoan tft lenght. Ihe spatial dmeenseein cofuch Ue suceiplin pmrcaues crorons,, of terben as diemension Of tume, hoe % dimension | Yao anumphors ou made : GY No tnpult segment w& aeorbueal O/No 8 input segements enltasict ata singh pont > Didkusng Sigmment [100 assume cro extioal segment, Any gp segrnint enlawecting te scverp Cras wt be cot ore pothe. So we can oudu the seganente nlusecterg bu auserp line Guuth spect & ther y- woudhate of punt of iteueelesn | Tuo soymans $1 and $2 axe sad lo be compauable at, 4 the eerbial susep Gena with 1 coorclnate % cntuseets both of thum. KS; @ abouts. atx, We wpnite as SXyS2 » Hans Sand % axe comparable at %, Inluscelion of sweep lent % with 9 O hughes thee eatuseclton of So _b (® Aaduseg of lene segamends: Obs.c; ASLb, HSLC, ArtC cin SUC Segment A 4 Mol Compacahy toith any other segonenb h Seganents cand f , they Aree otdus aye. infusecling Edy. but fAwear scwceep Lie an the shaded aagecn hos sganente Ceand f) tonseculiue n Ceclourng grown by ex Tor ang grown %, the ruler dau ketal precoder for the segancn ts tritervsecting te seuciplenen:. The dclaleem 6 tonite (81> 9S 2 SedHS and nefloninse Segonent on(ta oudawong when us left end ponl encocnlond by swueep and it Wouees oraleieng when tight enofpornt w entountud Mowing the seumep leone Suuerp laine algcrthan manage 2 set Of datas D Suucip frou ‘Slatia and 2) Equent porit Schedule 1) Stucep ine statis grows the Kelateorshyp among the ebpeols that the pe vit "? ad “ 8) Euunt pout schedul uo sequence ef point calticl event pons, which ue ovoles from Uf tb mught aceoucling fo % coucdchats « ls the sucep Peogers from eft bo right, ochen Ure Bouerplime tucicher o cooudinat an ewent point . the stueyp halls, process the euuent pocnt,, ancl ‘then kéicimes: Change > avteep Lt stectus Cees cl cunt pools Thu algorithm detucrumes ecueat pourts befor % depu on Som pecpeuss of aputdata » Kach ‘the at ccipant & an et po we orl the 9 and poinls by trowasing acvedrautte ano proceed form Lyfe te eaght. When 2 0% ances endpocnls aur counlicas and Df thay haw sarms a-cooudtinalr, tee 6 breken by pulling al kyl end pounls befou corselécal wght enc pout | 3) Wen on a seb of corwelical Aft end pours » those with low y-condenae aur pact (ust when a seqanenk left end pone encountued , ux miert Begarunt into ccueep Line Status. thon aught end point encountud, we delete segeut from burcep Lime storus. uchen Hux Segments become consecutive ‘ti (otas preocau, check whethu they inteucet Seep Lane Status & a otal precedes, wseeheek eehethen they wrtaoeet and Acquis follouring operateoas :INSCRT(T,8) ° tnsert Gcgaacnt § into T DELETECT,S) * Delele segment ¢ fremT 7 Apove (1,5): Reteun the seqanent ammedralily above segment sot BeLowlTs) + Reluun the Seqaent emanedralely beloce sega t 8 ff enput contac segment , ecech epaation @ performed tn OCG ny sing Red ion Tee Segment dnleaseclion Prerclocude Tnput: Sot S of m Lene seqanontt pau of sequins an Sintuseols else FALSE | Oudlput Reltans TRUE yf om. me mu ‘ prea Rel Black fee macnlans drug. Segment Inbaseel(s) ® Fakatgedo ¢ © Sone the ond pounls of segment th S fom left boreght, break Lit by putting Left endl point Befour aught and pork, Bacak forth ted by pectleng pourk wrth éocu y coowltnate. i ® [oe each pont pe Souled Lut ef endl pownb ® h pe yt md pout ef @ Segmnt $ © INceRr (1S) ® U QBourC7 s) extib and wnlincots ¢) oe (arlow(,9 exib dna tnloucct Dkelun TRUE If pad faghe endl pocnt of a ts Y both Above (7s) and Be cow CTs) eoust and AboveCns) niu cok Betow Ces OReuin TRUE ee Dw pecene (15) @ Reruen ERGE Analyses 1. Srotralize Toted Puced be ennply 9. Doluomeene the cunt pourit Schedule by souteng om eeqanent points cha & done by soxting arelpucnts on (M4 er 9) + uy > Coouctonatis 2-0 fou bxpt end point» e-1 Jor tughit ond pointEach cualicn ch fen (cop 3-1 proces One cunt pont: [h pus lyl endl poure of segment ¢, leat S adds 8 to produ. Kens 6-7 Releuns TRUE if S eenltuscole exther of seqomunt - Boundary condition ovcu if p lus omanothiu segment ¢'- bx plrer Sand 9 into 7. pw aight ond pont ofS, me aelebe poem poorly Lin 9-10 Relwn Tue | thew w an entus ection ble seganents soraounding 8 ch tolel puocely - If reganents donot mntusect barn Cletus seganent ¢ form preouclo «Featlly y awe cree fren any inteuseettoa af proosssing cal! Qn euun pound - le gelusns FALSE FQ: Eaeeulcocn a a c b wese eon eoee > Tio Foch qualicol kine & 6 lore at any euent pout kecespt for tughtanost susewp tae , Orekuceng ef Seganent below each saxs (ire = Total PuroudelT at end af for loop ctxses pordling euunl pont Rughtomeal 6ceesp (ort ooceess peocentay the tighond pocnt of Segment cw Segarents dand b somourd ¢ and (nluscols each otha. Ramet Teme n(D=S Asrimn t Ofnign)lwe | 0-0 - og me (aap so “Jotat 2n ps - Qn hte ‘60 for lecp atonotl one paw euent pe | tach dual. ©llge>F Lach cng ot). go Deed OC Gr)Cousotons of day Segment dntescel (51) We welt pre A61(s) cel Actusn tru Y anel only f Mere ts an coleseclirn anniny Seganonts @ S~ Cxomiso ~ AS) wut relur bute if Vine is O Wnlcectira Weactd leghoos-thar conucrse loo - Sf the & an enterseclion Ast Will Cute ~ Soppou thou a atleast | calercolion ~ ket po the Uyftomest enlou column pt, cheoen by Keabeng Lu . pt wilh focus! Y conolinale a,b be the seganents enlirsecting at p * Senet cro entuseoleens secu to Lift of p, ovolur qeusn by 70 ena.sel fps pit lo off p ~ Skner no 3 Lines inlusrcles at cams pl, a and & become conscouln tn (las puoide al dome seep lene ~ & 3a lo oft of p 1 gow Chiough p ~ Soma q be 0 Seqrnunt end pont on p 2 'b pa on Pusey Lent 5 hn 9-p , | pumol on sueplics g tron g u Left of p Fulha case of 14 cousek befor enconnla g, Kethe, eucal g us peocencol As; on & mot prneved -$4 puownal, by 481 only 2 posschle acltars may Oca O thn a bib u cunled mo T, elha segment YU Abow o below bo letar presi (4-2) © Segment aond 6 abeady ww 1. and Segnm beturin Uherm celetea, and nabs Q aud 6 oumscoulus (0-11) Echo cox tnlasden p delecla! amd Wt Kelun tus 44 auent pe 4 Mob proowmcel by AST, procedune may hase relunccl befa, perewsing alt cunt pont ho wo & aeacly found an (niiuclen -S | LINE SEGNENT INTERSECTION PROBLEM | Do the graun dime -seqrens intusect | EQ gf te dines GPa), Bepy do entustel a not ch | if they cu paxalel, they dont “eset ;- A . Guan of gcrms Lines ane nit parcial then aro event inlscel fo " if cue noes the deecetiom of & wort Gre) and ve Py wit (B,Pr) % | a the ang Bu making 4 te aneanieng of ctsackton > ceuntectorine GRE Fh Ci) ergbeng Counlucloobunne (2) avd i othu an clockante - Then hanes lo inlissect- On oppose Scola. Chack for clucctuon asl Pe jor @s,Py) Cheek for duration of QP) wxl fo Ps ancl Py fh att ceeuning clockwse and antectockurue ’ ; Thun both indir ects ) courbelerty Aan Sb ne BAD 0 m)- opposite side. Be Mlockwue fn r eloebanise elec wie toe Py (Bo, Py) Dy . Sou side a % lunes wont enlisect t | Fox lanes to be wnbewccteng (P,f2) Should be epposrls cluecttoms wore B.A) © and .u) should be spposite dueclons woeth respect bo (hPa) DB ameght be mths rw (sR) ~ tot emtaseot \ h —h My; Pe . RCH P,P) “Tr gens th Countuclockaue o% Clock unte Retwur CP: - pe )x (B-PO) on_seg CF, Pj, Pe) Crier Couey 2) 2 oy & Mae Ce» 5) AND ( HIN YE 143) & Yee S nan (Yer Yj Return TRUE. ese Retin FALSE Seqament dn tnsect (Ay Pe, Ps Pay) ch = diel Ps, Py, Pi) 2 = DIR Ps, PysPe) dg = pir ( Pr Po. Pa) dy = PIRC Pit Po, Pu) 4 G20 92 d20)) ano ((ds>0 99 du 40) Il (da<0 99 dys o)) kelun TRUE else ) (de == 0) AND ON-SEGC Pa Pus P) * Reteun TRUE else (d= =0) @ND OAL seg (Ps Py, P) Reltun TREE tlse | (3220) ANP On Sq (PrsB ih) Relun TRaE bise G (aly +0) AND OW. seGC PuB/ Rp Rebun TRUE: else Reteun False, Erncwuple dh = Divaokiun of (,Pu) woot P= clockwae og = Diwelen of (Ps, Pu) wal Po = Countrclockurte 3 = biavclen of (FP) Wt B = Count elockuut dy = Desole of GhiPr) wht Py = clocbwtie >o means Clockuate True - keine cnlicot co means datttlockarse $ Rued= when pt on Ps, Py) Thon a-cooidtnate of A ult be bud Ps anct Py Y cooudinalt of Pb will be bf Pa ond by | Then 43Lx2%y and 43 YE My.| | BOF PRP... Red Lik og MOpUse: vt Connie Hel: Comex heull Of set & of pounts @ the &maltat Comusx polygon P fo Which each point of & a either om boundary 6 P ox lnaite tt. » q Pua py Re Ps Pr Pr Py he J The amaltut polygon P choos a “oy ste Iu ta Subset 6f punts of 8 as th boundouy \ se +n, Ps F PoP, , Poy Ps, Py andl alt othe poink » batt traci the boundary- | GanuAn Sonal AcgoReue Graham Scan (0). " KE Po be the point vi & unith oninimuum Y eoordioale om the leftomest buch POU wi Case of tee 2 Lob $y PoP... Pam b¢ the semmainer pownk ®, sate by polar angle th countuclock wue orola fo (4 mou than mapoent how Sainms Angle , xermoaue aU except the fauthast pourt from Po). 3 ‘top [s] Oo >01 ie 5 | | | Peloumione the pola angles of ports curd sat them wi oud ef polar auples he Bokeh og pls | ‘ m re yc wi fs | we \ ay ate | . of | _ \ he @ Po haw hugh poles angle: - Sout ax per rneceasing pelos angle with | fespeet & Po Push omenemum 3 pocnb & stack | Po, PriPe b Steuck | | J o S Fa (+3 lo 2. © > Comudu Next-To.0p , TP Pe and the tun ike making. | n | if | @ Ps, PL wo te mwa vs as w ao e we " YS LP, Po Be & wight tum he Ge ® 80 Popts) eta ws bp, Stach becornes a aa _ ri Po. | As 0 taght ten - Comeicteu the Afb Pe Pe will | Cone ingcde the be vik. £0. Pop: ti Po ext wot be au clment | of boundary /comuer polygon @>Push (5,5)we oh yt oe ‘ a . ki na” A Comscler Z Ps Py Pz — Right Quin Pop ( Pu).-So slack Sls[> t | | LD Pe Ps ~ hele tuwn - Pust (PbS) aE Py Po Re heft tun - Puce! (Pr, S) ZPGPr Pe — hefl Tuan - Pasi 8,3) SPE. x fet Pa, bh foZia vs Py - Right Tuan - PCN) “PL Pel te | Ped dre Bile Abert - ee Por (0) (3) aa: Forth) ABOIEBA ZfaPePs - hee Tum - PUSA( Pays) “Tal tel ts | fr |B [Pol Fifi Pa Re - Right Tum - Por ( Fa) ZPio ty Ps - Reght Twn - Pop ( Poy Z Pots ps — Right Tum - Por ( Ps) Z Poa — kept Tun ~ Pus (Fo, $) Z. Pr Pos - bolt Tum - pus: (Pm S) Z Ro Py Po- Right - pop Pn) Z Piz Pio MS - heft Tham - Puse (Pia) Fimal Slack & Stock elements form bounclay element Hence Feral Comenoe Heel 0 | tsi amo of port So Ol) ; © Fencing polaa arng 0 eat achach (abe OC1) = constant lume Soxbiong thom $a M aeymontt - o(mlogn) Uses ernonge OF heap aout: 20e oop - O(n) ‘galiyg © thule loop thule loop wndergoet apaiegadls Orsalipe Fou Pop - Harcomuna Pop = No: of push So No: of pops £o-1 08 Po, Pi cannot be popped So Pop > oln) So Foi loop as 4 whole Oln) Onwewhole algorithm O(mlogn) = Houmtaios a slack $f candiclate pownb. tnseewh alt pb lo slack and pops owt pl that & rot qorler of hate. hen Algm lumemata slach S cnlquns the unlles 4 CHCA). Wi Counts clockane glu al appecia of boordony Anput = Set of pounls & whe nla)>? Topls) = Retwun pt on lop of Slace Next tp lop(s) = pe ore entry betoco tepls) Without! chansmc| | daewis Marcy hugormin : | Computer the Comuer hell peor a queen set of Poin rung 0 technique | Called peeckage corappinng ot ggt eorapprng- Workeng : 1 hocate the point Po wth munimurm Y eonolimette & hot A be the hoxigontat Line through po 4 & clearly langet & euts) | at Po. We oKunt k froma (ye @ Aught. Poxfoumeng wonaapping & bocate Pr whioh a hang smallest Counlerctect dre angle usth 3 Repeout corapping at unas w teluun bw point Po | Algoncath on [tA base fo w selected, the port wth anencmunn ¥ Conolenate tn Case Of tev, Select the Left onoet poent le. The out conucr helt ouertiirs haw least polar angle wrt tax hentgenle tay from fe Mecucus t Counls look wre durzclon tp be Occurs. sebeolr de farthest pexit ie Verticrs Pp, Ps .. Pe ur pecked Sctaniarly Ye > Yona | Sequence Po,P,.. Pe 8 Called tight Chas» of cola) | % choore keft Chan & CHO) slaxt wet Pe Ln, Choe Poy as the pocnt wrth least potas angle wrt mnegatias tay | fom fe - | haf chu Yo aught Chav Acnalyss : | Algonithan oporats om any one poort that on the hull, say the lowest| €8 tee of hut a found out count clocbense cusettin . Nsseme Per Pes |e ast 2 ponds added on hell, Compute the pout % that omaxoncie the angle (Peo, Ptay,q) - Fount ga found out tm oln) tre | foa cach aueslen P belomgra bo eHc8) tt lato ol) - % Compan polu ange | 0Cn) = To gma maxcaneem pola angle ofp) - Totoul tome |g cna) has A unten - Running Gme a Olnh). | phe ollogn) then algorettrm latix O(@logn) | Stilt fasta than Gohoms gamFinping CLOSEST PAIR OF POINTS ‘gen pe ow 4 2b plame- we hone to fend the Closest pau of pomb ond getuer am pornts i a 20 Plame Pil yo) b> ty 2)381-.% ‘ ro) | (uy yap | W2tsh b fend out Fond j ralues toith amearioncum Kucliclean du Gower Kucleoean Dislunet =] (ae 2j)?4 Cye- Yi)? = OC) thane bm pounds aur the , Thon we haw b euotuole C2 paws nd find the oncnimum =. = OCD) tendo As we haw b run the for loop o-tinmes bo fond the omentonuim dutanct by Brule Fovce Algm | feb c Ome Demensfonal care, — lunwan Pour Geen pons On 85712, 18, 19, 2¢, 32,2 Henemem duloace among thom : Sol tom so 25 @ 12 & M 28 32 - OCmlogn) traltolly mem <— 0 Butane 2-5 mines 3 5-@ Mm 3 3 PR wam£ 93 4 mn <3 12-0g min <3, b mb MUM < Distance Updake - Bg mn 3 adhe $2 he the closest pau tn send hal. ~ $ . wth dulanee > 4 . ane bre between thom such thou elements torch au lure * 3 26 from thew “Herge: wotth checking unten nen boidu \ bae 4 any pu o hawueng muon ° 2 du tance Ics Se mune, .S2) + Suppoue pond g ar povitly the clovet pas utr p lo YC ¢f dicurdeng lac | and 4g on tught - Clesse bo deaucteng kere and then Ub bo be teyer | dnd thor @ a pont my worth 0 9 band vane | thom 5, 80 haut & chech | any poets wesiceeng of & to both sol | | If ome port tus 0 Shup ut GD search for a poont on Stup Reght (SP) Peay) © Sh. Then Suanth for point Sp wwtbh tn romge of Ys RS Thaw con be nou tham one poal the xuct ong - to Find tte no. of pank = #6%0 of poi| bt an | 4 a pas that aud paul Gen the veclongls | - |! s lep 5 Tha helps b mabe Ol) alg Hege algouthon ° aft seolern abso can hae on powil - So Sues at Gn for cach poate distances hewe be eheckod Closest Pau Cb, 4) be Lyft ads Frond the clogest pad & P[U.. x] Souleol by % cokids > aught cnaler Use Huge b mabe pf t..2] gould by ¥ co.ouderat Ctosest —Powi (Are) | 4 8g TP) <2 thon robin enfumely > Ie only one pou mid = Ua 2 Md x = Plmd])-x; df= Closest_pau [1, med]. de» closest - past Convedyy,s] dutta = mea(at, dy QL: Select candiclale (l, ond , della ord 2) Qs geleot. candidaleCanidst,,, delta,oudr); dn> celta on( 91, Gr, dete) Herge(t, amsol. 2) Retoun “crue (len, dt, de) | fh Ten) w the tome Conmplercly ftord the closest pact TO)» For Land tus Ten) + WH) +1(8) + 00) foromege = 27(2)4 000) F oCnlogn)Panning Teme 64 Dieu m Conquer method Ten - 27(2)4 O(n) Diwete: A qurtiost lene which bu eel: Pent 2 cele Pranal By with Qo % 2 No: of pl om ut Auon Lift of lire L anol Me tught of ¢ ; N2 Scuba wtth a coordinate 65 pounls Ye Soutd osouy uotth Y covudenaty af punts Duude X nln A anol Kp % per and Pe ily ¥ Conquer» Mabe furo cecerusive Calls © Find clo sek pau of po Pe. Use Prard Ms YW @ Fond Clone pau of blo ov fe Up» Fr anette Ya ake Closest pau Avluned fr Po Sa > Closest pouk azlouned for Me oS 2 men (St, i) Aunbiow: closes é pou may be gue corth ancen dulawer J 01 @ Paw coheth onept 6 Pr and othu 1 Be lg dlelurmnes the tale obsouu of thou o paw of pounls en S Unel avound the tors 6. $eo bolb amet wide o> 9S wttde malo! Slup wath cents tine f- 1g fend Sach Rape « ) Ouole YY tai ete ine oe tina » bey (D o pomnb wh a oN Met eda cols cbesCancee fue pe there 2 pout, ck of cloest pau deslanct 5” Cues cut pout ef, po 2 3) hated that onoains thes w & par ets with ty dularer