Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments: Standard Practice For

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E164 13
Standard Practice for

Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems

1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonic A-scan without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
examination of specific weld configurations joining wrought E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
ferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld disconti- Testing
nuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
is specified. Manual techniques are described employing con- E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
tact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column. 2.2 ASNT Document:
1.2 This practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, or Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
both, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Prac- tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3
tices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot welds 2.3 ANSI/ASNT Standard:
are not included. The practice is intended to be used on ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
thicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm). Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel 3
NOTE 1This practice is based on experience with ferrous and 2.4 ISO Standard:
aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipment
practice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate for Ultrasonic Examination4
that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an
ultrasonic beam. 2.5 AIA Standard:
NOTE 2For additional pertinent information see Practice E317, NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Terminology E1316, and Practice E587. Testing Personnel5
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 3. Significance and Use
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of welds
and are not considered standard. described in this practice are intended to provide a means of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the weld examination for both internal and surface discontinuities
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the within the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- limited to the examination of specific weld geometries in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- wrought or forged material.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weld
examination for internal and surface discontinuities and are
2. Referenced Documents
well suited to the task of in-process quality control. The
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 practice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuities
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of that present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam.
Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosity
and slag inclusions must be critically evaluated.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E164 - 08. DOI: Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
4
10.1520/E0164-13. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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E164 13
3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis of wave) examination at approximately two times the frequency
acceptance of welds, there should be agreement between the of the angle-beam (shear-wave) examination.
manufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific reference 5.2 Frequencies of 1.0 to 5 MHz are generally employed for
standards and limits to be used. Examples of reference stan- angle-beam (shear-wave) and for straight-beam (longitudinal-
dards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weld wave) examination.
examination describing allowable discontinuity limits should
be written and agreed upon. 5.3 Transducer sizes recommended for weld examination
range from a minimum of 14-in. (6.4-mm) diameter or 14-in.
4. Basis of Application square to 1 in. (25.4 mm) square or 118-in. (28.6-mm)
diameter.
4.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
ment between the parties using or referencing this standard. 6. Standardization
4.1.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contrac- 6.1 Two methods of angle-beam standardization are in
tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this general use: the polar, and the rectangular, coordinate methods.
standard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or 6.1.1 The polar coordinate method requires measurements
internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification prac- of the beam centerline at the search unit/work interface and the
tice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, Recommended beam angle in a reference block, and the instrument sweep is
Practice SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and standardized along the beam line. Test information is graphi-
certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. cally converted into position and depth coordinates for reflector
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall location. The polar method is detailed in Annex A1.
be identified in the contractual agreement between the using 6.1.2 The rectangular coordinate method requires measure-
parties. ment of the position of the reflector from the front of the search
4.1.2 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specified unit, and the instrument sweep is standardized for depth to the
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified reflector as it is moved to different positions in the beam
and evaluated as described in E543. The applicable edition of providing a distance-amplitude curve. Test information is read
E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement. directly for position and depth to the reflector. The rectangular
4.1.3 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and coordinate method is detailed in Annex A2.
techniques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractual
agreement. 7. Reference Standards
4.1.4 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surface 7.1 IIW-type reference blocks are a class of reference blocks
preparation criteria shall be in accordance with 8.1.2 unless for checking and standardizing ultrasonic instrumentation,
otherwise specified. which meet the basic geometrical configuration described in
4.1.5 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examination ISO 2400 but which may deviate in such aspects as non-metric
shall be after weld completion and surface preparation and dimensioning, alternate materials, additional reflectors, and
when the surface temperature has reached ambient temperature differences of scale details. IIW-type blocks are primarily
unless otherwise specified. intended for characterizing and calibrating angle-beam
4.1.6 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination systems, but also provide features for such uses as straight-
shall be in accordance with Table 2 unless otherwise specified. beam resolution and sensitivity checks.
4.1.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting
NOTE 3Discussion of the differences among various versions of
criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with IIW-Type reference blocks, illustrations of typical configurations and an
12.1 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are extensive bibliography can be found in a published reference.6
not specified in this standard, they shall be specified in the
7.1.1 Only blocks fully meeting all the requirements of
contractual agreement.
ISO 2400 should be referred to as IIW reference blocks.
4.1.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items
7.1.2 Blocks qualified to certain other national standards
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
may also satisfy all the requirements of ISO 2400 but have
this standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-
additional features.
tual agreement.
7.1.3 The term IIW Block Type I should be used only to
describe blocks meeting the standard cited. The term IIW Block
5. Search Units
Type II is reserved for the miniature angle-beam block recog-
5.1 Angle-Beam requirements for angle-beam search units nized by ISO.
are determined by the test variables. The examination proce- 7.1.4 All other blocks derived from the basic ISO 2400
dure should be established by taking into consideration vari- configuration, but not fully meeting all its requirements should
ables such as weld thickness, available surface, maximum be referred to as IIW-Type blocks.
allowable flaw size, flaw orientation, and the acoustic proper- 7.1.5 Suppliers and users of such blocks should identify the
ties of the material. Consideration should also be given to the specifications which are met, or provide detailed documenta-
desirability of using comparable wave lengths within the tion.
materials where both a longitudinal-wave examination and an
angle-beam shear-wave examination are employed. This can be 6
Hotchkiss, F.H.C., Guide to designs of IIW-type blocks, NDT International,
accomplished by conducting the straight-beam (longitudinal- Vol. 23, n. 6, December 1990, pp. 319-331.
2
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7.1.6 Because of the possible differences noted, not all 7.3 Sensitivity-Amplitude Standardization:
IIW-type blocks may be suited for every application for which 7.3.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan-
qualified ISO 2400 blocks may be acceptable. dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not vary
7.1.7 Unless the blocks have also been checked by pre- with beam angle when angle-beam examination is used.
scribed ultrasonic procedures, they may also produce non- Sensitivity-amplitude reference standards that accomplish this
uniform or misleading results. end are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of the
7.2 Distance Standardization: plate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holes
7.2.1 An equal-radius reflecting surface subtending an arc drilled at the examination angle, and equal-radius reflectors.
of 90 is recommended for distance standardization because it Surface notches can also accomplish this end under some
is equally responsive to all beam angles. Other reflector circumstances. These reference reflectors are described in
configurations may be used. Equal-radius reflecting surfaces Table 1.
are incorporated into IIW-Type Blocks and several other 7.3.2 Under certain circumstances, sensitivity-amplitude
reference blocks (see Annex A1) (Note 3). Distance standard- standardization must be corrected for coupling variations
ization on a square-notch corner reflector with a depth of 1 to (Section 8) and distance amplitude effects (Section 9).
3 % of thickness may be used. However, full beam reflections
from the square corner of the block will produce erroneous 8. Coupling Conditions
results when standardizing angle beams near 60, due to mode 8.1 Preparation:
conversion. The square corner of the block should not be used 8.1.1 Where accessible, prepare the surface of the deposited
for distance standardization. weld metal so that it merges into the surfaces of the adjacent
NOTE 4Small errors of beam index location are indigenous to the base materials; however, the weld may be examined in the
standardization procedure using the an IIW-Type Block. Where extremely as-welded condition, provided the surface condition does not
accurate standardization is necessary, a procedure such as that outlined in interfere with valid interpretation of indications.
7.2.2 should be used. 8.1.2 Free the scanning surfaces on the base material of
7.2.2 For examination of welds, a side-drilled hole may be weld spatter, scale, dirt, rust, and any extreme roughness on
used for distance, amplitude, position, and depth standardiza- each side of the weld for a distance equal to several times the
tion. An example is shown in Fig. 1. Move the reflector through thickness of the production material, this distance to be
the beam to 18, 38, 58, 78, and 98 of the Vee path. Adjust the governed by the size of the search unit and refracted angle of
delay to place indication 1 at sweep division 1. Adjust the the sound beam. Where scanning is to be performed along the
range to place indication 9 at sweep division 9. Since these top or across this weld, the weld reinforcement may be ground
controls interact, repeat the delay and range adjustments until to provide a flat scanning surface. It is important to produce a
indications 1 and 9 are placed at sweep divisions 1 and 9. surface that is as flat as possible. Generally, the surfaces do not
Adjust sensitivity to provide an 80 %-of-full-screen indication require polishing; light sanding with a disk or belt sander will
from the highest of the 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 indications. At this usually provide a satisfactory surface for examination.
sensitivity, mark the maximum amplitudes on the screen from 8.1.3 The area of the base material through which the sound
the reflector at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Connect these points for the will travel in the angle-beam examination should be com-
distance amplitude curve (DA Curve). Corner reflections from pletely scanned with a straight-beam search unit to detect
the hole to the surface may be observed at 4 and 8 divisions on reflectors that might affect the interpretation of angle-beam
the sweep; these indications will not be used in the DA Curve. results by obstructing the sound beam. Consideration must be
Measure the position of the reflector on the surface from the given to these reflectors during interpretation of weld exami-
front of the search unit to the surface projection of the hole nation results, but their detection is not necessarily a basis for
centerline. Since the depth to the hole is known, the standard- rejection of the base material.
ization provides means for estimating the position, depth, and 8.2 Couplant:
relative size of an unknown reflector. 8.2.1 A couplant, usually a liquid or semi-liquid, is required
between the face of the search unit and the surface to permit
transmission of the acoustic energy from the search unit to the
material under examination. The couplant should wet the
surfaces of the search unit and the piece, and eliminate any air
space between the two. Typical couplants include water, oil,
grease, glycerin, and cellulose gum. The couplant used should
not be injurious to the material to be examined, should form a
thin film, and, with the exception of water, should be used
sparingly. When glycerin is used, a small amount of wetting
agent is often added to improve the coupling properties. When
water is used, it should be clean and de-aerated if possible.
Inhibitors or wetting agents, or both, may be used.
8.2.2 The coupling medium should be selected so that its
viscosity is appropriate for the surface finish of the material to
FIG. 1 Side-Drilled Hole be examined. The following list is presented as a guide:
3
E164 13
TABLE 1 Reference Reflectors and Their Attributes
Reference Reflector Attributes and Limitations
Side-drilled holes Easily manufactured and reproducible. Equally reflective to different beam angles.
However, they bear negligible size relationship to most critical flaws.
Flat-bottom hole at examination angle Difficult to manufacture and requires good angular agreement of drilled hole with
examination
angle.
Surface notches Square notches simulate cracks at surface. V-notch half-angle should complement beam
angle for maximum response.
Roughness Average Equivalent Couplant

(Ra in.) Viscosity
5 to 100 SAE 10 wt. motor oil

80 to 600 glycerin
8.2.3 In performing the examination, it is important that the
same couplant, at the same temperature, be used for comparing
the responses between the standardization blocks and the
production material. Attenuation in couplants and wedge ma-
terials varies with temperature so that a standardization per-
formed in a comfortable room is not valid for examination of
either hotter or colder materials.
9. Distance-Amplitude Correction
9.1 Use standardization blocks of similar surface finish,
nominal thickness and metallurgically similar in terms of alloy
FIG. 2 Technique 1, for Examining Butt Welds with Angle Beams
and thermal treatment to the weldment.
9.2 Alternative techniques of correction may be used pro-
vided the results are as reliable as those obtained by the
acceptable method. In addition, the alternative technique and
its equipment shall meet all the performance requirements of
this standard.
9.3 Reference Reflectors:
9.3.1 Straight-Beam StandardizationCorrection for
straight-beam examination may be determined by means of a
side-drilled hole reflector at 14 and 34 of the thickness. For
thickness less than 2 in. (51 mm), the 14-thickness reflector FIG. 3 Supplementary Technique 2, for Examining Butt Welds for
may not be resolved. If this is the case, drill another hole at 12 Suspected Cross-Cracking when the Weld Bead is Ground Flush
thickness and use the 12 and 34-thickness reflectors for correc-
tion. 9.4.1.1 Set the instrument to give an 80 % signal on the
9.3.2 Angle-Beam StandardizationCorrection for angle- A-scan display from the highest amplitude obtained from the
beam examination may be determined by means of side-drilled reference reflectors. Peak response from the other reference
hole reflectors at 14 and 34 of the thickness. The 12-thickness reflectors with the same instrument settings, and either record
depth to a side-drilled hole may be added to the standardization or mark on the screen the percent of screen height of the
or used alone at thicknesses less than 1 in. (25.4 mm). indication.
9.4 Acceptable Techniques: 9.4.1.2 Then use these recorded percentages to draw a
9.4.1 Distance-Amplitude CurveThis method makes use distance-amplitude curve of percent screen height versus depth
of standardization blocks representing the minimum and maxi- or thickness on a chart or on the screen. During examination
mum thickness to be examined. Additional standardization the distance amplitude curve may be used to estimate indica-
blocks of intermediate thicknesses can be used to obtain tion amplitude in percent of the DA Curve.
additional data points. The ultrasonic instrument, search unit, 9.4.2 Electronic Distance Amplitude Correction or Time-
angle beam wedge, and couplant used for the distance- Corrected GainThis method can be used only if the instru-
amplitude standardization must also be used for the weld ment is provided with electronic distance amplitude compen-
examination. sation circuitry. Use is made of all reflectors in the
4
E164 13
FIG. 4 Supplementary Technique 3, for Examining Butt Welds for

Suspected Cross-Cracking when the Weld Bead is not Ground
Flush
8(a) Technique 7, for

Searching T-Welds for Discontinuities
FIG. 5 Two-Search-Unit Technique 4, for Use with Thick Weld-

ments
FIG. 8 (b) Alternative Technique 7, for Searching T-Welds for

Discontinuities
FIG. 6 Technique 5, for Examining the Weld Volume of T-Welds
FIG. 9 Technique 8, for Examining the Weld Volume of Double-

Vee Corner Welds
9.4.2.2 Peak the response from each reference reflector at

other distances with the same instrument settings, adjusting the
FIG. 7 Technique 6, for Examining the Fusion Zone of T-Welds electronic distance amplitude correction controls to establish a
50 % screen height from the reference reflector at each
successive thickness. Means of accomplishing the equalization
of amplitude from equal-size reflectors over the distance range
standardization range. The equipment, search unit, couplant, is best described for each instrument in the operating manual
etc., to be used in the ultrasonic examination are to be used for for that instrument.
this attenuation adjustment.
9.4.2.1 Set the instrument to give a 50 % amplitude on the 10. Examination Procedures
A-scan display from the reference reflector that gives the 10.1 Examination procedures recommended for common
highest amplitude. weld configurations are detailed in Table 2.
5
E164 13
tor location can be accomplished using the method of 7.1.2 or
a chart of the type shown in Fig. 16.
11.2 Reflector Size and Orientation:
11.2.1 Geometrical MethodsReflector length 14 in. (6.4
mm) minimum can be measured by determining the points at
which half (6 dB) of the amplitude is lost at the extremities of
the reflector and measuring between them. Reflector height 18
in. (3.2 mm) minimum can be measured by determining SR
(the change in sweep reading) at which half (6 dB) of the
amplitude is lost as the search unit is moved to and from the
reflector. The SR 100 divided by tSR (through thickness
sweep reading) approximates the reflector height in percent of
thickness. Only the area of the reflector that reflects energy to
the search unit is measured. See Fig. 17. This method is
appropriate for reflectors with dimensions greater than the
beam diameter. For reflectors smaller than the beam, significant
FIG. 10 Technique 9, for Examining the Fusion Zone of Double- errors may occur.
Vee Corner Welds 11.2.2 Amplitude MethodsSignal amplitude can be used
as a measure of flaw severity. Amplitude evaluation should be
based upon experience with actual flaws since artificially
produced reflectors are not always directly relatable to real flaw
shapes or sizes. For adversely oriented planar flaws, the
amplitude may not indicate flaw severity.
11.3 Reflector TypeIn addition to the evaluation of loca-
tion and size of reflectors, there are several other attributes
which can be used to identify other types of reflectors. It must
be emphasized that these methods are dependent on operator
skill to such a degree that acceptance of welds based upon this
type of information alone is not recommended.
11.3.1 Reflector OrientationReflector orientation can be
deduced from relative signal amplitudes obtained from the
reflector with the search unit placed at various locations on the
weldment. An example is shown in Fig. 18.
11.3.2 Reflector ShapeReflector shape and roughness will
result in a characteristic degree of sharpness of the A-scan
display deflection depending upon the nature of the flaw, the
FIG. 11 Techniques 10 and 11, for Examining Full-Penetration instrument, and search-unit combination used.
Double-Fillet Corner Welds
12. Report
12.1 The contracting parties should determine the pertinent
10.1.1 Special attention should be given to curved or items to be recorded. This may include the following informa-
contoured surfaces to ensure consistent ultrasonic beam entry tion:
angle and adequate coupling. Examine circumferential welds 12.1.1 Weld types and configurations tested, including
using Techniques 12 and 13 (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13); examine thickness dimensions. Descriptive sketches are usually recom-
longitudinal welds using Techniques 14 and 15 (Fig. 14 and mended.
Fig. 15). Base choice of angle both on the radius of curvature 12.1.2 Automatic flaw alarm or recording equipment or
and the thickness of the material in order to provide a beam that both, if used.
will travel through the material and reflect from the opposite 12.1.3 Special search units, wedges, shoes, or saddles, if
surface. used.
10.1.2 When more than one technique is given for a 12.1.4 Rotating, revolving scanning mechanisms, if used.
particular weld geometry or thickness or both, the first tech- 12.1.5 Stage of manufacture at which examination was
nique is considered primary, while the additional techniques made.
are supplementary and may be added to the examination 12.1.6 Surface or surfaces from which the examination was
procedure. performed.
12.1.7 Surface finish.
11. Reflector Evaluation 12.1.8 Couplant.
11.1 Reflector LocationWhen distance standardization 12.1.9 Method used.
has been achieved in accordance with 7.1, approximate reflec- 12.1.10 Technique used.
6
E164 13
TABLE 2 Procedures Recommended for Common Weld Configurations
Weld Throat Thickness
Less than 12 in. to 112 in.
12 112 to 212 in. 212 to 5 in. 5 to 8 in.
Weld Type (12 mm) (12 to 38 mm) (38 to 63 mm) (63 to 127 mm) (127 to 200 mm)
Top
Primary 1 4
Primary Top 14 Primary Top 14 Primary Top 14 Primary Top 14
Butt:
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 70 or 60 45 or 60 70, 60, or 45 45 or 60 60 or 45 45 or 60 60 or 45 45
Suggested techniqueA 1, (2 or 3) 1 1, (2 or 3) 1 1, (2 or 3) 1 1, (2 or 3), 4 1 1, (2 or 3), 4 1
Tee:
Face AB :
Recommended angle, deg 70 70 or 60 70, 60, or 45 60 or 45 45
Suggested technique 5 5 5 5, 4 5, 4
Face BB :
Suggested technique 5 5 5 5, 4 5, 4
Face CB :
Recommended angle, deg straight, 70 straight (70 or 45) straight, 45 straight, 45 straight, 45
Suggested technique 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7
Corner:
Face AC :
Suggested technique 8 8 8 8 8
Face BC :
Face CC :
Recommended angle, deg straight straight straight straight straight
Double Fillet Corner Weld:
Face AD :
Recommended angle, deg 45 45 45 45 45
Suggested technique 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11
Face BD :
Recommended angle, deg 45 45 45 45 45
Suggested technique 10,11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11 10, 11
A
See Figs. Figs. 2-11 for illustration of the techniques listed below.
B
Faces A, B, and C for tee welds are shown in Fig. 6.
C
Faces A, B, and C for corner welds are shown in Fig. 9.
D
Faces A and B for double fillet corner welds are shown in Fig. 11.
NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the

work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm). NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the
FIG. 12 Technique 12, for Examining Circumferential Welds work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm).
FIG. 13 Supplementary Technique 13, for Examining Circumferen-
tial Welds, for Welds Ground Flush
12.1.11 Description of the standardization method and
method of correlating indications with flaws. 12.1.13 Mode of transmission including longitudinal or
12.1.12 Scanning parameters such as raster pitch and direc- shear, pulse-echo, tandem or through transmission.
tion of beam. 12.1.14 Type and size of transducer.
7
E164 13
NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the

NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm).
work piece when diameter is less than 20 in. (500 mm). FIG. 15 Supplementary Technique 15, for Examining Longitudinal
FIG. 14 Technique 14, for Examining Longitudinal Welds Welds, for Welds Ground Flush
12.1.15 Examination frequency. 12.1.19 Date of examination.

12.1.16 Instrument identification information.
12.1.17 Flaw description (depth, location, length, height, 13. Keywords
amplitude, and character). 13.1 NDT of weldments; nondestructive testing; ultrasonic
12.1.18 Name of operator. contact examination; ultrasonic NDT of weldments; weldments
8
E164 13
FIG. 16 Flaw Location Chart
FIG. 17 Reflector Size Evaluation
FIG. 18 Determination of Reflector Orientation
9
E164 13
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WELDING (IIW) TYPE REFERENCE BLOCKS AND
OTHER REFERENCE BLOCKS FOR ULTRASONIC TESTING
A1.1 Purpose initial pulse indication may not be a true representation of the
A1.1.1 IIW Type Reference BlocksTo facilitate the adjust- entrant surface. When using the double search unit technique,
ment and standardization of ultrasonic flaw-detecting equip- it should be realized that the distances between the multiple
ment. The blocks can also be used to: echoes are not completely equal because of the different path
A1.1.1.1 Standardize the sweep length, lengths, which are inherent to this technique. When using the
double search unit technique combined with another medium
A1.1.1.2 Adjust the pulse energy and amplification,
between probe and specimen, an even larger distance between
A1.1.1.3 Confirm the stability and proper operation of the
the initial pulse indication and the first echo, compared to the
equipment, or
distance between the multiple echoes, will be observed. The
A1.1.1.4 Determine probe characteristics, such as their
two screen images for a 4-in. (100-mm) range setting, obtained
sensitivity, and in the case of angle-beam search units, the
when using the single search unit and the double search unit
location of the beam exit point (beam index), the path length in
techniques are illustrated in Fig. A1.2.
the wedge, and the angle of refraction.
A1.3.1.3 Single Search Unit TechniqueTo standardize the
A1.1.2 Supplementary BlocksBlocks other than those de- sweep length when using a straight-beam longitudinal-wave
rived from the IIW Reference Block 1, can be used for distance search unit for a distance less than 10 in. (250 mm), place the
and sensitivity standardization. For details, see A1.5. search unit as indicated in Fig. A1.3 and adjust the distance
between the multiple echoes to 4 in. (100 mm). To standardize
A1.2 Description
the sweep length when using a straight-beam longitudinal wave
A1.2.1 The recommended configuration for an IIW-Type search unit for a distance greater than 10 in. (250 mm), place
reference block for use in this practice is shown in Fig. A1.1. the search unit in the position indicated in Fig. A1.3. For the
Dimensions are given for a version in U.S. customary units, 20-in. (500-mm) range, a screen pattern will appear as shown
and for a metric version based on IIW, ISO, and some national in Fig. A1.4. This screen pattern also shows the indications
standards. Material must be selected by the using parties. caused by shear waves generated by the mode conversion of
Unless otherwise specified, a low carbon-steel such as UNS the longitudinal waves and other reflections.
G10180 is suggested. An optional cylindrical acrylic plastic
disk may be permanently mounted in the 2 in. (50 mm) A1.3.2 Using an Angle-Beam Search Unit for a Sweep
diameter hole; it is not required for this practice. Length from 4 to 10 in. (100 to 250 mm):
A1.3.2.1 Place the search unit in the position indicated in
NOTE A1.1If the disk is provided it shall meet these requirements: Fig. A1.5 and use the echoes obtained from the curved surface
materialpolymethylmethacrylate resin
thickness0.920 6 0.005 in. (23 6 0.1 mm)
(with a radius of 4 in. (100 mm) and the groove with a radius
surfacespolished, flat within 0.002 in. (0.5 mm) of 1 in. (25 mm). The sweep-length setting most commonly
one surface to be mounted flush with a block face used is 10 in. (250 mm), whereby the screen pattern must be
standardized in such a way that the indication of the curved
A1.3 Distance Standardization surface appears at 4 in. and the pulse indication of the groove
A1.3.1 Straight-Beam Longitudinal Wave: appears at 9 in. (225 mm). The indication from the curved
A1.3.1.1 When standardizing the horizontal distance or surface will be at its maximum amplitude when the beam index
sweep-length scale, adjust the multiple echoes obtained from a coincides with the center point of the curvature; verify this by
known length of the reference block in such a way that the moving the search unit back and forth, parallel to the sides of
leading edges of the echoes (the left-hand side) coincide with the reference block. In this case, the groove echo can be
the required divisions of the horizontal scale. In most instances, received by slightly rotating the search unit. In most instances,
utilization of the highest possible frequency is recommended to the initial pulse indication will appear to the left of the scale
produce sharp indications, thereby improving the accuracy of zeropoint, caused by the delay in the wedge.
the distance standardization. A1.3.2.2 It is also possible to standardize the time base for
A1.3.1.2 As previously mentioned, the standardization is shear waves for any material whose shear to longitudinal
only valid if the materials to be examined are fabricated from velocity ratio is 0.55 by placing a straight-beam longitudinal-
a material with the same or approximately the same velocity of wave search unit in the position indicated in Fig. A1.6. The
sound as the reference block; for instance, a carbon steel multiple echoes obtained in this way will appear at distances
reference block should not be used when examining certain that coincide with a sound path of 2 in. (50 mm) for shear
stainless steels. Furthermore, it should be realized that the waves. If the sweep length is standardized in this manner, it is
10
E164 13
Table of Dimensions
U.S. Customary Block Metric Block
Symbol
Dimension (in.) Tolerance (in.) Dimension (mm) Tolerance (mm)
A 4.000 0.005 100 0.1
B 1.200 0.005 30 0.1
C 0.600 0.005 15 0.1
d1 2.000 0.01 50 0.2
d2 0.060 0.001 1.5 0.02
E 1.400 0.005 35 0.1
F 8.000 0.005 200 0.1
G 3.640 0.005 91 0.1
H 1.000 0.005 25 0.1
I 0.080 0.005 2 0.1
J 0.240 0.005 6 0.1
K 0.120 0.005 3 0.1
L 0.060 0.005 1.5 0.1
r1 4.000 0.01 100 0.2
r2 1.000 0.01 25 0.2
Surfaces/finish Ra a 32 in. max 0.8 m max
b 63 in. max 1.6 m max
c 125 in. max 3.2 m max
Scales
X 1.200 tan + 1.400 0.005 30 tan + 35 0.1
Y 0.600 tan + 1.400 0.005 15 tan + 35 0.1
Z 2.800 tan + 1.400 0.005 70 tan + 35 0.1
Note 1Material as specified.
Note 2Scale X is 6075, 1 increments, legends at 60, 65, 70, & 75.
Note 3Scale Y is 7080, 1 increments, legends at 70, 75, & 80.
Note 4Scale Z is 3565, 1 increments, legends at 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 & 65.
Note 5In order to avoid sharp edges, minimize plating buildup, or remove in-service nicks and burrs, block edges may be smoothed by beveling or rounding,
provided the corner treatment does not reduce the edge dimension by more than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm).
Note 6English and metric units shown on this figure represent values used for two different blocks, that is, U.S. Customary Block and a Metric Block, and are
not necessarily equivalent values.
FIG. A1.1 Reference Blocks for Ultrasonic Testing
11
E164 13
NOTE 1English and metric units shown on this figure represent values used for two different blocks, that is, U.S. Customary Block and a Metric
Block, and are not necessarily equivalent values.
FIG. A1.2 Screen Images for a 4-in. (100-mm) Range Setting
FIG. A1.3 Position for a Single Straight-Beam Longitudinal Wave Search Unit
FIG. A1.4 Screen Pattern Showing Indications Caused by Mode Conversion
essential that subsequently the zeropoint be corrected if angle- standardizing a distance of 4 in. (100 mm), whereby the two
beam search units are used, because of the time delay caused multiple echoes obtained from the 3.64-in. (91-mm) distance
by the wedge. The above method can be used, for example, for are positioned at respectively 2 in. (50 mm) and 4 in. (100 mm)
12
E164 13
FIG. A1.5 Position for an Angle-Beam Search Unit
FIG. A1.6 Longitudinal Wave Standardization of Sweep for Angle-Beam Shear Wave Examination
on the scale. After the angle beam shear wave search unit has
13
E164 13
been connected, correct the zeropoint by adjusting the sweep- various search units are to be compared, the same couplant
delay control to position echo from 4-in. (100-mm) radius should be used for each examination.
reflector, at position of second back reflections of the straight A1.4.1.1 Determination of the Beam Index of Angle-Beam
beam. Search UnitsPosition the search unit as indicated in Fig. A1.5
A1.3.3 Using an Angle-Beam Search Unit for a Sweep and move it parallel to the sides of the reference block until the
Length Larger than 10 in. (250 mm)The same method can be maximum echo from the quadrant is obtained. The beam index
used as described in A1.3.2; position a straight-beam is now directly above the centerpoint of the quadrant.
longitudinal-wave search unit as illustrated in Fig. A1.6 and A1.4.1.2 Determination of the Sound Path in the Wedge
thereafter correct the zeropoint in a manner similar to A1.3.2.2. The method mentioned in A1.4.1.1 makes a direct measure-
ment of the sound path in the wedge possible. It is known that
A1.3.4 Distance Standardization for the Sound Path, Pro-
the echo on the screen is caused by a reflection from a plane
jected on the Surface to be ScannedPlace the search unit on
lying at a distance of 4 in. (102 mm). The additional distance
the reference block as indicated in Fig. A1.7 and correct the
that is read on the screen is caused by the delay in the wedge.
signal obtained from the edge of the block to coincide with the
Normally, this sound path is not taken into consideration and
distance between the beam index and the edge of the block. A
the initial pulse indication is moved in such a way that the
standard ruler may be used to measure the skip distances. For
quadrant echo corresponds with the 4-in. line on the screen
inch-dimensioned blocks, the ruler should be a minimum of
(with long delay wedges this initial pulse indication is some-
12 in. long with 0.1-in. or smaller divisions; for SI unit blocks,
times completely off the screen).
the ruler should be a minimum of 300 mm long with 2-mm or
smaller divisions. Make adjustments for the skip distance and A1.4.1.3 Determination of the Angle of RefractionThe
half of the skip distance. It should be noted that when utilizing echo, which reflects from the surface of the 2-in. (50-mm)
angle-beam search units of approximately 60, this standard- diameter hole, is used. The reference that is engraved on both
ization may be erroneous due to mode conversion. sides of the block makes a direct determination of angles
between 35 and 75 possible. The exact angle of refraction can
A1.3.5 Adjustment of SensitivityWhen adjusting the be read at the beam index when the echo is at its maximum
sensitivity, take into consideration the following points: height. When measuring angles of refraction between 75 and
A1.3.5.1 The frequency used. 80, the small hole 0.060 in. (1.5 mm) is used. Both positions
A1.3.5.2 The energy of the transmitted pulse. are indicated in Fig. A1.8.
A1.3.5.3 The surface condition of the object to be exam-
ined. A1.5 Standardization with Supplementary Blocks
A1.3.5.4 The attenuation of the material to be examined,
A1.5.1 Other types of reference blocks are illustrated in the
relative to its acoustical characteristics.
following figures:
A1.3.5.5 The characteristics of the reflecting flaw, distance,
surface condition, orientation, and the type of discontinuity. Fig. A1.9Type DC Distance Reference Block
Fig. A1.10Type SC Sensitivity Reference Block
A1.4 Checking the Search Units and Their Characteristics Fig. A1.11Type DSC Distance and Sensitivity Reference
A1.4.1 When checking the characteristics of a search unit, Block
contact between the specimen and search unit is of major Fig. A1.12Type MAB Miniature Angle-Beam Reference
importance, and it is necessary to use sufficient couplant. If Block
FIG. A1.7 Position for Search Unit when Measuring Distance Standardization for the Sound Path
14
E164 13
FIG. A1.8 Determination of the Angle of Refraction
Table of Dimensions
Symbol
A 0.500 0.010 12.5 0.2
B 0.250 0.010 6.3 0.2
Rad. r1 1.000 0.010 25.0 0.2
Rad. r2 2.000 0.010 50.0 0.2
NOTE 1Material to be as specified; refer also to A1.5.1.

NOTE 2All surfaces: Ra 125 in. (3.2 m) max.
NOTE 3Index mark at center of curvature to be engraved as shown, two sides.
NOTE 4In order to avoid sharp edges, minimize plating buildup, or remove in-service nicks and burrs, block edges may be smoothed by beveling
or rounding, provided the corner treatment does not reduce the edge dimension by more than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm).
FIG. A1.9 Type DC Distance Reference Blocks
NOTE A1.2Types DC, SC, and DSC are similar in configuration to A1.5.2 Typical standardization uses of these blocks are
those of the same type described in AWS documents. The miniature listed in Table A1.1 and the corresponding search unit positions
angle-beam block is a U.S. version of IIW Reference Block 2 but with
significant variations. Block material must be specified by the using are illustrated in Fig. A1.13. The specific standardization
parties. Refer also to A1.2.1. procedures used are determined by the application involved.
15
E164 13
Table of Dimensions
Symbol
A 3.000 0.005 75.0 0.1
B 1.250 0.05 32.0 1.0
C 0.905 0.005 22.6 0.1
D 0.500 0.005 12.5 0.1
E 0.384 0.005 9.6 0.1
F 0.500 0.005 12.5 0.1
G 0.727 0.005 18.2 0.1
Dia. d 0.0625 0.0005 1.6 0.02
SCALE X
70 1.450 0.005 36.3 0.1
1.555 0.005 38.9 0.1
1.682 0.005 42.1 0.1
SCALE Y
45 1.178 0.005 29.5 0.1
1.227 0.005 30.7 0.1
1.280 0.005 32.0 0.1
SCALE Z
60 1.334 0.005 33.4 0.1
1.402 0.005 35.1 0.1
1.480 0.005 37.0 0.1

NOTE 2Surface finish: External surfacesRa 125 in. (3.2 m) max.
Inner surface of holesRa 32 in. (0.8 m) max.
NOTE 3Scale marks and legends to be engraved at positions indicated.
FIG. A1.10 Type SC Sensitivity Reference Blocks
16
E164 13
Table of Dimensions
Symbol
A 1.000 0.005 25.0 0.1
B 2.500 0.005 62.5 0.1
C 0.750 0.005 18.8 0.1
D 1.000 0.005 25.0 0.1
E 0.484 0.005 12.1 0.1
F 0.032 0.005 0.8 0.1
Dia. d 0.125 0.002 3.2 0.05
Rad. r1 1.000 0.005 25.0 0.1
Rad. r2 3.000 0.005 75.0 0.1
Rad. r3 0.25 0.02 6.3 0.5
Rad. r4 2.625 0.005 65.6 0.1
SCALE X
45 0.699 0.005 17.5 0.1
0.750 0.005 18.8 0.1
0.804 0.005 20.1 0.1
60 1.200 0.005 30.0 0.1

1.299 0.005 32.5 0.1
1.410 0.005 35.2 0.1
70 1.856 0.005 46.4 0.1

2.061 0.005 51.5 0.1
2.308 0.005 57.7 0.1

NOTE 2Notch at radius r4 to have rectangular cross section.
NOTE 3Surface finish: External surfacesRa 125 in. (3.2 m) max.
Inner surface of test holeRa 32 in. (0.8 m) max.
OD of square notchRa 32 in. (0.8 m) max.
NOTE 4Index mark at center of curvature to be engraved as shown.
NOTE 5Scale marks and legends to be engraved at positions indicated.
FIG. A1.11 Type DSC Distance and Sensitivity Reference Blocks
17
E164 13
or rounding provided, the corner treatment does not reduce the edge dimension by more than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm).
FIG. A1.12 Type MAB Miniature Angle-Beam Reference Block
TABLE A1.1 Use of Supplementary Blocks for Standardization of InstrumentLettered Search Unit Locations Indicate Positioning for
the Specific Standardizations Listed
Straight Beam Tests Angle-Beam Tests
Block
Distance Sensitivity Beam Index Beam Angle Distance Sensitivity
DC A A B ... B B
DSC F F CE D CE DE
SC ... ... ... GHI ... GHI
MAB O NO JK LM JK LM
18
E164 13
FIG. A1.13 Typical Search Unit Positions of Other Reference Blocks
19
E164 13
A2. RECTANGULAR COORDINATE STANDARDIZATION OF ANGLE-BEAM SEARCH UNITS ON THE ASME-TYPE BASIC
REFERENCE BLOCK
A2.1 Capabilities of the Method (see Fig. A2.1)

A2.1.1 Sweep range standardization over the examination
range.
A2.1.2 Sensitivity standardization of the examination sys-
tem.
A2.1.3 Distance amplitude standardization.
A2.1.4 Position depth standardization with respect to the
front of the search unit and the examination surface.
A2.1.5 Resolution comparison of different examination sys-
tems.
A2.1.6 Standardization correction for planar reflectors per-
pendicular to the examination surface at or near the surface.
A2.1.7 Beam spread.
FIG. A2.2 Basic Reference Reflectors
A2.2 Basic Reference Reflectors
A2.2.1 A basic reference reflector is the side of a hole TABLE A2.1 Hole Diameters
drilled with its axis parallel to the examination surface and
perpendicular to the edge of the material. Other reflectors such NOTE 1For each additional 2 in. (50.8 mm) of thickness add 116 in.
(1.60 mm) to the hole diameter.
as the square notch may also be used. The side-drilled hole may
Thickness (T) Hole Diameter
be drilled into the weldment if its presence in the weldment is
in. mm in. mm
not detrimental to the structure. The side-drilled hole may be 3 32 A
Up through 1 up through 25.4 2.40
drilled into a block machined from excess stock from the Over 1 through 2 over 25.4 through 50.8 1 8 B 3.20
weldment or from similar material of the same thickness. See Over 2 through 4 over 50.8 through 316 4.80
Fig. A2.2. 101.6
Over 4 through 6 over 101.6 through
14 6.40
A2.2.1.1 The hole shall be drilled to a depth of 112 in. 152.4
(38 mm) minimum, but where possible the depth shall be 2 in. Over 6 through 8 over 152.4 through
5 16 7.90
(51 mm). 203.2
A
A2.2.1.2 The hole diameter is changed with thickness of the The 332-in. (2.40-mm) diameter hole shall be drilled to a depth of 1.5 in. (38.1
mm) minimum and located at T/2.
weldment in accordance with Table A2.1. B
The 18-in. (3.20-mm) diameter and larger holes shall be drilled to a depth of 2 in.
A2.2.1.3 The axis of the hole shall be at the plate thickness (50.8 mm) minimum and located at T/4.
centerline for thickness up to 1 in. (25 mm). In thicker material
the axis of the hole shall be 14 of the thickness below one of the
examination surfaces. For simplicity the 14 T location only is
described. The same principles hold for the 12 T hole location
but the numbers are different. and component thickness will require that the block length be
A2.2.1.4 The hole shall be positioned 1 2 of the thickness significantly greater than 3T.
from the weld if the hole is in the weldment or 12 of the A2.2.1.5 The weldment thickness dimension will be the
thickness from the end if a block is used. The length of the plate thickness if plate is used for fabrication of the block.
block shall be at least 3 T and the width shall be 4 in.
A2.2.1.6 A scribe line shall be made in the thickness
(102 mm). For some applications, in order to achieve the 7/8,
8/8, and 9/8 Vee-path positions on the DAC, the selected angle direction through the hole centerline and continued across the
two examination surfaces of the block.
A2.2.1.7 A square notch shall be made with a 18-in.
(3.2-mm) diameter flat end mill and have a depth of 2 % T, and
length of 1 in. (25 mm) located on the examination surface 34
T from the side-drilled hole, running from 2 to 3 in.
(51 to 76 mm) from the hole face of the block on the T/2 side
of the scribe line with one side of the notch flush with the
scribe line.
A2.2.1.8 The examination surfaces of the reference block
shall be finished the same as the examination surfaces of the
FIG. A2.1 Capabilities of the Method weldment.
20
E164 13
A2.3 Sweep Range Standardization (see Fig. A2.3)
A2.3.1 Couple the angle beam search unit to the examina-
tion surface 14 T from the side-drilled hole. Position the search
unit for the maximum first indication from the side-drilled
hole. Adjust the left edge of this indication to line 1 on the
screen with the delay control.
A2.3.2 Slide the search unit away positioning for the
maximum third indication from the hole. Adjust the left edge of
this indication to line 9 on the screen with the range control.
A2.3.3 Repeat delay and range control adjustments until the
first and third hole reflections start at sweep lines 1 and 9.
FIG. A2.4 Sensitivity
A2.3.4 Slide the search unit positioning for maximum
response from the square notch. The indication will appear at
sweep line 4.
A2.3.5 Couple the search unit to the examination surface
containing the square notch positioning for maximum response
from the notch. The indication will appear at sweep line 8.
A2.3.6 Each division on the sweep equals 18 of the Vee
path.
A2.4 Sensitivity Standardization(see Fig. A2.4)
A2.4.1 Obtain maximum amplitudes from the 18, 38, 58, 78, FIG. A2.5 Distance Amplitude
and 98 Vee paths to the hole.
A2.4.2 Adjust the sensitivity control to provide an 80 %
of-full-screen amplitude from the hole at the path giving the
highest amplitude. Mark the peak of the indication on the
screen with a grease pencil.
A2.5 Distance-Amplitude Standardization (see Fig. A2.5)
A2.5.1 Without changing the sensitivity control, obtain
maximum amplitudes from the other Vee path positions to the
hole.
A2.5.2 Mark the peaks of the indications on the screen.
A2.5.3 Connect the screen marks to provide the distance-
amplitude curve for the side-drilled hole. FIG. A2.6 Position Depth
A2.6 Position Depth Standardization (see Fig. A2.6)

A2.6.1 The following measurements may be made with a
rule or scale, or marked on an indexing strip. The indexing strip the standardizations in Annex A2 are written based upon the
may be any convenient strip of wood, plastic, cardboard, etc. use of the indexing strip. However, the procedures may be
One convenient technique is to use a sheet of paper folded transformed for other methods of measurement at the discre-
repeatedly until it is about the size of a pencil. The balance of tion of the operator.
A2.6.1.1 Couple the search unit to the examination surface
14 T from the side-drilled hole. Position the search unit for
maximum first response from the hole. Place one end of the
indexing strip against the front of the search unit, the other end
extending in the direction of the beam on the examination
surface. Mark the number 1 on the indexing strip at the scribe
line that is directly above the hole (Note A2.1).
A2.6.1.2 Position the search unit for maximum second and
third indication from the hole. Keep the same end of the
indexing strip against the front of the search unit. Mark
numbers 7 and 9 on the indexing strip at the scribe line.
A2.6.1.3 Position the search unit for the maximum notch
indication. Mark the number 4 on the indexing strip at the
FIG. A2.3 Sweep Range scribe line.
21
E164 13
A2.6.1.4 Couple, the search unit to the examination surface hole one may determine if the system has the capability to
containing the notch positioning for the maximum indication provide distinct indications from reflector spacing of less than
from the first and second indication from the hole. Mark 116 of the Vee path.
numbers 3 and 5 on the indexing strip at the scribe line.

A2.6.1.5 Position the search unit for the maximum notch A2.8 Planar Reflectors
indication. Mark the number 8 on the indexing strip at the A2.8.1 Standardization Correction for Planar Reflectors
notch. Perpendicular to the Examination Surface at or near Either
A2.6.1.6 The depth from the examination surface to the SurfaceThe 45 angle-beam shear wave reflects well from
reflector is T at 4; 34 T at 3 and 5; 12 T at 2, 6, and 10; 14 T at such a reflector; however, mode conversion and redirection of
1, 7, and 9; and 0 at 8. Interpolation is possible for smaller reflection occurs to part of the beam when a 60 angle-beam
increments of depth. This measurement may be corrected by shear wave hits the same reflector. This problem also exists to
the radius of the hole if the radius is considered significant to a lesser degree throughout the 57 to 80 angle-beam shear-
the reflector location accuracy. wave range. This correction is required in order to be equally
critical of such an imperfection regardless of the examination
NOTE A2.1The indexing strip standardization numbers indicate the
position directly over the reflector which produces an indication at the beam angle. See Fig. A2.8.
same sweep number on the screen. A2.8.1.1 Couple the search unit to the examination surface
14 T from the hole. Position for maximum amplitude from the
A2.7 Resolution Comparison of Different Examination square notch. X mark the peak of the indication on the screen
Systems (see Fig. A2.7) near sweep line 4.
A2.7.1 Couple the search unit to the examination surface A2.8.1.2 Couple the search unit to the examination surface
containing the square notch. Position the search unit so that the containing the square notch. Position for maximum amplitude
number 4 on the indexing strip is at the scribe line above the from the square notch. X mark the peak of the indication on
hole. Three indications may be observed near 3, 4, and 5. the screen near sweep line 8.
A2.8.1.3 The square notch may give an indication 2 to 1
A2.7.2 Adjust the position of the search unit for maximum
above the DA Curve with a 45-deg angle beam and 12 of the
amplitude on the center indication near 4 and equal indications
DA Curve with a 60-deg angle beam. Therefore, the indication
from near 3 and 5.
from the square notch must be considered when evaluating
A2.7.3 The indication near 3 is the beam spread direct reflectors at the top or bottom surface.
reflection. The indication at 4 is from the beam spread
following the path from search unit to hole, to opposite surface, A2.9 Beam Spread
to search unit. The indication near 5 is from the beam spread A2.9.1 Beam spread measurements may be made on the
following the path from search unit to opposite surface to hole side-drilled hole. For example, the half-amplitude beam limits
and reflecting along the incident path. may be plotted by calibrating the beam centerline in accor-
A2.7.4 If these indications are easily resolved, couple the dance with A2.3 A2.6 and proceeding with the following (see
search unit to the examination surface 14 T from the side- Fig. A2.9):
drilled hole. Position the search unit so that the number 8 on A2.9.1.1 Double the amplitude of the indications (6-dB
the indexing strip is at the scribe line above the hole. Three change).
indications may be observed near 7, 8, and 9. A2.9.1.2 Couple the search unit to the examination surface.
Position for maximum first indication from the hole. Move the
A2.7.5 If these indications are resolved, the system has the
search unit toward the hole until the amplitude equals the DA
capability to provide distinct indications from reflector spacing
Curve. Mark a small number 1 on the indexing strip at the
of less than 18 of the Vee path.
scribe line. When the search unit covers the scribe line, marks
A2.7.6 If proof of better resolution is required the above may be made on the side of the search unit.
steps should be repeated on an alternative hole of the same size A2.9.1.3 Move the search unit away from the hole until the
12 T from the other end of the block, 18 T from the examination
amplitude equals the DA Curve. Mark a small number 1 on the
surface containing the square notch. By using the alternative indexing strip at the scribe line.
A2.9.1.4 Repeat these measurements at positions 3, 5, 7,
and 9 eights of the Vee path.
FIG. A2.7 Resolution FIG. A2.8 Planar Reflectors
22
E164 13
FIG. A2.9 Beam Spread
A2.9.1.5 Plot these points on a full-scale drawing of the edge of the beam. These two lines represent the half-amplitude
projected beam path. Plot positions with respect to the vertical limits of the beam measured on the side-drilled hole. When
projection of the front of the search unit; plot depths at 1, 3, 5, spread is indicated, draw a straight line through points 5, 7, and
7, and 9 quarters of the thickness equivalent to the 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 at the upper and lower edges of the beam. Project the lines to
and 9 eighths of the Vee path. cross and measure the angle between the lines. This is the
A2.9.1.6 Draw a straight line through the centerline points beam-spread angle of the full beam measured at the half-
and extend the line to the search unit. This indicates the beam amplitude level on the side-drilled hole.
centerline point on the search unit. The beam angle may be
read with a protractor as the angle between the beam centerline A2.10 Alternative Standardization Paths
and a perpendicular line to the examination surface, such as the
A2.10.1 Alternative standardization paths may be used. For
search-unit front-line projection. Alternatively the beam angle
may be computed by using the 1-to-9 position distance from example, 58 of the Vee path is sometimes used with the 70
the indexing strip position depth standardization, where re- angle beam; 208 of the Vee path may be used in thin materials;
fracted beam angle, or 38 to 138 may be used to avoid wedge noise but keep the
upward and downward angle-beam paths. The preceding mea-
2 5 arctan S 1 2 to 2 9 position distance
2T D (A2.1) surements may be made on these alternative paths but the
position location and depth numbers must be changed accord-
A2.9.1.7 Connect small number points 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 at ingly. See Fig. A2.10.
the lower edge of the beam and the similar points at the upper
23
E164 13
FIG. A2.10 Alternative Paths
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E164 - 08)
that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)
(1) Changed title of 9.4.2 to Electronic Distance Amplitude

Correction or Time-Corrected Gain
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Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments: Standard Practice For

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Practice for

1. Scope* Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Roughness Average Equivalent Couplant

5 to 100 SAE 10 wt. motor oil

FIG. 4 Supplementary Technique 3, for Examining Butt Welds for

8(a) Technique 7, for

FIG. 5 Two-Search-Unit Technique 4, for Use with Thick Weld-

FIG. 8 (b) Alternative Technique 7, for Searching T-Welds for

FIG. 6 Technique 5, for Examining the Weld Volume of T-Welds

FIG. 9 Technique 8, for Examining the Weld Volume of Double-

9.4.2.2 Peak the response from each reference reflector at

NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the

NOTE 1Search-unit shoes are machined to match the curvature of the

12.1.15 Examination frequency. 12.1.19 Date of examination.

FIG. 16 Flaw Location Chart

FIG. 17 Reflector Size Evaluation

FIG. 18 Determination of Reflector Orientation

FIG. A1.1 Reference Blocks for Ultrasonic Testing

FIG. A1.8 Determination of the Angle of Refraction

NOTE 1Material to be as specified; refer also to A1.5.1.

NOTE 1Material to be as specified; refer also to A1.5.1.

60 1.200 0.005 30.0 0.1

70 1.856 0.005 46.4 0.1

NOTE 1Material to be as specified; refer also to A1.5.1.

SC ... ... ... GHI ... GHI

FIG. A1.13 Typical Search Unit Positions of Other Reference Blocks

A2.1 Capabilities of the Method (see Fig. A2.1)

A2.6 Position Depth Standardization (see Fig. A2.6)

numbers 3 and 5 on the indexing strip at the scribe line.

FIG. A2.7 Resolution FIG. A2.8 Planar Reflectors

FIG. A2.9 Beam Spread

FIG. A2.10 Alternative Paths

(1) Changed title of 9.4.2 to Electronic Distance Amplitude

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