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Formula For Navigation

1. The document provides formulas for calculating relative density, local speed of sound, and ISA deviation which are used in navigation. 2. It also gives examples of using these formulas to calculate true altitude when actual temperature differs from ISA temperature. 3. Additionally, the document outlines formulas for turn radius, glide slope height, and change in groundspeed on a glide slope to maintain the glide slope.

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492 views9 pages

Formula For Navigation

1. The document provides formulas for calculating relative density, local speed of sound, and ISA deviation which are used in navigation. 2. It also gives examples of using these formulas to calculate true altitude when actual temperature differs from ISA temperature. 3. Additionally, the document outlines formulas for turn radius, glide slope height, and change in groundspeed on a glide slope to maintain the glide slope.

Uploaded by

bala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORMULA FOR NAVIGATION

(S S CHEEMA)

1.
Where relative density is the ratio of Density at a given altitude to Mean Sea
Level (MSL) density.
For example if Density at FL 200 is 653 gm/m3 then Relative density is =

2.
or
Where LSS is Local Speed of Sound

Where T is temp in 0 Kelvin (Temp 0Centigrade + 273)

3.
where ISA Deviation is = Actual Temp ISA Temp at Altitude
for example if Actual temp at 10,000 ft is +100C
then ISA Deviation is = +10-(15-(10X2))
= +10-(15-20)
= +10-(-5)
= +10 + 5
= +150

4.
For example: FL 150, QNH 993hPa, OAT 30o C
First calculate altitude at ISA conditions. Altitude at ISA conditions = 15,000 (20 x 30)
= 14,400
Now calculate ISA Deviation. At FL 150 temp should be = +15 (2 x 15) = - 15, but the
temp is 30o C. Therefore ISA Deviation is 15o C.
Therefore True Altitude = 14,400 (4 x 14.4 x 15) = 14,400 864 13, 536 ft

5.

6.
7.

or

Where V2 is in Kts and Radius of turn is in Feet


8.
9.

10.

11.
12. Height ac looses or gains over given ground distance

13.

14.

15.

16.

PNR/PSR/CP

17. Where E = Endurance, H = Home bound Speed

and O = Outbound speed


18.

19.

20.

Where D is the distance between Departure point and Destination

21.
GLIDE SLOPES
22. To make good a glide slope of Z0, your ROD should be Z 100 ft per Nm.
(Approx. using 1 in 60 rule)
For example on a 30 glide slope at 4 Nm from touchdown the ROD should be?
3 100 (for every Nm) 4 (Nm) = 1200 ft per min
23. Ht for degree of glide slopes
On 5.50 glide slope at 3 Nm from touch down what is the height of ac?
= 5.5 100 3
= 550 3
= 1650 ft
24. ROD on a glide slope

24. Change in sp on a glideslope


to maintain glide slope
Decrease Grnd sp decrease ROD
Increase Grnd sp increase ROD

CONVERGENCY, CONVERSION ANGLE, DEPARTURE

1.
2.

3. ( )

4.

DOPPLER
1.

Where Fd = Doppler Shift, Ft = Transmitted Freq, V = Rate of coming close or


going away, C = speed of propagation of Electromagnetic waves or speed of sound.
2. ( )
Hts in feet and range in Nm
CHARTS

3.

Large scale 1:50,000 Lots of details


Small scale 1:1,00,000 Lots of area
TIME
1. Breakfast in Tiffanys (New York), lunch in London, tea in India
2.
For example What is the Zone number for 137E
1370 15 = 9 hrs 8 min
Round off to 9 hrs
East is minus, therefore Zone Number is 9 (minus 9)
3. Longitude East, UTC is least (less advanced)
Longitude West, UTC is best (more advanced)
4. 3600 = 24 hrs
150 = 1 hr
10 = 4 min
15 of degree arc = 1 min
15 of degree arc = 1 sec

5. Date Reduces
Date Increases

3600

2700 0900

Westerly Easterly
Track 00 Track
RADARS
1.

PRI (Pulse recurrence interval) or PRP (Pulse recurrence period) is the


time interval in between two pulses. PRF (Pulse recurrence freq) is the no of
pulses transmitted in on sec.
E.g. if the PRF is 250 pps (pulse per second) the the PRI is
= ,

4000 s
2. 1 Radar mile (1 Nm out and back) takes 12.34 s.
3. Distance to object is found by timing time between pulse to and from the
object.
Echo time between Txn and Rxn is 500 s. What is the distance to the
object?
Convert 500 s to sec. 1 s = s

Or 500 s = s

Light travels at m per sec

Or in will travel m

Or 300 X 500m
Or 150000m
Since this the distance to and from the object distance will be divided
by 2
Therefore Distance = m = 75000m or 75Km

4. Pencil beam used for weather depiction has 30-50 width.

Formula is

For example calculate beam width of 3 cm radar using 45cm diameter


antenna.
= = 4.70

5. To determine the altitude of the cloud tops


For example: Ac flying at FL 370 detects cloud at 60Nm. The cloud
disappears with tilt is selected 20 up. The beam width is 60. What is the ht of the
cloud top?

Or Ht = ( )

The ht of the ac is 37,000 ft, therefore cloud top is 37,000ft 6,000ft


= 31,000 ft

THINGS TO REMEMBER

1. 1 Nm = 1852m = 6080 ft
1 Sm = 1610m = 5280 ft
1 Km = 1000m = 3280 ft
2. 1 Kt = 101.33 ft/min
3. 1 Kt = 1.689 ft/sec
4. 1 Kt = 30.867 m/min
5. 1 Kt = 0.514 m/sec
6. 1 hPa = 100 Pa = 0.750 062 mm Hg
1 mm Hg = 1.333224 hPa
7. Compass (ANDS)
a. Acceleration gives a turn to North and Deceleration gives turn to South in
Northern Hemisphere
b. Acceleration and Deceleration errors Max on East/West and Nil on
North/South
8. Compass (SONU)
a. South Overshoot (Turning to south end turn past south and compass will
settle correctly)
b. North Undershoot (Turning to north end turn earlier and compass will
settle correctly)
9. If you have a fluid in litres and the weight has to be found out in kg and the
specific gravity of the liquid is given then

Standard definition of one kg used to be one litre of water under standard atmospheric
conditions. This was abandoned as weight used to vary slightly with change in
pressure. Now the standard is maintained with help of a mass of alloy of platinum and
iridium of 39mm ht and diameter. It is kept in Paris and the copies of this are compared
with it once every 10 years.
10. SUMMARY OF MERCATOR CHART
a. SCALE
i. Correct on equator
ii. Elsewhere increases as the secant of the latitude
iii. Within 1% up to 80 from the equator
iv. Within % up to 60 from the equator
b. ORTHOMORPHIC
i. Yes. All charts used for navigation must be
c. GRATICULE
i. Meridians are straight parallel lines, evenly spaced.
ii. Parallels are straight lines with space between them increasing
with the secant of the latitude.
d. SHAPES
i. Reasonably correct over small areas
ii. Distortion over large areas, especially at high latitudes.
e. CHART CONVERGENCE
i. Zero everywhere
ii. Correct at equator
iii. Constant across the chart
f. RHUMB LINES
i. Straight lines always, everywhere
g. GREAT CIRCLES
i. Equator and meridains are straight lines (because they are also
rhumb lines) all other great circles curves with a track nearer
the pole (concave to the equator)
h.

11. SUMMARY OF A LAMBERT CHART


a. SCALE
i. Correct at standard parallel
ii. Contracted within the standard parallels
iii. Expanded outside standard parallels
b. ORTHOMORPHIC
i. Yes, all charts used for navigation must be
c. GRATICULE
i. Meridians are straight lines, originating from the pole. Parallels
are arcs of circle, centered at the pole.
d. PARALLEL OF ORIGIN
i. Mathematical basis of projection. Assumed to be halfway between
the two standard parallels
e. CHART CONVERGENCE
i. Constant across the chart
ii.
f. RHUMB LINES
i. Meridians are straight lines.
ii. All Rhumb lines are concave to the pole.
g. GREAT CIRCLES
i. Meridians are straight lines.
ii. At the parallel of origin near straight lines
iii. At any other latitude, a curve concave to the parallel of origin.

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