100 Day Kit

For Newly Diagnosed Families of Young Children

FAMILY SERVICES JULY 2014
 100 DAY KIT

Its time to listen.

A tool kit to assist families of young children

in getting the critical information they need in the
first 100 days after an autism diagnosis.

Autism Speaks does not provide medical or legal advice or services. Rather, Autism Speaks provides
general information about autism as a service to the community. The information provided in this tool kit
is not a recommendation, referral or endorsement of any resource, therapeutic method, or service
provider and does not replace the advice of medical, legal or educational professionals. Autism Speaks
has not validated and is not responsible for any information or services provided by third parties. You are
urged to use independent judgment and request references when considering any resource
associated with the provision of services related to autism.

2014 Autism Speaks Inc., Autism Speaks, and Autism Speaks Its Time to Listen & Design, as well as Autism Speaks Light It Up Blue, are registered trademarks owned by Autism Speaks
Inc. All rights reserved. The use of these trademarks by unaffiliated representatives for endorsement, advertising, promotional, and sales materials is prohibited by law.
 100 DAY KIT

About This Kit 100 Day Kit Professional Advisory Committee

The Autism Speaks 100 Day Kit is a tool designed Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D.
to help assist families of children recently diagnosed Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci-
with autism during the critical period following an ences, Duke University Medical Center
autism diagnosis. The kit includes basic information
about autism and its symptoms, tips for dealing with Robin L. Hansen, M.D.
a childs diagnosis, information about therapies and Director, University Center for Excellence in Develop-
treatments, forms to help parents get organized, a mental Disabilities
comprehensive list of resources and more. Director of Clinical Programs
M.I.N.D. Institute/U.C.Davis
The 100 Day Kit was released in 2008 and a second
version was released in 2011. It was created by the Susan Hyman, M.D.
Autism Speaks Family Services staff in conjunc- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
tion with both a professional and parent advisory Strong Center for Developmental Disabilities
committee and the Family Services Committee.
Connie Kasari, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychological Studies in Education
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information
Acknowledgements
Sciences

Autism Speaks would like to extend special thanks to the

Ami Klin, Ph.D.
Parent Advisory Committee for the time and effort that
Yale University, School of Medicine
they put into reviewing the 100 Day Kit.
Child Study Center

100 Day Kit Parent Advisory Committee

Lynn Kern Koegel, Ph.D.
Clinical Director, Koegel Autism Center
Stacy Crowe
University of California, Santa Barbara
Jill DiGiorgio
Rodney Goodman
Robert L. Koegel, Ph.D.
Beth Hawes
Professor of Clinical Psychology and Special Education
Deborah Hilibrand
Director, Koegel Autism Center
Dawn Itzkowitz
University of California, Santa Barbara
Lance Jeffreys
Stacy Karger
Raun Melmed, M.D.
Marjorie Madfis
Director, Melmed Center
Donna Ross-Jones
Medical Director, SARRC
Betsy Spalla
Judith Ursitti
Ricki Robinson, M.D., MPH
Meredith Weiss
USC Keck School of Medicine
Marcy Wenning

Sarah J. Spence M.D., Ph.D.

With gratitude, we thank the 100 Day Kit Professional
Staff Clinician
Advisory Committee for generously donating their time
Pediatrics and Developmental Neuropsychiatry Branch
and experience to this project.
National Institute of Mental Health
 100 DAY KIT

Carole Samango-Sprouse, Ed.D. Mel Karmazin*

Director, Neurodevelopmental Diagnostic Center for Grandparent
Young Children, Associate Clinical Professor in the
Department of Pediatrics at George Washington Brian Kelly * **
University Parent

Wendy Stone, Ph.D. Artie Kempner*

Vanderbilt Kennedy Center Parent
Treatment and Research Institute for Autism
Spectrum Disorders Gary S. Mayerson*
Founding Attorney, Mayerson & Associates
Lauren Elder, PhD
Director, Ascent Psychological Services Kevin Murray*
Parent
Heather Johnson, PsyD
Staff Psychologist Division of Developmental and Be- Linda Meyer, Ed.D
havioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Executive Director, Autism New Jersey

Ashley Murray, PsyM Danny Openden, PhD, BCBA-D

Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center President and CEO, Southwest Autism Research and
Resource Center (SARRC)
Rebekah Ridgeway PsyD
Staff Psychologist, Kelly OLeary Center for Autism Valerie Paradiz, PhD
Spectrum Disorders Director, Valerie Paradiz, LLC
Director Autistic Global Initiative
Emily Schreiber, MA. Parent and self-advocate
Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center
Stuart Savitz*
Autism Speaks Family Services Committee Parent

Dan Aronson Paul Shattuck, PhD

Parent Leader, AJ Drexel Autism Institute Research Program
Area on Life Course Outcomes
Liz Bell
Parent Stephen Shore, EdD
Assistant Professor, Special Education, Adelphi
Sallie Bernard* University, Self-advocate
Parent, Executive Director, SafeMinds
Michelle Smigel
Farah Chapes Parent
Chief Administrative Officer, The Marcus Autism Center
*Autism Speaks board member
**Chairperson Family Services Committee
Peter F. Gerhardt, Ed.D
Parent indicates a parent of a child with autism
Former President, Organization for Autism Research
(OAR)
 100 DAY KIT

Autism Speaks thanks the following supporters whose generous contributions have
helped to fund this 100 Day Kit for Newly Diagnosed Families.

Table of Contents
About Autism
Why was My Child Diagnosed with Autism and What Does it Mean? .. 1
Why Does My Child Need a Diagnosis of Autism? ....... 1
How is Autism Diagnosed? ... 2
What is Autism? ... 3
How common is Autism? 4
What Causes Autism? 4
More Information about Symptoms of Autism 5
Unique Abilities that May Accompany Autism 8
Physical and Medical Issues that May Accompany Autism .. 10

You, Your Family and Autism

How will I Deal with this Diagnosis? . 14
Caring for the Caregiver . 16
What should we know About Our Younger or Future Children? . 20
How will this Affect Our Family? 21
Sharing Your Struggle with Family and Friends . 22
15 Tips for Your Family .. 23
Developmental Milestones: Understanding Your Childs Behavior . 26

Getting Your Child Services

How Do I Get the Help My Child Needs? 28
29
Accessing Services: Your Childs Right to Public Education ....
Early Intervention (EI) Services for Children Under the Age of 3 30
Special Education Services for Children Ages 3-22 .. 31
How Do I Get Services Started for My Child? 32
Autism and Insurance 33

How is Autism Treated?

Treatment for the Core Symptoms of Autism . 34
What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)? . 35
What is Verbal Behavior? .. 37
What is Pivotal Response Treatment? . 39
What is the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)? 40
What is Floortime (DIR)? 41
What is Relationship Development Intervention (RDI)? 42
What is TEACCH? .. 43
What is Social Communication/Emotional Regulation/Transactional Supports (SCERTS) 44
Treatment for Biological and Medical Conditions Associated with Autism ........ 45
Is there a Cure? .. 48

Making it Happen
How Do I Choose the Right Intervention? .. 49
Assembling your Team .. 50
Technology and Autism . 53
Autism and Wandering . 53

Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew .... 55
A Week by Week Plan for the Next 100 Days .... 59
Ideas for Purposeful Play ..... 66
Useful Forms .. 67
Glossary ... 84
Resources ... 95
 100 DAY KIT

About Autism
Why Was My Child
Diagnosed with Autism?
And What Does It Mean?
Your child has been diagnosed with autism spectrum
disorder and you have asked for help. This is an
important turning point in a long journey. For some
families, it may be the point when, after a long search
for answers, you now have a name for something
you didnt know what to call, but you knew existed.
Perhaps you suspected autism, but held out hope
that an evaluation would prove otherwise. Many fami-
lies report mixed feelings of sadness and relief when
their child is diagnosed. You may feel completely
overwhelmed. You may also feel relieved to know thousands of parents like you to seek answers that
that the concerns you have had for your child are have resulted in a diagnosis of autism. You may
valid. Whatever it is you feel, know that thousands of wonder: Why does my child need a diagnosis of
parents share this journey. You are not alone. There autism? Thats a fair question to ask - especially
is reason to hope. There is help. Now that you have when right now, no one is able to offer you a cure.
the diagnosis, the question is, where do you go from Autism Speaks is dedicated to funding global
here? The Autism Speaks 100 Day Kit was created biomedical research into the causes, prevention,
to help you make the best possible use of the next treatments and a possible cure for autism. Great
100 days in the life of your child. It contains informa- strides have been made and the current state of
tion and advice collected from trusted and respected progress is a far cry from the time when parents
experts on autism and parents like you. were given no hope for their children. Some of the
most brilliant minds of our time have turned their
attention toward this disorder.
Why Does My Child Need a It is important to remember that your
Diagnosis of Autism? child is the same unique, lovable,
wonderful person he or she was before
Parents are usually the first to notice the early signs the diagnosis.
of autism. You probably noticed that your child was
developing differently from his or her peers. The There are, however, several reasons why having a
differences may have existed from birth or may have diagnosis is important for your child. A thorough and
become more noticeable later. Sometimes, the differ- detailed diagnosis provides important information
ences are severe and obvious to everyone. In other about your childs behavior and development. It can
cases, they are more subtle and are first recognized help create a roadmap for treatment by identifying
by a daycare provider or preschool teacher. Those your childs specific strengths and challenges and
differences, the symptoms of autism, have led providing useful information about which needs and

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skills should be targeted for effective intervention. A

diagnosis is often required to access autism-specific
services through early intervention programs or your
local school district.

How is Autism Diagnosed?

Presently, we dont have a medical test that can
diagnose autism. As the symptoms of autism vary,
so do the routes to obtaining a diagnosis. You may
have raised questions with your pediatrician. Some
children are identified as having developmental
delays before obtaining a diagnosis of autism and
may already receive some Early Intervention or
Special Education services. Unfortunately, parents
concerns are sometimes not taken seriously by their
doctor and as a result, a diagnosis is delayed. Autism
Speaks and other autism-related organizations are
working hard to educate parents and physicians,
so that children with autism are identified as early
as possible.

Your child may have been diagnosed by a develop-

mental pediatrician, a neurologist, a psychiatrist For more information, visit the Autism Speaks
or a psychologist. In some cases, a team of Autism Treatment Network at autismspeaks.org/atn.
specialists may have evaluated your child and
provided recommendations for treatment. The team Once you have received a formal diagnosis, it is im-
may have included an audiologist to rule out portant to make sure that you ask for a comprehensive
hearing loss, a speech & language therapist to report that includes the diagnosis in writing, as well as
determine language skills and needs and an recommendations for treatment. The doctor may not
occupational therapist to evaluate physical and be able to provide this for you at the appointment, as
motor skills. A multi-disciplinary evaluation is it may take some time to compile, but be sure to follow
important for diagnosing autism and other challenges up and pick up this helpful necessary report as soon
that often accompany autism, such as delays in as its available.
motor skills. If your child has not been evaluated by
a multi-disciplinary team, you will want to make sure
further evaluations are conducted so that you can
learn as much as possible about your childs
individual strengths and needs.

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What is Autism?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are
both general terms for a group of complex disorders
of brain development. These disorders are charac-
terized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social
interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and
repetitive behaviors. With the May 2013 publication
of the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric
Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (commonly referred to as the
DSM-5), all autism disorders were merged into
one umbrella diagnosis of ASD. Previously, they
were recognized as distinct subtypes, including
autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative
disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not
otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger
Syndrome. The DSM is the main diagnostic
reference used by mental health professionals and
insurance providers in the United States.
hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in
You may also hear the terms Classic Autism or
sensory aspects of the environment. Symptoms can
Kanners Autism (named after the first psychiatrist to
be currently present or reported in past history.
describe autism) used to describe the most severe
In addition to the diagnosis, each person evaluated
form of the disorder. Under the current DSM-5, the
will also be described in terms of any known genetic
diagnosis of autism requires that at least six develop-
cause (e.g. Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome),
mental and behavioral characteristics are observed,
level of language and intellectual disability and pres-
that problems are present before the age of three and
ence of medical conditions such as seizures, anxiety,
that there is no evidence of certain other conditions
depression and/or gastrointestinal (GI) problems.
that are similar.
The DSM-5 has an additional category called Social
There are two domains where people with ASD
Communication Disorder (SCD). This allows for
must show persistent deficits:
a diagnosis of disabilities in social communication,
1) persistent social communication and social without the presence of repetitive behavior. SCD is
interaction a new diagnosis and much more research and
2) restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior information is needed. There are currently few guide-
lines for the treatment of SCD. Until such guidelines
More specifically, people with ASD must demon- become available, treatments that target social-
strate (either in the past or in the present) deficits communication, including many autism-specific inter-
in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal ventions, should be provided to individuals with SCD.
communicative behaviors used for social interaction
and deficits in developing, maintaining and under- To read the whole DSM-5 criteria, please visit
standing relationships.In addition, they must show autismspeaks.org/dsm-5.
at least two types of repetitive patterns of behavior,
including stereotyped or repetitive motor movements,
insistence on sameness or inflexible adherence to
routines, highly restricted, fixated interests, hyper or
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How Common is Autism? In other words, in the presence of a genetic pre-

disposition to autism, a number of non-genetic or
Autism statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease environmental influences further increase a childs
Control and Prevention (CDC) released in March risk. The clearest evidence of these environmental
2014 identify around 1 in 68 American children as on risk factors involves events before and during birth.
the autism spectrum a ten-fold increase in preva- They include advanced parental age at time of con-
lence in 40 years. Careful research shows that this ception (both mom and dad), maternal illness during
increase is only partly explained by improved diag- pregnancy, extreme prematurity, very low birth weight
nosis and awareness. Studies also show that autism and certain difficulties during birth, particularly those
is four to five times more common among boys than involving periods of oxygen deprivation to the babys
girls. An estimated 1 out of 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls brain. Mothers exposed to high levels of pesticides
are diagnosed with autism in the United States. and air pollution may also be at higher risk of having
a child with ASD. It is important to keep in mind that
ASD affects over 2 million individuals in the U.S. these factors, by themselves, do not cause autism.
and tens of millions worldwide. Moreover, govern- Rather, in combination with genetic risk factors, they
ment autism statistics suggest that prevalence rates appear to modestly increase risk.
have increased 10% to 17% annually in recent
years. There is no established explanation for this A small but growing body of research suggests that
continuing increase, although improved diagnosis autism risk is lower among children whose mothers
and environmental influences are two reasons took prenatal vitamins (containing folic acid) in the
often considered. months before and after conception.

Increasingly, researchers are looking at the role of

What Causes Autism? the immune system in autism. Autism Speaks is

working to increase awareness and investigation of
these and other issues where further research has
Not long ago, the answer to this question would have the potential to improve the lives of those who
been we have no idea. Research is now delivering struggle with autism.
the answers. First and foremost, we now know that
there is no one cause of autism, just as there is no While the causes of autism are complex, it is abun-
one type of autism. Over the last five years, scien- dantly clear that it is not caused by bad parenting.
tists have identified a number of rare gene changes Dr. Leo Kanner, the psychiatrist who first described
or mutations associated with autism. Research has autism as a unique condition in 1943, believed that
identified more than 100 autism risk genes. In around it was caused by cold, unloving mothers. Bruno
15% of cases, a specific genetic cause of a persons Bettelheim, a renowned professor of child develop-
autism can be identified. However, most cases in- ment, perpetuated this misinterpretation of autism.
volve a complex and variable combination of genetic Their promotion of the idea that unloving mothers
risk and environmental factors that influence early caused their childrens autism created a generation of
brain development. parents who carried the tremendous burden of guilt
for their childs disability. In the 1960s and 70s,
Dr. Bernard Rimland, the father of a son with autism
who later founded the Autism Society of America and
the Autism Research Institute, helped the medical
community understand that autism is a biological
disorder and is not caused by cold parents.

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More Information about

Symptoms of Autism
Autism affects the way an individual perceives the
world and makes communication and social interac-
tion difficult. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are
characterized by social-interaction difficulties,
communication challenges and a tendency to engage
in repetitive behaviors. However, symptoms and their
severity vary widely across these three core areas.
Taken together, they may result in relatively mild
challenges for someone on the high functioning end
of the autism spectrum. For others, symptoms may
be more severe, as when repetitive behaviors and
lack of spoken language interfere with everyday life.

It is sometimes said that if you know

one person with autism, you know one Social symptoms
person with autism. Typically developing infants are social by nature.
They gaze at faces, turn toward voices, grasp a
While autism is usually a life long condition, all finger and even smile by 2 to 3 months of age. By
children and adults benefit from interventions, or contrast, most children who develop autism have
therapies, that can reduce symptoms and increase difficulty engaging in the give-and-take of everyday
skills and abilities. Although it is best to begin inter- human interactions. By 8 to 10 months of age, many
vention as soon as possible, the benefits of therapy infants who go on to develop autism are showing
can continue throughout life. The long term outcome some symptoms such as failure to respond to their
is highly variable. A small percentage of children names, reduced interest in people and delayed
lose their diagnosis over time, while others remain babbling. By toddlerhood, many children with autism
severely affected. Many have normal cognitive have difficulty playing social games, dont imitate the
skills, despite challenges in social and language actions of others and prefer to play alone. They may
abilities. Many individuals with autism develop fail to seek comfort or respond to parents displays
speech and learn to communicate with others. of anger or affection in typical ways.
Early intervention can make extraordinary differ-
ences in your childs development. How your child Research suggests that children with autism are
is functioning now may be very different from how attached to their parents. However, the way they
he or she will function later on in life. express this attachment can be unusual. To parents,
it may seem as if their child is disconnected. Both
The information following on the social children and adults with autism also tend to have diffi-
symptoms, communication disorders and culty interpreting what others are thinking and feeling.
repetitive behaviors associated with autism Subtle social cues such as a smile, wave or grimace
is partially taken from the National Institute may convey little meaning. To a person who misses
of Mental Health (NIMH) website. these social cues, a statement like Come here!
may mean the same thing, regardless of whether the
speaker is smiling and extending her arms for a hug

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or frowning and planting her fists on her hips. When language begins to develop, people with autism
Without the ability to interpret gestures and facial may use speech in unusual ways. Some have difficulty
expressions, the social world can seem bewildering. combining words into meaningful sentences. They may
speak only single words or repeat the same phrase
Many people with autism have similar difficulty over and over. Some go through a stage where they
seeing things from another persons perspective. repeat what they hear verbatim (echolalia).
Most five-year-olds understand that other people
have different thoughts, feelings and goals than they Many parents assume difficulties expressing language
have. A person with autism may lack such under- automatically mean their child isnt able to understand
standing. This, in turn, can interfere with the ability to the language of others, but this is not always the case.
predict or understand another persons actions. It is important to distinguish between expressive lan-
guage and receptive language. Children with difficulties
It is common but not universal for those with in expressive language are often unable to express
autism to have difficulty regulating emotions. This what they are thinking through language, whereas
can take the form of seemingly immature behavior children with difficulties in receptive language are
such as crying or having outbursts in inappropriate often unable to understand what others are saying.
situations. It can also lead to disruptive and physically Therefore, the fact that your child may seem unable to
aggressive behavior. The tendency to lose control express him or herself through language does not
may be particularly pronounced in unfamiliar, over- necessarily mean he or she is unable to comprehend
whelming or frustrating situations. Frustration can the language of others. Be sure to talk to your doctor
also result in self-injurious behaviors such as head or look for signs that your child is able to interpret
banging, hair pulling or self-biting. language, as this important distinction will affect the
Fortunately, children with autism can be taught how way you communicate with him or her.
to socially interact, use gestures and recognize facial It is important to understand the importance of prag-
expressions. Also, there are many strategies that matics when looking to improve and expand upon your
can be used to help the child with autism deal with childs communication skills. Pragmatics are social
frustration so that he or she doesnt have to resort rules for using language in a meaningful context or
to challenging behaviors. We will discuss this later. conversation. While it is important that your child learns
how to communicate through words or sentences, it
is also key to emphasize both when and where the
Communication difficulties specific message should be conveyed. Challenges in
Young children with autism tend to be delayed in bab- pragmatics are a common feature of spoken language
bling, speaking and learning to use gestures. Some difficulties in children with autism. These challenges
infants who later develop autism coo and babble may become more apparent as your child gets older.
during the first few months of life before losing these Some mildly affected children exhibit only slight
communicative behaviors. Others experience signifi- delays in language or even develop precocious
cant language delays and dont begin to speak until language and unusually large vocabularies yet have
much later. With therapy, however, most people with difficulty sustaining a conversation. Some children and
autism do learn to use spoken language and all can adults with autism tend to carry on monologues on a
learn to communicate. favorite subject, giving others little chance to comment.
Many nonverbal or nearly nonverbal children and In other words, the ordinary give-and-take of conver-
adults learn to use communication systems such as sation proves difficult. Some children with ASD with
pictures, sign language, electronic word processors superior language skills tend to speak like little
or even speech-generating devices. professors, failing to pick up on the kid-speak thats
common among their peers.

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 100 DAY KIT

Another common difficulty is the inability to under- someone or something disrupts the order. Along
stand body language, tone of voice and expressions these lines, many children and adults with autism
that arent meant to be taken literally. For example, need and demand extreme consistency in their
even an adult with autism might interpret a sarcastic environment and daily routine. Slight changes can
Oh, thats just great! as meaning it really is great. be extremely stressful and lead to outbursts.

Conversely, individuals affected by autism may not Repetitive behaviors can take the form of intense
exhibit typical body language. Facial expressions, preoccupations or obsessions. These extreme inter-
movements and gestures may not match what they ests can prove all the more unusual for their content
are saying. Their tone of voice may fail to reflect their (e.g. fans, vacuum cleaners or toilets) or depth of
feelings. Some use a high-pitched sing-song or a knowledge (e.g. knowing and repeating astonishingly
flat, robot-like voice. This can make it difficult for detailed information about Thomas the Tank Engine
others to know what they want and need. This failed or astronomy). Older children and adults with autism
communication, in turn, can lead to frustration and may develop tremendous interest in numbers,
inappropriate behavior (such as screaming or symbols, dates or science topics.
grabbing) on the part of the person with autism.
Fortunately, there are proven methods for helping Many children with autism need and demand
children and adults with autism learn better ways to absolute consistency in their environment.
express their needs. As the person with autism
learns to communicate what he or she wants,
challenging behaviors often subside.

Children with autism often have difficulty letting

others know what they want or need until they
are taught how to communicate through speech,
gestures or other means.

Repetitive behaviors
Unusual repetitive behaviors and/or a tendency to
engage in a restricted range of activities are another
core symptom of autism. Common repetitive behav-
iors include hand-flapping, rocking, jumping and
twirling, arranging and rearranging objects and
repeating sounds, words or phrases. Sometimes
the repetitive behavior is self-stimulating, such as
wiggling fingers in front of the eyes.

The tendency to engage in a restricted range of

activities can be seen in the way that many children
with autism play with toys. Some spend hours lining
up toys in a specific way instead of using them for
pretend play. Similarly, some adults are preoccupied
with having household or other objects in a fixed
order or place. It can prove extremely upsetting if

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Unique Abilities that May

Accompany Autism
Along with the challenges that autism involves, you
may have noticed that your child also exhibits
areas of strength. Although not all children have The following is adapted from Sally Ozonoff,
special talents, it is not uncommon for individuals Geraldine Dawson and James McPartlands
with autism to have exceptional skills in math, A Parents Guide to Aspergers Syndrome and
music, art and reading, among others. These areas High-Functioning Autism.
of expertise can provide great satisfaction and
pride for the child with autism. If possible, incorpo-
rate your childs areas of expertise into his or
her everyday activities and use them whenever Just as individuals with autism have a variety of
possible as a way for him or her to learn and excel. difficulties, they also have some distinctive strengths.
Some of the strengths that individuals with autism
have may include:

- Ability to understand concrete concepts,

rules and sequences
- Strong long term memory skills
- Math skills
- Computer skills
- Musical ability
- Artistic ability
- Ability to think in a visual way
- Ability to decode written language at an early
age (This ability is called Hyperlexia some
children with autism can decode written
language earlier than they can comprehend
written language.)
- Honesty sometimes to a fault
- Ability to be extremely focused if they are
working on a preferred activity
- Excellent sense of direction

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How Can My Child Have Autism

When He Seems So Smart?
From Does My Child Have Autism? by Wendy Stone

Right now you might be thinking about all the things

your child with autism learned at a much younger age
than other children you know. And yes, you are right:
there are also things that children with autism learn
on their own much faster than their typically develop-
ing peers or siblings. For example, they can be very
good at learning to pick out their favorite DVD from
a stack, even when its not in its case. They may
learn at a very young age how to operate the remote
controls to the TV and DVD player so that they can
rewind their videos to their favorite parts (or fast for-
ward through the parts they dont like). They can be
very creative in figuring out ways to climb up on the
counter to reach a cabinet that has their favorite cere-
al or even how to use the key to unlock the dead bolt
on the back door so they can go outside to play on
the swing. Clearly, these are not behaviors that you
would even think about trying to teach a two-year-old
child. And yet some children with autism somehow
manage to acquire these skills on their own. How can
we understand this inconsistency between the things
children with autism do and dont learn? How can
a child who cant put different shapes into a shape
sorter learn to turn on the TV and DVD player, put a
DVD in and push the play button? How can a child
who cant understand a simple direction like get your
coat figure out how to unlock a door to get outside?

What accounts for this unique learning style? In a

word: motivation. We all pay attention better to the
things that interest us, so we become much more
proficient at learning them. Understanding what is
motivating to your child (all children are different) will
be one of the keys to increasing their learning and
their skills. Your childs special talents may be part of
his unique and inherent learning style and nature.

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Physical and Medical Issues that

May Accompany Autism
Seizure disorders
Seizure Disorder, also called epilepsy, occurs in as You can find more information about autism
many as one third of individuals with autism spec- and epilepsy at
trum disorder. Epilepsy is a brain disorder marked by autismspeaks.org/family-services/epilepsy.
recurring seizures or convulsions. Experts propose
that some of the brain abnormalities that are associ-
ated with autism may contribute to seizures. These
abnormalities can cause changes in brain activity by
disrupting neurons in the brain. Neurons are cells in
the brain that process and transmit information and
send signals to the rest of the body. Overloads or
disturbances in the activity of these neurons can
result in imbalances that cause seizures.

Epilepsy is more common in children who also have

cognitive deficits. Some researchers have suggest-
ed that seizure disorder is more common when the
child has shown a regression or loss of skills. There
are different types and subtypes of seizures and a
child with autism may experience more than one
type. The easiest to recognize are large grand mal
(or tonic-clonic) seizures. Others include petit mal
(or absence) seizures and subclinical seizures, Genetic disorders
which may only be apparent in an EEG (electro-
Some children with autism have an identifiable genetic
encephalogram). It is not clear whether subclinical
condition that affects brain development. These genetic
seizures have effects on language, cognition and
disorders include Fragile X syndrome, Angelman
behavior. The seizures associated with autism usually
syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, chromosome 15 duplica-
start either early in childhood or during adolescence,
tion syndrome and other single-gene and chromosomal
but may occur at any time. If you are concerned that
disorders. While further study is needed, single gene
your child may be having seizures, you should see a
disorders appear to affect 15 to 20% of those with ASD.
neurologist. The neurologist may order tests that may
Some of these syndromes have characteristic features
include an EEG, an MRI (Magnetic Resonance
or family histories, the presence of which may prompt
Imaging), a CT (Computed Axial Tomography) and a
your doctor to refer your child to a geneticist or neurolo-
CBC (Complete Blood Count). Children and adults
gist for further testing. The results can help increase
with epilepsy are typically treated with anticonvul-
awareness of associated medical issues and guide
sants or seizure medicines to reduce or eliminate
treatment and life planning.
occurrences. If your child has epilepsy, you will work
closely with a neurologist to find the medicine (or
combination of medicines) that works the best with
the fewest side effects and to learn the best ways to
ensure your childs safety during a seizure.

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 100 DAY KIT

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders

Many parents report gastrointestinal (GI) problems
in their children with autism. The exact prevalence of
gastrointestinal problems such as gastritis, chronic
constipation, colitis and esophagitis in individuals
with autism is unknown. Surveys have suggested
that between 46 and 85% of children with autism
have problems such as chronic constipation or
diarrhea. One study identified a history of gastrointes-
tinal symptoms (such as abnormal pattern of bowel
movements, frequent constipation, frequent vomiting
and frequent abdominal pain) in 70% of the children
with autism. If your child has similar symptoms, you
will want to consult a gastroenterologist, preferably
one who works with people with autism. Your childs
physician may be able to help you find an appropriate
specialist. Pain caused by GI issues is sometimes
recognized because of a change in a childs behavior, Sleep dysfunction
such as an increase in self-soothing behaviors like
Is your child having trouble getting to sleep or sleep-
rocking or outbursts of aggression or self-injury.
ing through the night? Sleep problems are common
Bear in mind that your child may not have the
in children and adolescents with autism. Having a
language skills to communicate the pain caused
child with sleep problems can affect the whole fam-
by GI issues. Treating GI problems may result in
ily. It can also have an impact on the ability of your
improvement in your childs behavior. Anecdotal
child to benefit from therapy. Sometimes sleep issues
evidence suggests that some children may be
may be caused by medical issues such as obstruc-
helped by dietary intervention for GI issues, including
tive sleep apnea or gastroesophageal reflux and
the elimination of dairy and gluten containing foods.
addressing the medical issues may solve the prob-
(For more information, see Gluten Free Casein Free
lem. In other cases, when there is no medical cause,
diet in the treatment section of this kit.) As with any
sleep issues may be managed with behavioral inter-
treatment, it is best to consult your childs physician
ventions including sleep-hygiene measures, such
to develop a comprehensive plan. In January 2010,
as limiting the amount of sleep during the day and
Autism Speaks initiated a campaign to inform
establishing regular bedtime routines. There is some
pediatricians about the diagnosis and treatment of
evidence of abnormality of melatonin regulation in
GI problems associated with autism.
children with autism. While melatonin may be effec-
For additional information from the Official tive for improving the ability of children with autism
Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics, to fall asleep, more research is needed. Melatonin
go to: pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/ or sleep aids of any kind should not be given without
content/full/125/Supplement_1/S1. first consulting with your childs physician.

For information that can be shared with your For additional information on sleep issues visit:
childs doctor, go to: autismspeaks.org/press/ autismspeaks.org/science/resources-programs/
gastrointestinal_treatment_guidelines.php. autism-treatment-network/tools-you-can-use/
sleep-tool-kit.

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 100 DAY KIT

Sensory Integration Dysfunction

Many children with autism experience unusual
responses to sensory stimuli or input. These
responses are due to difficulty in processing and
integrating sensory information. Vision, hearing,
touch, smell, taste, the sense of movement
(vestibular system) and the sense of position
(proprioception) can all be affected. This means
that while information is sensed normally, it may be
perceived much differently. Sometimes stimuli that
seem normal to others can be experienced as
painful, unpleasant or confusing by a child with
Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID), the clinical
term for this characteristic. (SID may also be called
Sensory Processing Disorder or Sensory Integration
Disorder.) SIDs can involve hypersensitivity (also
known as sensory defensiveness) or hyposensi-
tivity. An example of hypersensitivity would be an
inability to tolerate wearing clothing, being touched Visit the Autism Speaks Tool Kits page to down-
or being in a room with normal lighting. Hyposensi- load tool kits with information and resources
tivity might be apparent in a childs increased related to pica for both parents and professionals
tolerance for pain or a constant need for sensory at autismspeaks.org/family-services/tool-kits.
stimulation. Treatment for Sensory Integration
Dysfunction is usually addressed with occupational
therapy and/or sensory integration therapy. Mental health
Oftentimes a child diagnosed with ASD may receive
Pica an additional diagnosis such as Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD and anxiety
Pica is an eating disorder involving eating things that are quite common and addressing these diagnoses
are not food. Children between 18 and 24 months properly can help your child make great strides.
of age often eat nonfood items, but this is typically Recent studies suggest that 1 in 5 children on the
a normal part of development. Some children with autism spectrum also has ADHD and 30% struggle
autism and other developmental disabilities persist with an anxiety disorder such as social phobia,
beyond the developmentally typical timeframe and separation anxiety, panic disorder and specific
continue to eat items such as dirt, clay, chalk or paint phobias. The classic symptoms of ADHD include
chips. Children showing signs of persistent mouthing chronic problems with inattention, impulsivity and
of fingers or objects, including toys, should be tested hyperactivity. However, these or similar symptoms
for elevated blood levels of lead, especially if there can likewise result from autism. For this reason, it
is a known potential for environmental exposure to is important that evaluation be made by someone
lead. You should speak to your doctor about these with expertise in both disorders. A recent study found
concerns so he or she can help you with treatment. that just 1 in 10 children with autism and ADHD was
Your childs doctor will help you to assess if your child receiving medication to relieve the ADHD symptoms.
needs a behavioral intervention or if it is something
that can be managed at home.

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 100 DAY KIT

In regards to anxiety, children with autism express

anxiety or nervousness in many of the same ways
as typically developing children. Understandably,
many individuals with ASD have trouble communi-
cating how they feel. Outward manifestations may
be the best clues. In fact, some experts suspect that
outward symptoms of anxiety such as sweating
and acting out may be especially prominent among
those with ASD. This can include a racing heart,
muscular tensions and stomachaches. It is important
for your child to be evaluated by a professional who
has expertise in both autism and anxiety so he or she
can provide the best treatment options for your child.

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 100 DAY KIT

You, Your Family

and Autism
How Will I Deal with This
Diagnosis?
You are never prepared for a diagnosis of autism. It
is likely that you will experience a range of emotions.
It is painful to love so much, to want something so
much and not quite get it. You want your child to get
better so badly that you may feel some of the stages
commonly associated with grieving. You may revisit
these feelings from time to time in the future. Part of
moving forward is dealing with your own needs and
emotions along the way.

Denial
Stages associated with grieving You may go through periods of refusing to believe
Elisabeth Kbler-Ross, M.D., a Swiss-American what is happening to your child. You dont con-
psychiatrist, outlined five stages in the grief process. sciously choose this reaction; it just happens. During
Grief does not progress in an orderly way that follows this time, you may not be able to hear the facts as
a predictable path. It is normal to move forwards and they relate to your childs diagnosis. Dont be critical
backwards among the five stages, skip a stage or be of yourself for reacting this way. Denial is a way of
stuck in one. Her five stages are outlined here. coping. It may be what gets you through a particularly
difficult period. You must, however, be aware that
you are in denial, so that it doesnt cause you to lose
focus on your childs treatment. Try not to shoot the
messenger. When a professional, a therapist or a
teacher tells you something that is hard to hear about
your child, consider that he or she is trying to help
you so that you can address the problem. It is impor-
tant not to alienate people who can give you helpful
feedback and help monitor your childs progress.
Whether you agree or not, try to thank them for the
information. If you are upset, try considering the infor-
mation when you have had a chance to calm down.

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 100 DAY KIT

Anger
With time, your denial may give way to anger. of moving forward. Allowing yourself to feel sadness
Although anger is a natural part of the process, you can help you grow. You have every right to feel sad
may find that its directed at those closest to you and to express it in ways that are comfortable.
your child, your spouse, your friend or at the world Crying can help release some of the tension that
in general. You may also feel resentment toward builds up when you try to hold in sadness. A good cry
parents of typical children. Your anger may come out can get you over one hurdle and help you face the
in different ways snapping at people, overreacting next. If you find that your sadness is interfering with
to small things, even screaming and yelling. Anger your ability to cope or you show other symptoms of
is normal. It is a healthy and expected reaction to depression, such as weight loss, social withdrawal,
feelings of loss and stress that come with this diag- suicidal thoughts, sleep difficulties, low self-esteem or
nosis. Expressing your anger releases tension. It is loss of interest in daily activities, consult your family
an attempt to tell the people around you that you hurt physician who can recommend treatment.
and are outraged that this diagnosis has happened
to your child. My husband had a harder time
accepting our sons diagnosis at first.
I felt angry when a child at my sons When Max began making progress
school was diagnosed with Leukemia in his ABA program, everything changed
around the time our son was diagnosed for the better. For a while, I was the
with autism. Everyone sent cards and one holding everything together for
cooked dinners for them. They didnt all of us.
know I needed that kind of help too.
When I let people know I needed help
Acceptance
they came through for me. Ultimately, you may feel a sense of acceptance. Its
helpful to distinguish between accepting that your
Bargaining child has been diagnosed with autism and accepting
This stage involves the hope that the diagnosis can autism. Accepting the diagnosis simply means that
be undone. The feeling of helplessness you may be you are ready to advocate for your child. The period
experiencing might create a need to regain control following an autism diagnosis can be very challeng-
of the situation. Many parents will ask themselves ing, even for the most harmonious families. Although
questions like: What if we had gotten our child in to the child with autism may never experience the nega-
the doctor earlier? What if it was caused by some- tive emotions associated with the diagnosis, parents,
thing we did? You may also question the diagnosis or siblings and extended family members may each
search for another doctor hoping that he or she might process the diagnosis in different ways, and at differ-
tell you something different. ent rates. Give yourself time to adjust. Be patient with
yourself. It will take some time to understand your
Sadness or Grief childs disorder and the impact it has on you and your
Many parents must mourn the loss of some of the family. Difficult emotions may resurface from time to
hopes and dreams they had for their child before time. There may be times when you feel helpless and
they can move on. There will probably be many times angry that autism has resulted in a life that is much
when you feel extremely sad. Friends may refer to different than you had planned. But you will also
this as being depressed, which can sound frighten- experience feelings of hope as your child begins to
ing. There is, however, a difference between sadness make progress.
and depression. Depression often stands in the way

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 100 DAY KIT

Caring for the Caregiver

Changing the course of the life of your child with Here are some tips from parents who
autism can be a very rewarding experience. You are have experienced what you are
making an enormous difference in his or her life. To
make it happen, you need to take care of yourself.
going through:
Take a moment to answer these questions: Where
Get going.
does your support and strength come from? How are
Getting your child started in treatment will help. There
you really doing? Do you need to cry? Complain?
are many details you will be managing in an intensive
Scream? Would you like some help but dont know
treatment program, especially if it is based in your
who to ask?
home. If you know your child is engaged in meaning-
ful activities, you will be more able to focus on
Remember that if you want to take moving forward. It may also free up some of your
the best possible care of your child, time so you can educate yourself, advocate for your
you must first take the best possible child and take care of yourself.
care of yourself.
Ask for help.
Parents often fail to evaluate their own sources of Asking for help can be very difficult, especially at first.
strength, coping skills or emotional attitudes. You Dont hesitate to use whatever support is available to
may be so busy meeting the needs of your child that you. People around you may want to help, but may
you dont allow yourself time to relax, cry or simply not know how. Is there someone who can take your
think. You may wait until you are so exhausted or other kids somewhere for an afternoon? Or cook
stressed out that you can barely carry on before you dinner for your family one night so that you can
consider your own needs. Reaching this point is not spend the time learning? Can someone pick a few
helping you or your family. You may feel that your things up for you at the store or do a load of laundry?
child needs you right now, more than ever. Your to Or let other people know you are going through a
do list may be what is driving you forward right now. difficult time and could use a hand?
You may feel completely overwhelmed and not know
where to start. There is no single way to cope. Each Talk to someone.
family is unique and deals with stressful situations Everyone needs someone to talk to. Let someone
differently. Getting your child started in treatment will know what you are going through and how you feel.
help you feel better. Acknowledging the emotional Someone who just listens can be a great source of
impact of autism and taking care of yourself during strength. If you cant get out of the house, use the
this stressful period will help prepare you for the chal- phone to call a friend.
lenges ahead. Autism is a pervasive, multi-faceted Consider joining a support group.
disorder. It will not only change the way that you look It may be helpful to listen or talk to people who have
at your child, it will change the way you look at the been or are going through a similar experience.
world. Maintaining open and honest communication Support groups can be great sources of information
with your partner and family as well as discussing about what services are available in your area and
your fears and concerns will help you to deal with the who provides them. You may have to try more than
many changes in your life. As some parents may tell one to find a group that feels right to you. You may
you, you may be a better person for it. The love and find you arent a support group kind of person. For
hope that you have for your child make you stronger many parents in your situation, support groups
than you realize. provide valuable hope, comfort and encouragement.

16
 100 DAY KIT

You may also want to consider attending a recre- Consider keeping a journal.
ational program for children with autism. This may Louise DeSalvo, in Writing as a Way of Healing, notes
be a good way to meet other parents just like you. that studies have shown that: Writing that describes
traumatic events and our deepest thoughts and feel-
One study from Vanderbilt University, a part of the
ings about them is linked with improved immune
Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network, found that
function, improved emotional and physical health, and
mothers of children with autism benefit significantly
positive behavioral changes. Some parents have
from weekly stress-reduction classes led by other
found a journal to be a helpful tool for keeping track of
mothers. The classes reduced previously high levels
their childs progress, what is working and what isnt.
of personal stress, anxiety and depression and im-
Be mindful of the time you spend on the internet. The
proved the moms interactions with their children.
internet will be one of the most important tools you
have for learning what you need to know about autism
At my support group I met a group of and how to help your child.
women who were juggling the same Unfortunately, there is more information on the web
things I was. It felt so good not to feel than any of us have time to read in a lifetime. There
may also be a lot of misinformation.
like I was from another planet!
As a parent, always remember to trust your gut.
You may find a listing of support groups in There are many paths to take, treatment options and
the Autism Speaks Resource Guide at opinions. You know your child best. Work with your
autismspeaks.org/resource-guide. Another childs treatment team to find what works best for your
avenue is through the local SEPTA (Special child and your family.
Education Parent Teacher Association) in
your school district or online through the Right now, while you are trying to make the most of
Autism Speaks Facebook page at every minute, keep an eye on the clock and frequently
facebook.com/autismspeaks. ask yourself these important questions:
Is what Im reading right now very likely to be
My Autism Team, the social network for parents
relevant to my child?
of kids with autism, is another great resource.
On this site, parents of children with autism Is it new information?
share their experiences, including their reviews Is it helpful?
of local service providers, to help inform the
Is it from a reliable source?
parents in their communities. Visit the site at
myautismteam.com. Sometimes, the time you spend on the internet will
be incredibly valuable. Other times, it may be better for
Try to take a break. you and your child if you use that time to take
If you can, allow yourself to take some time away, care of yourself.
even if it is only a few minutes to take a walk. If its
possible, getting out to a movie, going shopping or The internet will be one of the most im-
visiting a friend can make a world of difference. If you portant tools you have for learning what
feel guilty about taking a break, try to remind your-
self that this break will help you feel renewed for the
you need to know about autism and how
things you need to do when you get back. Try to get to help your child.
some rest. If you are getting regular sleep, you will
be better prepared to make good decisions, be more
patient with your child and more able to deal with the
stress in your life.

17
 100 DAY KIT

Becoming Resilient During

Times of Adversity
by Dr. Peter Faustino, school psychologist, state delegate to the
National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) and member
of the Autism Speaks Family Services Committee

Resiliency, or finding ways to properly adapt to Having trustworthy information and feeling more
challenges or stress in your life, is a process, not a competent (not only about autism but in other
character trait. Research has revealed several key el- aspects of your life) can be critical in maintaining a
ements in fostering resilience and by considering the hopeful outlook.
following, you will find you are not only helping your
child but yourself and your entire family. Care: Eventually, your journey will lead to a place
where you can balance negative emotions with
Connectedness: One of the strongest pillars in positive ones. Taking care to avoid seeing an event
resilience is having positive relationships or feeling as unbearable or unchangeable versus looking for
connected to others. While the diagnosis of autism opportunities and considering the event in a broader
may be extraordinary at first, it no longer is synony- context can be an important factor to resilience.
mous with being alone or having few places to turn Positive attitudes such as encouraging yourself to
for help. This tool kit is only one example of the ways try, being determined to persevere until success is
in which Autism Speaks can lend support. Regional attained, applying a problem solving approach to
chapters of Autism Speaks all across the country can difficult situations and fostering feelings of determi-
open up doors to other parents, families and com- nation or grit are critical. Care also refers to parents
munities who have experience with navigating the attending to their own mind and body, exercising
autism diagnosis. When relationships with friends, regularly, as well paying attention to basic needs
neighbors and family are based on mutual, reciprocal and feelings.
support and care, they can bolster resiliency.
Resilience is the result of individuals being able to
Competence: Whenever a challenge presents itself, interact with their environments and the processes
individuals can feel a loss of control over the situa- that either promote wellbeing or protect them against
tion and their lives. Competence or at this early stage overwhelming influence of risk factors. In many
learning about autism and then taking action on cases, adversity can act as a spring board for growth
realistic goals will help you gain a sense of control. and success, not only in our children, but in ourselves
as well.
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 100 DAY KIT

Is Your Son On the Spectrum?

In her own words,
Alysia K. Butler, who has a recently diagnosed son, describes her
experience being part of the autism community.

The question was slightly jarring to me. My son and I in my eyes. We did belong here. This was the right
had just walked into a gymnastics class for kids with place for him. We had found a safe place for him to
autism. We had received his diagnosis only three exercise and develop his muscles in an environment
weeks before and we hadnt shared our news with that understood his special needs. For so long we
anyone except for close friends and family. It was the had avoided the regular gym classes, music classes
first time we had been anywhere that was just for kids and playgroups because of his behavior. No one here
like mine and I wasnt really ready to talk to a total was giving me the usual disapproving looks we get
stranger about it. when were out places and Henry starts to act up. I
took a deep breath and turned to the mom.
Yes, I answered, trying to keep
Hi! My son Henry was diagnosed with PDD-NOS a
the conversation short.
few weeks ago. We do live in town. In fact, Ive seen
Hi and welcome! Thats my son over there and my your son at the preschool that my son attends. How
name is Sandy. How old is your son? Do you live long has your son attended classes here?
in town? How long have you known your son was
It took everything I had to have that conversation, but
on the spectrum? What was his diagnosis? I re-
it was such a relief. This other mom was reaching out
ally didnt want to answer her. I wasnt even sure we
to make a connection to find someone else who
belonged at this class and all I wanted to do was pay
struggles on a daily basis like she does something
attention to my son to see how he was responding
I myself had been desperate to do for weeks and
to the class. I watched the other kids as they came
months. I was instantly welcomed into a community
in six boys and one girl and my first instinct was
of people who get it. No one batted an eye when
that we were in the wrong place. One little boy was
Henry buried himself under the foam blocks at the
crying, another was spinning in circles and another
end of class so he didnt have to leave. I got comfort-
one was running in all different directions. My sons
ing looks of understanding from all the parents and
not like that, I thought to myself. This isnt us.
teachers when he had a major meltdown leaving
And then I looked at my Henry. I watched him hold the gym and big thumbs up from everyone when we
tightly to his one-on-one helpers hand as they finally got our shoes on and went out the door. These
walked on a low balance beam, but he wouldnt look were moms and dads who shared my daily difficul-
her in the eye when she talked to him. I watched ties of just getting out of the house. Finally, we were
him try to run away to jump into the comfort of the somewhere that felt like we belonged.
sensory foam blocks and become so focused on that
foam pit that he couldnt move on to anything else. Will we see you next week? asked
I listened to him babble while he swayed back and the mom.
forth on the rings and saw the terror in his face when
the noise level got up too high. The tears welled up
Absolutely, I replied.

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 100 DAY KIT

What Should We Know

About our Younger or
Future Children?
As discussed below, genetic risk factors contribute
to autism.If you are expecting another child or have
plans to expand your family in the future, you may
be concerned about the development of any younger
siblings of your child with autism. Studies show that
if you have a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum
disorder, the risk of the next child also being diag-
nosed with an ASD is between 10 and 20%.The risk
for ASD is higher for boys than girls and for baby sib-
lings who have more than one older sibling with ASD.
However, statistics are changing and there are several exponentially over the past decade, supported by
ongoing research studies that are studying the recur- the formation of the consortium, which has enabled
rence rate or likelihood that autism will be diagnosed researchers from around the world to meet and
in a second or third child. For the most recent findings share their ideas, methods and data. Consortium
and updated research on the rate of recurrence and members carry out their own studies focusing pri-
susceptibility of autism in siblings, please visit marily on younger siblings of children with ASD or
earlistudy.org. The EARLI study is a nationwide effort other high risk infants. Each member is supported
to investigate the genetic and environmental contribu- by public, private or foundation funding. The group
tions to autism in a high risk group, that is, younger collaborates on studies and publications, pooling
siblings of children who have received a diagnosis. collective data and knowledge to enhance the ability
to contribute to this important area of research and
More recent evidence has suggests that distinct early provide help to families.
signs of autism may be seen in some children as
young as 8 to 10 months of age. For example, infants In 2007, a group of researchers within the BSRC,
who later develop autism may be more passive, more together with psychologists from around the U.S.,
difficult to soothe or may fail to orient when their name formed the Autism Speaks Toddler Treatment
is called. Some of these early signs may be noticed by Network (TTN). The goal of the network is to deter-
parents, others may only be observed with the help of mine whether intervention between the ages of 18
a trained clinician. These signs become more pro- to 24 months affects developmental outcomes at an
nounced by 18 to 24 months. age when autism can be more reliably diagnosed.
Today, the network involves more than 60 investiga-
Through a joint venture between Autism Speaks and tors from around the world studying the effective-
the National Institute of Child Health and Human De- ness of early intervention and the utility of parent-
velopment, research on the early signs and symptoms mediated approaches.They have begun to shift their
of autism has been accelerated. Called the focus from research in the clinic to implementation
High Risk Baby Siblings Research Consortium in real life community settings, so more people can
(BSRC), the goal is to improve the lives of individu- benefit from them.
als affected with ASD by making discoveries that will
help researchers develop new ways to treat or even
prevent some debilitating symptoms by intervening
at an early age. The pace of this research has grown

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 100 DAY KIT

If you are interested in participating in a research

project studying the earliest signs of autism, visit
AutismSpeaks.org/science/research-initiatives/
high-risk-baby-sibs or find a research project in
your area at
autismspeaks.org/science/participate-
in-research.

These studies provide intense observation,

documentation and feedback by experts in the field
on the development of your child with autism and
any other children at risk for autism.

If you are interested in other intervention reacted to my sons diagnosis. Everyone asked what
programs that are not part of these studies, visit they could do to help and they showed us so much
the Resource Guide on the Autism Speaks web- support. I know his grandparents read books and
site to help find an early intervention program in articles on the disorder so they could better under-
your area. autismspeaks.org/resource-guide. stand him. My mother even quit her job to help me
through this very difficult time. Yes, reactions vary
widely. But whatever reaction you get, it will be very
important to educate your parents about the nature of
How Will This Affect Our autism after you have told them about the diagnosis.
To begin your discussion, you might talk about spe-
Family? cific behaviors. For example: You know those be-
haviors weve been confused about for so long? Well,
Even though it is your child who has the diagnosis, now we have a name for them and an explanation for
it is important to acknowledge that autism affects the why they occur. Howie doesnt act the way he does
whole family. This section of your tool kit may help because hes spoiled or because hes shy or because
you anticipate some of the emotions you and other he doesnt like us he acts that way because he has
people in your family will experience. autism. Autism explains why he doesnt speak or use
gestures and why he doesnt seem to understand
The article below, adapted from Does My Child Have what we say. It explains why hes not as interested in
Autism? by Wendy L. Stone, Ph.D., provides some interacting with us as the other children in the family
helpful information for talking to your parents and have been and why he plays with spoons and bottles
close family members about the diagnosis. instead of toys. I know this is upsetting news for all of
us. But the good news is that the disorder has been
Breaking the news diagnosed early and there are a lot of things we can
do to help him. Hell be starting some therapies soon
Sometimes telling your parents about your childs and Ill be learning about things I can do to help him
diagnosis can be extremely difficult, especially with at home. I know that you will need some time to think
your own emotions running so high. Its hard to know about all of this. But if you have any questions as we
what to expect; Ive seen that parental reactions to begin his therapy, Ill be glad to try my best to answer
this news can vary dramatically. One young mother them. I know were all hoping for the best outcome
told me, My mother-in-law told us that we shouldnt possible. After the initial conversation about this
bring my son to family gatherings until he grows up. diagnosis, continue to keep your other children and
Its heartbreaking to hear her say that she would your extended family in the information loop.
rather not see any of us for years instead of trying
to understand her own grandson. But then Ive also Autism doesnt affect only one child.
been told, We were very touched by how our family
It affects the entire family.
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 100 DAY KIT

Sharing Your Struggle with Family and Friends

The following excerpt from the book Overcoming Autism, by Lynn Kern Koegel, Ph.D.
and Claire LaZebnik, offers suggestions for how to tell people and explains why, for
some people, it can make life easier for you and your friends.

You should, you know. Tell people. You dont have Real friends dont love you more for being success-
to walk up to strangers on the street or anything, but ful or less for having problems. If anything, it works
confide in the people who love you. That was one the opposite way were all so busy that sometimes
thing we did right: we told our families and our friends we forget to stay in touch with friends when every-
right away. First we called them, and then we copied a things fine for them, but we rush forward when they
good comprehensive article someone wrote about need us. Now is the time to take advantage of that.
autism and annotated it with specifics about Andrew, Talk your friends ears off, complain, bitch and moan
and we mailed it out to everyone we knew. (You could to them. Youre dealing with a huge challenge, take
do the same things with sections from this book, by advantage of every minor plus it has to offer.
the way.) None of our good friends pulled away from
us because our kid had autism. Just the opposite Some families have downloaded this Autism
our friends and families rallied around us in amazing Speaks 100 Day Kit and sent it to their family
ways and have continued to cheer Andrews progress members and close friends to provide more
on year after year. In all honesty, telling people what information about autism and what their
we were going through only made our lives easier. family may be going through. The kit can be
Before then, we worried that Andrews occasionally downloaded at autismspeaks.org/family-services/
aberrant behavior was off-putting. But once he had a tool-kits/100-day-kit.
formal diagnosis, everyone cut us a lot of slack, and
instead of wondering what the hell was wrong with
us as parents, most people we knew admitted to a
newfound respect for us for dealing with so much.

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 100 DAY KIT

15 Tips for Your Family

As a result of her work with many families who deal
so gracefully with the challenges of autism, family
therapist Kathryn Smerling, Ph.D., offers five tips for
parents, five for siblings and five for extended family
members:

5 tips for parents

1. Learn to be the best advocate you can be for your
child. Be informed. Take advantage of all the services
that are available to you in your community. You will
meet practitioners and providers who can educate
you and help you. You will gather great strength from
the people you meet.

2. Dont push your feelings away. Talk about them.

You may feel both ambivalent and angry. Those are
emotions to be expected. Its okay to feel conflicting
emotions.

3. Try to direct your anger towards the disorder and

not towards your loved ones. When you find yourself
arguing with your spouse over an autism related
issue, try to remember that this topic is painful for
both of you; and be careful not to get mad at each yourself. Make friends with other parents who have
other when it really is the autism that has you so children with autism. By meeting other parents you
upset and angry. Try to have some semblance of an will have the support of families who understand your
adult life. Be careful to not let autism consume every day to day challenges. Getting involved with autism
waking hour of your life. Spend quality time with your advocacy is empowering and productive. You will be
typically developing children and your spouse and doing something for yourself as well as your child by
refrain from constantly talking about autism. Every- being proactive.
one in your family needs support and to be happy
despite the circumstances.
Learning more about my childs
4. Appreciate the small victories your child may unique needs and abilities along with
achieve. Love your child and take great pride in each
reaching out for support has enabled
small accomplishment. Focus on what he or she can
do instead of making comparisons with a typically my husband and me to be better
developing child. Love your child for who he or she is. parents to our son and better partners
for each other on this journey.
5. Get involved with the autism community. Dont
underestimate the power of community. You may be
the captain of your team, but you cant do everything

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 100 DAY KIT

5 tips for brothers and sisters

1. Remember that you are not alone! Every family is
confronted with lifes challenges and yes, autism is
challengingbut, if you look closely, nearly everyone
has something difficult to face in their families.

2. Be proud of your brother or sister. Learn to talk

about autism and be open and comfortable describ-
ing the disorder to others. If you are comfortable with
the topicthey will be comfortable too. If you are
embarrassed by your brother or sister, your friends
will sense this and it will make it awkward for them.
If you talk openly to your friends about autism, they
will become comfortable. But, like everyone else,
sometimes you will love your brother or sister and
sometimes you may not like him or her. Its okay to
feel your feelings. And often its easier when you
have a professional counselor to help you understand
them someone special who is here just for you!
Love your brother or sister the way he or she is!
At first I felt lost and confused about
3. While it is okay to be sad that you have a brother my brother but now that my parents
or sister affected by autism, it doesnt help to be have helped to explain things to me, I
upset and angry for extended periods of time. Your can be a better big brother and help my
anger doesnt change the situation; it only makes you brother when he needs it.
unhappier. Remember your Mom and Dad may have
those feelings too.
5. Find an activity you can do with your brother or
4. Spend time with your parents alone. Doing things sister. You will find it rewarding to connect with your
together as a family with and without your brother or brother or sister, even if it is just putting a simple
sister strengthens your family bond. Its okay for you puzzle together. No matter how impaired he or she
to want alone time. Having a family member with may be, doing something together creates a close-
autism can often be very time-consuming and ness. Your brother or sister will look forward to these
attention-grabbing. You need to feel important too. shared activities and greet you with a special smile.
Remember, even if your brother or sister didnt have
autism, you would still need alone time with Mom
and Dad.

24
 100 DAY KIT

5 tips for grandparents and extended

family members
1. Family members have a lot to offer. Each family
member is able to offer the things he or she learned
to do best over time. Ask how you can be helpful to
your family. Your efforts will be appreciated whether
it means taking care of the child so that the parents
can go out to dinner or raising money for the
special school that helps the child. Organize a lunch,
a theatre benefit, a carnival or a card game. It will
warm your familys hearts to know that you are
pitching in to create support and closeness.

2. Seek out your own support. If you find yourself

having a difficult time accepting and dealing with the
fact that your loved one has autism, seek out your
own support. Your family may not be able to provide
you with that kind of support, so you must be con- 5. Carve out special time for each child. You can
siderate and look elsewhere. In this way you can be enjoy special moments with both typically developing
stronger for them, helping with the many challenges family members and the family member with autism.
they face. Be open and honest about the disorder. Yes, they may be different, but all of the children
The more you talk about the matter, the better you look forward to spending time with you. Children with
will feel. Your friends and family can become your autism thrive on routines, so find one thing that you
support systembut only if you share your thoughts can do together that is structured, even if it is simply
with them. It may be hard to talk about it at first, but going to a park for 15 minutes. If you go to the same
as time goes on, it will be easier. In the end, your park every week, chances are over time that activity
experience with autism will end up teaching you will become easier and easierit just takes time and
and your family profound life lessons. patience. If you are having a difficult time trying to
determine what you can do, ask your family. They will
3. Put judgment aside. Consider your familys feel- sincerely appreciate the effort that you are making.
ings and be supportive. Respect the decisions they
make for their child with autism. They are working There are also specialized tool kits for specific
very hard to explore and research all options and people in your life. To access them visit:
are typically coming to well thought out conclusions. autismspeaks.org/family-services/tool-kits/family-
Try not to compare children. (This goes for typically support-tool-kits.
developing kids as well.) Children with autism can
be brought up to achieve their personal best. Talking to other grandparents helped
me to feel part of a bigger community
4. Learn more about autism. It affects people of all and to learn more about my grand-
social and economic statuses. There is promising
research, with many possibilities for the future. Share
daughter. I am now able to help my
that sense of hope with your family, while educating family the best I can and spend quality
yourself about the best ways to help manage this time with each of my grandchildren.
disorder.

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 100 DAY KIT

Developmental Milestones: Some parents express difficulty in understanding

Understanding Your Childs whether their childs behavior is developmentally

appropriate or related to his or her diagnosis of an

Behavior autism spectrum disorder. This can lead to increased

frustration and uncertainty of how to respond to specif-
ic behaviors. Based on a childs developmental level,
When a child is diagnosed with ASD, it can be difficult parents are able to better assess whether their childs
to figure out which symptoms are a result of autism behavior is developmentally appropriate or warrants
and which are just typical for development. The further discussion with their pediatrician. For example,
information below from Ashley Murray, Psy.M., Emily it can be helpful for parents to know that it is develop-
Schreiber, M.A. and Rebekah Ridgeway, Psy.D. can mentally appropriate for a two-year-old child to begin
help parents to navigate these behaviors. testing his or her parents limits and having temper
tantrums (e.g., dropping to the floor, crying, pounding
fists). However, this behavior is not considered de-
velopmentally appropriate if your child is in his or her
middle school years. Additionally, in terms of social
interaction, it is considered developmentally appropri-
ate for one-year-olds to enjoy playing by themselves
with toys. However, by preschool age, children should
be engaging in cooperative play with others.

Oftentimes parents of children with autism spectrum

disorders have the most difficulty determining if their
childs social and emotional development is appropri-
ate for his or her age or if the childs behaviors are
related to the diagnosis. To help make this distinction,
understanding developmental milestones for these
two areas can be useful. The following chart presents
social and emotional developmental milestones and
is separated by the childs age. Having resources to
identify developmental milestones can aid parents
in assessing their childs behavior and determining if
they should seek additional support for their concerns.

If your child is demonstrating behavior that you be-

lieve is not developmentally appropriate, it is always
important to discuss this with your pediatrician and
other members of the treatment team. Your team may
be able to make suggestions on how best to address
these concerns and make referrals as needed for ad-
ditional evaluations. Additionally, if you have concerns
regarding other areas of your childs development,
your treatment team can provide you with expected
milestones in all areas of development.

26
 100 DAY KIT

Birth to 6 Months 2 Years to 3 Years

- Shows excitement by waving arms, kicking - Begins to develop a sense of independence
and wiggling - Enjoys praise
- Fears loud or unexpected noise, strange - Tests parental limits and has an increased
objects, sudden movements and pain level of emotion (e.g., laughing, temper
- Imitates smiles, others movements tantrums, crying)
- Enjoys interactions (e.g., smiles, tickles, - Is fearful of loud noises, quick movements,
being held) with others large animals and separation from caregiver
- Laughs out loud and smiles socially - Tries to help adults with actions (e.g., washing
- Plays peek-a-boo dishes, vacuuming, hammering)

- May enjoy looking at themselves in the mirror - Plays with objects in symbolic play (e.g., play-
ing house, using toy tools to make repairs)
- Responds to other peoples emotions

3 Years to 4 Years
6 Months to 1 Year
- Begins to develop more independence
- Becomes unhappy when the primary and self-reliance
caregiver leaves
- May be fearful of strangers, animals and
- Withdraws from strangers the dark
- Enjoys being held and cuddled - Has a desire to please adults
- Begins to imitate behaviors of others - Shows a wide range of emotions
- May push, pull or poke other children - May become upset with major changes
- Is able to distinguish familiar people in routine
from strangers - Begins to enjoy playing in groups
- When loses a toy, may display a reaction - Becomes more interested in others
- With prompting, begins to share and take turns
1 Year to 2 Years
- May pretend to act out scenes from movies
- Seeks out attention of his or her primary or beginning dramatic play (e.g., pretending
caregiver or an adult he or she feels to be animals)
comfortable with
- Begins to develop a level of trust in others
References
- Has temper tantrums
Division of Birth Defects, National Center on Birth Defects and
- Is generally in a happy mood, but may Developmental Disabilities and Centers for Disease Control and
become angry when others interfere with Prevention (2014). Learn the Signs. Act Early. Milestones Check-
his or her activities list. Developmental Milestones. Retrieved April 16, 2014 from
- May become frustrated due to not being cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html
able to fully verbalize his or her thoughts Feldman, R. S. (2012). Child development (6th ed.). Boston, MA:
and wants University of Massachusetts Amherst.
- May be possessive of toys and enjoy Public Broadcasting Service (n.d.). Social and Emotional Devel-
playing alone opment. The Whole Child. Retrieved April 16, 2014 from
pbs.org/wholechild/abc/social.html
- Enjoys interacting with familiar adults
Washington State Department of Social and Health Services
(n.d.).The Child Development Guide. Using the Child Develop-
ment Guide. Retrieved April 16, 2014 from dshs.wa.gov/ca/
fosterparents/training/chidev/cd06.htm
27
 100 DAY KIT

Getting Your Child There is no debate or doubt: early intervention is

Services
your childs best hope for the future. Early attention
to improving the core behavioral symptoms of autism
will give your child and the rest of the family
several important benefits that you will not gain if you
How Do I Get the Help My take a wait-and-see approach until your child enters
school at age four or five. A good early intervention
Child Needs? program has at least four benefits:

The road ahead will be bumpy. There will be times 1. It will provide your child with instruction that
when your progress stalls or takes an unexpected will build on his or her strengths to teach new skills,
turn. When it does, try to remind yourself that these improve behaviors and remediate areas
are speed bumps, not roadblocks. Take them one at of weakness.
a time. It is important that you start now. There are a
variety of services available to treat and educate your 2. It will provide you with information that will help
child. The article below, from Does My Child Have you better understand your childs behavior and
Autism? by Wendy L. Stone, PhD, with Theresa Foy needs.
DiGeromino, MEd, explains why:
3. It will offer resources, support and training that
will enable you to work and play with your child more
effectively.

4. It will improve the outcome for your child.

For these reasons, an intervention program for your
child should be implemented as soon as possible
after he or she receives a diagnosis. However, as
you probably know by now, it can be very challeng-
ing to teach young children with autism. They have
a unique profile of strengths and needs and require
intervention services and teaching approaches that
are sensitive to these needs. Thats why strategies
that worked for teaching your other children to remain
seated at the dinner table, to play appropriately with
a toy or to say words simply dont work as well for
your child with autism. In the same way, interven-
tion programs that are generic rather than autism-
specialized are less likely to be effective for your
child. Thats why as you begin your exploration of
early intervention, you must keep in mind that not all
interventions are equal.
Early Intervention will improve the
outcome for your child.

28
 100 DAY KIT

Accessing Services: Your Childs Rights

to Public Education Advocating for your childs education is a very
important role and at times can seem over-
Every child has the right to a free appropriate educa- whelming and confusing. Two books that may
tion. The Individuals with Disabilities Education be helpful are:
Act (IDEA), enacted in 1975, mandates a public
education for all eligible children and makes the Wrightslaw: From Emotions to Advocacy -
schools responsible for providing the supports and The Special Education Survival Guide
services that will allow this to happen. IDEA was most by Pam Wright and Pete Wright
recently revised in 2004 (and, in fact, renamed the How to Compromise with Your School District
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Without Compromising Your Child
Act, but most people still refer to it as IDEA). The law by Gary Mayerson
mandates that the state provide an eligible child with
a free appropriate public education that meets his or You will also find additional books and websites
her unique individual needs. at the end of this kit that will be helpful in this
IDEA specifies that children with various disabilities, process. You, as a parent, are entitled to be treat-
including autism, are entitled to early intervention ed as an equal partner with the school district in
services and special education. In addition, the deciding on an education plan for your child.
IDEA legislation has established an important team
approach and a role for parents as equal partners in
the planning for an individual child and promotes an
What is a Free and Appropriate
education in the least restrictive environment. You, Public Education (FAPE)?
as a parent, are entitled to be treated as an equal
As described previously, IDEA provides for a free
partner with the school district in deciding on an
and appropriate education for all children with
education plan for your child and his or her individual
disabilities. Each word in this phrase is important,
needs. This enables you to be a powerful advocate
but appropriate is the one that relates specifically to
for your child. It also means that you must be an in-
your special needs child. Your child is entitled to an
formed, active participant in planning and monitoring
education that is tailored to his or her special needs
your childs unique program and legal rights.
and a placement that will allow him or her to make
In addition to the IDEA stipulations, the Americans educational progress.
with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) sets forth, as a
Although you and your childs teachers or therapists
civil right, protections and provisions for equal access
may want to provide your child with the best and
to education for anyone with a disability. Section 504
optimal programs and services, the school district is
of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is another civil rights
simply required to provide an appropriate education.
law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of dis-
One of the challenges here is working with the school
ability in programs and activities, public and private,
district to determine what is appropriate and therefore
that receive federal financial assistance. Generally,
what will be provided for your child. This is a collabor-
the individuals protected by these laws include
ative process and may require considerable negotia-
anyone with a physical or mental impairment that
tion in order to secure the appropriate services from
substantially limits one or more life activities.
the school.

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 100 DAY KIT

tant to note that philosophies about inclusion vary

What is Least Restrictive considerably among school districts, staff and
parents of students with and without special needs.
Environment (LRE)?
IDEA provides for a team approach to planning so
As specified in the IDEA, your child is entitled to that the objectives of all members of the team can
experience the least restrictive environment in be considered and the necessary supports can be
schools. This means that your child should be placed put in place to maximize inclusion. Not all parents
in the environment in which he or she has the great- will feel that a mainstream environment will enhance
est possible opportunity to interact with children the growth and development of their student with
who do not have a disability and to participate in special needs and allowances need to be made to
the general education curriculum. The child must be accommodate various perspectives. Additionally, not
educated in the school he or she would attend if not all students will be ready for full inclusion all of the
disabled to the maximum extent appropriate and time. The anxiety and sensory issues related to
supported with the aids and services required to inclusion may mean that efforts should begin with
make this possible. This does not mean that every small steps that can generate ongoing success and
student has to be in a general education classroom, increase participation within the local student body
but the objective is to place the student in as natu- and community.
ral a learning environment as possible, within his or
her home community. This decision is made by the
members of the Individualized Education Program
(IEP) team, with consideration of the myriad of issues
Early Intervention Services
related to appropriate environment and supports for
the student. Placements and the LRE for a particular (EI) for Children Under the
student may change over time.

The participation of children with disabilities in the

Age of Three
general education environment is often referred to The IDEA provides states with federal grants to
as mainstreaming or inclusion. Inclusion does institute Early Intervention programs. Any child
not mean that a child with special needs should be younger than age three who has a developmental
placed into a general education setting just like a typi- delay or a physical or mental condition likely to result
cal learner; a variety of special education supports in a developmental delay is eligible to receive early
should be provided in order to create a successful intervention services through these programs. EI
environment and positive experience for everyone services can vary widely from state to state and
involved. Careful planning and training are essential region to region. However, the services should
to providing modifications or accommodations and to address your childs unique needs and should not
successfully situating a child with a disability in the be limited to what is currently available or customary
least restrictive setting. These supports might include in your region.
providing a specially trained classroom or one-on-one
paraprofessional, altering testing environments or The document that spells out your childs needs and
expectations, adapting curriculum, providing visual the services that will be provided is the Individual
supports or adaptive equipment, etc. The special Family Service Program (IFSP). The IFSP should
education department should provide training, be based on a comprehensive evaluation of your
strategies and support for general education staff child. It should describe your childs current levels of
and others in the general school community who may functioning and the anticipated goals. It should also
interact with students with special needs. It is impor- list the specific services that will be provided to your

30
 100 DAY KIT

child and your family. EI services are aimed at mini- be met. Unlike the IFSP, the IEP is almost entirely
mizing the impact of disabilities on the development related to how the needs of your child will be met
of your child. Services for your child may include, within the context of the school district and inside
but are not limited to, speech and language instruc- school walls.
tion, occupational therapy, physical therapy, Applied
Behavior Analysis (ABA) and psychological evalua- Information about the Legal Rights and
tion. Services for families may include training to help Procedures for Special Education Services
reinforce the affected childs new skills and counsel- can be found in Individualized Education Plan
ing to help the family adapt. (IEP): Summary, Process and Practical Tips, a
guide created by law firm Goodwin Procter
Information about the Legal Rights and Proce- LLP on the Autism Speaks website at
dures for Early Intervention in your state can be autismspeaks.org/family-services/
found in the Autism Speaks Resource Guide at tool-kits/iep-guide.
autismspeaks.org/resource-guide.
There are IEP forms from the guide included at
Click on your state and you will find the informa- the end of this kit.
tion under Early Intervention/State Information.
You can also read more about legal information
In this same section of the Autism Speaks Resource in your state by visiting the Autism Speaks
Guide you will also find state specific information on Resource Guide at
the process of transitioning from Early Intervention autismspeaks.org/resource-guide.
Services to Special Education Services.
Click on your state and you will find the
You can learn more about early intervention at: information under Preschool Age or School
autismspeaks.org/blog/2012/10/26/evaluating- Age Services/State Information.
early-interventions.
You can also view the Autism Speaks School
Community Tool Kit at autismspeaks.org/school.

Special Education Services

for Children Ages 3 - 22
Special Education services pick up where early in-
tervention services leave off, at age three. Your local
school district provides these services through their
special education department. The focus of special
education is different from that of early intervention.
While early intervention services address your childs
overall development, special education focuses on
providing your child with an education, regardless of
disabilities or special needs.

The document that spells out your childs needs and

how these needs will be met is the Individualized
Education Program (IEP). Like the IFSP, the IEP
describes your childs strengths and weaknesses,
sets goals and objectives and details how these can
31
 100 DAY KIT

Extended School Year (ESY)

Services
If there is evidence that your child experiences a
substantial regression in skills during school vaca-
tions, he or she may be entitled to Extended School
Year (ESY) services. These services would be pro-
vided over long breaks from school (such as summer
vacation) to prevent substantial regression, but not
to acquire new skills. It is important for the family to
remain involved in determining appropriate goals,
communicating with the educational team about your
childs progress and working to provide consistency
between home and school life.

How Do I Get Services Before services can be provided, it may be

necessary to complete further assessments
Started for My Child? and evaluations. These may include:
An unstructured diagnostic play session
If your child is under the age of three, call your lo- A developmental evaluation
cal Early Intervention agency. In most states, Early
A speech-language assessment
Intervention is provided by the Department of Health.
Contact information is included in the Autism Speaks A parent interview
Resource Guide. If your child is three or older, con- An evaluation of current behavior
tact your local school district, more specifically the
An evaluation of adaptive or real life skills
Office of Special Education within the school district.
In some cases, you may need to put the request in You may find yourself spending some time in wait-
writing that you would like your child evaluated for ing rooms with your child when you are completing
special education services. Refer to Assembling additional evaluations. You have probably already
Your Team in this kit for more information. Youll find figured out how helpful it is to bring some snacks
more in the Action Plan section of this kit. for your child, his or her favorite toy or some other
form of entertainment to help pass the time. Waiting
for the completion of these additional evaluations,
which may be required by the school district or early
intervention services, may be frustrating. There are
sometimes waiting lists, so it is important to start the
process as soon as possible. The additional evalu-
ations will provide much more in-depth information
about your childs symptoms, strengths and needs
and will be helpful for accessing and planning therapy
services in the long run.

I was overwhelmed in the beginning by all the evaluations and paperwork.

But watching the changes in Samantha as she learns and grows, we know
our efforts are
32
paying off.
 100 DAY KIT

The purpose of the evaluations is to understand your

childs challenges so that he or she can get the
appropriate services that he or she needs. The
Organization for Autism Researchs A Parents Guide
to Assessment can be helpful in explaining the results
of the evaluations and what they mean for your child.
The guide can be found at
researchautism.org/resources/reading/
documents/AssessmentGuide.pdf.

If you find you are spinning your wheels waiting for

the results, there are things you can be doing in the
meantime. Talk to other parents about what services
have been helpful for their children. Investigate the
therapies outlined in this kit. Start reading about It can sometimes be difficult to read
autism. There is a list of suggested books and web- some of the evaluations about your
sites at the end of this kit, as well as in the Autism childs strengths and challenges.
Speaks Resource Library at
autismspeaks.org/family-services/
Its helpful to remember that your
resource-library. child is the same child as before the
diagnosis and all of the evaluations.

Autism and Insurance Autism Speaks Insurance Link was developed

to help families navigate the complexities of health
While there are effective treatment options for autism, insurance for autism. By answering a short series of
these services are not consistently covered by health questions, this online application will help parents
insurance. Since 2007, Autism Speaks has focused determine whether their dependent is entitled to
its state advocacy efforts on passage of meaningful autism benefits under their health insurance plan.
autism insurance reform. As of May 2014, 37 states If not covered, Autism Speaks Insurance Link will
have enacted laws that require certain health insur- provide parents with the tools to effectively advocate
ance plans to cover the treatment of autism, including for meaningful coverage for the treatment of autism.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). These states
For more information about Autism Speaks
appear in green on our state initiatives map at
efforts related to health insurance for autism,
autismspeaks.org/advocacy.
please email advocacy@autismspeaks.org.
Unfortunately, determining whether your insurance
And to access the Autism Speaks Insurance
plan includes a meaningful autism benefit is not
Link please visit
as easy as looking at a map. Not all plan types are
autismspeaks.org/advocacy/insurancelink.
subject to state law. Additionally, many state autism
insurance laws further exclude certain plan types
or impose age caps that may adversely affect your While we were waiting for EI to complete
coverage. the evals, my husband and I picked up
two copies of the same book about
autism and raced each other through it.
By the time the tests were done, wed
learned a lot!
33
 100 DAY KIT

How is Autism
Treatments for associated symptoms address chal-
lenges commonly associated with autism, but not
specific to the disorder. If your child has biological

Treated?
or medical conditions such as allergies, food intoler-
ances, gastrointestinal issues or sleep disturbances,
these will need to be treated too. Treatment programs
may combine therapies for both core symptoms and
Each child or adult with autism is unique and as a
associated symptoms. Your childs treatment pro-
result, each autism intervention plan should be
gram will depend on his or her needs and strengths.
tailored to address specific needs. Treatment for
Some of these therapies may be used together. For
autism is usually a very intensive, comprehensive
example, if medical causes for sleep disturbances
undertaking that involves the childs entire family
are ruled out, a behavioral intervention might be used
and a team of professionals. Some programs may
to address them. Occupational therapy or speech-
take place in your home. These may be based in
language therapy are often integrated into one of the
your home with professional specialists and trained
intensive therapy programs described here as core
therapists or may include training for you to serve
symptom therapies.
as a therapist for your child under the supervision
of a professional. Some programs are delivered in Therapies include a wide range of tools, services
a specialized center, classroom or preschool. It is and teaching methods that you may choose to
not unusual for a family to choose to combine use to help your child reach his or her potential.
more than one treatment method. The recommended number of hours of structured
intervention ranges from 25 to 40 hours per week
The terms treatment and therapy during the preschool period.
may be used interchangeably. The Many of the therapy methods described here are very
word intervention may also be used complex and will require more research on your part
to describe a treatment or therapy. before you get started. Whenever possible, observe
the therapies in action. Talk to experienced parents
Weve provided an overview of many different treat- and make sure you have a thorough understanding
ment methods for autism in this section of your tool of what is involved before beginning any therapy for
kit. The descriptions are meant to give you general your child.
information. Your pediatrician, developmental
pediatrician or a social worker who specializes in the
treatment of children with autism can make sugges-
tions or help you prioritize therapies based on the Treatment for the Core
strengths and challenges detailed in your childs
comprehensive evaluation. Once you have narrowed Symptoms of Autism
down some choices of appropriate therapies for your
child, you will want to explore more information Most families use one type of intensive intervention
before making a commitment to one. For many that best meets the needs of their child and their
children, autism is complicated by medical conditions, parenting style. The intensive interventions described
biological issues and symptoms that are not here require multiple hours per week of therapy and
exclusive to autism. address behavioral, developmental and/or educa-
tional goals. They are developed specifically to treat
autism. During the course of treatment, it may be
necessary to reevaluate which method is best for
your child.

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 100 DAY KIT

For information on different treatment options,

turn to the glossary in this kit or visit
AutismSpeaks.org and view the National
Standards Project produced by the National
Autism Center at
nationalautismcenter.org/about/national.php.

To view different treatments in video format

please visit the Autism Speaks Autism Video
Glossary at
Therapies are not always delivered in autismspeaks.org/what-autism/video-glossary.

a pure format. Some intervention You should also see your pediatrician for more
providers who work primarily in one information, so that you can be confident you are
format may use successful techniques making informed choices as you begin to narrow
down your options.
from another format.
Before we get into the types of therapies available,
it is helpful to take a step back and look at the big- What is Applied
ger picture. Although research and experience have
revealed many of the mysteries surrounding autism, Behavioral Analysis?
it remains a complex disorder that impacts each child
differently. However, many children with autism have Behavior analysis was originally described by B.F.
made remarkable breakthroughs with the right com- Skinner in the 1930s. You may have learned about
bination of therapies and interventions. Most parents Skinner and operant conditioning when you studied
would welcome a cure for their child or a therapy that science in school. The principles and methods
would alleviate all of the symptoms and challenges of behavior analysis have been applied effectively
that make life difficult. Just as your childs chal- in many circumstances to develop a wide range of
lenges cant be summed up in one word, they cant skills in learners with and without disabilities.
be remedied with one therapy. Each challenge must Behavior analysis is a scientifically validated
be addressed with an appropriate therapy. No single approach to understanding behavior and how it is
therapy works for every child. What works for one affected by the environment. In this context,
child may not work for another. What works for one behavior refers to actions and skills. Environment
child for a period of time may stop working. Some includes any influence physical or social that
therapies are supported by research that shows their might change or be changed by ones behavior.
efficacy, while others are not. The skill, experience On a practical level, the principles and methods of
and style of the therapist are critical to the effective- behavior analysis have helped many different kinds
ness of the intervention. of learners acquire many different skills from
Before you choose an intervention, you will need to healthier lifestyles to the mastery of a new language.
investigate the claims of each therapy so that you Behavior analysis focuses on the principles that
understand the possible risks and benefits for your explain how learning takes place. Positive reinforce-
child. At first, all of these techniques ABA, VB, PRT, ment is one such principle. When a behavior is
DTT, ESDM, among others may seem like alphabet followed by some sort of reward, the behavior is
soup to you. You may be confused now, but you will more likely to be repeated. Through decades of
be surprised at how quickly you become fluent in
the terminology of autism therapies.

35
 100 DAY KIT

research, the field of behavior analysis has An antecedent, which is a verbal or physical stimulus
developed many techniques for increasing useful such as a command or request. This may come from
behaviors and reducing those that may cause the environment or from another person or be internal
harm or interfere with learning. to the subject;

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is the use of A resulting behavior, which is the subjects (or in this
these techniques and principles to bring about case, the childs) response or lack of response to the
meaningful and positive change in behavior. antecedent;

Since the early 1960s, ABA has been used by thou- A consequence, which depends on the behavior,
sands of therapists to teach communication, play, can include positive reinforcement of the desired
social, academic, self-care, work and community behavior or no reaction for incorrect responses.
living skills and to reduce problem behaviors in
learners with autism. There is a great deal of ABA targets the learning of skills and the reduction of
research that has demonstrated that ABA is effec- challenging behaviors. Most ABA programs are highly
tive for improving childrens outcomes, especially structured. Targeted skills and behaviors are based
their cognitive and language abilities. Over the past on an established curriculum. Each skill is broken
several decades, different models using ABA have down into small steps and taught using prompts that
emerged, all of which use behavioral teaching. They are gradually eliminated as the steps are mastered.
all use strategies that are based on Skinners work. The child is given repeated opportunities to learn and
practice each step in a variety of settings. Each time
ABA is often difficult to understand until you see it the child achieves the desired result, he or she re-
in action. It may be helpful to start by describing what ceives positive reinforcement, such as verbal praise
all of the different methods of ABA have in common. or something else that the child finds to be highly
ABA methods use the following three step process motivating, like a small piece of candy. ABA programs
to teach: often include support for the child in a school setting
with a one-on-one aide to target the systemic trans-
fer of skills to a typical school environment. Skills
are broken down into manageable pieces and built
upon so that a child learns how to learn in a natural
environment. Facilitated play with peers is often part
of the intervention. Success is measured by direct
observation and data collection and analysis all
critical components of ABA. If the child isnt making
satisfactory progress, adjustments are made.

One type of ABA intervention is Discrete Trial

Teaching (also referred to as DTT, traditional ABA
or the Lovaas Model, for its pioneer, Dr. Ivar Lovaas).
DTT involves teaching individual skills one at a time
using several repeated teaching trials and reinforcers
that may or may not be intrinsically related to the
skill that is being taught.

36
 100 DAY KIT

Who provides traditional ABA or DTT? What is Verbal Behavior?

A Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) special- Verbal Behavior therapy teaches communication
izing in autism will write, implement and monitor the using the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis and
childs individualized program. Individual therapists, the theories of behaviorist B.F. Skinner. By design,
often called trainers, (not necessarily board Verbal Behavior therapy motivates a child, adoles-
certified) will work directly with the child on a day-to- cent or adult to learn language by connecting words
day basis. with their purposes. The student learns that words
can help obtain desired objects or other results.
What is a typical ABA therapy Verbal Behavior therapy avoids focusing on words as
session like? mere labels (cat, car, etc.). Rather, the student learns
how to use language to make requests and commu-
Sessions are typically two to three hours long, con- nicate ideas. To put it another way, this intervention
sisting of short periods of structured time devoted to focuses on understanding why we use words.
a task, usually lasting three to five minutes. 10 to 15
minute breaks are often taken at the end of every In his book Verbal Behavior, Skinner classified
hour. Free play and breaks are used for incidental language into types, or operants. Each has a
teaching or practicing skills in new environments. different function. Verbal Behavior therapy focuses
Effective ABA intervention for autism is not a one on four word types. They are:
size fits all approach and should never be viewed as
Mand: A request, such as Cookie, to ask for a
a canned set of programs or drills. On the contrary,
cookie
a skilled therapist customizes the intervention to each
learners skills, needs, interests, preferences and Tact: A comment used to share an experience or
family situation. For those reasons, an ABA program draw attention, such as airplane to point out an
for one learner might look somewhat different from airplane
a program for another learner. An ABA program will
also change as the needs and functioning of the Intraverbal: A word used to answer a question or
learner change. otherwise respond, such as Where do you go to
school? Castle Park Elementary
What is the intensity of most ABA Echoic: A repeated, or echoed, word, such as
programs? Cookie? Cookie! (important as the student needs
to imitate to learn)
Most ABA programs consist of 25 to 40 hours per
week of therapy. Families are also encouraged to use Verbal Behavior therapy begins by teaching mands
ABA principles in their daily lives. or requests as the most basic type of language. For
example, the individual with autism learns that saying
To find more information on ABA, go to the cookie can produce a cookie. Immediately after the
Association for Behavior Analysis International student makes such a request, the therapist reinforc-
website at ABAinternational.org es the lesson by repeating the word and presenting
or the Behavior Analyst Certification Board the requested item. The therapist then uses the word
website at BACB.com. again in the same or similar context.

37
 100 DAY KIT

Importantly, children dont have to say the actual

word to receive the desired item. In the beginning,
he or she simply needs to signal requests by any
means. Pointing at the item represents a good start.

This helps the student understand that communicat-

ing produces positive results. The therapist builds
on this understanding to help the student shape the
communication toward saying or signing the actual
word.

Verbal Behavior therapy uses errorless learning.

The therapist provides immediate and frequent
prompts to help improve the students communi-
cation. These prompts become less intrusive as
quickly as possible, until the student no longer needs
prompting. Take, for example, the student who wants
a cookie. The therapist may hold the cookie in front
of the students face and say cookie to prompt a
response from the child. Next, the therapist would
hold up the cookie and make a c sound to prompt What is the intensity of most VB
the response. After that, the therapist might simply programs?
hold a cookie in the childs line of sight and wait for
the request. The ultimate goal, in this example, is for VB programs usually involve 30 or more hours per
the student to say cookie when he or she wants a week of scheduled therapy. Families are encouraged
cookie without any prompting. to use VB principles in their daily lives.

VB and classic ABA use similar behavioral formats For Information on VB, go to the Cambridge
to work with children. VB is designed to motivate a Center for Behavioral Studies website at
child to learn language by developing a connection behavior.org/vb.
between a word and its value. VB may be used as an
extension of the communication section of an ABA
program.

Who provides VB?

Verbal Behavior therapy is provided by VB-trained
psychologists, special education teachers, speech
therapists and other providers.

38
 100 DAY KIT

What is Pivotal Response

Treatment?
Pivotal Response Treatment, or PRT, was devel-
oped by Dr. Robert L. Koegel, Dr. Lynn Kern Koegel
and Dr. Laura Shreibman at the University of
California at Santa Barbara. PRT was previously
called the Natural Language Paradigm (NLP),
which has been in development since the 1970s.
It is a behavioral intervention model based on the
principles of ABA.

PRT is one of the best studied and validated behav-

ioral treatments for autism. Derived from ABA, it is
play-based and child-initiated. Its goals include the
development of communication, language and
positive social behaviors and relief from disruptive
self-stimulatory behaviors.

Rather than target individual behaviors, the PRT

therapist targets pivotal areas of a childs develop-
ment. These include motivation, response to multiple
cues, self-management and the initiation of social
interactions. The philosophy is that by targeting these
critical areas, PRT will produce broad improvements
across other areas of sociability, communication,
behavior and academic skill building.

Motivation strategies are an important part of the

PRT approach. These emphasize natural
reinforcement. For example, if a child makes a
meaningful attempt to request, say, a stuffed animal,
the reward is the stuffed animal not a candy or
other unrelated reward.

Who provides PRT?

Some psychologists, special education teachers,
speech therapists and other providers specifically are
trained in PRT. The Koegel Autism Center offers a
PRT Certification program.

39
 100 DAY KIT

What is a typical PRT therapy What is the Early Start

session like?
Each program is tailored to meet the goals and
Denver Model (ESDM)?
needs of the individual learner and his or her school The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is a
and home routines. A session typically involves six comprehensive behavioral early intervention
segments during which language, play and social approach for children with autism, ages 12 to 48
skills are targeted with both structured and unstruc- months. The program encompasses a develop-
tured interactions. As the child progresses, the focus mental curriculum that defines the skills to be taught
of each session changes to accommodate more at any given time and a set of teaching procedures
advanced goals and needs. used to deliver this content. It is not tied to a specific
delivery setting, but can be delivered by therapy
teams and/or parents in group programs or
What is the intensity of a PRT individual therapy sessions in either a clinic setting
program? or the childs home.

PRT programs usually involve 25 or more hours Psychologists Sally Rogers, Ph.D., and Geraldine
per week. Everyone involved in the childs life is Dawson, Ph.D., developed the Early Start Denver
encouraged to use PRT methods consistently in Model as an early-age extension of the Denver
every part of his or her life. PRT has been described Model, which Rogers and colleagues developed and
as a lifestyle adopted by the affected family. refined. This early intervention program integrates
a relationship-focused developmental model with
For more information on PRT, visit the UCSB
the well-validated teaching practices of Applied
Koegel Autism Center website at
Behavior Analysis (ABA). Its core features include
Education.UCSB.edu/autism or the UCSD
the following:
Autism Research Program website at
psy3.ucsd.edu/~autism/prttraining.html. Naturalistic applied behavioral analytic strategies
Sensitive to normal developmental sequence
Deep parental involvement
Focus on interpersonal exchange and positive
affect
Shared engagement with joint activities
Language and communication taught inside a
positive, affect-based relationship

The Early Start Denver Model is the only comprehen-

sive early intervention model that has been validated
in a randomized clinical trial for use with children with
autism as young as 18 months of age. It has been
found to be effective for children with autism across a
wide range of learning styles and abilities.

40
 100 DAY KIT

Who provides ESDM? What is Floortime (DIR)?

An ESDM therapist may be a psychologist, behavior-
Floortime is a specific therapeutic technique based
ist, occupational therapist, speech and language
on the Developmental Individual Difference
pathologist, early intervention specialist or devel-
Relationship Model (DIR) developed in the 1980s
opmental pediatrician. Whats important is that the
by Dr. Stanley Greenspan. The premise of Floortime
therapist has ESDM training and certification.
is that an adult can help a child expand his or her
Parents can also be taught to use ESDM strategies. circles of communication by meeting the child at his
Parental involvement is a crucial part of the ESDM or her developmental level and building on his or her
program. If your child is receiving ESDM therapy, the strengths. Therapy is often incorporated into play
instructor will explain and model the strategies for activities on the floor. The goal of Floortime is to
you to use at home. help the child reach six developmental milestones
that contribute to emotional and intellectual growth:
What is the intensity of most Self regulation and interest in the world
ESDM programs? Intimacy or a special love for the world of human
relations
ESDM programs usually involve 20 to 25 or more
hours per week of scheduled therapy. Families Two-way communication
are encouraged to use ESDM strategies in their Complex communication
daily lives. Emotional ideas
Emotional thinking
What is a typical ESDM session like?
In Floortime, the therapist or parent engages the child
ESDM is designed to be highly engaging and en-
at a level the child currently enjoys, enters the childs
joyable for the child, while skills are systematically
activities and follows the childs lead. From a mutually
taught within a naturalistic, play-based interaction.
shared engagement, the parent is instructed on how
Some skills are taught on the floor during interactive
to move the child toward increasingly complex inter-
play while others are taught at the table, focusing
actions, a process known as opening and closing
on more structured activities. As the child develops
circles of communication.
social skills, peers or siblings are included in the
therapy session to promote peer relationships. Floortime does not separate and focus on speech,
ESDM can be delivered in the home, the clinic or a motor or cognitive skills but rather addresses these
birth-to-three or developmental preschool setting. areas through a synthesized emphasis on emotional
development. The intervention is called Floortime
To find more information on ESDM, check out
because the parent gets down on the floor with the
Play and Engagement in Early Autism: The Early
child to engage the child at his or her level. Floortime
Start Denver Model by Rogers, SJ., & Dawson, G.
is considered an alternative to and is sometimes
(2009) or the ESDM Curriculum Checklist, also
delivered in combination with ABA therapies.
from Rogers and Dawson. Information about
training in the ESDM model can be found at
ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/research/esdm.

41
 100 DAY KIT

Who provides Floortime? What is Relationship

Parents and caregivers are trained to implement the
approach. Floortime-trained psychologists, special Development Intervention
education teachers, speech therapists or occupation-
al therapists may also use Floortime techniques. (RDI)?
Like other therapies described in this tool kit,
What is a typical Floortime therapy Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) is
session like? a system of behavior modification through positive
reinforcement. RDI was developed by Dr. Steven
In Floortime, the parent or provider joins in the childs Gutstein as a family-based behavioral treatment
activities and follows the childs lead. The parent using dynamic intelligence and addressing autisms
or provider then engages the child in increasingly core symptoms. RDI aims to help individuals with
complex interactions. During the preschool program, autism form personal relationships by gradually
Floortime includes integration with typically develop- strengthening the building blocks of social connec-
ing peers. Ideally, Floortime takes place in a calm tions. This includes the ability to form an emotional
environment. This can be at home or in a profes- bond and share experiences.
sional setting. Floortime sessions emphasize back-
and-forth play interactions. This establishes the The six objectives of RDI are:
foundation for shared attention, engagement and
problem solving. Parents and therapists help the child Emotional Referencing: the ability to use an emo-
maintain focus to sharpen interactions and abstract, tional feedback system to learn from the subjective
logical thinking. experiences of others

Social Coordination: the ability to observe and con-

What is the intensity of most tinually regulate ones behavior in order to participate
Floortime programs? in spontaneous relationships involving collaboration
and exchange of emotions
Floortime is usually delivered in a low stimulus
Declarative Language: the ability to use language
environment, ranging from two to five hours a day.
and non-verbal communication to express curiosity,
Families are encouraged to use the principles of
invite others to interact, share perceptions and feel-
Floortime in their day-to-day lives.
ings and coordinate your actions with others
To find more information on Floortime, go to the
Flexible Thinking: the ability to rapidly adapt,
Floortime Foundation website at Floortime.org,
change strategies and alter plans based upon
Stanley Greenspans website at changing circumstances
StanleyGreenspan.com
Relational Information Processing: the ability to
or the Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental
obtain meaning based upon the larger context; solv-
and Learning Disorders website at ICDL.com.
ing problems that have no right-and wrong solutions

Foresight and Hindsight: the ability to reflect on

past experiences and anticipate potential future
scenarios in a productive manner

42
 100 DAY KIT

The program involves a systematic approach to work-

ing on building motivation and teaching skills while What is TEACCH?
focusing on the childs current developmental level
of functioning. Children begin work in a one-on-one The TEACCH Autism Program is a clinical, train-
setting with a parent. When the child is ready, he or ing and research program based at the University of
she is matched with a peer at a similar level of re- North Carolina Chapel Hill. TEACCH, developed by
lationship development to form a dyad. Gradually, Drs. Eric Schopler and Robert Reichler in the 1960s,
additional children are added, as are the number of was established as a statewide program by the North
settings in which the children practice, in order to Carolina legislature in 1972 and has become a model
help the child form and maintain relationships in dif- for other programs around the world.
ferent contexts.
TEACCH developed the intervention approach called
Structured TEACCHing, an array of teaching or
Who provides RDI? treatment principles and strategies based on the
learning characteristics of individuals with ASD,
Parents, teachers and other professionals can be
including strengths in visual information processing
trained to provide RDI. Parents may choose to
and difficulties with social communication, attention
work together with an RDI-certified consultant. RDI
and executive function. In response to this profile
is somewhat unique because it is designed to be
of strengths and challenges, Structured
implemented by parents. Parents learn the program
TEACCHing includes:
through training seminars, books and other materi-
als and can collaborate with an RDI-certified consul- External organizational supports to address
tant. Some specialized schools offer RDI in a private challenges with attention and executive function
school setting.
Visual and/or written information to supplement
verbal communication
What is a typical RDI therapy
session like? Structured support for social communication

Structured TEACCHing is not a curriculum, but

In RDI, the parent or provider uses a comprehensive
instead is a framework to support achievement of
set of step-by-step, developmentally appropriate ob-
educational and therapeutic goals. This framework
jectives in everyday life situations, based on different
includes:
levels or stages of ability. Spoken language may be
limited in order to encourage eye contact and nonver- Physical organization
bal communication. RDI may also be delivered in a
specialized school setting. Individualized schedules

Work (Activity) systems

What is the intensity of most RDI
Visual structure of materials in tasks
programs? and activities
Families most often use the principles of RDI in The goal of Structured TEACCHing is to promote
their day-to-day lives. Each family will make choices meaningful engagement in activities, flexibility,
based on their child. independence and self-efficacy. Structured
TEACCHing strategies are integrated into other
Find more information on RDI on the Connections evidenced-based practices.
Center website at RDIconnect.com.

43
 100 DAY KIT

What does TEACCH look like? a variety of settings and with a variety of partners.

TEACCH programs are usually conducted in a class- The acronym SCERTS refers to the focus on:
room setting. TEACCH-based home programs are
SC Social Communication: Development of
also available and are sometimes used in conjunction
spontaneous, functional communication, emotional
with a TEACCH-based classroom program. Parents
expression and secure and trusting relationships with
work with professionals as co-therapists for their
children and adults
children so that TEACCH techniques can be contin-
ued in the home. ER Emotional Regulation: Development of the
ability to maintain a well-regulated emotional state to
Who provides TEACCH? cope with everyday stress and to be most available
for learning and interacting
TEACCH is available at the TEACCH centers in
North Carolina and through TEACCH-trained TS Transactional Support: Development and
psychologists, special education teachers, speech implementation of supports to help partners respond
therapists and other providers in other areas of to the childs needs and interests, modify and adapt
the country. the environment and provide tools to enhance learn-
ing (e.g., picture communication, written schedules,
To find more information on TEACCH, and sensory supports); specific plans are also devel-
go to the TEACCH Autism Program website oped to provide educational and emotional support to
at TEACCH.com. families and to foster teamwork among professionals

What does a SCERTS session

What is Social look like?
Communication/Emotional The SCERTS model favors having children learn with
and from other children who provide good social and
Regulation/Transactional language models in inclusive settings, as much as
possible. SCERTS is implemented using transaction-
Supports (SCERTS)? al supports put in place by a team, such as environ-
mental accommodations and learning supports like
Social Communication/Emotional Regulation/ schedules or visual organizers.
Transactional Support (SCERTS) is an educational
model developed by Barry Prizant, PhD, Who provides SCERTS?
Amy Wetherby, PhD, Emily Rubin and Amy Laurant.
SCERTS uses practices from other approaches SCERTS is usually provided in a school setting
including ABA (in the form of PRT), TEACCH, by SCERTS-trained special education teachers or
Floortime and RDI. The SCERTS Model differs most speech therapists.
notably from the focus of traditional ABA by pro-
For more information on SCERTS, visit
moting child-initiated communication in everyday
SCERTS.com.
activities. SCERTS is most concerned with helping
children with autism to achieve Authentic Progress,
which is defined as the ability to learn and
spontaneously apply functional and relevant skills in

44
 100 DAY KIT

Treatment for Biological &

Medical Conditions
Associated with Autism
The next section of this tool kit covers a number of
what are frequently called related services. These
services are therapies that address symptoms
commonly associated with autism, but not specific
to the disorder.

Speech-language therapy (SLT)

Most autism behavioral intensive therapy programs
include speech-language therapy. With a variety lips to help him or her develop motor control and the
of techniques, speech-language therapy addresses proper oral muscular movements to speak. Speech
a range of challenges often faced by persons with therapists need to be fully trained in order to provide
autism. For instance, some individuals on the autism PROMPT therapy. To learn more about PROMPT,
spectrum do not speak, while others love to talk but visit promptinstitute.com.
have difficulty using conversational speech and/or
understanding the nuances of language and
nonverbal cues when talking with others.
Occupational therapy (OT)
Occupational therapy (OT) addresses a combina-
Speech-language therapy is designed to coordinate tion of cognitive, physical and motor skills. Its goals
the mechanics of speech with the meaning and social including helping a child or adult gain age-appropriate
use of language. Such a program begins with an independence and participate more fully in life. For
individual evaluation by a speech-language patholo- a person with autism, occupational therapy often
gist to assess an individuals verbal aptitudes and focuses on skills for appropriate play or leisure skills,
challenges. From this evaluation, the pathologist sets learning and self-care skills.
goals that may include mastering spoken language
and/or learning nonverbal communication skills such Therapy begins with a certified occupational thera-
as signs or gestures. In each case, the goal is to pist evaluating the persons developmental level as
help the person communicate in more useful and well as related learning styles, social abilities and
functional ways. environmental needs. Based on this evaluation, the
therapist determines goals and selects strategies and
The speech language pathologist can provide ther- tactics for enhancing key skills. For instance, goals
apy one-on-one, in a small group or in a classroom may include independent dressing, feeding, grooming
setting. Therapists who work with children have ad- and use of the toilet, along with improved social, fine
ditional specialized training. motor and visual perceptual skills. Typically, occupa-
tional therapy involves half-hour to one-hour ses-
One approach used in speech-language therapy is sions with a frequency determined by the individuals
Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonet- needs. In addition, the person with autism practices
ic Targets (PROMPT). PROMPT is a physical-sen- strategies and skills with guidance at home and
sory approach to therapy in which a therapist uses in other settings including school. OT is provided by
touch and pressure to an individuals jaw, tongue and certified occupational therapists.

45
 100 DAY KIT

Certified physical therapists deliver physical therapy

beginning with an evaluation of a persons physical
abilities and developmental level. They then design
programs of activities that target areas of challenge.
Typically therapy sessions run a half hour to an hour
and include assisted movement, various forms of
exercise and the use of orthopedic equipment. The
needs of the child or adult receiving services should
determine the frequency of these sessions.
Sensory integration (SI) therapy
Many children and adults with autism have challeng-
Social skills
es in processing sensory information such as move- Individuals with autism have a great deal of diffi-
ment, touch, smell, sight and sound. Sensory inte- culty with social interactions.In recent years, social
gration (SI) therapy identifies such disruptions and skills training, in both one-on-one and peer group
uses a variety of techniques that improve how the settings, has become a very common treatment for
brain interprets and integrates this information. Oc- facing this particular challenge. Social skills taught
cupational therapy often includes sensory integration. during training sessions range from simple skills like
Other times it is delivered as a stand-alone therapy. eye contact to more difficult skills like inviting a peer
for a playdate. Studies have shown that this type of
Certified occupational and physical therapists provide intervention program can significantly improve social
sensory integration therapy. The therapist begins with competence and social skill development. Though
an individual evaluation to determine a persons sen- social skills training is not an official or certified form
sitivities. From this information, he or she plans an of therapy, professionals like social workers, speech
individualized program that matches sensory stimula- therapists and psychologists often focus largely on
tion with physical movement to improve how the brain improving social skills when treating both children
processes and organizes incoming information. As and adults with autism. In addition, parents, family
such, the therapy often includes equipment such as members and other caregivers can be taught effec-
swings, trampolines and slides. tive ways to help improve the social skills of their
Sensory integration therapy can allow a child or adult loved ones with autism both inside and outside the
with sensory integration difficulties to become more home on a regular basis.
available for learning and social interactions. Family
members and teachers often find that its techniques Picture Exchange Communication
can help calm an affected child or adult, reinforce
positive behavior and help with transitions between
System (PECS)
activities. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
is a learning system that allows children with little
Physical therapy (PT) or no verbal ability to communicate using pictures.
PECS can be used at home, in the classroom or in a
Many children and adults with autism have challeng-
variety of other settings. A therapist, teacher or parent
es with motor skills such as sitting, walking, running
helps the child to build a vocabulary and to articulate
and jumping. Physical therapy (PT) focuses on
desires, observations or feelings by using pictures
problems with movement that cause real-life limita-
consistently.
tions. In particular, physical therapy can improve poor
muscle tone, balance and coordination.

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 100 DAY KIT

The PECS program starts by teaching the child how has potential to cause severe reactions in certain
to exchange a picture for an object. Eventually, the individuals. When used appropriately, the GFCF
individual is shown how to distinguish between diet is safe and can help avoid these severe health
pictures and symbols and use them to form sentenc- problems.
es. Although PECS is based on visual tools, verbal
reinforcement is a major component and verbal The theory behind its use in autism is that if a person
communication is encouraged. Standard PECS is having GI responses to these products, the result-
pictures can be purchased as a part of a manual or ing inflammation may damage the lining of the intes-
pictures can be gathered from photos, newspapers, tine and as a result lead to absorption of molecules
magazines or other books. that are not normally absorbed by healthy intestines.
Some evidence suggests that these molecules or the
inflammation they cause can interact with the brain
Auditory Integration Training in ways that cause problems such as anxiety, mood
abnormalities, mental difficulties and perhaps worsen
Auditory Integration Training (AIT), sometimes the behavioral symptoms of autism. That said, while
called sound therapy, is often used to treat children the GFCF diet has been used in the autism communi-
with difficulties in auditory processing or sound sensi- ty for a couple of decades, there is minimal evidence
tivity. Treatment with AIT involves the patient listening that it improves autism-related behaviors.
to electronically modified music through headphones
Families choosing a trial of dietary restriction
during multiple sessions. There are different methods
should make sure their child is receiving adequate
of AIT, including the Tomatis and Berard methods.
nutrition by consulting his or her pediatrician or a
While some individuals have reported improvements
nutrition specialist. Dairy products are the most
in auditory processing as a result of AIT, there are no
common source of calcium and Vitamin D for young
credible studies that demonstrate its effectiveness or
children in the United States. Many young children
support its use.
depend on dairy products for a balanced, regular
protein intake. Alternative sources of these nutrients
Gluten free, casein free diet (GFCF) require the substitution of other food and beverage
products, with attention given to the nutritional
Much has been said about the gluten free, casein
content. Substitution of gluten-free products requires
free (GFCF) diet and its use to help individuals with
attention to the overall fiber and vitamin content of
autism. Many families with children newly diagnosed
a childs diet. Vitamin supplements may have both
with autism wonder if its something their child should
benefits and side effects. Consultation with a dietician
follow. The GFCF diet was first developed for people
or physician is recommended for the healthy applica-
with celiac disease, a disorder that involves a severe
tion of a GFCF diet. This may be especially true for
reaction to gluten in the diet. Gluten is found in wheat
children who are picky eaters.
products such as bread and other bakery goods but
also in a wide variety of other food products. Casein
is a protein most associated with dairy products and

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What about other medical Is There a Cure?

interventions?
Is recovery possible? You may have heard about
Right now you are itching to do everything possible to children who have recovered from autism. Although
help your child. Many parents in your position are ea- relatively rare, it is estimated that approximately 10%
ger to try new treatments, even those treatments that of children lose their diagnosis of autism. The factors
have not yet been scientifically proven to be effective. that predict which children lose their diagnosis are
Your hopes for a cure for your child may make you unknown. Children initially diagnosed with autism
more vulnerable to the lure of untested treatments. who lose their diagnosis often have residual difficul-
ties in the areas of hyperactivity, anxiety and
It is important to remember that just depressive symptoms. Symptom reduction from
as each child with autism is different, so autism is usually reported in connection with inten-
is each childs response to treatments. sive early intervention, but it is unknown how
much or which type of intervention works best or
It may be helpful to collect information about a ther- whether the recovery can be fully credited to the
apy that you are interested in trying and speak with intervention. You may also hear about children who
your pediatrician, as well as your intervention team reach best outcome status, which means they
members, in order to discuss the potential risks/bene- score normally on tests for IQ, language, adaptive
fits and establish measurable outcomes and baseline functioning, school placement and personality, but
data. Parents of older children with autism can pro- have mild symptoms on some personality and
vide you with a history of therapies and biomedical diagnostic tests. Recent epidemiology studies
interventions that have been promised to be cures for estimate that approximately 60% of children with
autism over the years. Some of them may have been autism have IQs above 70 by age eight (70 is the
helpful to a small number of children. Upon further cut-off point for developmental delay). Presently,
study, none of them, so far, has turned out to be a there is no reliable way of predicting which children
cure for the vast majority. We do know that many will have the best outcomes. In the absence of a cure
children get better with intensive behavioral therapy. or even an accurate prognosis of your childs future,
There is a large body of scientific evidence to support do not be afraid to believe in your childs potential.
this theory. It makes sense to focus on getting your All children with autism will benefit from intervention.
child engaged in an intensive behavioral program All will make very significant, meaningful progress.
before looking at other interventions.

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 100 DAY KIT

Making It Happen
How Do I Choose the
Right Intervention? Alleviate Stress by Actively Pursuing the Right
Choosing a treatment path for your child may feel Intervention from Overcoming Autism
overwhelming. Remember to work closely with by Lynn Kern Koegel, PhD and Claire LaZebnik
your childs treatment team and explore all of
your options. The two articles that follow may Its scary to have to question your own childs poten-
provide helpful information for you as you choose tial, but the best way to relieve your fears is to take
between methods of therapies for your child. action with productive interventions. The first step
is to be informed. Talk to people you trust - parents
whove been there, experts in the field, doctors you
have a relationship with and so on. There are a lot
of fly-by-night procedures that prey on distraught
parents who will do anything for their child. Make
sure that the interventions youre using are scientifi-
cally sound and well documented. Make sure theyve
been tested with many children with autism and that
theyve been replicated by other experts and clinics.
Also, make sure you understand their limitations
some interventions only work on a small number of
symptoms or on a small subgroup of children with
autism. If youre going to spend time and money for
interventions, be informed about the degree and
extent of the change they may bring about.

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 100 DAY KIT

Understanding Your Childs Learning Style

Assembling Your Team
from Does My Child Have Autism? Your childs team will consist of many different mem-
by Wendy Stone, PhD, and bers. They will help you to address all areas of your
Theresa Foy DiGeronimo, M.Ed childs life and assist you in making decisions about
your childs treatment, education, recreation and
Finding the right intervention program begins with an health. Below is some helpful information on how to
understanding of your childs learning style which assemble this group of professionals.
is quite different from the learning style of other
children. You probably realize this as youve tried to
get your child with autism to wave bye-bye using the
Medical team
same teaching strategies you used with your other Your child should be supported by a pediatrician
children that is, demonstrating the action, provid- who understands developmental issues and who
ing a verbal prompt by saying wave bye-bye and will serve as your childs primary care provider.
even moving his or her hand to demonstrate what to Depending on your childs needs, other medical team
do. But when that approach didnt seem to be work- members may include a neurologist, geneticist,
ing, you probably started to think that your child was developmental pediatrician, gastroenterologist,
being stubborn or uncooperative. After all, youre psychiatrist or nutritionist.
teaching simple skills using methods that worked
very well for your other children. But the reality is Intensive intervention team
that your child isnt being bad; he or she just has a ABA, ESDM, Floortime, PRT, RDI, SCERTS,
different learning style from your other children. This TEACCH and VB are all intensive interventions.
difference in learning styles isnt apparent only when Depending on the intensity of the primary interven-
you try to teach children with autism; its also evident tion, there may be an intervention leader and several
in the way they learn (or dont learn) on their own. providers or therapists involved in providing the
There are lots of things that children without autism treatment as structured by the leader.
seem to learn effortlessly, without being taught, but
that children with autism dont pick up on as easily. Related services team
For example, young children without autism some-
Speech and language therapy, occupational therapy,
how learn, without explicit teaching, how to use a
physical therapy, sensory integration therapy and
pointing gesture to let you know what they want or to
social skills instruction are all related services.
indicate where they want you to look. They learn to
All therapists working with your child should be
follow your point or eye gaze to figure out what youre
communicating frequently and using a consistent
looking at or what youre interested in. They figure
method of teaching.
out on their own how to use eye contact and facial
expressions to convey their feelings-as well as to
understand the meaning of your facial expressions Hiring therapists
and tone of voice. Social-communicative behaviors For parents hiring new therapists, you may want to
and skills like these just dont come as naturally to consider the candidate as you would any other job
young children with autism and often need to be applicant and handle the situation accordingly. Ask
taught explicitly. for resumes.

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 100 DAY KIT

Specific Things to Look for on the Resume: Check clearances. Anyone working with your child
Past experience with children with autism will need to provide background clearances from the
approximately the same age as your child state you live in to establish that he or she does not
have a criminal record. If you have chosen a home-
Amount of experience the therapist has had based intervention program for your child, you will
probably be required to submit copies of those
Kinds of experience the therapist has had, clearances to the state, county or local agency
for example, whether he or she has worked providing services.
in a school setting or in a private program

Educational background

Membership in professional autism

organizations if so, then he or she is When to Be Concerned About a Therapist
most likely going to conferences, thus from Overcoming Autism by Lynn Kern Koegel,
enhancing his or her skills in the profession PhD and Claire LaZebnik

Theres plenty of evidence showing that children

Conducting interviews with autism do better when parents are actively
Conduct a hands on interview, during which the involved in the intervention and when programs are
potential therapist works with your child to imple- coordinated. Find programs that encourage you to be
ment a skill acquisition program. It is important to see involved you should be learning all the procedures
how the potential therapist takes direction and to see and coordinating your childs program across every
how flexible he or she is about changing approaches environment. You cant do that if youre being shut
in his or her teaching. You will want a therapist to out. If a treatment provider tells you that you cant
potentially be open to new ideas in terms of teaching watch the sessions or that your child does better
approaches. Its a good idea to have him or her bring when youre not there, this is a RED FLAG. It may
video of a therapy session conducted with another be reasonable for a therapist to request a few
child. This offers yet another view of his or her sessions alone to bond with the child, but more than
teaching skills. If possible, observe the therapist that just doesnt make sense and the therapist needs
working with another child. to communicate fully with you so that you know
exactly whats going on at all times. If a clinician tells
Check references. Be sure to talk to previous you that shes not documenting any type of changes,
supervisors and other parents for whom the therapist be concerned the only way to evaluate whether
has worked. They are often good sources for a treatment program is working is to analyze the
finding additional therapists. changes your child is making. Also be wary of any
Consider a probation period. The therapist should therapist who says that hes working on the
be hired for a probation period, during which sessions parent-child bond, and that fixing your relationship
are videotaped or observed directly until you and/or with your child will improve her behavior. In other
the home coordinator feel comfortable with the thera- words, if your therapist is excluding you, blaming you
pist and confident in his or her abilities. or using techniques that do not have measurable
outcomes, you should consider looking for another
therapist or agency.

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 100 DAY KIT

Managing your team

Participate in training. Be part of the team. Your
participation in team training is vital so that you can Making Therapies Work for the Entire Family
increase your skills to successfully parent your child from Overcoming Autism by Lynn Kern Koegel,
and understand the goals and techniques of his or PhD and Claire LaZebnik
her program. Knowing the techniques and objectives
of your childs intervention program will allow you to Always be sure you select interventionists who will
closely monitor his or her progress and guide and view the family as teammates and will include you in
evaluate the members of your team. Intensive the determination of target goals your child needs
intervention programs often start with a one or two to learn skills that will help the family function, fit into
day training course where individual therapists are your lifestyle and be compatible with your cultural and
trained by the primary intervention leader. religious values. For example, a clinician may feel
that its important to work on answering the phone,
while the family may feel that toilet training is a much
Establishing team communication more pressing and immediate goal. Both goals may
There are two important ways your team will com- well be valid, but the family needs to have a say in
municate. One is through a notebook in which each prioritizing them. Similarly, studies show that families
therapist records information after his or her session who are required to implement drill type interventions
with your child. Each therapist reads the information have greater stress than when less rigid interventions
recorded since the previous session before the next are incorporated into daily family routines. How well
session with your child. Parents and supervisors the family functions as a whole is just as important
can add information to the notebook as needed. The as how well the child with special needs is doing and
other way is through team meetings. Team meetings its your responsibility to work toward both kinds of
are often held at the home of the child, especially success.
in the case of intervention programs that are home-
based. These meetings should include as many
members of your team as possible. This will ensure
that your therapists are up to date on every aspect of
the program and that they are all working with your There are also currently apps and other technol-
child in consistent ways. At team meetings, you will ogy resources out there that help parents
discuss what is working, as well as areas in which manage their team and keep everyone informed
there have not been progress, so that you can and connected. One resource is My Autism Team
determine whether to make changes and what those (myautismteam.com), a social network that
changes should be. Teams usually meet once a allows all professionals and family members
month, but may meet more or less often as needed. involved in the care of an individual with autism
Many team meetings include time for therapists to to communicate and provide updates. Search the
observe each other in action with your child and Autism Speaks Autism Apps database at
receive feedback on their techniques. autismspeaks.org/autism-apps for similar tools!

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 100 DAY KIT

Technology and Autism

Technology such as iPads, computers and smart
phones have become valuable tools in the treat-
ment and daily lives of individuals with autism. These
devices can assist in areas ranging from behavior
tracking to communication and more. There are many
options for how to use technology to benefit each
individual. Discuss the use of technology for your
child with your treatment team.

The Autism Speaks Autism Apps database contains

hundreds of helpful apps divided by age, platform AutismTrack
and category. Categories include behavioral Autism Track is a portable, customizable data track-
intervention, communication, social skills, education- ing tool that empowers caregivers of those with
al, functional skills and more. Search the database autism to easily track interventions, behaviors and
at autismspeaks.org/autism-apps. Many of these symptoms. Checkboxes allow daily recording of any
apps have been found to help individuals with autism therapy, medicine or diet.
make great strides in their communication skills and handholdadaptive.com/AutismTrack.html
abilities to express themselves.

Additionally, technology has been very helpful in You can find additional information on technol-
allowing families of individuals with autism and their ogy and the many ways it can assist individuals
team members to track the childs progress and with autism at
remain up to date on his or her schedule, improve- autismspeaks.org/family-services/technology.
ments, strengths and challenges following
Search the Autism Speaks Apps database for
treatments and interventions. Examples include:
helpful apps for your child at
My Medical App autismspeaks.org/autism-apps.
This app stores complete medical histories for as
many people as you wish, helps you keep critical and
hard-to-remember information on hand all the time Autism and Wandering
and allows you to track and chart tests results and
Safety is a critical part of all of our lives, whether
vital signs and send the records to your doctors with
we are at home or out in the community, alone or
the click of a button.
with loved ones. Being aware of our surroundings
mymedicalapp.com
and taking precautions to stay safe is even more
TherapyConnectApp important for individuals with autism and their fami-
This app was developed by a team of speech- lies. Wandering is an especially prominent issue
language pathologists and behavioral consultants in the autism community. A 2012 study from the
dedicated to the service of children with disabilities Interactive Autism Network confirmed that nearly
including autism. It is a tool for both therapists/service half of all children with autism have attempted to
providers and families who wish to maintain consis- wander or bolt from a safe, supervised place. Given
tent treatment plans that work for their children the frequency of this problem, here are some tips
by allowing the user to monitor the child or clients that have been adapted from Autism Wandering
treatment plan from any iPad. Awareness Alerts Response Education Coalition
truetherapydata.com (AWAARE) on how to prevent wandering:

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 100 DAY KIT

1. Secure Your Home Autism Speaks has a grant program that awards
Consider contacting a professional locksmith, funding to organizations providing scholarships for
security company or home improvement professional swimming and water safety lessons for financially
to promote safety and prevention in your home. disadvantaged individuals with autism. Learn more
You may find it is necessary to prevent your loved at autismspeaks.org/family-services/grants/
one from slipping away unnoticed by installing secure swimming.
dead bolt locks that require keys on both sides, a
5. Alert Your Neighbors
home security alarm system, inexpensive battery-
It is recommended that caregivers plan a brief visit
operated alarms on doors, hook and eye locks on
with neighbors to introduce their loved one or pro-
all doors above your childs reach, a fence around
vide a photograph. Knowing your neighbors can help
your yard, printable STOP SIGNS on doors,
reduce the risks associated with wandering.
windows and other exits, etc.
6. Alert First Responders
2. Consider a Locating Device
Providing first responders with key information
Check with local law enforcement for Project
before an incident occurs may improve response.
Lifesaver or Lo Jack SafetyNet services. These
Informational handouts should include all pertinent
locating devices are worn on the wrist or ankle and
information and be copied and carried with care-
locate the individual through radio frequency.
givers at all times. Circulate the handout to family,
Various GPS systems are also available.
neighbors, friends and co-workers, as well as first
3. Consider an ID Bracelet responders. Always make sure to work with your
Medical ID bracelets will include your name, childs team to express any concerns about safety
telephone number and other important information. issues, so that you can work together on a safety
They may also state that your child has autism and plan best suited for your loved one. More inform-
is nonverbal if applicable. If your child will not wear ation about safety and wandering can be found at:
a bracelet or necklace, consider a temporary tattoo awaare.org, autismspeaks.org/safety and
with your contact information. autismspeaks.org/wandering-resources.

4. Teach Your Child to Swim

The leading cause of death of individuals with autism
who wander is drowning. It is critical to teach your
child both to swim and to understand the importance
of water safety. Swimming lessons for children with
special needs are available at many YMCA locations.
The final lesson should be with clothes on. Remem-
ber that teaching your child how to swim does not
mean your child is safe in water. If you own a pool,
fence it. If neighbors have pools, let them know of
these safety precautions and your childs tendency
to wander. Remove all toys or items of interest from
the pool when not in use.

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 100 DAY KIT

Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew

by Ellen Notbohm

From the book Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew, 2nd edition
(2012, Future Horizons, Inc.) Reprinted in its entirety with permission of author.

Here are ten things every child with autism

Some days it seems the only predictable thing
wishes you knew:
about it is the unpredictability. The only consistent
attributethe inconsistency. Autism can be baffling, 1. I am a child.
even to those who spend their lives around it. The My autism is part of who I am, not all of who I am.
child who lives with autism may look normal but his Are you just one thing, or are you a person with
behavior can be perplexing and downright difficult. thoughts, feelings, preferences, ideas, talents, and
Autism was once labeled an incurable disorder, dreams? Are you fat (overweight), myopic (wear
but that notion has crumbled in the face knowledge glasses) or klutzy (uncoordinated)? Those may be
and understanding that increase even as you read things that I see first when I meet you, but youre
this. Every day, individuals with autism show us that more than just that, arent you?
they can overcome, compensate for and otherwise As an adult, you have control over how you define
manage many of autisms most challenging charac- yourself. If you want to single out one characteris-
teristics. Equipping those around our children with tic, you can make that known. As a child, I am still
simple understanding of autisms basic elements unfolding. Neither you nor I yet know what I may be
has a tremendous impact on their ability to journey capable of. If you think of me as just one thing, you
towards productive, independent adulthood. run the danger of setting up an expectation that may
be too low. And if I get a sense that you dont think I
Autism is a complex disorder but for purposes of this
can do it, my natural response will be, why try?
article, we can distill its myriad characteristics into
four fundamental areas: sensory processing chal- 2. My senses are out of sync.
lenges, speech/language delays and impairments, This means that ordinary sights, sounds, smells,
the elusive social interaction skills and whole child/ tastes, and touches that you may not even notice
self-esteem issues. And though these four elements can be downright painful for me. My environment of-
may be common to many children, keep front-of- ten feels hostile. I may appear withdrawn or belliger
mind the fact that autism is a spectrum disorder: no ent or mean to you, but Im just trying to defend
two (or ten or twenty) children with autism will be myself. Heres why a simple trip to the grocery store
completely alike. Every child will be at a different may be agonizing for me.
point on the spectrum. And, just as importantly, ev-
ery parent, teacher and caregiver will be at a differ- My hearing may be hyperacute. Dozens of people
ent point on the spectrum. Child or adult, each will jabber at once. The loudspeaker booms todays
have a unique set of needs. special. Music blares from the sound system. Reg-
isters beep and cough, a coffee grinder chugs. The
meat cutter screeches, babies wail, carts creak, the
fluorescent lighting hums. My brain cant filter all the
input and Im in overload!

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 100 DAY KIT

My sense of smell may be highly sensitive. The 5. Listen to all the ways Im trying to communicate.
fish at the meat counter isnt quite fresh, the guy Its hard for me to tell you what I need when I dont have
standing next to us hasnt showered today, the deli a way to describe my feelings. I may be hungry, frus-
is handing out sausage samples, the baby in line trated, frightened, or confused but right now I cant find
ahead of us has a poopy diaper, theyre mopping those words. Be alert for body language, withdrawal,
up pickles on aisle three with ammonia. I feel like agitation or other signs that tell you something is wrong.
throwing up. Theyre there.

And theres so much hitting my eyes! The fluores- Or, you may hear me compensate for not having all the
cent light is not only too bright, it flickers. The space words I need by sounding like a little professor or movie
seems to be moving; the pulsating light bounces off star, rattling off words or whole scripts well beyond my
everything and distorts what I am seeing. There are developmental age. Ive memorized these messages
too many items for me to be able to focus (my brain from the world around me because I know I am ex-
may compensate with tunnel vision), swirling fans pected to speak when spoken to. They may come from
on the ceiling, so many bodies in constant motion. books, television, or the speech of other people. Grown-
All this affects how I feel just standing there, and ups call it echolalia. I may not understand the context or
now I cant even tell where my body is in space. the terminology Im using. I just know that it gets me off
the hook for coming up with a reply.
3. Distinguish between wont (I choose not to)
and cant (I am not able to). 6. Picture this! Im visually oriented.
It isnt that I dont listen to instructions. Its that I Show me how to do something rather than just telling
cant understand you. When you call to me from me. And be prepared to show me many times. Lots of
across the room, I hear *&^%$#@, Jordan. patient practice helps me learn.
#$%^*&^%$&*. Instead, come over to me, get my
attention, and speak in plain words: Jordan, put Visual supports help me move through my day. They
your book in your desk. Its time to go to lunch. This relieve me of the stress of having to remember what
tells me what you want me to do and what is go- comes next, make for smooth transition between ac-
ing to happen next. Now its much easier for me to tivities, and help me manage my time and meet your
comply.20 21 expectations.
I need to see something to learn it, because spoken
4. Im a concrete thinker. I interpret language words are like steam to me; they evaporate in an in-
literally. stant, before I have a chance to make sense of them.
You confuse me by saying, Hold your horses, cow- I dont have instant-processing skills. Instructions and
boy! when what you mean is, Stop running. Dont information presented to me visually can stay in front of
tell me something is a piece of cake when theres me for as long as I need, and will be just the same when
no dessert in sight and what you mean is, This will I come back to them later. Without this, I live the con-
be easy for you to do. When you say, Its pouring stant frustration of knowing that Im missing big blocks
cats and dogs, I see pets coming out of a pitcher. of information and expectations, and am helpless to do
Tell me, Its raining hard. anything about it.
Idioms, puns, nuances, inferences, metaphors, allu-
sions, and sarcasm are lost on me. 7. Focus and build on what I can do rather than
what I cant do.
Like any person, I cant learn in an environment where
Im constantly made to feel that Im not good enough
and that I need fixing. I avoid trying anything new when
Im sure all Ill get is criticism, no matter how construc-
tive you think youre being. Look for my strengths and
you will find them. There is more than one right way to
do most things.
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 100 DAY KIT

8. Help me with social interactions. View my autism as a different ability rather than a
It may look like I dont want to play with the other disability. Look past what you may see as limita-
kids on the playground, but it may be that I simply tions and see my strengths. I may not be good at
do not know how to start a conversation or join eye contact or conversation, but have you noticed
their play. Teach me how to play with others. En- that I dont lie, cheat at games, or pass judgment
courage other children to invite me to play along. I on other people?
might be delighted to be included. I rely on you. All that I might become wont happen
without you as my foundation. Be my advocate, be
I do best in structured play activities that have a my guide, love me for who I am, and well see how
clear beginning and end. I dont know how to read far I can go.
facial expressions, body language, or the emotions
of others. Coach me. If I laugh when Emily falls
off the slide, its not that I think its funny. Its that I
dont know what to say. Talk to me about Emilys
feelings and teach me to ask, Are you okay?

9. Identify what triggers my meltdowns.

Meltdowns and blow-ups are more horrid for me
than they are for you. They occur because one or
more of my senses has gone into overload, or be-
cause Ive been pushed past the limit of my social
abilities. If you can figure out why my meltdowns
occur, they can be prevented. Keep a log noting
times, settings, people, and activities. A pattern Award-winning author and mother of sons with
may emerge. ADHD and autism, Ellen Notbohms books and
Remember that everything I do is a form of com- articles have informed and delighted millions in
munication. It tells you, when my words cannot, more than nineteen languages. Her work has won
how Im reacting to what is happening around me. a Silver Medal in the Independent Publishers Book
My behavior may have a physical cause. Food al- Awards, a ForeWord Book of Year Honorable
lergies and sensitivities sleep problems and gastro- Mention and two finalist designations, a Moms
intestinal problems can all affect my behavior. Look Choice Gold Award, Learning magazines Teach-
for signs, because I may not be able to tell you ers Choice Award, two iParenting Media awards,
about these things. and an Eric Hoffer Book Award finalist designation.
She is a contributor to numerous publications,
10. Love me unconditionally. classrooms, conferences and websites worldwide.
Throw away thoughts like, If you would just and
Why cant you? You didnt fulfill every expec-
2012 Ellen Notbohm www.ellennotbohm.com
tation your parents had for you and you wouldnt
Contact the author for permission to reproduce
like being constantly reminded of it. I didnt choose
in any way, including posting on the Internet.
to have autism. Remember that its happening to
me, not you. Without your support, my chances of
growing up to be successful and independent are
slim. With your support and guidance, the possibili-
ties are broader than you might think.
Three words we both need to live by: Patience.
Patience. Patience.

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 100 DAY KIT

Conclusion
The time after an autism diagnosis is likely a difficult There are a multitude of resources and tool kits on
time for you. It is important to remember that you are the Autism Speaks website to help you navigate this
not alone. Others have gone down this road before journey with your child. The 100 Day Kit is only the
you.You are stronger than you think. You will learn beginning. In addition, the Autism Response Team
how to overcome challenges and best meet your is available to answer your questions and connect
childs needs so that he or she can live as full and you with resources. Please call 888-288-4762
independent of a life as possible. You will also begin (en Espaol 888-772-9050) or email
to experience the world in a new way; your priorities familyservices@autismspeaks.org and they
may shift and you will meet some incredible people are happy to help you at every step of the way.
who are dedicated to helping those with autism to
succeed. Keep in mind that great strides are be- Please do not hesitate to reach out.
ing made every day in the field of autism research,
including many studies looking into new treatments
and interventions.

Your feedback is important to us. To share your comments on the kit -

What was helpful? What additional information could be included?
please email your comments to familyservices@AutismSpeaks.org
with the word feedback in the subject line.

58
A Week by Week Plan for the
Next 100 Days
Getting Organized
The first thing you will need to do is get yourself Therapy
organized. You may already find youve accumulated A section for speech, occupation therapy, SI and
a lot of paperwork about your child and about autism so on (multiple or sub sections may be necessary)
in general. Organizing the information and records
that you collect for your child is an important part of Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)
managing his or her care and progress. If you set A section for your childs IFSP and related
up a simple system, things will be much easier over documents (for children under three years of age)
time. You may need to stop by an office supply store
to pick up a binder, dividers, some spiral notebooks, Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
loose leaf paper or legal pads and pens. A section for your childs IEP and related
documents (for children age three and older)

The Binders Weve included a sample contact list, phone log and
weekly planner in this kit so you can copy and use
Many parents find that binders are a great tool for
them as needed. You may also want to summarize
keeping the mountain of paperwork down to a more
your childs progress in therapy and at school with
manageable, size and for sharing information.
cover sheets in each section; sample summary
You may want to organize by subject or by year.
sheets are also in the Resources section.
In either case, here are some of the subjects that
you are likely to want to have at your fingertips:

Contacts Using Your Weekly Planner

A section for service providers, caregivers and
others The timeframe and action items will vary depending
on your childs symptoms, age, where you live and
Schedules what you have already accomplished. Even if you are
A section for therapy times, program start and very on top of this, it may take a while to be able to
end dates, deadlines access additional evaluations and the services that
your child needs.
Diagnosis
A section for medical documents and any
prescriptions
Start Now
59
Week 1 Week 2
Complete Evaluations Getting Support
If your child has not had a complete work up, Find a support group or a parent mentor. If your
schedule the remainder of necessary evaluations child is in school, you may also want to find out if
(see Getting Services below). your district has a Special Education Parent
Teacher Association (SEPTA), which may offer
informational meetings and parent outreach.
Getting Services
If your child is younger than three, youll start with
Early Intervention (EI) often through your state Getting Services (Follow Up)
department of health. If your child is three or older, Follow up on services. Continue to check status
youll start with your local school district. Call to on waiting lists and available programs.
begin the process of getting services. EI or your
school district may want to conduct evaluations of
your child (at their expense). This can be a long
Research Treatment Options
and time consuming process, but may be useful in Start to read material, join online groups and
further determining the services that are needed. ask questions that will help you understand the
treatment options that are available and what
might be right for your child and your family.
Keep a Phone Log
Try to set aside some time each day to make the
phone calls necessary to set up the evaluations
and to start the process of getting services. There
may be a waiting list for services and evaluations,
so make the calls as soon as possible and follow
up as needed. Dont hesitate to put your name on
multiple lists so you can get the earliest appoint-
ment possible. Some of the professionals who pro-
vide services through Early Intervention or Special
Education may take a specified number of days to
complete evaluations or begin services.

Start a Video Record

Try a variety of settings and show a range of
behavior. Note both good and not-so-good
behavior so that, in the future, you will be able to
recognize where your child was at that point in
time. Make a new recording every three months
at home, in therapy sessions, wherever. These
video snapshots can be used to track your
childs progress and help show what effect a
particular therapy or intervention may have had.
Label the tapes or discs with your childs name
and the dates they were recorded.

60
Week 3 Week 4
Getting Services (Continue to Follow Up) Build Your Team
Follow up on services. Continue to check status on By this time, your childs team of therapists, educa-
waiting lists and available programs. Keep using tors and caregivers is probably taking shape.
your phone log to record the dates you contacted Continue to look for service providers and observe
service providers and track when you may need to as many therapy sessions as possible to identify
make another call. new recruits for your childs team. Talk to other
parents who may know of therapists with time
available for your child. You dont have to wait until
Play with Your Child every member of the team is in place before begin-
Play with your child. Play is an important part of any ning therapy.
childs development and is a critical part of learning
socialization for a child with autism. Weve included
a very helpful article, Ideas for Purposeful Play, from Create a Safety Plan
the University of Washingtons Autism Center that You may already have had to adapt your home
illustrates how to include useful play activities, to because of your childs behaviors or needs. Youve
help your child learn. probably already read the section of this kit called
Create a Safety Plan. If not, carve out some time to
Set Aside Sibling Time survey your home for possible problems and begin
contacting local safety personnel to plan ahead to
The siblings of children with autism are affected
ensure your childs safety.
by the diagnosis as well. Consider spending time
talking together about their feelings. Start a Joy
Museum together of happy memories. Talking Plan Some Time Away
about these times can help them remember that Plan some time away from your child. You will do
their lives involve a lot more than autism. a better job helping your family if you take care of
yourself. Even if its just going for a walk alone, you
Play with Your Child are going to need a break so that you can come
back with a clear head.
Ideas for purposeful play are included at the end
of this section of your tool kit.

61
Week 5 Week 6
Continue Building Your Team Continue to Research Treatment
See Week 4.
Options
Continue to research treatment options. If possible,
Review Your Insurance go to a workshop or look for additional information
Investigate your insurance coverage to see what, if online.
any, therapies are covered and make sure that you
are getting the most from your provider. Your health
insurance may cover therapies or services not
Connect with Other Parents
covered by your childs IFSP or IEP. You may need Go to a support group or spend some time with a
to create a separate binder to keep track of insurance parent who can help you along your journey. Youll
claims. Document everything. learn a lot and being around people who know what
you are going through will help you stay strong.

Get to Know Your Childs Legal Rights

Familiarize yourself with your childs rights. There is a
Find Childcare
wealth of information available. You may find out your Get a babysitter. Look into qualified babysitting
child is entitled to services you werent aware of or services and respite care. Dont wait until youre
hadnt considered. desperatefind someone youre comfortable with
and plan a night out. If you already have a great
babysitter, invite her or him to spend some time with
Do Something for You you and your child so he or she can adjust to the
Youve made it through a month, and it may have new techniques your family is using at home.
been one of the most challenging months of your life.
Remember to take care of yourself. Remember who
you were before the diagnosis. Spend some time
Build Your Team
on an activity that you enjoy. You will find it helps Continue to follow up on services and research any
you face the challenges ahead. There are probably new possible providers.
friends and family in your life who would love to help,
but may not know what you need. Dont be afraid to Schedule a Team Meeting
ask for help.
If youve built a team of therapists, you may want
to call a meeting to establish procedures and goals
and open lines of communication. Youll also want
to continue observing therapy sessions and using
what you learn at home. If its difficult to schedule
a time for the service providers to meet in person,
you may want to schedule a conference call instead.

62
Week 7 Week 8
Become Competent in the Intervention Check Your Progress
Methods You Have Chosen for Your Child Look back through this action item list. Is there
anything you started that needs follow up?
Take advantage of parent training. Therapists often
provide parent training that will help bring the
methods used at therapy into your home and help Investigate Recreational Activities for
your childs progress. Your Child
Add a recreational activity, such as gymnastics or
Create a Schedule swimming, to broaden your childs development.
Having a written weekly schedule for your childs
therapy will help you see if youve scheduled your Plan More Sibling Time
time as well. It will also help you plan for the other
Your typically-developing children will no doubt be
members of your household.
richer for having a sibling with autism. But maintain-
ing as much normalcy as possible will help them
Continue Learning about reach their potential too.
Treatments and Services
Consult the Autism Speaks Resource Guide for Make Contact with Friends and Family
contacts in your area. Stay connected. Make contact with your friends and
family and participate in community events. Keep-
Spend Some Time Organizing ing up your social life will help you safeguard against
feelings of isolation.
Your Paperwork
Organize any paperwork that may have piled up. Spend Time Alone with Your Spouse
Try to eliminate any materials you wont need. Plan a relaxing and fun activity with your partner.
After all, youve just made it through month two.

63
Week 9 Week 10
Round Out Your Team Schedule a Team Meeting
Continue to evaluate service providers and Its team meeting time again. Schedule a meeting
therapists. to discuss progress and strategies. Stay involved
with your team by continuing to attend as many
sessions as possible.
Use the Internet
Get e-savvy. Spend time researching online
resources that will keep you up-to-date. Add useful Rally the Troops
websites to your favorites, register for e-newsletters Encourage your team. Let them know you appre-
and join list servs where parents and professionals ciate everything they are doing for your child.
share information.
Plan a Family Outing
Continue to Connect with Other Parents Schedule an activity designed to include your
Stay active with a support group or, if possible, child with autism and utilize strategies youve
socialize with other parents of children with autism. picked up from therapy. Ask your childs therapist
Being around other adults who understand what to help you with specific strategies to make the
your family is going through will help you stay strong. outing a success.

Check in on Your Childs Sessions Brush Up on the Law

Continue to observe your childs therapy sessions. Continue to learn about your childs legal rights.
Your child should be getting used to his or her
therapy routine at this point.

Play with Your Child

Play with your child. Continue to use the strategies
youve learned from parent training sessions and
other resources.

64
Week 11 Week 13
Check Your Childs Progress Hold a Team Meeting
Look for progress. Hopefully, your child has been Check on progress again. You should continue to
through a consistent month of therapy at this point. see progress after at least six weeks of consistent
Review your binder and videos to see if you notice therapy. If there has been little or no progress, call
improvements. Continue to attend sessions too. another team meeting to brainstorm and make
Take notes on what you see. Keep a copy in your adjustments to your childs routine.
binder and bring them to your next team meeting.

Continue Learning
Dig Deeper into Treatment Options Keep learning about autism. Books, seminars,
Set aside time to do some research and reading on movies, websites all sorts of sources can help
additional treatments and therapies. Make notes and you deepen your understanding of autism and
copy useful information to include in your binder. your child. See the Suggested Reading List in this
kit for ideas.

Week 12
Do Something for You
Enjoy some me time. Do something nice for
yourself youve made it through 100 days!

Reconnect with Your Spouse

Take some one-on-one time to enjoy each others
company. If communication has been difficult,
consider scheduling time with a counselor to keep
your relationship healthy.

Continue Connecting with

Other Parents
Keep going to support groups. Parents are amaz-
ing resources and will help provide emotional and
practical support. Look into additional groups in
your area if you dont feel like youve found the
right one for you.

Sign Up for More Training

Using the methods you are learning from your
childs therapists will help create a productive
environment at home so your child will have the
best chance of obtaining his or her goals.

65
 100 DAY KIT

Ideas for Purposeful Play

From the University of Washington Autism Center Parent Care book
Imitation: Object and Motor
Sing finger play songs such as the Itsy Bitsy Spider, 5 Little Monkeys, Zoom down the Freeway
Utilize musical instruments: Lets make music, play Simon Says, have a musical parade, slow
down, speed up, Follow Me Song
Figurines: know on barn door, follow the leader to the schoolhouse
Block play: make identical block structures
Painting and drawing similar pictures, strokes, circles, lines, dot art
Dramatic play: feeding babies, pouring tea, driving cars or trains on tracks, hammering nails, stirring

Receptive and Expressive Labeling

Embed labeling into activities such as:
House (cup, spoon, plate, door)
Grocery store (orange, apple, banana)
Dolls (body parts, brush, clothing)
Barn (animals, tractor)
Art: Colors, scissors, glue, markers, big crayons, little crayons
Books: pointing and labeling objects, letters, numbers, shapes, etc.
Sensory Table: put different colors of animals, shapes, sizes, common objects
Park/Playground: slide, swing, ball
Play Dough: use different colored play dough, animal shaped cookie cutters

Receptive Instructions
Songs: Simon Says clap hands, tap legs, etc.
Clean up time: put in garbage, put on shelf
During activities request items, Give me ___
Ask child to get their coat/backpack on the way outside or at the end of the day

Matching
Lotto matching game
Puzzles with pictures underneath
Picture to object matching can be done as activity during play (have the child match the
picture of a cow while playing with the barn)

Requesting
Utilize motivating items (i.e. bubbles, juice, trains) to address requesting/communication
Swing: wait to push until child makes the request
Door: wait to open until child makes a request
Lunch/Snack withhold until child makes request
Art: child can request glitter, glue, stickers, paint, etc.
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 100 DAY KIT

Comparing Treatment Methods & Providers

Adapted from: Does My Child Have Autism? By Wendy L. Stone, Ph.D. with Theresa Foy DiGeronimo

ABOUT THE PROGRAM

Name of Program/Provider
Method
Location
Phone Number
Email
Website
Hours per Week
Cost
Reimbursement
Recommended by

PROGRAM CONTENT
What are the developmental areas
of focus? (language, communication,
peer play, social interactions, behavior,
pre-academic skills, parent training,
etc.)
How specific are the goals
identified for each child?

How are behaviors and skills

prioritized?

What kind of teaching is used?

How are behaviors managed?

MEASURING PROGRESS
How will I know if my child is
making progress?

How long will it be before I see

changes?

What types of improvements

should I expect?
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 100 DAY KIT

How often will you assess progress

and how is it measured?

What will happen if my child

doesnt make progress with this
treatment?

THERAPIST QUALIFICATIONS
How many children with autism
have you worked with? What
ages?

Do you serve children over three

years old?

What are your qualifications? What

type of training do you have?

Do you have a professional degree

or certificate? (Ask for details.)

Are you affiliated with a

professional organization? (Ask for
details.)

What do you see as your strongest

skill in working with children with
autism?

Are there issues or problems you

consider to be outside of your
realm of expertise?

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF EFFECTIVENESS

Is there research to support the
effectiveness of this type of
treatment? (Ask for details as well
as copies of published articles.)

Has research shown this treatment

to be better than other types of
treatment?

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 100 DAY KIT

PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT
Who will be providing the direct
intervention with my child?

What type of training does he/she

have?

Who will be supervising him/her

and how?

How often will you see my child

personally?

PARENT INVOLVEMENT
Will I be able to participate in the
treatment?

Will you teach me how to work with

my child? How?

What skills will you teach me? (Ask

for examples.)

COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER TREATMENTS

How many hours per week of your
treatment will my child need?

Is your treatment compatible with

other interventions my child is
participating in?

How do you collaborate with other

therapy providers on my childs
team? (Get examples.)

69
 Service Provider Planner
Requested #
Agency & Requested
Phone # Date Called of Sessions Availability Status Follow-Up Other Info
Contact Services and Duration
100 DAY KIT

70
 Service Provider Planner
Requested #
Agency & Phone # Date Called Requested of Sessions Availability Status Follow-Up Other Info
Contact Services and Duration
100 DAY KIT

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 100 DAY KIT

CONTACTS: MEDICAL
Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

72

 100 DAY KIT

CONTACTS: THERAPY
Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

73
 100 DAY KIT

CONTACTS: SUPPORT
Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

74

 100 DAY KIT

CONTACTS: OTHER
Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

Specialty Specialty

Name of Name of
Contact Contact
Name of Name of
Practice Practice
Phone Number Phone Number

Address Address

Email Address/ Email Address/

Website Website

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 100 DAY KIT

PHONE LOG
NAME OF CONTACT: _________________________________

PHONE NUMBER: ___________________________________

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

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 100 DAY KIT

PHONE LOG
NAME OF CONTACT: _________________________________

PHONE NUMBER: ___________________________________

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

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 100 DAY KIT

PHONE LOG
NAME OF CONTACT: _________________________________

PHONE NUMBER: ___________________________________

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

Date/Time
Summary of Call

Follow-up
Required

78
 ASSESSMENT TRACKING Type of Therapy _______________
Test Change in Change in Age
Date Evaluator Standard Score Age Equivalent
Administered Standard Score Equivalent
100 DAY KIT

79
 ASSESSMENT TRACKING Type of Therapy _______________
Test Change in Change in Age
Date Evaluator Standard Score Age Equivalent
Administered Standard Score Equivalent
100 DAY KIT

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 100 DAY KIT

GOAL TRACKING: IFSP GOALS

Date Comments Goals Goals Goals Just Goals Not
Date Comments Goals
Mastered Making Goals Just
Started Goals Not
Started
Mastered Progress Started Started

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 100 DAY KIT

GOAL TRACKING: IFSP GOALS

Goals
Date Comments Goals Making Goals Just Goals Not
Mastered Progress Started Started

82
 Safety Log
In the chart below, include any wandering incidents, attempts or interactions that put your child at risk. Keep track of what
was going on before, during and after the incident to try and determine antecedents, triggers and possible prevention
methods. Ask your childs behavioral team, teachers and other caregivers to complete the log as needed.

Date Location Description Possible Triggers Changes Noted Suggested Next Steps
100 DAY KIT

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 100 DAY KIT

Glossary
Note: Visit the Autism Speaks Video Glossary at
AutismSpeaks.org/what-autism/video-glossary
to see video of the items in blue.

A
Absence Seizure, see Seizures.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the US law that ensures rights of persons with
disabilities with regard to employment and other issues.

Angelman Syndrome is a genetic disorder causing developmental delays and neurological

problems, often accompanied by seizures. Children often display hyperactivity, small head
size, sleep disorders and movement and balance disorders.

Anticonvulsant is a type of drug used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions; also

called antiepileptic.

Anxiety Disorder is a disorder that affects an estimated 30% of individuals with autism and
includes social phobia, separation anxiety, panic disorder and specific phobias. An individual
suffering from anxiety may experience strong internal sensations of tension such as a racing
heart, muscular tensions and stomachache.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a style of teaching using series of trials to shape
desired behavior or response. Skills are broken into small components and taught to child
through a system of reinforcement.

Asperger Syndrome is a developmental disorder on the Autism spectrum defined by impair-

ments in communication and social development and by repetitive interests and behaviors,
without a significant delay in language and cognitive development. The diagnosis is no longer
used in DSM5, but DSM5 indicates that individuals with a well-established diagnosis of
these conditions should be given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that affects approximately

1 in 5 children with autism. Symptoms include chronic problems with inattention, impulsivity
and hyperactivity.

Audiologist is a professional who diagnoses and treats individuals with hearing loss or
balance problems.

Auditory Integration Training, or sound therapy, is used to treat children with difficulties in
auditory processing or sound sensitivity and involves the individual listening to electronically
modified music through headphones during multiple sessions.

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a test considered to be current gold

standard for diagnosing ASD and, along with information from parents, should be incorpo-
rated into a childs evaluation.

Autism Speaks Insurance Link is a tool to help families in the autism community determine
whether an individual is entitled to coverage for the treatment of autism under their health
insurance plan.

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 100 DAY KIT

Autism Speaks Toddler Treatment Network (TTN) supports a consortium of research sites
studying behavioral interventions appropriate for children under 18 months of age.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disor-
ders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees, by difficul-
ties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. With
the May 2013 publication of the DSM-5 diagnostic manual, all autism disorders were merged
into one umbrella diagnosis of ASD.
B
C
Casein is protein found in milk, used in forming the basis of cheese and as a food additive.

Celiac Disease is a disease in which there is an immunological reaction within the inner
lining of the small intestine to gluten, causing inflammation that destroys the lining and
reduces the absorption of dietary nutrients. It can lead to symptoms of nutritional, vitamin
and mineral deficiencies.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is a disorder in which development begins normally in

all areas, physical and mental. At some point between 2 and 10 years of age, the child loses
previously developed skills. The child may lose social and language skills and other functions,
including bowel and bladder control. The diagnosis is no longer used in DSM5, but DSM5
indicates that individuals with a well-established diagnosis of these conditions should be
given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Chronic Constipation is an ongoing condition of having fewer than three bowel movements
per week.

Cognitive Skills are any mental skills that are used in the process of acquiring knowledge;
these skills include reasoning, perception and judgment.

Colitis is inflammation of the large intestine.

Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a lab test reporting number of white blood cells, red blood
cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit and other values reflecting overall blood health.

Compulsions are deliberate repetitive behaviors that follow specific rules, such as pertaining
to cleaning, checking or counting. In young children, restricted patterns of interest may
be early sign of compulsions.

Computed Axial Tomography (CT) examines organs by scanning with X rays and using
computer to construct series of cross-sectional scans. Called CAT scan.
D
Declarative Language is used to communicate what the mind is producing. It is what is most
common in conversation, whereas Imperative Language is used to ask questions, make
commands or give instructions.

Developmental Disorder refers to several disorders that affect normal development. May
affect single area of development (specific developmental disorders) or several (pervasive
developmental disorders).

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 100 DAY KIT

Developmental Individual Difference Relationship (DIR) is a type of therapy, known as

Floortime, that seeks to move the child toward increasingly complex interactions through
mutually shared engagement.

Developmental Milestones are skills or behaviors that most children can do by a certain age
that enable the monitoring of learning, behavior and development.

Developmental Pediatrician is a medical doctor who is board-accredited and has received

sub-specialty training in developmental-behavioral pediatrics.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is the official system for
classification of psychological and psychiatric disorders published by the American Psychiatric
Association in 2013 that, among other changes, established new criteria for an autism diag-
nosis, eliminated the previously separate subcategories on the autism spectrum, including
Asperger Syndrome, PDD-NOS, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Autistic Disorder and
added a new category called Social Communication Disorder (SCD).

Discrete Trial Training (DTT) is a technique incorporating principles of ABA, including positive
reinforcement used to teach behaviors in one-to-one setting. Concepts are broken down into
small parts.

E
Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI) is a network of research sites that
enrolls and follows a large group of mothers of children with autism at the start of another
pregnancy and documents the newborn childs development through three years of age.

Early Intervention (EI) is a state-funded program designed to identify and treat developmental
problems or other disabilities as early as possible. Eligibility for EI is from birth to three years
of age.

Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) is a comprehensive behavioral early intervention approach
for children with autism, ages 12 to 48 months, that uses a developmental curriculum that
defines the skills to be taught at any given time and a set of teaching procedures used to
deliver this content.

Echolalia is repeating words or phrases heard previously, either immediately after hearing
word or phrase or much later. Delayed echolalia occurs days or weeks later. Functional
echolalia is using quoted phrase in a way that has shared meaning, for example, saying
carry you to ask to be carried.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test using electrodes on scalp to record electrical brain

activity. For diagnoses of seizure disorder or abnormal brain wave patterns.

Epilepsy (seizure disorder) is a pattern of repeated seizures, causes include head injury, brain
tumor, lead poisoning, genetic and infectious illnesses. Cause is unknown in 50% of cases.

Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, the soft tube-like portion of the digestive tract
connecting the pharynx with the stomach.

Expressive Labeling is the communication of a name for an object or person, see

expressive language.

Expressive Language is communication of intentions, desires or ideas to others, through

speech or printed words and includes gestures, signing, communication board and other
forms of expression.
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Extended School Year (ESY) Services are provided during breaks from school, such as
during summer vacation, for students who experience substantial regression in skills during
school vacations.

F
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) means that education must be provided to all
children ages three to twenty-one at public expense.

Floortime is a developmental intervention for children with autism involving meeting a child
at his current developmental level and building upon a particular set of strengths.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder that shares many of the characteristics of autism.
Individuals may be tested for Fragile X.

G
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach.

Gastroenterologist is a doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of Gl tract,

including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and
biliary system.

Gastroesophageal Reflux is the return of stomach contents back up into the esophagus
which frequently causes heartburn due to irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

Gastrointestinal pertains to the digestive tract, including the mouth, throat, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum.

Geneticist refers to a medical doctor who specializes in genetic problems. Genes are the unit
in the chromosome that contain the blueprint for the transmission of inherited characteristics.

Gestures are hand and head movements, used to signal to someone else, such as a give,
reach, wave, point or head shake. They convey information or express emotions without the
use of words.

Global Developmental Delay is diagnosis in children younger than 5, characterized by delay

in two or more developmental domains, sometimes associated with mental retardation.

Gluten is a protein present in wheat, rye and barley.

Grand mal seizure, see Seizures.

H
High Risk Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) is a joint venture between Autism
Speaks and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development that is focused
on making discoveries that will help researchers develop new ways to treat or even prevent
debilitating symptoms by intervening at an early age.

Hyperlexia is the ability to read at an early age. To be hyperlexic, a child does not need to
understand what he or she is reading.

Hyperresponsiveness, hypersensitivity, see Sensory Defensiveness.

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Hyporesponsiveness, hyposensitivity, is abnormal insensitivity to sensory input. Could be

exhibited by a child who appears to be deaf, whose hearing is normal, is under reactive to
sensory input, may have a high tolerance to pain, may be clumsy, sensation seeking and may
act aggressively.

I
Incidental Teaching teaches a child new skills while in their home or community, in natural
context or in the moment, to help make sense of what they learn during formal instruction
and generalize new skills.

Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) is developed by a multidisciplinary team including

family as primary participant. Describes childs level of development in all areas; familys
resources, priorities and concerns, services to be received and the frequency, intensity and
method of delivery. Must state natural environments in which services will occur.

Individualized Education Plan (IEP) identifies students specific learning expectations,

how school will address them with appropriate services and methods to review progress.
For students 14 and older, must contain plan to transition to postsecondary education or the
workplace or to help the student live as independently as possible in the community.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the US law mandating the Free and
Public Education of all persons with disabilities between ages 3 and 21.

Inclusion involves educating all children in regular classrooms, regardless of degree or

severity of disability. Effective inclusion takes place with planned system of training and sup-
ports; involves collaboration of multidisciplinary team including regular and special educators.

J
Joint Attention is the process of sharing ones experience of observing an object or event,
by following gaze or pointing gestures. Critical for social development, language acquisition,
cognitive development. Impairment in joint attention is a core deficit of ASD.

K
L
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) is setting that least restricts opportunities for child
with disabilities to be with peers without disabilities. The law mandates that every child with a
disability be educated in a Least Restrictive Environment.

M
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic technique using powerful electromag-
nets, radio frequency waves and a computer to produce well defined images of the bodys
internal structures.

Mainstreaming is where students are expected to participate in existing regular ed classes,

whereas in an inclusive program classes are designed for all students. May be gradual, partial
or part-time process (e.g., student may attend separate classes within regular school or
participate in regular gym and lunch only).

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Melatonin is a hormone produced by pineal gland, involved in regulating sleeping and

waking cycles. Sometimes used for chronic insomnia. Consult your childs physician before
giving melatonin; it is not recommended for all patients with sleep problems.

Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) is a screening tool for identifying young
children who may be referred to specialist for further evaluation and possible Autism Spectrum
Disorder diagnosis.

Motor deficits are physical skills that a person cannot perform or has difficulty performing.

Motor function (or motor skills) is the ability to move and control movements.

N
Neurologist refers to a doctor specializing in medical problems associated with the nervous
system, specifically the brain and spinal cord.

Nonverbal Behaviors are things people do to convey information or express emotions

without words, including eye gaze, facial expressions, body postures and gestures.

O
Obsessions are persistent and intrusive repetitive thoughts. Preoccupations with specific
kinds of objects or actions may be an early sign of obsessions.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea breathing disorder interrupting breathing during sleep when air flow
cannot flow through the nose or mouth although efforts to breathe continue. Throat collapses
during sleep causing snorting and gasping for breath. May cause daytime sleepiness. May
increase risk of hypertension and heart problems.

Occupational Therapy assists development of fine motor skills that aid in daily living. May
focus on sensory issues, coordination of movement, balance and self-help skills such as
dressing, eating with a fork, grooming, etc. May address visual perception and hand-eye
coordination.

Occupational Therapist helps minimize impact of disability on independence in daily living

by adapting childs environment and teaching sub-skills of the missing developmental
components.

Operant Conditioning is the modification of behavior through positive and/or negative

reinforcement.

P
Perseveration is repetitive movement or speech or sticking to one idea or task, that has a
compulsive quality to it.

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) is group of conditions involving delays in de-

velopment of many basic skills, including ability to socialize with others, to communicate and
use imagination. Includes Autism, Asperger Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder,
Rett Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified. Persuasive
Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) a category of PDD referring to
children having significant problems with communication and playand some difficulty interact-
ing with others ,but are too social for diagnosis of autism. The diagnosis is no longer used in
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DSM5, but DSM5 indicates that individuals with a well-established diagnosis of these
conditions should be given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Petit Mal Seizure, see Seizures.

Physical Therapy uses specially designed exercises and equipment to help patients regain
or improve their physical abilities.

Physical Therapist designs and implements physical therapy programs and may work within
a hospital or clinic, in a school or as an independent practitioner.

Pica is persistent eating or mouthing of non-nutritive substances for at least 1 month when
behavior is developmentally inappropriate (older than 18-24 months). Substances may include
items such as clay, dirt, sand, stones, pebbles, hair, feces, lead, laundry starch, wood, plastic
and more.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an alternative communication system

using picture symbols taught in phases starting with simple exchange of symbol for desired
item. Individuals learn to use picture symbols to construct complete sentences, initiate
communication and answer questions.

Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) is a therapeutic teaching method using incidental

teaching opportunities to target and modify key behaviors related to communication, behavior
and social skills.

Pragmatics are social rules for using functional spoken language in a meaningful context or
conversation. Challenges in pragmatics are a common feature of spoken language difficulties
in children with ASD.

Prevalence is the current number of people in a given population who have a specific
diagnosis at a specified point in time. As of May 2014, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention estimated autism prevalence as 1 in 68 children, including 1 in 42 boys and
1 in 189 girls.

Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) is an approach

used in speech-language therapy that manually guides an individuals jaw, tongue and lips
through a targeted word, phrase or sentence to develop motor control and proper oral
muscular movements, while eliminating unnecessary muscle movements such as jaw sliding.

Proprioception is the receiving of stimuli originating in muscles, tendons and other

internal tissues.

Prosody is the rhythm and melody of spoken language expressed through rate, pitch, stress,
inflection or intonation. Some children with ASD have unusual intonation (flat, monotonous,
stiff or sing songy without emphasis on the important words).

Psychiatrist is a doctor specializing in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

who has received additional training and completed a supervised residency in specialty.
May have additional training in specialty, such as child psychiatry or neuropsychiatry and can
prescribe medication, which psychologists cannot do.

Psychologist is a professional who diagnoses and treats diseases of the brain, emotional
disturbance and behavior problems. May have a masters degree (M.A.) or doctorate (Ph.D.)
in psychology. May have other qualifications, including Board Certification and additional
training in a specific type of therapy.
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Q
R
Receptive Labeling, see receptive language.

Receptive Language is the ability to comprehend words and sentences and begins as early
as birth and increases with each stage in development. By 12 months of age, a child begins
to understand words and responds to his or her name and may respond to familiar words in
context. By 18 to 20 months, a child identifies familiar people by looking when named
(e.g., Wheres mommy?), gives familiar objects when named (e.g., Wheres the ball?) and
points to a few body parts (e.g., Wheres your nose?). These skills commonly emerge slightly
ahead of expressive language skills.

Reinforcement or reinforcer, is any object or event following a response, increasing or

maintaining the rate of responding. Positive reinforcer may be produced by or added after
a response.

Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) is a therapeutic teaching method based on

building intelligence competencies of social connection such as referencing, emotion
sharing, coregulation and experience sharing that normally develop in infancy and early
childhood.

Respite Care is temporary, short-term care provided to individuals with disabilities, delivered
in the home for a few short hours or in an alternate licensed setting for an extended period of
time. Respite care allows caregivers to take a break in order to relieve and prevent stress
and fatigue.

Rett Syndrome is a very rare disorder in which patients have symptoms associated with PDD
along with problems with physical development. They generally lose many motor or movement
skills such as walking and use of hands and develop poor coordination. The condition has
been linked to a defect on the X chromosome and as a result, almost always affects girls.

S
Seizure refers to uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which may produce a physical
convulsion, minor physical signs, thought disturbances or a combination of symptoms.

Seizure, absence, takes the form of a staring spell as the person suddenly seems absent
and has a brief loss of awareness. May be accompanied by blinking or mouth twitching.
Absence seizures have very characteristic appearance on EEG. Also called a petit mal
seizure.

Seizure, atonic, is a seizure marked by the person losing muscle tone and strength and
unless supported, falls down. Atonic means lack of muscle tone and strength.

Seizure, subclinical (Electrographic Seizures) are visible on the EEG, but the patient does
not exhibit clinical symptoms. Electroencephalography often detects subclinical seizures
during sleep.

Seizure, tonic clonic, involves two phases tonic phase when body becomes rigid and
clonic phase of uncontrolled jerking. May be preceded by aura and is often followed by
headache, confusion and sleep. May last for seconds or continue for several minutes.

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Self-Regulation and self-control are related but not the same. Self-regulation refers to both
conscious and unconscious processes that have an impact on self-control, but regulatory
activities take place more or less constantly to allow us to participate in society, work and
family life. Self-control is a conscious activity.

Sensory Defensiveness is a tendency, outside the norm, to react negatively or with alarm to
sensory input which is generally considered harmless or non-irritating to others. Also called
hypersensitivity.

Sensory Input, see sensory stimuli.

Sensory Integration is the way the brain processes sensory stimulation or sensation from the
body and then translates that information into specific, planned, coordinated motor activity.

Sensory Integration Dysfunction a neurological disorder causing difficulties processing

information from the five classic senses (vision, hearing, touch, smelland taste), sense of
movement (vestibular system)and positional sense (proprioception). Sensory information is
sensed normally, but perceived abnormally. May be a disorder on its own or with other
neurological conditions.

Sensory Integration Therapy is used to improve ability to use incoming sensory information
appropriately and encourage tolerance of a variety of sensory inputs.

Sensory Stimulus Agent, action or condition, internal (e.g., heart rate, temperature) or
external (e.g., sights, sounds, tastes, smells, touchand balance) that elicits physiological or
psychological response. Response depends on ability to regulate and understand stimuli
and adjust emotions to demands of surroundings.

Sleep Hygiene a set of practices, habits and environmental factors critically important for
sound sleep, such as minimizing noise, light and temperature extremes and avoiding naps
and caffeine.

Social Communication Disorder (SCD) is a new diagnostic category established in the

DSM-5 that applies to individuals who have deficits in the social use of language, but do
not have the restricted interests or repetitive behavior you see in those with autism spectrum
disorders.

Social Communication/Emotional Regulation/Transactional Support (SCERTS) is an

educational model of treatment that differs notably from the focus of traditional ABA by
promoting child-initiated communication in everyday activities.

Social Reciprocity is back-and-forth flow of social interaction. How behavior of one person
influences and is influenced by behavior of another and vice versa.

Social Stories, developed by Carol Gray, are simple stories that describe social events and
situations that are difficult for a child with a PDD to understand. For example, a social story
might be written about birthday parties if the child appears to have a difficult time understand-
ing what is expected of him or how he is supposed to behave at a birthday party.

Social Worker is a trained specialist in the social, emotional and financial needs of families
and patients. Social workers often help families and patients obtain the services they have
been prescribed.

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Special Education is specially designed instruction, at no cost to families, to meet unique

needs of child with disability, including instruction conducted in the classroom, in the home,
in hospitals and institutions and in other settings and instruction in physical education.

Speech-Language Therapist or Speech Language Pathologist, specializes in human com-

munication. The focus is on communication, not speech, to increase childs ability to impact
and understand their environment.

Speech-Language Therapy is provided with the goal of improving an individuals ability to

communicate. This includes verbal and nonverbal communication. The treatment is specific
to the individuals need.

Spoken Language (also referred to as expressive and receptive language) is the use of
verbal behavior or speech, to communicate thoughts, ideas and feelings with others. Involves
learning many levels of rules - combining sounds to make words, using conventional mean-
ings of words, combining words into sentences and using words and sentences in following
rules of conversation.

Stereotyped Behaviors refer to an abnormal or excessive repetition of an action carried

out in the same way over time. May include repetitive movements or posturing of the body
or objects.

Stereotyped Patterns of Interest or restricted patterns of interest refer to a pattern of

preoccupation with a narrow range of interests and activities.

Stimming or self-stimulating behaviors, are stereotyped or repetitive movements or

posturing of the body that stimulate ones senses. Some stims may serve a regulatory
function (calming, increasing concentration or shutting out an overwhelming sound).

Subclinical Seizure, see Seizures.

Symbolic Play is where children pretend to do things and to be something or someone else.
Typically develops between the ages of 2 and 3 years. Also called make believe or pretend
play.

Syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that collectively define or characterize a disease,
disorder or condition.

T
Tactile Defensiveness is a strong negative response to a sensation that would not ordinar-
ily be upsetting, such as touching something sticky or gooey or the feeling of soft foods in the
mouth. Specific to touch.

TEACCH is a therapeutic approach broadly based on the idea that individuals with autism
more effectively use and understand visual cues.

Tonic-clonic seizure, see Seizures

Typical Development (or healthy development) describes physical, mental and social devel-
opment of a child who is acquiring or achieving skills according to expected time frame. Child
developing in a healthy way pays attention to voices, faces and actions of others, showing
and sharing pleasure during interactions and engaging in verbal and nonverbal back-and-forth
communication.

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V
Verbal Behavior is a method of Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) for teaching children with
autism, based on B.F. Skinners description of the system of language.

Vestibular System refers to the bodys system for maintaining equilibrium.

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Resources
Different books and websites resonate with different families. Here are some that parents have recom-
mended. For a more complete list of books and web sites, as well as magazines, products, and DVDs,
please visit our Resource Library on the Autism Speaks web site, AutismSpeaks.org.

BOOKS
1001 Great Ideas for Teaching and Raising Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
by Veronica Zysk and Ellen Notbohm

Activity Schedules for Children with Autism: Teaching Independent Behavior

by Lynn E., McClannahan, Ph.D. and Patricia J. Krantz, PhD

Autism Solutions
by Ricki Robinson, MD

The Autism Sourcebook

by Karen Siff Exkorn

Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Complete Guide to Understanding Autism,

Aspergers Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Other ASDs
by Chantal Sicile-Kira

Autism Spectrum Disorders: What Every Parent Needs to Know

from the American Academy of Pediatrics, edited by Alan I. Rosenblatt and Paul S. Carbone

Changing the Course of Autism: A Scientific Approach for Parents and Physicians
by Brian Jepson, M.D. and Jane Johnson

Children with Autism: A Parents Guide

by Michael D. Powers

Could it be Autism? A Parents Guide to the First Signs and Next Steps
by Nancy Wiseman

Does My Child Have Autism? A Parents Guide to Early Detection and Intervention in
Autism Spectrum Disorders
by Wendy L. Stone, Ph.D. and Theresa Foy Digeronimo, MEd

Facing Autism: Giving Parents Reasons for Hope and Guidance for Help
by Lynn M. Hamilton

Let Me Hear Your Voice: A Familys Triumph over Autism

by Catherine Maurice

Making Peace with Autism: One Familys Story of Struggle, Discovery, and Unexpected Gifts
by Susan Senator

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Not My Boy!: A Father, A Son, and One Familys Journey with Autism
by Rodney Peete

Nourishing Hope
by Julie Matthews

Overcoming Autism: Finding the Answers, Strategies, and Hope That Can
Transform a Childs Life
by Lynn Kern Koegel, PhD Claire LaZebnik

Playing, Laughing and Learning with Children on the Autism Spectrum:

A Practical Resource of Play Ideas for Parents and Caregivers
by Julia Moor

Play and Engagement in Early Autism: The Early Start Denver Model
by Sally Rogers, PhD and Geraldine Dawson, PhD

A Practical Guide to Autism: What Every Parent, Family Member, and Teacher
Needs to Know
by Fred R. Volkmar and Lisa A. Wiesner

Siblings of Children with Autism: A Guide for Families

by Sandra L. Harris, PhD and Beth A. Glasberg, PhD

Special Diets for Special People: Understanding and Implementing a Gluten-Free and
Casein-Free Diet to Aid in the Treatment of Autism and Related Developmental Disorders
by Lisa S. Lewis

Ten Things Every Child with Autism Wishes You Knew

by Ellen Notbohm

Thinking in Pictures, Expanded Edition: My Life with Autism

by Temple Grandin, PhD

Understanding Autism For Dummies

by Stephen Shore and Linda G. Rastelli

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WEBSITES

Autism Speaks
AutismSpeaks.org

Autism Research Institute

Autism.com

Autism Society
Autism-Society.org

AWAARE: Autism Wandering Awareness Alerts Response and Education Collaboration

awaare.org

Center for Autism & Related Disorders

centerforautism.com

Interactive Autism Network

ianproject.org

OCALI: Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence

ocali.org

Organization for Autism Research

ResearchAutism.org

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Have more questions or need assistance?

Please contact the Autism Response Team for
information, resources and tools.

TOLL FREE: 888-AUTISM2 (288-4762)

EN ESPAOL: 888-772-9050

Email: FAMILYSERVICES@AUTISMSPEAKS.ORG
WWW.AUTISMSPEAKS.ORG
Text ART to 30644

Autism Speaks is the worlds leading autism science and advocacy organization. It is dedicated to funding research
into the causes, prevention, treatments and a cure for autism; increasing awareness of autism spectrum disorders; and
advocating for the needs of individuals with autism and their families. Autism Speaks was founded in February 2005
by Suzanne and Bob Wright, the grandparents of a child with autism. Mr. Wright is the former vice chairman of General
Electric and chief executive officer of NBC and NBC Universal. Since its inception, Autism Speaks has committed
more than $500 million to its mission, the majority in science and medical research. Each year Walk Now for Autism Speaks
events are held in more than 100 cities across North America. On the global front, Autism Speaks has established
partnerships in more than 40 countries on five continents to foster international research, services and awareness.

To learn more about Autism Speaks, please visit AutismSpeaks.org.

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