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    The Nature and Properties of Materials: WWW - Carsparefinder.co - Uk

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    Yash Jain
    The document discusses the nature and properties of materials. It describes how materials are composed of atoms arranged in either crystalline or noncrystalline structures. Crystalline structures have atoms arranged in repeating patterns called unit cells, while noncrystalline structures lack long-range order. The properties of materials depend on their microscopic structure and any imperfections within that structure.

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    The Nature and Properties of Materials: WWW - Carsparefinder.co - Uk

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    Yash Jain
    31 views28 pages
    The document discusses the nature and properties of materials. It describes how materials are composed of atoms arranged in either crystalline or noncrystalline structures. Crystalline structures have atoms arranged in repeating patterns called unit cells, while noncrystalline structures lack long-range order. The properties of materials depend on their microscopic structure and any imperfections within that structure.

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    The document discusses the nature and properties of materials. It describes how materials are composed of atoms arranged in either crystalline or noncrystalline structures. Crystalline structures have atoms arranged in repeating patterns called unit cells, while noncrystalline structures lack long-range order. The properties of materials depend on their microscopic structure and any imperfections within that structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views28 pages

    The Nature and Properties of Materials: WWW - Carsparefinder.co - Uk

    Uploaded by

    Yash Jain
    The document discusses the nature and properties of materials. It describes how materials are composed of atoms arranged in either crystalline or noncrystalline structures. Crystalline structures have atoms arranged in repeating patterns called unit cells, while noncrystalline structures lack long-range order. The properties of materials depend on their microscopic structure and any imperfections within that structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 28

    THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES

    OF MATERIALS

    www.carsparefinder.co.uk
    Tutorial

    Thursday, 11-11:50 AM
    Tutor Day Sections Venue

    Prof.R.Mukherjee MON O1 (38) FB426


    (rajdipm@)
    Prof.S.Omar TUE O2 (22) L1
    (somar@)
    Prof. M.Katiyar WED O3 (16) FB657
    (mk@)
    Dr. B.Chatterjee THURS O4 (41) FB557
    (budhochat@gmail.com)
    Mr.P.Gup FRI O5 (36) FB482
    (pkgupta@)
    Let us begin our journey

    What empowers us to tailor a given material ?

    In old times, it used to be an art, or empirical


    knowledge.

    Now????
    Following topics will be covered in next 11-12 lectures
    including todays:
    Outline

    Atomic Structure and the Elements


    Bonding between Atoms and Molecules
    Crystalline Structures
    Noncrystalline (Amorphous) Structures
    Engineering Materials
    Materials world
    Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
    three basic categories:
    1. Metals
    2. Ceramics
    3. Polymers
    Their chemistries are different
    Their mechanical and physical properties are dissimilar
    These differences affect the manufacturing processes that
    can be used to produce products from them
    In Addition: Composites
    Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three
    basic types rather than a unique category
    Ceramics
    Compounds containing metallic (or semi-
    metallic) and nonmetallic elements.
    Typical nonmetallic elements are oxygen,
    nitrogen, and carbon
    For processing, ceramics divide into:
    1. Crystalline ceramics includes:
    Traditional ceramics, such as clay (hydrous
    aluminum silicates)
    Modern ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3)
    2. Glasses mostly based on silica (SiO2)
    Polymers
    Compound formed of repeating structural units
    called mers, whose atoms share electrons to form
    very large molecules
    Three categories:
    1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to multiple
    heating and cooling cycles without altering molecular
    structure
    2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
    transform (cure) into a rigid structure cannot be
    reheated
    3. Elastomers - shows significant elastic behavior
    Composites
    Material consisting of two or more phases that are
    processed separately and then bonded together to
    achieve properties superior to its constituents
    Phase - homogeneous mass of material, such as grains of
    identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
    Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one
    phase mixed in a second phase
    Properties depend on components, physical shapes of
    components, and the way they are combined to form
    the final material
    Atomic Structure and the
    Elements
    The basic structural unit of matter is the
    atom
    Each atom is composed of a positively
    charged nucleus, surrounded by a sufficient
    number of negatively charged electrons so
    the charges are balanced
    More than 100 elements, and they are the
    chemical building blocks of all matter
    Element Groupings

    The elements can be grouped into families


    and relationships established between and
    within the families by means of the Periodic
    Table
    Metals occupy the left and center portions of
    the table
    Nonmetals are on right
    Between them is a transition zone containing
    metalloids or semi-metals
    Periodic Table
    For example,
    case-1: Carbon and Silicon
    Note: Two different atoms but same structure (or arrangement)
    Same structure and
    type of bonding
    Different between atoms in Different materials and different properties
    atoms these two materials

    A transparent solid object.


    Carbon Electrically insulator

    An opaque solid object.


    Silicon Electrically
    semiconducting
    case-2: Carbon and Carbon (i.e. same atoms but different structures or arrangement)

    Different structures
    and the force
    between the atoms
    of two layers in
    graphite in not there
    in the carbon atoms
    Same in diamond diamond. Different materials and different properties
    atoms

    A transparent solid object.


    Carbon Electrically insulator

    An opaque solid object.


    Carbon Electrically conducting
    Diamond cubic Casting
    Metal Forming
    Welding
    Thermo-mechanical Powder Processing
    Crystal Treatments Machining

    Atom Structure Microstructure Component

    Electro-
    magnetic

    Processing determines shape and microstructure of a


    component
    Microscopic Structures of Matter
    Atoms and molecules are the building
    blocks of more macroscopic structure of
    matter
    When materials solidify from the molten
    state, they tend to close ranks and pack
    tightly, arranging themselves into one of
    two structures:
    Crystalline
    Noncrystalline
    Microscopic Structures in Solids
    Atoms in Pure Pt

    20 x 20
    astro.virginia.edu
    Crystalline Structure
    Structure in which the atoms are located at
    regular and recurring positions in three
    dimensions
    Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of
    atoms that is repeated
    The pattern may be replicated millions of
    times within a given crystal
    Characteristic structure of virtually all
    metals, as well as many ceramics and some
    polymers
    Simple Cubic
    Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure:
    (a) unit cell, with atoms indicated as point locations in a
    three-dimensional axis system
    (b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes
    called the hard-ball model)
    (c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure
    Crystalline Structure

    SC BCC FCC DC
    Po Fe,Cr,W Al,Ni,Cu, Si,Ge,Diamond
    Mo, Au,Ag
    Crystalline Structure
    Magnesium, Titanium, Zinc
    Crystal Structures for Common Metals
    (at Room Temperature)

    Body-centered cubic (BCC)


    Chromium, Iron, Molybdenum, Tungsten
    Face-centered cubic (FCC)
    Aluminum, Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, Nickel
    Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
    Magnesium, Titanium, Zinc
    Microstructure

    10 m

    100 nm

    1
    Microstructure

    10 m 10 m

    Pure Iron Steel (Fe with 0.8 wt% C)


    Imperfections (Defects) in Crystals
    Imperfections often arise due to inability of
    solidifying material to continue replication of unit
    cell, e.g., grain boundaries in metals
    Imperfections can also be introduced purposely;
    e.g., addition of alloying ingredient in metal
    Types of defects:
    1. Point defects
    2. Line defects
    3. Planar defects
    Point Defects
    Imperfections in crystal structure involving
    either a single atom or a few number of
    atoms

    Point defects: (a) vacancy, (b) ion-pair vacancy, (c) interstitialcy, (d)
    displaced ion (Frenkel Defect)

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