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Published by the Institute for Outdoor Learning www.outdoor-learning.org

 In Part 1 (Horizons 60, 2012)5, we set
the scene for the introduction of Forest
A Brief History of School (FS) to the UK, discussing the
cultural soil in which the modern day FS
Forest School in the UK seed was sown. Part 2 looks at how FS
has grown since 1993. We concentrate on

Part 2 the challenges that FS has faced and how

that affects FSs future.

A social movement
With a rich heritage of UK outdoor play and
By Jon Cree and Mel McCree learning, FS emerged as a natural evolution5. Given
its aims and rapid grassroots growth12 FS is a social
movement. We can learn from the patterns of other
social movements, often evolving in response to
discontent with the social and political situation.
Some movements have dramatically changed
society, and many have failed3 . FS is nested within
wider social movements surrounding free range
childhoods; natural play, environmentalism, land
rights, woodland culture, and learner-centred
education.

Blumer 1 identified four stages of social

movements social ferment, popular
excitement/coalescence, formalisation and
institutionalisation. The formalisation stage of a
social movement is defined as when strategies
and leadership emerges and a movement starts
making demands. We think FS has just moved
into this 3rd stage of formalisation. This article is
timed with the first year anniversary of the Forest
School Association (FSA), a turning point in forming
an autonomous, collective voice and principles of
practice. After 18 months of national consultation
with FS practitioners, the FSA was formed as an
independent body representing FS in the UK. The
FSA board elected in July 2012 represents the main
sectors currently involved in FS including; play, early
years, primary, secondary, special needs, outdoor
learning*, county wildlife trusts, funding agencies,
training providers, forestry and the independent
sector. The FSA website gives a detailed account
of the history of FS and the establishment of the
FSA (8). During this process an updated definition,
principles and criteria for practice were agreed
and published in 2012 (see Figure 1). * Institute for
Outdoor Learning (IOL) and Council for Learning
Outside the Classroom (CLOTC)

p32 HORIZONS Magazine No 62

 the FS QUIF. Although the involvement of the
Figure 1 governments Forestry Commission has been
both welcome and essential, FS has been a
Definition: Forest School is an inspirational process, that offers ALL learners grassroots movement, growing within semi
regular opportunities to achieve, develop confidence and self-esteem, autonomous cluster groups supported by the
through hands-on learning experiences in a woodland or natural environment FEI (now the Forest Education Network (FEN)
in England), the formation of Forest School
with trees. Forest School is a specialised learning approach that sits within,
Wales (FSW) in 2001, county networks within
and compliments, the wider context of outdoor and woodland education. some local authorities and wider networks
organised through training providers
and social networks. This rapid growth
The 6 principles: was backed up by early evidence-based
1. Forest School is a long-term process with frequent and regular sessions in a evaluative research into the effectiveness
woodland or natural wooded environment, rather than a one-off visit. Planning, of FS. These formed the rhizomes, or root
adaption, observations and reviewing are integral elements of Forest School. structures, of the FS movement. Principles
and criteria were first agreed upon in 2002.
2. Forest School takes place in a woodland or natural wooded environment to support In 2008 a self-directed FS Special Interest
the development of a relationship between the learner and the natural world. Group (SIG) was set up within the Institute
for Outdoor Learning (IOL), playing a key role
3. Forest School aims to promote the holistic development of all those involved, in the establishment of the FSA in 2012. FS
fostering resilient, confident, independent and creative learners. is now running all over the UK and within at
least one setting in almost every county, with
4. Forest School offers learners the opportunity to take supported risks appropriate to some counties having 100s of Forest Schools.
the environment and to themselves. There are now an estimated 10,000 trained
practitioners and 36 known FS training
5. Forest School is run by qualified Forest School Practitioners who continuously providers.
maintain and develop their professional practice.
A unique contribution
6. Forest School uses a range of learner-centred processes to create a community for The emergence of FS coincided with the
development and learning. growth of many similar approaches to
education and play. For example, Reggio
Emilias early years practice has an emphasis
Amongst other things, the FSA is concerned 14
has popular appeal, yet needs challenging
on the creative use of the outdoors, with
with clarifying standards, professional in terms of using a deficit model, locating the
the child being at the centre of the learning
identity and the potential of entitlement to problem in the child and packaging nature
process, making the learning explicit through
FS for all children. Its great to have clearer as something that can be prescribed. Many
extensive observation and documentation.
principles and aims to work with, but how will recognise the FS convert, extolling the
Natural play emphasises creative playing with
did FS get here? virtues of FS. We need voices of reason, to
the loose parts of the outdoor/natural world.
recognise FSs limitations and the need to
Building Learning Power 4 emphasises
work collaboratively within the bigger picture
Changing childrens of eco-social change.
positive dispositions for learning, enables
young people to be more resilient, calm and
landscapes creative in the face of uncertainty.
Justifications for childrens practice are often
related to eco-social ills that need fixing. In
Evolution What makes FS unique within the context of
In response to these social concerns, and outdoor learning is its combination of long-
the 1990s, concerns increased within the term, regular learner-centered play-based
their representation in the mainstream
play, education and environmental sectors processes. FS presents a unique combination
context of education and care, the FS
over how children were divorced from the of learning and development, promoting
movement emerged from practitioners
natural world, becoming heightened further mindful stillness and discovery in nature
needs and interests. The term Forest School
in the early 21st century, arguments that through play and free choice, enhancing
was invented by Bridgwater nursery nurses
also raged in early 20th century 5. Free range emotional wellbeing and resilience. The
after a study trip to Denmark in 1993;
roaming and childrens mobility severely practical activities of FS, such as using
this name is not used in Denmark 21. How
declined. In 1971, 86% children travelled tools and fires, creates many learning
Bridgwater framed FS caught the imagination
to school alone, by 2010, it had dropped to opportunities, regaining skills that have
of a number of outdoor educators, in
25% 19. Further concerns were addressed been lost to the technological culture and
particular early years educators, frustrated
over restricted exposure to risk, leading to narrowed school curricula. Our experience is
by the way the national curriculum and
risk aversion 10, 13 and a culture of fear (7). that trainees relish this unique combination
environmental education had moved in
Perceived over-regulation was debunked by of connecting with the natural world in a very
the previous 10 years. The timing seemed
the Health and Safety Executive myth-busting practical and creative way.
to be right. Early years settings, schools
panel 11, who later endorsed the risk-benefit
and home education or family groups,
assessment process. FS is a useful framework
health settings and the voluntary sector
to counteract the cotton wool culture,
took quickly to FS, growing the demand.
Challenges
whilst engendering a culture of caring for the FS is subject to much interpretation and
Independent providers around the country
natural world among learners. diversity in practice, in part due to its
started practicing. Several local authorities
grassroots beginnings. Concepts of what
and the Welsh, Scottish and English Forest
There has been much polemic and constitutes a FS experience are developing
Education Initiatives (FEI), run by the Forestry
journalistic debate, sometimes based on and altering as it is adopted by groups with
Commission, picked up on FS. The Forestry
questionable constructs of the child and other interests 16. Herein lies a problem,
Commission saw that FS fulfilled some of
the natural world. FS was caught up in this in that establishing a collective idea of FS
its educational objectives, and supported
tide and is still sometimes presented as a practice undergoes continuing debate. As
research, FS training, local development of
panacea to the environmental stresses of settings choose FS for different reasons,
FS and production of FS resources, including
modernity on children. For example, the there is a need for clarity of purpose and
the self evaluation quality assurance tool,
quasi-medical term Nature Deficit Disorder
p33 HORIZONS Magazine No 62
 aims, for example, whether it is perceived as Further issues with training include the
an occasional optional addition or used to ever-present competetive interests, that
meet curriculum requirements 20. Further, can sometimes reduce an open sharing
FS is sometimes perceived as a label for all of good practice, caused by fear of
outdoor learning, which it is not. losing intellectual rights, work and jobs.
Concerns with the commercialisation of
FS is subject to much interpretation and education in general are well articulated
diversity in practice, in part due to its by Mayo and Nairn 18.
grassroots beginnings. Concepts of what
constitutes a FS experience are developing These have proved to be considerable
and altering as it is adopted by groups with challenges. How do we benchmark the
other interests 16. Herein lies a problem, training and ensure there are some baseline
in that establishing a collective idea of FS standards, and at the same time, encourage
practice undergoes continuing debate. As the diversity and creativity that is the very
settings choose FS for different reasons, nature of FS?
there is a need for clarity of purpose and
aims, for example, whether it is perceived as
an occasional optional addition or used to
Moving FS forward
With FS being a diverse yet joined
meet curriculum requirements 20. Further,
movement, maintaining the relationships
FS is sometimes perceived as a label for all
and workings between all UK FS practitioners
outdoor learning, which it is not.
and organisations is imperative, even though
they may face different structural challenges.
Challenges in training The English Department for Education is
The BTech qualification was started at currently considering a new curriculum that
Bridgwater College in 1995, and in 2003 may not include any topic of environmental
the Open College Network qualification care until children are 11 years old. There
was developed by trainers in Wales , which are challenges everywhere, such as the
spread to England and Scotland 9. slimming of local childrens services and the
swallowing of the Forestry Commission into
The increasing demand for FS training has a larger body in Wales. There is a divergence
lead to a variety of provision. FS training of policy between England, Wales, Scotland
with its thorough grounding in experiential and Northern Ireland. The Scottish
practical skills and learner-centred outdoor parliament now trumps Westminster for the
pedagogy addresses a missing element commendable integration of outdoor and
in most teacher and outdoor practitioner sustainability education into its curriculum
training, However there are some challenges for excellence 8. As education becomes more
in how training is enacted. fragmented in England, it will be harder to
T he potential to support the ongoing influence government policy through local
needs of trainees is limited and often the government. Yet, FS can act on the so-called
biggest challenges occur within trainees Big Society to support local self-reliant
workplaces, where FS pedagogy does groups. Local FS networking varies greatly take time. So there are characteristics of
not necessarily fit with the settings from one region and county to the next. For Bulmers formalisation 1 but a strategy
system. There is a need for CPD example there is a strong presence of FS for UK wide Forest School development
courses or ongoing mentoring to help networks in the West Midlands and Scotland, is still emerging. Expectations are high
build confidence in newly qualified FS whereas they are still in their infancy in North and yet dismissive from some quarters.
practitioners (20). West England. As with all grassroots movements, any
F S training offers a special opportunity form of institutionalisation can smack of
to personally investigate a relationship The movement now has its own voice in a controlling authority and one to rebel
with the natural world, yet there is the FSA, independent of any commercial or against, and these two views are indeed
limited opportunity for this within government interests. There are many issues key challenges in themselves. The new
a short training course. If FS is to surrounding the governance of FS nationally, local FSA groups are helping to counteract
further contribute to education, the which are up to everyone involved in FS to this, demonstrating active participation,
environmental awareness and ecological address. How do we carry a movement and and each group, whilst maintaining the
education content of FS training seen as keep the grassroots nature so the whole FS ethos, will be geographically and
implicit within the principles, must be movement owns the structure? One of organisationally different, with their own
addressed. However, these aspects can the key challenges for the FSA is how to identity.
be somewhat hit and miss depending on promote more networking and help groups
the training provider. Maybe there is a maintain their own identity while fulfilling So here we are, with FS as a movement
need to make this more explicit within FS principles. We need to communicate in a critical phase of development. We
the principles of FS? effectively and work together, to have an have raised some of the issues that relate
L astly training provision is unregulated, active political voice and keep up the good to the development and future of FS and
monitored by a voluntary network of work that has been done, to represent all FS hope this prompts further active debate.
FS training providers. The consultations and its development through quality training FS has potential to influence government
with network members leading up to and local support, building on the good work policy and practice. Lets hope that by the
the establishment of the FSA showed of FEI cluster groups. time we get to the institutionalisation
that many believed there was a need for phase, we have established quality
some standardisation of training. They The FSA is still emerging and relies heavily FS within the mainstream and helped
also felt that a national organisation on the suggestions and work of committed the culture change in the UK, viewing
should be formed to act as a governing FS folk, operating non-hierarchically. It is woodlands as sustainable living and
body for the training, to ensure some up to the whole of the FS community to learning spaces. n
benchmarks by which training could be make it work, and to accept that this will
judged, hence the FSA.

p34 HORIZONS Magazine No 62

For the full references for this article, a fuller account of the evolution of FS please
see FSA webpage - http://www.forestschoolassociation.org/history-of-forest-school.

References
1. Blumer, H. (1969) Collective Behaviour, in Lee, A.M. (ed.) Principles of
Sociology (3rd edn.). New York: Barnes and Noble.
2. Bilton, H (2010) Outdoor Learning in the Early Years. Management and
Innovation. 3rd edition. London: Routledge.
3. Christiansen, J (2009) Four Stages of Social Movements. EBSCO
research starters http://www.ebscohost.com/uploads/imported/thisTopic-
dbTopic-1248.pdf
4. Claxton, G ( 2002) Building Learning Power: Helping young people
become better learners. http://www.guyclaxton.com/blp.htm
5. Cree, J and McCree, M (2012) A Brief History of Forest School Part 1.
Horizons issue 60, Institute for Outdoor Learning
6. Davis, B., Rea, T., and Waite, S. (2006) The special nature of the
outdoors: Its contribution to the education of children aged 311,
Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 10(2), pp. 3-12.
7. Dixey, R. (1999) Keeping Children Safe: The effect on parents daily lives
and psychological well-being, Journal of Health Psychology, 1, pp. 45-57.
8. Forest School Association (2013) GB Forest School Trainers Network and
the FSA http://www.forestschoolassociation.org/history-of-forest-school
9. Forest School Association (2013) GB Forest School Trainers Network and
the FSA. http://www.forestschoolassociation.org/history-of-forest-school
10. Gill, T (2007) No Fear: Growing Up in a Risk Averse Society. Calouste
Gulbenkian Foundation
11. Health and Safety Executive (2011) School trip and outdoor learning
activities tackling the health and safety myths. http://www.hse.gov.uk/
services/education/school-trips.pdf
12. IOL FS Special Interest Group/NGB Steering Group (2012) Forest School
National Governing Body Business Plan 2012. Institute for Outdoor
Learning
13. Lindon, J (2003) Too Safe for their own good: helping children learn
about risk and life skills. National Childrens Bureau
14. Louv, R (2005) Last Child in the Woods: saving our children form nature
deficit disorder. Algonquin Books
15. Massey, S (2004) The benefits of a forest school for children in early
years. Worcestershire County Council
16. Maynard, T. (2007) Encounters with Forest School and Foucault: A risky
business?, Education 3-13, 35(4), pp. 379-391.
17. Maynard, T (2007) Forest Schools in Great Britain: an initial exploration.
Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 8(4), 320-331. http://dx.doi.
org/10.2304/ciec.2007.8.4.320
18. Mayo, E and Nairn, A (2009) Consumer Kids how big business is
grooming our children for profit. Constable and Robinson
19. Policy Studies Institute (2010) Childrens Independent Mobility in
England and Germany, 1971 2010. (see http://www.psi.org.uk) University
of Westminster
20. Waite, S., Davis, B., and Brown, K. (2006) Forest School Principles: Why
we do what we do. Final report for funding body EYDCP (zero14plus).
Exmouth, UK: University of Plymouth.
21. Williams-Siegfredsen, J (2012) Understanding the Danish Forest School
Approach. David Fulton

About the authors

Jon Cree Jon is Training Co-ordinator and

11 19 manager at Bishops Wood Centre,
Worcestershire Childrens Service. He has
been running FS training since 2007 and
working with teenagers for even longer,
particularly those where formal schooling
doesnt fit their needs. Jon also got elected
as chair of the newly formed FSA this year
hence this article!

Mel McCree - An ecological educator, writer

and artist, Mel McCree is completing her PhD
research into adult approaches to natural play
in Forest School. See www.melmccree.me for
further FS literature links

p35 HORIZONS Magazine No 62

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