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    Reinforcement PDF

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    Donald King
    1. The document compares different reinforcement schedules and their effects on response rate and resistance to extinction. Fixed-ratio schedules produce very high response rates but brief pauses after reinforcement. Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest response rates with no pauses. 2. It then summarizes the key differences between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a response, while operant conditioning associates a response with its consequences. Classical conditioning subjects are passive while operant conditioning subjects are active. 3. Reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a positive stimulus or removing a negative one. Punishment decreases a behavior by adding a negative stimulus or removing a positive one.

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    Reinforcement PDF

    Uploaded by

    Donald King
    67 views1 page
    1. The document compares different reinforcement schedules and their effects on response rate and resistance to extinction. Fixed-ratio schedules produce very high response rates but brief pauses after reinforcement. Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest response rates with no pauses. 2. It then summarizes the key differences between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a response, while operant conditioning associates a response with its consequences. Classical conditioning subjects are passive while operant conditioning subjects are active. 3. Reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a positive stimulus or removing a negative one. Punishment decreases a behavior by adding a negative stimulus or removing a positive one.

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    1. The document compares different reinforcement schedules and their effects on response rate and resistance to extinction. Fixed-ratio schedules produce very high response rates but brief pauses after reinforcement. Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest response rates with no pauses. 2. It then summarizes the key differences between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a response, while operant conditioning associates a response with its consequences. Classical conditioning subjects are passive while operant conditioning subjects are active. 3. Reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a positive stimulus or removing a negative one. Punishment decreases a behavior by adding a negative stimulus or removing a positive one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views1 page

    Reinforcement PDF

    Uploaded by

    Donald King
    1. The document compares different reinforcement schedules and their effects on response rate and resistance to extinction. Fixed-ratio schedules produce very high response rates but brief pauses after reinforcement. Variable-ratio schedules produce the highest response rates with no pauses. 2. It then summarizes the key differences between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a response, while operant conditioning associates a response with its consequences. Classical conditioning subjects are passive while operant conditioning subjects are active. 3. Reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a positive stimulus or removing a negative one. Punishment decreases a behavior by adding a negative stimulus or removing a positive one.

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    Reinforcement and Classical/Operant Conditioning

    ( http://www.ApPsychology.net )

    Reinforcement Schedule Compared


    Schedule of Response Rate Pattern of Responses Resistance to
    Reinforcement Extinction
    Fixed-ratio schedule Very high Steady response with low The higher the ratio, the
    ratio. Brief pause after more resistance to
    each reinforcement with extinction.
    very high ratio.
    Variable-ratio schedule Highest response rate Constant response pattern, Most resistance to
    no pauses extinction.
    Fixed-interval schedule Lowest response rate Long pause after The longer the interval, the
    reinforcement, followed more resistance to
    by gradual acceleration. extinction.
    Variable-interval Moderate Stable, uniform response. More resistance to
    schedule extinction than fixed-
    interval schedule with
    same average interval.

    Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning: Whats the Difference?


    In summary, the processes of generalisation, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery occur in
    both classical and operant conditioning. Both types of conditioning depend on associative learning. In classical
    conditioning, an association is formed between two stimuli for example, a tone and form, a white rat and a loud
    noise, a product and a celebrity. In operant conditioning, the association is established between a response and its
    consequences studying hard and a high-test grade, or, in the world of rats, bar pressing and food.
    In classical conditioning, the focus is on what precedes the response. Pavlov focused on what led up to the
    salivation in his dogs, not on what happened after they salivated. In operant conditioning, the focus is on what
    follows the response. If a rats bar pressing or your studying is followed by a reinforcer, that response is more likely
    to occur in the future.
    Generally, in classical conditioning, the subject is passive and responds to the environment rather than
    acting on it. In operant conditioning, the subject is active and operates on the environment. Children do something
    to get their parents attention or their praise.

    Classical and Operant Conditioning Compared


    Characteristics Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
    Types of association Between two stimuli Between a response and its
    consequence
    State of subject Passive Active
    Focus of attention On what precedes response On what follows response
    Types of response typically Involuntary or reflexive response Voluntary response
    involved
    Bodily response typically involved Internal responses: emotional and External responses: muscular and
    glandular reactions skeletal movement and verbal
    responses
    Range of responses Relatively simple Simple to highly complex
    Responses learned Emotional reactions: fear, likes, Goal-oriented responses
    dislikes

    The Effects of Reinforcement and Punishment


    Reinforcement Punishment
    (Increases or strengthens a behaviour) (Decreases or suppresses a behaviour)
    Adding a Positive (positive reinforcement) Adding a Negative
    Presenting food, money, praise, attention, or other Delivering a pain-producing or otherwise aversive
    rewards. stimulus, such as a spanking or an electric shock.
    Subtracting a Negative (negative reinforcement) Subtracting a Positive
    Removing or terminating some pain-producing or Removing some pleasant stimulus or taking away
    otherwise aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock. privileges such as TV watching or use of automobile.

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