CH 12 HW

3/8/2017 Ch12HW
Ch12HW
Due:11:59pmonTuesday,March7,2017
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Exercise12.6
PartA
Whatistheaveragedensityofthesun?
ANSWER:
av = 1410 kg/m3
Correct
PartB
Whatistheaveragedensityofaneutronstarthathasthesamemassasthesunbutaradiusofonly20.0km?
ANSWER:

av
= 5.941016 kg/m3
Correct
FloatingCream
Inthe1950s,freshunhomogenizedmilkinglassbottleswasdeliveredtosuburbanites'backdoorstepswellbeforedawn.When
delivered,themilkwasthoroughlymixed,sothatitappearedhomogenized,butanyonerisingmuchaftersunrisewouldfind
thatthemilkhadseparated,thecreamhavingrisentothetop.
Creamandmilkareimmiscible(likeoilandwater),andthetotal
volumeofliquiddoesnotchangewhentheyseparate.Thetoppartof
thebottlewasintentionallygivenamuchsmallerdiameterthanthe
bottom,sothatthecream,typically3percentofthetotalvolume,
occupiedmuchmorethan3%ofthetotalverticalheightofthemilk
bottle.Forthisproblem,assumethatthetotalheightofthemilk
bottleishandthedepthofthecreamlayerisd.
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PartA
Assumethatbeforeseparation,theweightofthemilkbottle'scontents(mixedmilkandcream)iswmix .Howdoesthe
combinedweightofthemilkandcreamafterseparation,wsep ,comparetowmix ?
ANSWER:
wsep > wmix
wsep = wmix
wsep < wmix
Correct
PartB
Assumethatbeforeseparation,thepressureatthebottomofthemilkbottleispmix .Howdoesthepressureatthebottom
ofthemilkbottleafterseparation,psep ,comparetopmix ?
Forsimplicity,youmayassumethattheweightanddensityofthecreamisnegligiblecomparedtothatofthemilk.
Hint1.Pressurewhenthebottlecontentsaremixed
Forsimplicity,assumethatthedensityofthecreamiszero,andthedensityoftherestofthemilkis(ingeneral,
creamislessdensethantherestofthemilk).Ifthecreamrepresents3percentofthetotalvolumeofthemilk
bottle,whatisthegaugepressurepmix atthebottomofthemilkbottlewhenthemilkandcreamare
homogeneouslymixed?
Expressyouranswerintermsof,h,andanyphysicalconstantsneeded.
Hint1.Formulaforgaugepressure(atdepthh)
Gaugepressureinafluidofuniformdensityisp = gh .Thispressureisindependentoftheshapeofthe
crosssectionofthecontainer.
Hint2.Densityofthemilkandcreammixture.
Ifthedensityofthecream(3%byvolume)iszero,andthedensityoftherestofthemilkis,whatisthe
densityofthemilkandcreammixture,mix ?
ANSWER:

mix
= 0.97
ANSWER:
p
mix
= 0.97gh
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Hint2.Whatisthepressureafterthebottlecontentshaveseparated
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Nowcomputepsep ,thegaugepressureonthebottomofthemilkbottleafterthemilkandcreamhaveseparated.
Assumethatthedepthofthelayerofcreamis20%ofthetotalheightofthemilkbottle(d = 0.20h ).
Expressyouranswerintermsofthedensityofthemilk(notincludingcream),h,andanyphysical
constantsneeded.
Hint1.Formulaforgaugepressure(atdepthh)
Gaugepressureinafluidofuniformdensityisp = gh .Thispressureisindependentoftheshapeofthe
container.
Hint2.Theroleofthecream
Becausewehaveassumedthatthecreamhaszerodensity(whichimplieszeroweight),itcontributes
nothingtothepressureatthebottomofthemilkbottle.
Hint3.Findthedepthofthemilk
Whatishmilk thedepthofmilk(notincludingthecream)inthebottleafterthemilkandcreamhave
separated?
Expressyouranswerintermsofh,theheightofthemilkbottle.
ANSWER:
hmilk = 0.8h
ANSWER:
p
sep
= 0.8gh
ANSWER:
p
sep
> p
mix

p
sep
= p
mix

p < p
sep mix
Correct
Ifyoureallyunderstoodthisandgotitrightthefirsttime,congratulations!Themainideaisthatifyouhaveanarrow
containerandawidecontainerwiththesameamountofmilkinthem,thenthenarrowcontainerhasagreater
pressureexertedonit'sbase,becausepressureistheforceperunitarea.Sothinkofthesituationinreverse,sayyou
hadthecontainerpartiallyfilledwithmilksincethecream'sweightisignored,thecreamfloatingontopcanbe
ignored.Nowifyoumixthecreamin,itforcesthemilktoriseintothenarrowportionofthecontainer,increasingthe
pressure.However,youneedtodoalittlecalculationtocheckthattheeffectoftheheightincreaseisgreaterthanthe
effectofthereductionindensityofthemilk.
Anotherimportantthingtorealizeisthatthereisanotherforceonthefluidthatbalancesanychangesinforcefrom
thebaseandthisisthereactionfromtheslopingwallsofthecontainer.
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VideoTutor:WaterLevelinPascal'sVases
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
Considerthesetoftubesshowninthefigure.Eachtubecontainsanunknownfluidthatislessdensethanthewaterit
floatsontopof.Rankthefourunknownfluidsfromleastdensetomostdense.
Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Recallthatthepressureatapointinafluidisdeterminedbytheweightperunitareaofthefluidabovethatpoint.
Inthisproblem,pressureisconstantalongthebottomofthemanifold.Whatdoesthatimplyabouttheweightper
unitareaofthefluidineachtube?
ANSWER:
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Reset Help
Leastdense Mostdense
A
B D
C
Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.
Correct
Archimedes'Principle
LearningGoal:
TounderstandtheapplicationsofArchimedes'principle.
Archimedes'principleisapowerfultoolforsolvingmanyproblemsinvolvingequilibriuminfluids.Itstatesthefollowing:
Whenabodyispartiallyorcompletelysubmergedinafluid(eitheraliquidoragas),thefluidexertsanupwardforceonthe
bodyequaltotheweightofthefluiddisplacedbythebody.
AsaresultoftheupwardArchimedesforce(oftencalledthebuoyantforce),someobjectsmayfloatinafluid,andallofthem
appeartoweighless.Thisisthefamiliarphenomenonofbuoyancy.
Quantitatively,thebuoyantforcecanbefoundas
F buoyant = gV ,
f luid
whereFbuoyantistheforce,f luid isthedensityofthefluid,g isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity,andV isthe

volumeofthedisplacedfluid.
Inthisproblem,youwillbeaskedseveralqualitativequestionsthatshouldhelpyoudevelopafeelforArchimedes'principle.
Anobjectisplacedinafluidandthenreleased.Assumethattheobjecteitherfloatstothesurface(settlingsothattheobjectis
partlyaboveandpartlybelowthefluidsurface)orsinkstothebottom.(NotethatforPartsAthroughD,youshouldassume
thattheobjecthassettledinequilibrium.)
PartA
Considerthefollowingstatement:
Themagnitudeofthebuoyantforceisequaltotheweightoffluiddisplacedbytheobject.
Underwhatcircumstancesisthisstatementtrue?
Hint1.Archimedes'principle
ThestatementofPartAisonewayofexpressingArchimedes'principle.
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ANSWER:
foreveryobjectsubmergedpartiallyorcompletelyinafluid

onlyforanobjectthatfloats

onlyforanobjectthatsinks

fornoobjectsubmergedinafluid
Correct
UseArchimedes'principletoanswertherestofthequestionsinthisproblem.
PartB
Themagnitudeofthebuoyantforceisequaltotheweightoftheamountoffluidthathasthesametotalvolumeasthe
object.
Hint1.ConsiderArchimedes'principle
Archimedes'principledealswiththedisplacedvolume.Whenisthedisplacedvolumeequaltothetotalvolumeof
theobject?
ANSWER:
foranobjectthatispartiallysubmergedinafluid

onlyforanobjectthatfloats

foranobjectcompletelysubmergedinafluid

fornoobjectpartiallyorcompletelysubmergedinafluid
Correct
PartC
Themagnitudeofthebuoyantforceequalstheweightoftheobject.
Hint1.Forcesandequilibrium
Ifthebuoyantforceandtheweightoftheobjectareequal,theobjectcanbeinequilibriumwithoutanyotherforces
actingonit.
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ANSWER:
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foranobjectthatfloats

onlyforanobjectthatsinks

Correct
PartD
Themagnitudeofthebuoyantforceislessthantheweightoftheobject.
ANSWER:

foranobjectthatfloats

foranobjectthatsinks

Correct
Nowapplywhatyouknowtosomemorecomplicatedsituations.
PartE
Anobjectisfloatinginequilibriumonthesurfaceofaliquid.Theobjectisthenremovedandplacedinanothercontainer,
filledwithadenserliquid.Whatwouldyouobserve?
Hint1.Densityandequilibrium
Ifthesecondliquidisdenserthanthefirstone,thefluidwouldexertagreaterupwardforceontheobjectifitwere
heldsubmergedasdeeplyasinthefirstcase.
ANSWER:
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Theobjectwouldsinkallthewaytothebottom.

Theobjectwouldfloatsubmergedmoredeeplythaninthefirstcontainer.

Theobjectwouldfloatsubmergedlessdeeplythaninthefirstcontainer.

Morethanoneoftheseoutcomesispossible.
Correct
PartF
Anobjectisfloatinginequilibriumonthesurfaceofaliquid.Theobjectisthenremovedandplacedinanothercontainer,
filledwithalessdenseliquid.Whatwouldyouobserve?
Hint1.Densityandequilibrium
Ifthesecondliquidislessdensethanthefirstone,theliquidwouldexertasmallerupwardforceontheobjectifit
wereheldsubmergedasdeeplyasinthefirstcase.
ANSWER:
Theobjectwouldsinkallthewaytothebottom.

Theobjectwouldfloatsubmergedmoredeeplythaninthefirstcontainer.

Theobjectwouldfloatsubmergedlessdeeplythaninthefirstcontainer.

Morethanoneoftheseoutcomesispossible.
Correct
Ifthefluidinthesecondcontainerislessdensethantheobject,thentheobjectwillsinkallthewaytothebottom.If
thefluidinthesecondcontainerisdenserthantheobject(thoughlessdensethanthefluidintheoriginalcontainer),
theobjectwillstillfloat,butitsdepthwillbegreaterthanitwasintheoriginalcontainer.
PartG
Twoobjects,TandB,haveidenticalsizeandshapeandhaveuniformdensity.Theyarecarefullyplacedinacontainer
filledwithaliquid.Bothobjectsfloatinequilibrium.LessofobjectTissubmergedthanofobjectB,whichfloats,fully
submerged,closertothebottomofthecontainer.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
ANSWER:
ObjectThasagreaterdensitythanobjectB.

ObjectBhasagreaterdensitythanobjectT.

Bothobjectshavethesamedensity.
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Correct
Sincebothobjectsfloat,thebuoyantforceineachcaseisequaltotheobject'sweight.BlockBdisplacesmorefluid,
soitmustbeheavierthanblockT.Giventhatthetwoobjectshavethesamevolume,blockBmustalsobedenser.In
fact,sincetheweightequalsthebuoyantforce,andBisfullysubmerged,B V g = liquid V g,whereallthesymbols
havetheirusualmeaning.Fromthisequation,onecanseethatthedensityofBmustequalthedensityofthefluid.
VideoTutor:WeighingWeightsinWater
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
Supposethatwerepeattheexperimentshowninthevideo,butwereplaceoneofthecylinderswithacylinderthathas
twicetheradius(anduselargercontainersofwater).Iftheheightoftheoriginalcylinderish,howdeeplymustwe
submergethenewcylindertogetthesameweightreductionasinthevideo?
Howdoesthereductioninthecylindersweightrelatetotheamountofwaterthecylinderdisplaces?
Howdoesthevolumeofacylinderdependonthecylindersradiusandheight?
ANSWER:
4h
1
h
2
1
h
4
2h
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Correct
Togetthesamereductioninweight,thesamevolumeofcylindermustbesubmerged.Thevolumeofacylinderis
V = r h ,soifwedoubletheradius,wemustreducethedepthofimmersionbyafactoroffour.
2
ASubmergedBall
Aballofmassmb andvolumeV isloweredonastringintoafluidofdensityf .Assumethattheobjectwouldsinktothe

bottomifitwerenotsupportedbythestring.
PartA
WhatisthetensionT inthestringwhentheballisfullysubmergedbutnottouchingthebottom,asshowninthefigure?
Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthegivenquantitiesandg ,themagnitudeoftheaccelerationdueto
gravity.
Hint1.Equilibriumcondition
Althoughthefactmaybeobscuredbythepresenceofaliquid,thebasicconditionforequilibriumstillholds:The
netforceontheballmustbezero.Drawafreebodydiagramandproceedfromthere.
Hint2.Findthemagnitudeofthebuoyantforce
FindFbuoyant,themagnitudeofthebuoyantforce.
Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthevariablesf ,V ,mb ,andg .
Hint1.Archimedes'principle
Quantitatively,thebuoyantforcecanbefoundas
F buoyant = gV ,
f luid
whereFbuoyantistheforce,f luid isthedensityofthefluid,g isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationdueto

gravity,andV isthevolumeofthedisplacedfluid.
Hint2.Findthemassofthedisplacedfluid
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Computethemassmf ofthefluiddisplacedbytheobjectwhenitisentirelysubmerged.
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Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthevariablesf ,V ,mb ,andg .
ANSWER:
mf = V
f
ANSWER:
F buoyant = Vg
f
ANSWER:
T = mb g gV
f
Correct
CrownofGold?
Accordingtolegend,thefollowingchallengeledArchimedestothediscoveryofhisfamousprinciple:Hieron,kingofSyracuse,
wassuspiciousthatanewcrownthathehadreceivedfromtheroyalgoldsmithwasnotpuregold,asclaimed.Archimedeswas
orderedtodeterminewhetherthecrownwasinfactmadeofpuregold,withtheconditionthatonlyanondestructivetestwould
beallowed.Ratherthananswertheprobleminthepoliticallymostexpedientway(orperhapsextractabribefromthe
goldsmith),Archimedesthoughtabouttheproblemscientifically.ThelegendrelatesthatwhenArchimedessteppedintohis
bathandcausedittooverflow,herealizedthathecouldanswerthechallengebycomparingthevolumeofwaterdisplacedby
thecrownwiththevolumeofwaterdisplacedbyanamountofpuregoldequalinweighttothecrown.Ifthecrownwasmadeof
puregold,thetwovolumeswouldbeequal.Ifsomeother(lessdense)metalhadbeensubstitutedforsomeofthegold,then
thecrownwoulddisplacemorewaterthanthepuregold.
Asimilarmethodofansweringthechallenge,basedonthesamephysicalprinciple,istocomputetheratiooftheactualweight
ofthecrown,W actual ,andtheapparentweightofthecrownwhenitissubmergedinwater,W apparent .Seewhetheryoucan
followinArchimedes'footsteps.Thefigureshowswhatismeantbyweighingthecrownwhileitissubmergedinwater.
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PartA
Takethedensityofthecrowntobec.Whatistheratioofthecrown'sapparentweight(inwater)W apparent toitsactual
weightW actual ?
Expressyouranswerintermsofthedensityofthecrowncandthedensityofwaterw .
Hint1.Findanexpressionfortheactualweightofthecrown
AssumethatthecrownhasvolumeV .FindtheactualweightW actual ofthecrown.
ExpressW actual intermsofV ,g (themagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity),andc.
ANSWER:
W actual = Vg
c
Hint2.Findanexpressionfortheapparentweightofthecrown
AssumethatthecrownhasvolumeV ,andtakethedensityofwatertobew .FindtheapparentweightW apparent
ofthecrownsubmergedinwater.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV ,g (themagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity),w ,andc.
Theapparentweightofthecrownwhenitissubmergedinwaterwillbelessthanitsactualweight(weightin
air)duetothebuoyantforce,whichopposesgravity.
Hint2.Findanalgebraicexpressionforthebuoyantforce.
FindthemagnitudeFbuoyantofthebuoyantforceonthecrownwhenitiscompletelysubmergedinwater.
Expressyouranswerintermsofw ,V ,andthegravitationalaccelerationg .
ANSWER:
F buoyant =
w
Vg
ANSWER:
W apparent = (
c

w
)gV
ANSWER:
Wapparent w
= 1
c
Wactual
Correct
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PartB
ImaginethattheapparentweightofthecrowninwaterisW apparent = 4.50 N,andtheactualweightis
W actual = 5.00 N.Isthecrownmadeofpure(100%)gold?Thedensityofwateris = 1.00gramspercubic
w
centimeter.Thedensityofgoldisg = 19.32gramspercubiccentimeter.
Hint1.Findtheratioofweightsforacrownofpuregold
Wapparent
Giventheexpressionyouobtainedfor ,whatshouldtheratioofweightsbeifthecrownismadeofpure
Wactual
gold?
Expressyouranswernumerically,totwodecimalplaces.
ANSWER:
Wapparent
= 0.95
Wactual
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
Wapparent Wapparent w
Forthevaluesgiven, = 4.50/5.00 = 0.90 ,whereasforpuregold, = 1
g
= 0.95 .
Wactual Wactual
Thus,youcanconcludethatthethecrownisnotpuregoldbutcontainssomelessdensemetal.Thegoldsmithmade
surethatthecrown's(true)weightwasthesameasthatoftheamountofgoldhewasallocated,butinsodoingwas
forcedtomakethevolumeofthecrownslightlylargerthanitwouldotherwisehavebeen.
Exercise12.33
Arockissuspendedbyalightstring.Whentherockisinair,thetensioninthestringis43.3N.Whentherockistotally
immersedinwater,thetensionis27.6N.Whentherockistotallyimmersedinanunknownliquid,thetensionis20.1N.
PartA
Whatisthedensityoftheunknownliquid?
ANSWER:
= 1480 kg/m3

Correct
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PlayingwithaWaterHose
Twochildren,FerdinandandIsabella,areplayingwithawaterhoseonasunnysummerday.Isabellaisholdingthehoseinher
hand1.0metersabovethegroundandistryingtosprayFerdinand,whoisstanding10.0metersaway.
PartA
WillIsabellabeabletosprayFerdinandifthewaterisflowingoutofthehoseataconstantspeedv 0 of3.5metersper
second?Assumethatthehoseispointedparalleltothegroundandtakethemagnitudeoftheaccelerationg duetogravity
tobe9.81meterspersecond,persecond.
Hint1.Generalapproach:considerationsonparticlemotion
Considerthewaterflowingoutofthehosetobecomposedofindependentparticlesinprojectilemotion.Recallthat
projectilemotionisdescribedasacombinationofhorizontalmotionwithconstantvelocityandverticalmotionwith
constantacceleration.Notethatthehoseispointedparalleltotheground,sotheinitialvelocityofthewateris
purelyhorizontal.
Hint2.Projectilemotion
Aprojectileisabodywithaninitialvelocitythatfollowsapathdeterminedentirelybytheeffectsofgravitational
accelerationandairresistance.Iftheeffectsduetoairresistanceareignored,themotionofaprojectilecanbe
analyzedasacombinationofhorizontalmotionwithconstantvelocityandverticalmotionwithconstant
acceleration.
Consideraparticleundergoingprojectilemotioninthexycoordinateplane,withthexaxishorizontalandtheyaxis
pointingverticallyupward.Letv x andv y representthecomponentsoftheinitialvelocityoftheparticle.Letx0 and
y representtheinitialhorizontalandverticalpositionsoftheparticle.Theequationsdescribingthepositionofthe
0
particleasafunctionoftimetarethen
x = x0 + v x t
1 2
y= y + vy t gt ,
0 2
whereg isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
PartB
Toincreasetherangeofthewater,Isabellaplacesherthumbonthehoseholeandpartiallycoversit.Assumingthatthe
flowremainssteady,whatfractionf ofthecrosssectionalareaofthehoseholedoesshehavetocovertobeableto
sprayherfriend?
Assumethatthecrosssectionofthehoseopeningiscircularwitharadiusof1.5centimeters.
Expressyouranswerasapercentagetothenearestinteger.
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Hint1.Generalapproach:considerationsonfluidmechanics
Byrestrictingtheareaacrosswhichthewaterisflowing,Isabellaforcesthewatertoflowoutatahigherspeed.
Afterestimatingtheinitialvelocitythatthewatermusthaveinordertoreachadistanceof10meters,youcan
determinethecrosssectionalareaofthehoseholethatcorrespondstosuchaninitialvelocityofthewaterby
applyingthecontinuityequation.
Hint2.Findtheoutflowspeedneeded
Findtheinitialspeedv thatthewatershouldhaveinordertoreachadistanceof10meters.Considerthewater
flowingoutofthehoseascomposedofindependentparticlesinprojectilemotion.Recallthatprojectilemotionis
describedasacombinationofhorizontalmotionwithconstantvelocityandverticalmotionwithconstant
acceleration.Notethatthehoseispointedparalleltotheground,sotheinitialvelocityofwaterispurelyhorizontal.
Thusv = v x.
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Projectilemotion
Iftheeffectsduetoairresistanceareignored,astheyshouldbeinthisproblem,themotionofaprojectile
canbeanalyzedasacombinationofhorizontalmotionwithconstantvelocityandverticalmotionwith
constantacceleration.
Consideraparticleundergoingprojectilemotioninthexycoordinateplane,withthexaxishorizontalandthe
yaxispointingverticallyupward.Letv x andv y representthecomponentsoftheinitialvelocityofthe
particle.Letx0 andy0 representtheinitialhorizontalandverticalpositionsoftheparticle.Theequations
describingthepositionoftheparticleasafunctionoftimetarethen
x = x0 + v x t
1 2
y = y0 + vy t gt ,
2
whereg isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.Inthispart,youareaskedtofindtheoutflow
speed,whichishorizontal,andthuscorrespondstov x istheaboveequation.Considercarefullywhatthe
valuesoftheotherconstantsx0 ,y0 ,andv y are.
ANSWER:
vx = 22.1 m/s
Hint3.Findthecrosssectionalareaneeded
Onceyouknowthehorizontalvelocityofthewaterthatwouldbeneededfortheemergingstreamtoreacha
distanceof10meters,findthecrosssectionalareaAthatcorrespondstothatoutflowspeed.
Assumethattheflowrateremainssteadyafterthepartialblockageofthehosehole,sothatthecontinuityequation
applies.
Expressyouranswernumericallyincentimeterssquaredtothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Applythecontinuityequation
Inanincompressiblefluidmovingsteadily,themassoffluidflowingalongaflowtubeisconstant.In
particular,consideraflowtubebetweentwostationarycrosssectionswithareasA1 andA2 .Letthefluid
speedsatthesesectionsbev 1 andv 2 ,respectively.Thenconservationofmasstakestheform
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A1 v 1 = A2 v 2 ,
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whichisknownasthecontinuityequation.
IfinitiallythewaterisflowingthroughthehoseofcrosssectionalareaA0 ataspeedv 0 ,andyouwantitto

flowthroughasmallerareaatahigherspeedv ,whatshouldthenewcrosssectionalareaAofthehosebe?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofA0 ,v 0 ,andv .
ANSWER:
A 0v 0
A =
v
ANSWER:
A = 1.12 cm2
ANSWER:
f = 84 %
Correct
Exercise12.37
Waterisflowinginacircularpipevaryingcrosssectionalarea,andatallpointsthewatercompletelyfillsthepipe.
PartA
Atonepointinthepipetheradiusis0.245m.Whatisthespeedofthewateratthispointifwaterisflowingintothispipe
atasteadyrateof1.85m3 /s?
ANSWER:
v1 = 9.81 m/s
Correct
PartB
Atasecondpointinthepipethewaterspeedis2.30m/s.Whatistheradiusofthepipeatthispoint?
ANSWER:
r2 = 0.506 m
Correct
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StreamlinesandFluidFlow
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthecontinuityequation.
Streamlinesrepresentthepathoftheflowofafluid.Youcanimaginethattheyrepresentatimeexposurephotographthat
showsthepathsofsmallparticlescarriedbytheflowingfluid.Thefigureshowsstreamlinesfortheflowofanincompressible
fluidinataperedpipeofcircularcrosssection.Thespeedofthefluid
asitentersthepipeontheleftisv 1 .Assumethatthecross
sectionalareasofthepipeareA1 atitsentranceontheleftandA2
atitsexitontheright.
PartA
FindQ1 ,thevolumeoffluidflowingintothepipeperunitoftime.Thisquantityisalsoknownasthevolumetricflowrate.
Expressthevolumetricflowrateintermsofanyofthequantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
Hint1.Findthevolumeoffluidenteringthepipe
Thevolumetricflowratehasunitsofvolumeperunittime(cubicmeterspersecond).WhatisthevolumeV of
fluidenteringthepipeintimet?
Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthefollowingquantities:v 1 ,A1 ,andt.
Hint1.Howfardoesthefluidmoveintimet?
Thefigureshowsasnapshotofthepipeattwo
instantsintime:t0 andt0 + t .Inthetime
intervalt,someadditionalfluid(showninblue)
hasenteredthepipefromtheleft.Thespeedof
thelefthandboundaryofthebluecoloredfluidis
v 1 .Whatisthelength L 1 oftheregionof
additionalfluidthathasenteredthepipeinthetime
intervalt?
Expressyouranswerintermsofv 1 andt.
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ANSWER:
L1 = v 1 t
ANSWER:
V = A 1 v 1 t
ANSWER:
Q
1
= v 1 A1
Correct
PartB
Becausethefluidisassumedtobeincompressibleandmassisconserved,ataparticularmomentintime,theamountof
fluidthatflowsintothepipemustequaltheamountoffluidthatflowsout.Thisfactisembodiedinthecontinuityequation.
Usingthecontinuityequation,findthevelocityv 2 ofthefluidflowingoutoftherightendofthepipe.
Expressyouranswerintermsofanyofthequantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
Hint1.Findthevolumetricflowrateoutofthepipe
FindQ2 ,thevolumeoffluidflowingoutofthepipeperunitoftime.
Expressyouranswerintermsofv 2 andA2 .
ANSWER:
Q2 = v 2 A2
Hint2.Applythecontinuityequation
Thecontinuityequationstatesthatthevolumetricflowsintoandoutofthepipemustbethesame.Fillintheright
handsideofthecontinuityequationforthisproblem.
Expressyouranswerintermsofv 2 andanyofthequantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
v 1 A1 = v 2 A2
ANSWER:
A1
v2 = v1
A2
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Correct
PartC
Ifyouareshownapictureofstreamlinesinaflowingfluid,youcanconcludethatthe__________ofthefluidisgreater
wherethestreamlinesareclosertogether.
Enteraonewordanswer.
ANSWER:
speed
Correct
Thusthevelocityoftheflowincreaseswithincreasingdensity(numberperunitarea)ofstreamlines.
Exercise12.46
Asoftdrink(mostlywater)flowsinapipeatabeverageplantwithamassflowratethatwouldfill2200.355 Lcansper
minute.Atpoint2inthepipe,thegaugepressureis152 kPaandthecrosssectionalareais8.00 cm2 .Atpoint1,1.35 m
abovepoint2,thecrosssectionalareais2.00 cm2 .
PartA
Findthemassflowrate.
ANSWER:
M = 1.30 kg/s
Correct
PartB
Findthevolumeflowrate.
ANSWER:
Q = 1.30 L/s
Correct
PartC
Findtheflowspeedatpoint1.
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
v1 = 6.50 m/s
Correct
PartD
ANSWER:
v2 = 1.63 m/s
Correct
PartE
Findthegaugepressureatpoint1.
ANSWER:
P = 119 kPa
Correct
VenturiMeterwithTwoTubes
Apairofvertical,openendedglasstubesinsertedintoahorizontalpipeareoftenusedtogethertomeasureflowvelocityinthe
pipe,aconfigurationcalledaVenturimeter.Considersuchanarrangementwithahorizontalpipecarryingfluidofdensity.
Thefluidrisestoheightsh1 andh2 inthetwoopenendedtubes(seefigure).ThecrosssectionalareaofthepipeisA1 atthe
positionoftube1,andA2 atthepositionoftube2.
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
PartA
Findp1 ,thegaugepressureatthebottomoftube1.(Gaugepressureisthepressureinexcessofoutsideatmospheric
pressure.)
Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroductionand\texttip{g}{g},themagnitudeof
theaccelerationduetogravity.
UseBernoulli'slawtocomputethedifferenceinpressurebetweenthetopandbottomoftube1.Thepressureatthe
topofthetubeisdefinedtobeatmosphericpressure.Note:Insidethetube,sincethefluidisnotflowing,theterms
involvingvelocityinBernoulli'sequationcanbeignored.Thus,Bernoulli'sequationreducestotheformulafor
pressureasafunctionofdepthinafluidofuniformdensity.
Hint2.SimplifiedBernoulli'sequation
Forafluidofuniformdensity\texttip{\rho}{rho}thatisnotflowing,thepressure\texttip{p}{p}atadepth\texttip{h}{h}
belowthesurfaceisgivenbyp=p_0+\rhogh,where\texttip{p_{\rm0}}{p_0}isthepressureatthesurfaceand
\texttip{g}{g}isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}= {\rho}gh_{1}
Correct
Thefluidispusheduptube1bythepressureofthefluidatthebaseofthetube,andnotbyitskineticenergy,since
thereisnostreamlinearoundthesharpedgeofthetube.Thusenergyisnotconserved(thereisturbulenceatthe
edgeofthetube)attheentranceofthetube.SinceBernoulli'slawisessentiallyastatementofenergyconservation,
itmustbeappliedseparatelytothefluidinthetubeandthefluidflowinginthemainpipe.However,thepressurein
thefluidisthesamejustinsideandjustoutsidethetube.
PartB
Find\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1},thespeedofthefluidintheleftendofthemainpipe.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{h_{\rm1}}{h_1},\texttip{h_{\rm2}}{h_2},\texttip{g}{g},andeither
\texttip{A_{\rm1}}{A_1}and\texttip{A_{\rm2}}{A_2}or\texttip{\gamma}{gamma},whichisequalto
\large{\frac{A_1}{A_2}}.
Energyisconservedalongthestreamlinesinthemainflow.ThismeansthatBernoulli'slawcanbeappliedtoobtain
arelationshipbetweenthefluidpressureandvelocityatthebottomoftube1,andthefluidpressureandvelocityat
thebottomoftube2.
Hint2.Find\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}intermsof\texttip{h_{\rm2}}{h_2}
Whatis\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2},thepressureatthebottomoftube2?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{h_{\rm2}}{h_2},\texttip{g}{g},andanyothergivenquantities.
Hint1.RecallPartA
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
Obtainthesolutionforthispartinthesamewaythatyoufoundanexpressionfor\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}in
termsof\texttip{h_{\rm1}}{h_1}inPartAofthisproblem.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}= {\rho}gh_{2}
Hint3.Find\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}intermsofgivenquantities
Find\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2},thefluidpressureatthebottomoftube2.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1},\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1},\texttip{\rho}{rho},
\texttip{A_{\rm1}}{A_1},and\texttip{A_{\rm2}}{A_2}.
Hint1.Findthepressureatthebottomoftube2
Find\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2},thefluidpressureatthebottomoftube2.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1},\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1},and\texttip{v_{\rm
2}}{v_2}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}= \large{p_{1}+\frac{1}{2}{\rho}\left({v_{1}}^{2}{v_{2}}^{2}\right)}
Hint2.Find\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}intermsof\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}
Thefluidisincompressible,soyoucanusethecontinuityequationtorelatethefluidvelocities
\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}intermsofthegeometryofthepipe.Find\texttip{v_{\rm
2}}{v_2},thefluidvelocityatthebottomoftube2,intermsof\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}.
Youranswermayinclude\texttip{A_{\rm1}}{A_1}and\texttip{A_{\rm2}}{A_2},thecrosssectional
areasofthepipe.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}= \large{\frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}}v_{1}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2} \large{p_{1}+\frac{1}{2}{\rho}\left({v_{1}}^{2}\right)\left(1\left(\frac{A_{1}}
= {A_{2}}\right)^{2}\right)}
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}= \large{\sqrt{2g{\frac{h_{1}h_{2}}{{\gamma}^{2}1}}}}
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
Correct
Notethatthisresultdependsonthedifferencebetweentheheightsofthefluidinthetubes,aquantitythatismore
easilymeasuredthantheheightsthemselves.
Problem12.92
In1993theradiusofHurricaneEmilywasabout350{\rmkm}.Thewindspeednearthecenter("eye")ofthehurricane,whose
radiuswasabout30{\rmkm},reachedabout200{\rmkm}/{\rmh}.Asairswirledinfromtherimofthehurricanetowardthe
eye,itsangularmomentumremainedroughlyconstant.
PartA
Estimatethewindspeedattherimofthehurricane.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v= 17 {\rmkm/h}
Correct
PartB
Estimatethepressuredifferenceattheearth'ssurfacebetweentheeyeandtherim.(Hint:Thedensityofair(1{\rmatm},
20^\circ{\rmC})is1.20{\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}.)
ANSWER:
\DeltaP= 1800 {\rmPa}
Correct
PartC
Whereisthepressuregreater?
ANSWER:
attheeye
attherim
Correct
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
PartD
Ifthekineticenergyoftheswirlingairintheeyecouldbeconvertedcompletelytogravitationalpotentialenergy,howhigh
wouldtheairgo?
ANSWER:
h= 160 {\rmm}
Correct
Problem12.95
Aliquidflowingfromaverticalpipehasaverydefiniteshapeasitflowsfromthepipe.Togettheequationforthisshape,
assumethattheliquidisinfreefallonceitleavesthepipe.Justasitleavesthepipe,theliquidhasspeedv_0andtheradius
ofthestreamofliquidisr_0.
PartA
Findanequationforthespeedoftheliquidasafunctionofthedistanceyithasfallen.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthegivenquantitiesandappropriateconstants.
ANSWER:
v= \sqrt{v_{0}{^2}+2gy}
Correct
PartB
Combiningthiswiththeequationofcontinuity,findanexpressionfortheradiusofthestreamasafunctionofy.
ANSWER:
r= \large{\sqrt{r_{0}{^2}{\frac{v_{0}}{\sqrt{v_{0}{^2}+2gy}}}}}
Correct
PartC
Ifwaterflowsoutofaverticalpipeataspeedof1.20\rmm/s,howfarbelowtheoutletwilltheradiusbeonehalfthe
originalradiusofthestream?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
y= 1.10 {\rmm}
Correct
Problem12.57
A0.170{\rmkg}cubeofice(frozenwater)isfloatinginglycerine.Thegylcerineisinatallcylinderthathasinsideradius3.80
{\rmcm}.Theleveloftheglycerineiswellbelowthetopofthecylinder.
PartA
Iftheicecompletelymelts,bywhatdistancedoestheheightofliquidinthecylinderchange?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
d= 0.773{\rmcm}
Correct
PartB
Doesthelevelofliquidriseorfall?Thatis,isthesurfaceofthewateraboveorbelowtheoriginallevelofthegylcerine
beforetheicemelted?
ANSWER:
Thelevelofliquidinthecylinderrises.
Thelevelofliquidinthecylinderfalls.
Correct
Exercise12.3
Youpurchasearectangularpieceofmetalthathasdimensions5.2{\rm{\rmmm}}\times15.2{\rm{\rmmm}}\times33.7{\rm
{\rmmm}}andmass1.86102{\rm{\rmkg}}.
PartA
Thesellertellsyouthatthemetalisgold.Tocheckthis,youcomputetheaveragedensityofthepiece.Whatvaluedoyou
get?
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
\rho= 6980 {\rmkg/m^3}
Correct
PartB
Wereyoucheated?
ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
Exercise12.6
PartA
Whatistheaveragedensityofthesun?
ANSWER:
\rho_{\rmav}= 1410 {\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}
Correct
PartB
Whatistheaveragedensityofaneutronstarthathasthesamemassasthesunbutaradiusofonly20.0km?
ANSWER:
\rho_{\rmav}= 5.941016 {\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}
Correct
Exercise12.12
Abarrelcontainsa0.125mlayerofoilfloatingonwaterthatis0.280{\rm{\rmm}}deep.Thedensityoftheoilis650{\rm{\rm
kg/m^3}}
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
PartA
Whatisthegaugepressureattheoilwaterinterface?
ANSWER:
P= 796 {\rmPa}
Correct
PartB
Whatisthegaugepressureatthebottomofthebarrel?
ANSWER:
P= 3540 {\rmPa}
Correct
Exercise12.18
Thelowerendofalongplasticstrawisimmersedbelowthesurfaceofthewaterinaplasticcup.Anaveragepersonsucking
ontheupperendofthestrawcanpullwaterintothestrawtoaverticalheightof1.1\rmmabovethesurfaceofthewaterinthe
cup.
PartA
Whatisthelowestgaugepressurethattheaveragepersoncanachieveinsidehislungs?
ANSWER:
p_{\rmg}= 1.1104{\rmPa}
Correct
PartB
Whyisyouranswerinthepreviouspartnegative?
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
Inorderforwatertogoupthestraw,thepressureatthetopofthestrawmustbegreaterthantheatmospheric
pressure.
Inorderforwatertogoupthestraw,thegaugepressureofthepersonmustbegreaterthanthepressuredueto
thecolumnofwaterinthestraw.
Inorderforwatertogoupthestraw,thepressureatthetopofthestrawmustbelessthantheatmospheric
pressure.
Inorderforwatertogoupthestraw,thegaugepressureofthepersonmustbelessthanthepressuredueto
thecolumnofwaterinthestraw.
Correct
Exercise12.32
Ahollow,plasticsphereisheldbelowthesurfaceofafreshwaterlakebyacordanchoredtothebottomofthelake.Thesphere
hasavolumeof0.660{\rm\m^3}andthetensioninthecordis2120{\rm\N}.
PartA
Calculatethebuoyantforceexertedbythewateronthesphere.
ANSWER:
F= 6470{\rmN}
Correct
PartB
Whatisthemassofthesphere?
ANSWER:
m= 444{\rmkg}
Correct
PartC
Thecordbreaksandthesphererisestothesurface.Whenthespherecomestorest,whatfractionofitsvolumewillbe
submerged?
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
\large{\frac{V_{\rmsub}}{V_{\rmobj}}}= 67.2 \%
Correct
Exercise12.37
Ashowerheadhas20circularopenings,eachwithradius0.90{\rmmm}.Theshowerheadisconnectedtoapipewithradius
0.98{\rmcm}.
PartA
Ifthespeedofwaterinthepipeis3.4{\rmm/s},whatisitsspeedasitexitstheshowerheadopenings?
ANSWER:
v= 20 \rmm/s
Correct
Exercise12.43
PartA
Whatgaugepressureisrequiredinthecitywatermainsforastreamfromafirehoseconnectedtothemainstoreacha
verticalheightof12.0{\rmm}?(Assumethatthemainshaveamuchlargerdiameterthanthefirehose.)
ANSWER:
P= 1.18105 \rmPa
Correct
Exercise12.48
Asoftdrink(mostlywater)flowsinapipeatabeverageplantwithamassflowratethatwouldfill2200.355Lcansper
minute.Atpoint2inthepipe,thegaugepressureis152\{\rmkPa}andthecrosssectionalareais8.00\{\rmcm}^{2}.Atpoint
1,1.35\{\rmm}abovepoint2,thecrosssectionalareais2.00\{\rmcm}^{2}.
PartA
Findthemassflowrate.
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
M= 1.30 {\rmkg/s}
Correct
PartB
Findthevolumeflowrate.
ANSWER:
Q= 1.30 {\rmL/s}
Correct
PartC
ANSWER:
v_1= 6.50 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartD
ANSWER:
v_2= 1.63 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartE
Findthegaugepressureatpoint1.
ANSWER:
P= 119 {\rmkPa}
Correct
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
Problem12.82
In1993theradiusofHurricaneEmilywasabout350{\rmkm}.Thewindspeednearthecenter("eye")ofthehurricane,whose
radiuswasabout30{\rmkm},reachedabout200{\rmkm}/{\rmh}.Asairswirledinfromtherimofthehurricanetowardthe
eye,itsangularmomentumremainedroughlyconstant.
PartA
Estimatethewindspeedattherimofthehurricane.
ANSWER:
v= 17 {\rmkm/h}
Correct
PartB
Estimatethepressuredifferenceattheearth'ssurfacebetweentheeyeandtherim.(Hint:Thedensityofair(1{\rmatm},
20^\circ{\rmC})is1.20{\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}.)
ANSWER:
\DeltaP= 1800 {\rmPa}
Correct
PartC
Whereisthepressuregreater?
ANSWER:
attheeye
attherim
Correct
PartD
Ifthekineticenergyoftheswirlingairintheeyecouldbeconvertedcompletelytogravitationalpotentialenergy,howhigh
wouldtheairgo?
Typesettingmath:70%
ANSWER:
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
h= 160 {\rmm}
Correct
Problem12.88
Asiphon,asshowninthefigure,isaconvenientdeviceforremoving
liquidsfromcontainers.Toestablishtheflow,thetubemustbe
initiallyfilledwithfluid.Letthefluidhavedensity\rho,andletthe
atmosphericpressurebep_{\rm{a}}{\kern1pt}.Assumethatthe
crosssectionalareaofthetubeisthesameatallpointsalongit.
PartA
Ifthelowerendofthesiphonisatadistancehbelowthesurfaceoftheliquidinthecontainer,whatisthespeedofthe
fluidasitflowsoutthelowerendofthesiphon?(Assumethatthecontainerhasaverylargediameter,andignoreany
effectsofviscosity.)
ANSWER:
v= \sqrt{2gh}
Correct
PartB
Acuriousfeatureofasiphonisthatthefluidinitiallyflows"uphill."WhatisthegreatestheightHthatthehighpointofthe
tubecanhaveifflowisstilltooccur?
ANSWER:
H= \large{\frac{p_{a}}{{\rho}g}}
Correct
Typesettingmath:70%
3/8/2017 Ch12HW
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis99.9%.
Youreceived21.97outofapossibletotalof22points.
Typesettingmath:70%

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3/8/2017 Ch12HW

wsep > wmix

wsep < wmix

whereFbuoyantistheforce,f luid isthedensityofthefluid,g isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity,andV isthe

Aballofmassmb andvolumeV isloweredonastringintoafluidofdensityf .Assumethattheobjectwouldsinktothe

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthevariablesf ,V ,mb ,andg .

whereFbuoyantistheforce,f luid isthedensityofthefluid,g isthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationdueto

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofthevariablesf ,V ,mb ,andg .

ExpressyouranswerintermsofV ,g (themagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity),w ,andc.

IfinitiallythewaterisflowingthroughthehoseofcrosssectionalareaA0 ataspeedv 0 ,andyouwantitto

\DeltaP= 1800 {\rmPa}

\rho= 6980 {\rmkg/m^3}

\rho_{\rmav}= 1410 {\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}

\rho_{\rmav}= 5.941016 {\rmkg}/{\rmm}^{3}

v_1= 6.50 {\rmm/s}

v_2= 1.63 {\rmm/s}

\DeltaP= 1800 {\rmPa}

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