How to Cite-in text

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How you cite a working within your document varies depending on your
writing style, whether you are quoting your source directly, and the type of source
you are quoting.
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This
means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in
the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the
material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have
to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.
The examples below attempt to address most of your in-text citing needs.

Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author,
year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name
followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199);
what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name,
the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998,
p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of
typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new
margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation
five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact

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that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their

teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA
guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not
required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998,
p. 199).

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors'
names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal
phrase or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title
in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books

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and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in
quotation marks.

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers

("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the
author's name

(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the
author.
Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government
agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical
citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in

brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later
citations

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation
includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference
list, separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors with the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the
last names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two
sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with
the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the
year in the in-text citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

Introduction, Preface, Foreword, and Afterword: When citing an Introduction,

Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as
usual.

(Funk & Kolln, 1992)

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Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-
person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with
APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in
your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the
secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as
above.

Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using
the author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title
in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use
the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students
succeeded with tutoring

("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include
information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic
document has numbered paragraphs, use the symbol, or the abbreviation "para."
followed by the paragraph number

(Hall, 2001, 5)

or (Hall, 2001, para. 5).

If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide
the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in
some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their
browser to locate any passages you cite.
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According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers
print Web pages with different pagination.

Footnotes and Endnotes

APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are
often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still
prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes:
content and copyright.

When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript

following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes
( ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should
be inserted within the parentheses.

Scientists examinedover several years1the fossilized remains of the

wooly-wooly yak.2 (These have now been transferred to the Chauan
Museum.3)

When using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft

Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear. Footnotes
may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the
References page). Center the word Footnotes at the top of the page. Indent five
spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing
rules. Double-space throughout.

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While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides
important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this
particular species.

Content Notes

Content Notes provide supplemental information to your readers. When

providing Content Notes, be brief and focus on only one subject. Try to limit your
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comments to one small paragraph. Content Notes can also point readers to
information that is available in more detail elsewhere.

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See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful
analysis of this extraordinary animal.

Copyright Permission Notes

If you quote more than 500 words of published material or think you may be
in violation of Fair Use copyright laws, you must get the formal permission of the
author(s). All other sources simply appear in the reference list.

Follow the same formatting rules as with Content Notes for noting copyright
permissions. Then attach a copy of the permission letter to the document.

If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, from some other source, you
must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright
information. You should also submit written permission along with your work. Begin
the citation with Note.

Note. From Title of the article, by W. Jones and R. Smith, 2007, Journal Title, 21, p.
122. Copyright
2007 by Copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.