Topic 2 Research in Industrial Psychology PDF

9/27/2013
Socialscientific research methods

enable an I/O psychologist to study a
specific issue objectively.
Objectivityis the unbiased approach

to observation and interpretations of
behavior.
The goals of I/O psychology include the

ability to describe, explain, and predict
phenomena.
Asan applied science, I/O psychology also

has the goal of attempting to control or
alter behavior to obtain desired
outcomes.
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The first step in conducting research

is to specify the problem or issue to
be studied.
Thesecond step is to take those

elements the researcher intends to
measure and develop hypotheses.
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Variables are the elements measured in research

investigations.
Hypotheses are statements about the supposed

relationships between or among variables.
By testing hypotheses, a researcher may be able

to develop a theory or model.
A theory or model is an organization of beliefs

into a representation of the factors that affect
behavior.
The third step in the research process

involves selecting the research design.
The type of design will depend upon several
factors, such as the research setting, the degree
of control the researcher has, and the research
questions.
The fourth step in the research process is data

collection.
Sampling is the selection of a representative

group from a larger population for study.
Random sampling refers to the selection of
research participants from a population so that
each individual has an equal probability of
being chosen.
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Stratified sampling is the selection of

research participants based on categories
representing important distinguishing
characteristics of a population.
Thefifth step in the research process is

analysis of data.
Once the data are collected, they can then
be analyzed.
In most cases, data are analyzed using
statistical analysis.
Statistics are used to describe data and to
test hypotheses.
The final step of the research process is

the interpretation of the results.
The researcher draws conclusions about the
meaning of the findings and their relevance
to actual work behavior, as well as
limitations of the current study and
directions for future research
investigations.
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The experimental method is a research

design characterized by a high degree of
control over the research setting to allow
for the determination of cause-and-effect
relationships among variables.
The defining features of experimentation
are random assignment of participants to
groups and a manipulated independent
variable.
Theindependent variable is the variable

that is manipulated by the researcher using
the experimental method; while the
dependent variable is the variable that is
acted upon by the independent variable (the
outcome variable).
The primary advantage of the experimental

method is that it allows us to determine
cause-and-effect relationships among
variables.
Thetreatment group is the group in an

experimental investigation that is
subjected to the change in the
independent variable; while the control
group is the group that receives no
treatment.
Extraneous variables are variables other

than the independent variable that may
influence the dependent variable.
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Thekey to the success of the

experimental method is to hold all
extraneous variables constant.
Random assignment is a method of
assigning subjects to groups to control the
effects of extraneous variables.
Another way to control for extraneous

variables is to conduct research in a
laboratory setting.
Examples of research in I/O psychology
Laboratory experiment
Johnson, Driskell, and Salas, 1997
Field experiment
Ludwig and Geller, 1997
Quasi-experiment
In many cases, a researcher does not have
the control over the situation needed to run
a true experiment.
Quasi-experiments involve comparison of

pre-existing groups, where random
assignment of participants to groups is not
possible.
The unit of analysis might be the group or

organization, rather than the individual.
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Thecorrelational method is a research

method that examines the relationship
between variables as they occur naturally.
Theresearcher observes two variables and

measures their statistical association with
each other.
Themain advantage is that correlational

studies are often easier to implement in a
particular setting, including the workplace.
Meta-analysis is a technique that allows

results from several different research
studies to be combined and summarized.
Meta-analyses typically rely on indicators

of effect size, or estimates of the
magnitude of the relationship or effect
found in a research investigation.
Thecase study is a descriptive

investigation that involves a one-time
assessment of behavior.
Case studies often involve qualitative
descriptions of behavior.
Case studies may provide rich, descriptive

information about work behaviors and
settings.
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Research variables are operationalized, or

clearly defined, so that they may be concretely
measured.
Observation is one procedure for measuring

research variables.
Obtrusive observation is research observation
in which the presence of the observer is known
to the participants.
In contrast, unobtrusive observation is
observation in which the presence of the
observer is not known to the participants.
Self-report techniques are measurement

methods that rely on research
participants reports of their own
behaviors or attitudes.
Surveys are a common self-report

measure in which participants are asked
to report on their attitudes, beliefs,
and/or behaviors.
Internal validity is the extent to which

extraneous or confounding variables are
removed.
External validity (also called

generalizability of results) refers to
whether research results obtained in one
setting will apply to another setting.
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The American Psychological Association (APA)

lists several core principles that should guide
the ethical conduct of researchers in
psychology, including I/O psychology.
One key element in working with human

participants is obtaining informed consent.
Withinformed consent, a research

participant is fully informed of the nature of
the experiment and has the right to not
participate.

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9/27/2013

Socialscientific research methods

Objectivityis the unbiased approach

The goals of I/O psychology include the

Asan applied science, I/O psychology also

The first step in conducting research

Thesecond step is to take those

Variables are the elements measured in research

Hypotheses are statements about the supposed

By testing hypotheses, a researcher may be able

A theory or model is an organization of beliefs

The third step in the research process

The fourth step in the research process is data

Sampling is the selection of a representative

Stratified sampling is the selection of

Thefifth step in the research process is

The final step of the research process is

The experimental method is a research

Theindependent variable is the variable

The primary advantage of the experimental

Thetreatment group is the group in an

Extraneous variables are variables other

Thekey to the success of the

Another way to control for extraneous

Examples of research in I/O psychology

Quasi-experiments involve comparison of

The unit of analysis might be the group or

Thecorrelational method is a research

Theresearcher observes two variables and

Themain advantage is that correlational

Meta-analysis is a technique that allows

Meta-analyses typically rely on indicators

Thecase study is a descriptive

Case studies may provide rich, descriptive

Research variables are operationalized, or

Observation is one procedure for measuring

Self-report techniques are measurement

Surveys are a common self-report

Internal validity is the extent to which

External validity (also called

The American Psychological Association (APA)

One key element in working with human

Withinformed consent, a research

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