Dr.

VikramPanchal
Institute Of Chemistry
Chapter 1 (Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure) Worksheet Sem2
SECTION B : Answer the following in brief.
1. Define : Chemical bond
The attractive force which holds various constituents like atoms or ions, together
in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
2. In which term a chemical bond was explained in the beginning?
In order to explain the formation of chemical bond in terms of electrons, a number
of attempts were made.
3. Where is the one electron of outermost shell of sodium, according to
Lewis?
According to Lewis the single outer shell electron of sodium would occupy one
corner of the cube.
4. On the basis of Lewis approach how many electrons one atom can
accommodate in its outermost shell and how are they arranged?
On the basis of Lewis approach the outer shell that could accommodate a
maximum of eight electrons which occupy the conners of a cube.
5. Write a postulate of Lewis regarding stability of atoms by chemical bond.
Lewis postulated that atoms achieve the stable octet when they are linked by
chemical bonds.

6. Define : Valence Electrons.

The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as valence
electrons.
7. What is the significance of Lewis symbol?
The number of valence electrons helps to calculate the common or group
valence of the element.
8. Define : Ionic bond
The bond formed when atoms possessing lower ionization enthalpy attached
with atoms possessing higher electronegativity, is known as ionic bond.
9. Define : Electrovalence
The electrovalence is equal to the number of unit charge(s) on the ion.
10.Define : Electrovalent Bond
 The bond formed, as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positive
and negative ions was termed as the electrovalent bond.
11.Define : Octet Rule
Atoms can combine either by transfer of valence electrons from one atom to
another (gaining or losing) or by sharing of valence electrons in order to have an
octet in their valence shells. This is known as octet rule.
12.Explain crystal structure
In ionic compound cation and anion combine with eachother due to coulombic
force of attraction and formed three dimensional regular arrangement which is
known as crystal structure or lattice.
13.Define : Lattice enthalpy
The energy required to bring gaseous ionic species to infinite distance from
one mole ionic compound in solid state is known as Lattice enthalpy.
14.Define : Covalent bond
When two or more than two atoms of the same element or different elements
form octet by sharing electrons then the bond formed is known as covalent bond.
15.When would double bond forms between two atoms of non-metals?
When two atoms of non-metal(s) share two two electrons between them, a
donble is formed.
16.Define : Bonding pair of electrons.
The electron pair which is shared between atoms to form chemical bond is
known as bonding electron pair.
17.Define : Non-bonding pair of electrons or lone pair of electrons
The electron pair which does not involve in bond formation is known as lone
pair of electrons.
18. Draw Lewis structure of O3.

19. Draw Lewis structure of CO32-

20. Draw Lewis structure of HNO3

21. Draw Lewis structure of NH4+

22. Draw Lewis structure of BeCl2

23. Draw Lewis structure of BF3

24. Draw Lewis structure of SF4

25. Draw Lewis structure of PCl5

26. Draw Lewis structure of SF6

27. Draw Lewis structure of CO

28. Draw Lewis structure of NO

29. Draw Lewis structure of NO2

30. Give examples in which octet rule is not obeyed?

BeCl2 , BF3 , SF4 , PCl5 , SF6 , NO , NO2
31, Give order of stability of NH3, PH3, SbH3, AsH3 and BiH3.
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
32. Draw Lewis structure of NO2-1

33. Draw Lewis structure of SCl2

34. Draw Lewis structure of H2SO4

35. Define : Co-ordinate covalent bond

When the electron pair shared between two atoms is brought by only one
atom it is known as co-ordinate covalent bond.
36. Define : Bond length
Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of
two bonded atoms in a molecule.
37. Define : Bond Angle
It is defined as the angle between the orbitals containing bonding electron
pairs around the central atom in a molecule or ion.

38. Define : Bond energy OR Bond enthalpy

It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds of
a particular type between two atoms in a gaseous state.
39. Define : Bond order
The bond order means the number of bonds between the two atoms in a
molecule.
40. State the relation between bond order and bond length.
In molecules bond order is inversely proportional to bond length.
41. State the relations among bond order, bond enthalpy, bond length and
stability.
The bond enthalpy increases on increasing bond order, therefore bond
length decreases and stability increases.
42. On which factor the ionic bond formation depends?
The ionic bond formation depends on lattice enthalpy.
43. Explain Lattice enthalpy
One mole gaseous cation combine with one mole gaseous anion to form one
mole solid ionic crystal. The energy released during this process is known as
Lattice enthalpy.

44. Give resonance structure of O3

45. Give one Limitation of Lewis structure.

It is not possible to explain all properties of molecule which are observed
experimentally by Lewis structure.
46. What is another name of resonance structure.
The resonance structure is also called resonance hybrid.
47. What is the effect of resonance on stability?
 Resonance stabilizes the molecule as the energy of the resonance hybrid is
less than the energy of any single cannonical structure.
48.Draw resonance structures of NO32-

49. Draw Lewis structure of BeF2 and NH4+.

50. Draw Lewis structure of [PCl6]-1 and H2O.

51.Draw shapes of the following

BrF5 SF4
52. Give information about AB2E compound.
AB2E : No. of bonding electron pairs : 2
No. of non-bonding electron pairs : 1
Shape : bent
Examples : SO2 , O3
53. Which factor is important to find shape of the molecule on the basis of
VSEPR theory?
 According to VSEPR principle the shape of molecule depends on number
of valence shell electron pair.
54. What is H-N-H bond angle in NH3? Why?
The bond angle H-N-H in NH3 should be 109028 but according to Sidgwick
Powell theory, the repulsion force between bonding electron pairs and non-
bonding electron pairs H-N-H bond angle shrink to 1070.
55. Molecules are divided into how many categories according to VSEPR?
It is convenient to divide molecules into two categories according to VSEPR
theory.
(1) Molecules in which the central atom has no lone pair.
(2) Molecules in which the central atom has one or more lone pairs.
56. The geometry of the compound of which block elements can be predicted
easily on the basis of VSEPR theory?
The VSEPR theory is able to predict molecules, especially the compounds
of p-block elements accurately.
57. Give one example of each category of molecule on the basis of VSEPR
theory.
CH4 Tetrahedral
In CH4 carbon has no lone pair of electrons
NH3 Pyramidal
In NH3 nitrogen has one lone pair of electrons.

58. Give the value of dipole moment of HF, HCl, HBr and HI.
HF 1.78 D
HCl 1.07 D
HBr 0.79 D
HI 0.38 D
59. Calculate dipole moment of H2O in Cm unit.
1 D = 3.33564 x 10-30 Cm
1.85 D = 1.85 x 3.33564 x 10-30
= 6.17 x 10-30 Cm
60. Give mathematical presentation of dipole moment.
=Qxr
Dipole moment = Charge x distance
61. Dipole moment is vector or scalar?
Dipole moment is a vector quantity.

62. What will be the dipole moment of NH3 in D unit if = 4.90 x 10-30 Cm?
3.33564 x 10-30 Cm = 1 D
4.90 x 10-30 Cm = (?)
= 4.90 / 3.33564 = 1.469 D.
63. How is covalent bond formed on the basis of valence bond theory?
According to valence bond theory covalent bond is formed by overlapping of
valence orbitals.
64. How does co-ordinate covalent bond differ from covalent bond?
The overlapping filled orbital of one atom takes place with empty orbital of
another atom, it is known as co-ordinate covalent bond.
65. Draw positive sp overlapping for bond according to VB theory.

Ans :
66. Draw negative sp overlapping for bond according to VB theory.

Ans :
67. Draw positive pp overlapping for bond according to VB theory.

Ans :
68. Draw negative pp overlapping for bond according to VB theory.

Ans :
69. Draw positive pxpx overlapping for bond according to VB theory.
Ans :
70. Draw negative pxpx overlapping for bond according to VB theory.

Ans:

71. Draw positive and negative pypy overlapping for bond according to VB
theory.

Ans:
72. Draw zero spx and pxpy overlapping according to VB theory.

Ans:
73. What do you mean by axial overlapping?
When two atomic orbitals combined with each other by end to end overlapping it
is known as axial overlapping.
74. Which type of covalent bond is formed by s-s overlapping?
A bond is formed by s-s overlapping.
75. What is shown by atomic orbital?
Atomic orbital shows probability distribution of electron around nucleus of atom.
76. What is given by molecular orbital according to Mulliken and Hund?
According to Mulliken and Hund the electron probability distribution around a
group of nuclei in a molecule is given by a molecular orbital.
77. Which rules are followed for filling electrons in molecular orbital?
The molecular orbitals like atomic orbitals are filled in accordance with the
Aufbau principle obeying, the Paulis exclusion principle and the Hunds rule.
78. How BMO and ABMO are arranged in M.O. diagram?
BMO has lower energy than ABMO therefore BMO is arranged below ABMO in
M.O.
79. Which type of accepted wave functions are obtained by linear
combination of atomic orbitals of hydrogen?
By Linear combination of atomic orbital MO and *MO type of molecular
orbitals.
80. How bonding molecular orbital is formed?
In the formation of bonding molecular orbital, the two electron waves of the
bonding atoms reinforce each other due to constructive interference.
81. How antibonding molecular orbital is formed?
In the formation of antibonding molecular orbital, the electron waves cancel each
other due to destructive interference.
82. Can 1s orbital combine with 2s orbital and form molecular orbital?
1s orbital cannot combine with 2s orbital to form molecular orbital because of
difference in energy.
83. Give order of M.O. for H2 to N2
(1s) < (*1s) < (2s) < (*2s) < (2px = 2py) < (2pz) < (*2px = *2py)
< (*2pz)

84. Give order of M.O. for O2, F2 and Ne2.

1s < *1s < 2s < *2s < 2pz < (2px = 2py) < (*2px = *2py) < *2pz
85. Give electronic configuration of H2
H2 : (1s)2
86. Give electronic configuration of H2+ ion.
H2+ : (1s)1
87. He2 is not possible explain on the basis of M.O. theory.
He2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2
Bond order = [Nb Na] = [2-2] = 0
Therefore, He2 is not possible.
88. Give electronic configuration of He2+ ion.
He2+ : (1s)2 (*1s)1

89. Give the electronic configuration of Li2

Li2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2
90. Give the electronic configuration of Be2
Be2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2
91. Give the electronic configuration of B2
B2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2px)1 = (2py)1
92. Give the electronic configuration of C2
C2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2px)2 = (2py)2
93. Give the electronic configuration of N2
N2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2px)2 = (2py)2(2pz)2
94. Give the electronic configuration of O2
O2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)1 = (*2py)1
95. Give the electronic configuration of F2
F2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)2 = (*2py)2
96. Give the electronic configuration of Ne2
Ne2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)2 = (*2py)2
(*2pz)2
97. Give the electronic configuration of CO
CO : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (2pz)2
98. Give the electronic configuration of NO.
NO : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)1
99. Give the electronic configuration of (O2)-1
(O2)-1: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)2 = (*2py)1
100. Give the electronic configuration of (O2)-2
(O2)-2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2(2pz)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)2 = (*2py)2
101. Give the relation between bond length and bond order on the basis of
M.O. theory.
If bond length decreases, bond order increases.
102. How will you explain magnetic property of molecule on the basis of M.O.
theory?
If there is minimum one unpaired electron present in BMO or ABMO of M.O.
diagram of the molecule, then it is paramagnetic and if there is no unpaired
electron then it is diamagnetic.
103. How many types of H-bonds are possible?
There are two types of H-bonds
(1) inter molecular H- bond
(2) intra molecular H- bond
104. Show H- bond in HF.

105. Show H- bond in H2O

106. Show H- bond in NH3

107. In which type of species Vander waals force of attraction appear?

In species contain ionic as well as covalent bond, vander waals force of attraction
appears.
108. Which type of properties of molecule changes due to Vander waals force
of attraction?
The physical properties like m.p. , b.p. etc changes due to Vander waals force of
attraction.
109. Which factor is responsible for ascending order of b.p. in He to Xe?
No. of electrons increases from He to Xe as atomic no. increases, which increases
Vander waals force of attraction.
110. Which factor is responsible for ascending order of b.p. in CH3F to CH3I?
In case of CH3F to CH3I, atomic number of halogen increases, which increases
Vander waals force also.
111. The m.p. of n-pentane is lower than that of neo-pentane, why?
Neo- pentane is spherical and n-pentane is serpentine in shape. Neo- pentane is
smaller than n- pentane which increases no. of molecules in unit volume.
Therefore Vander waals force of attraction increases and so m.p.
112. Which factor is responsible for higher b.p. of n-pentane than that of neo-
pentane?
The surface area of n-pentane is higher than that of neo-pentane, which increases
Vander waals force and so b.p.
113. Define : Hydrogen bond
The attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with the
electronegative atom (F, O or N) of another molecule is known as hydrogen bond.
114. Draw a figure showing H- bond in p-chloro phenol.

115. Draw a figure showing H- bond in o-chloro phenol.

116. Draw a figure showing H- bond in ethan 1,2 diol.

117. Draw a figure showing H- bond in methanol.

118. Why water retain on the surface of earth?

The vaporization of water is very slow due to H- bond in water. Therefore, water
is retained on the surface of earth.
119. Why moisture retain in land?
The sand particles of land can form hydrogen bond with water therefore moisture
can retain in land.
120. Which functional group of protein molecule can form H - bond in living
cell?
The amide group (-CONH-) of protein molecule can form H bond.
121. What do you mean by inter molecular H bond?
When two molecules of same compound or different compound for H bond it is
known as inter molecular H bond.
122. What do you mean by intra molecular H bond?
When two atoms of the same molecule form H bond, it is known as intra
molecular H bond.
123. What is the name of electrons used for metallic bond?
The electrons used for metallic bond are known as delocalized electrons.
124. Define : Metallic bond
The force of attraction between positive Kernel surrounding delocalized electron
is known as metallic bond.
125. Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. This property of metal
is due to _______ bond.
Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. This property of metal is due to
metallic bond.
126. Give bond order of H2.
H2 : (1s)2
Bond order = [Nb Na] = [2-0] = 1
127. Which factor is responsible for strength of H- bond?
The strength of H- bond depends on the electronegativity of atom which form H-
bond with hydrogen.
128. Arrange the following in descending order of bond angle. H2O, NH3 and
CH4.
H2O < NH3 < CH4
104.50 1070 109028
129. Give hybriodization of NH3 and NH4+.
NH3 sp3 hybridization, pyramidal
NH4+ sp3 hybridization, tetrahedral
130. At which temperature the density of H2O is maximum?
At 277 K, H2O has maximum density.
 Section :-C
1. Explain polar covalent bond with example.
Ans: In this type of covalent bond, atoms of element having different
electronegativity or electropositivity take part in the formation of covalent bond. As a
result, the property of polarity is seen in molecules. Ex:- HCl

Covalent bond Polar bond

2. Explain non-polar covalent bond with example.

Ans: When a covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons of atoms of the same
element, the bond is called nonpolar covalent bond. Such compounds are nonpolar
because the electropositivity or electro-negativity of their elements is same. Ex:- H2,
Cl2

3. Explain co-ordinate covalent bond.

Ans: For the formation of bond of this type, the required electron pair is donated by
the atom of only one from the two combining elements. As a result the covalent bond
formed is called co-ordinate covalent bond. This bond is shown by the sign of arrow
() and the direction of arrow is from the atom donating the electron pair to the atom
receiving the electron pair.
Generally the molecules having one or more non-bonding electyron pairs form this
type of bond by donating electron pair. Thus, this type of bond is formed between
completely vacant orbitals of the atom of the element and the atoms possessing non-
bonding electron pairs by sharing the electrons easily.
NH3 + H+ NH4+

NH4+
4. Draw [BF4]-1, H2SO4, HClO4 and HNO3 structures showing co-ordinate
covalent bond.
Ans:

5. Define: (a) Lattice enthalpy

(b) Enthalpy of formation.
Ans: Lattice Enthalpy: The lattice enthalpy of an ionic solid is define as the energy
required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous
constituent ions.
Eg: The lattice enthalpy of NaCl is 788 KJ/mole. This means that 788 KJ/mol is
required to separate one mole of solid NaCl into 1 mole Na+ and 1 mole Cl- to an
infinite distance.
Enthalpy of formation: The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of
formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of
1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements
in their standard states.

6. Give Lewis dot structure of PCl5, NH4+ and SF6.

Ans:
7. Explain and bonds.
Ans: bond: This type of -covalent bond is obtained by end to end overlapping of
the ends of two atomic orbitals having internuclear axis. It is also called axial
overlapping. This type of overlapping is obtained by overlapping of atomic orbitals
as shown below:
Overlapping of s-s orbitals: In this type, overlapping of two half filled orbitals
having one axis is observed.
Overlapping of s-p orbitals: in this type, there is overlapping between half filled
atomic s-orbital of one atom and half filled atomic p-orbital of other atom.

Overlapping of p-p orbital: Here it is found that when the two atoms go near to
each other the overlapping of p-p orbitals due to overlapping of half filled p-orbital of
two atoms is observed.
bond: In this type of -covalent bond formation, the axes of atomic orbitals that
are overlapping remains parallel to each other and it is perpendicular to
intermolecular axis.

The strength of any type of or bond is

proportional to the magnitude of overlapping of atomic orbitals. In bond formation,
overlapping of atomic orbitals is more and as a result -bond is strong. In bond
formation the magnitude of overlapping is less because of overlapping of atomic
orbitals is sidewise and as a result bond is weaker relative to bond.
8. Give conditions for linear combination of atomic orbitals.
Ans: When the molecular orbitals are formed by linear combination of atomic
orbitals, some of the requirements should be satisfied. These requirements are also
called the conditions for the linear combination of atomic orbitals. They are as
follows:
(i). The atomic orbitals of the combining atoms must possess similar energies.
(ii). The combining atoms must be as near as possible so that the overlapping can
be maximum on the axis of atomic orbitals.
(iii). The symmetry of the atomic orbitals of combining atoms must be same.
9. Give order of energy of molecular orbitals of H2.
Ans: The order of energy of molecular orbitals of H2 is as follow:
1s < *1s < 2s < *2s < (2px = 2py) < 2pz < (*2px = *2py) < *2pz
10. Give order of energy of molecular orbitals of B2, C2, or N2.
Ans: The order of energy of molecular orbitals of B2, C2, or N2 is as follow:
1s < *1s < 2s < *2s < (2px = 2py) < 2pz < (*2px = *2py) < *2pz
11. Give order of energy of molecular orbitals of O2, F2, or Ne2.
Ans: The order of energy of molecular orbitals of O2, F2, or Ne2 is as follow:
1s < *1s < 2s < *2s < 2pz < (2px = 2py) < (*2px = *2py) < *2pz
12. Calculate bond order of Be2 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: Be2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [4-4]/2 = 0.
Thus the bond order for Be2 molecule is zero.
13. Calculate bond order of C2 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: C2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2px)2=(2py)2
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [8-4]/2 = 2
Thus the bond order for C2 molecule is Two.
14. Calculate bond order of N2 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: N2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2px)2=(2py)2(2pz)2
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-4]/2 = 3
Thus the bond order for N2 molecule is Three.
15. Calculate bond order of O2 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: O2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)1=(*2py)1
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-6]/2 = 2
Thus the bond order for O2 molecule is Two.
16. Calculate bond order of peroxide ion O2-2 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: O2-2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)2=(*2py)2
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-8]/2 = 1
Thus the bond order for O2-2 molecule is One.
17. Calculate bond order of superoxide ion O2-1 on the basis of M.O. theory.
Ans: O2-1 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)2=(*2py)1
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-7]/2 = 1.5
Thus the bond order for O2-1 molecule is 1.5.
18. Write factors affecting intermolecular force of attraction.
Ans: The intermolecular forces depend upon the following factors:
(i). shapes of molecules.
(ii). Number of electrons in molecules.
(iii). Contact surface of molecules.
(iv). Average intermolecular distance.
19. Give importance of H-bond.
Ans: Importance of H-Bond is as follow:
(i). As hydrogen bond is formed in water, its evaporation is slow at normal
temperature. Hence, water on the surface of the earth is retained in large
proportion.
(ii). The storage of water in animal and vegetable cell is due to H-bond.
(iii). Molecules of water forms hydrogen bond with components of the soil in the
land. Hence, the moisture is retained in the land.
(iv). Hydrogen bond is formed in protein molecules in the muscles of living ones
through amide (-CONH-) group. Hence, certain functions of muscles are due
to H-bonds.
 (v). The effectiveness of medicines increases and becomes faster due to H-
bond.
(vi). H-bond plays an important role in living cells of biochemical molecules in
nucleic acid, DNA, RNA.
(vii). The clothes of synthetic fibres (nylon, terrylene etc) dry faster than cotton
clothes because of hydrogen bond formation by water with cellulose of cotton
clothes.
20. O2-1 is paramagnetic while O2-2 is diamagnetic. Why?
Ans: O2-1 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)2=(*2py)1
Here one electron is unpaired. Hence it exhibits paramagnetic property
O2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)2=(*2py)2
-2

Here all electrons are paired. Hence it exhibits diamagnetic property.

21. N2 is more stable than O2. Why?
Ans: N2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2px)2=(2py)2(2pz)2
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-4]/2 = 3
Thus the bond order for N2 molecule is Three.
O2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2=(2py)2(*2px)1=(*2py)1
Bond order: [Nb Na]/2 = [10-6]/2 = 2
Thus the bond order for O2 molecule is Two.
As the bond order of N2 is greater than O2, N2 is more stable than O2.
22. Give two examples in which octet rule is not obeyed?
Ans: In the molecule of BeCl2, the octet of the central Be atom is not completed;
even then this compound is stable. Similarly, in certain examples like PCl 5, there are
ten electrons around central phosphorus atom; even then the compound is stable.

23. PCl5 is more stable than PCl3 though octet rule is not obeyed in PCl5. Why?
Ans: In PCl3 there are 8 electrons around central phosphorus atom. Hence octet rule
is obeyed. In PCl5 there are 10 electrons surrounding central phosphorus atom and
hence octet rule is not obeyed. Moreover the stability of molecule depends on no. of
bonds. In PCl5 there are 5 P-Cl bonds. In PCl3 there are only 3 P-Cl bonds. Hence
PCl5 is more stab;e than PCl3 though octet rule is not obeyed in PCl5.
24. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB2E
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB2E type compound is 1 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 2.
Ex:- SO2, SO3.
25. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and examples of AB3E
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB3E type compound is 1 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 3.
Ex:- NH3, PCl3.
26. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB2E2
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB2E2 type compound is 2 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 2.
Ex:-H2O, F2O.
27. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB4E
type compounds.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB4E type compound is 1 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 4.
Ex:- SF4.
28. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB3E2
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB3E2 type compound is 2 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 3.
Ex:- ClF3.
29. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB5E
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB5E type compound is 1 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 5.
Ex:- BrF5.
30. Write no. of lone pairs, no. of bonding electron pairs and example of AB4E2
type compound.
Ans: The no. of lone pairs in AB4E2 type compound is 2 and no. of bonding electron
pairs is 4.
Ex:- XeF4.
31. Give all possible arrangements of AB3E2 or ClF3 and which one of that is the
most stable?
Ans: T- shape is most stable.
AB3E2 2 T-shape ClF3
3

(a)

(b)

(c)
32. Though BeF bond is polar, BeF2 is non-polar molecule.
Ans: In linear molecule like beryllium fluoride (BeF2) polarity of the same magnitude
exists between beryllium and each fluorine atom but in opposite directions. As
a result, the resultant value of polarity becomes zero and the value of dipole
moment becomes zero.

33. NH3 must be having planar triangle shape instead of pyramidal. Explain on
the basis of
polarity.
Ans: The value of dipole moment of ammonia(NH3) is not zero, so it is not linear but
the structure of the molecule is pyramidal. In NH3, one non bonding electron pair is
on central nitrogen atom. In the molecule of NH3 the polarity of all the three N-H
bonds, is towards the nitrogen atom as electronegativity of nitrogen atom is more
than that of hydrogen. As polarity of three bonds is concentrated on central nitrogen
atom, the resultant value of dipole moment increases. Due to polarity all H-atoms are
not in same plane, hence shape of NH3 molecule is pyramidal.
34. Though NH3 and NF3 have similar shape, the dipole moment of NH3 is
greater than that of NF3, Why?
Ans: The electronegativity of fluorine element being more than that of the
electronegativity of hydrogen, the value of dipole moment of NH3 molecule is more
than the value of dipole moment of NH3. In both these molecules, one non bonding
electron pair is on central nitrogen atom. In the molecule of NH3 the polarity of all
the three N-H bonds is towards nitrogen atom. (The electronegativity of nitrogen is
more than that of Hydrogen). Thus, the polarity of three bonds is concentrated on
central nitrogen atom and so the resultant value of dipole moment increases while, in
NF3 molecule, the polarity of N-F bond is towards F atom (The electronegativity of
fluorine is more than that of nitrogen). Thus in NH3 three N-F bonds in different
directions and so the resultant value of dipole moment is less in comparison to NH 3
molecule.
On moves with charge from its position the other electron must also move.

35. Though CCl4 and CHCl3 have similar shape but CCl4 is non-polar and
CHCl3 is polar, Why?
Ans: In CCl4, Cl is more electronegative than C atom. Hence polarity of all four C-Cl
bond is from carbon atom to chlorine atom. The magnitude of polarity of each C-Cl
bond is equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. Hence resulting polarity
becomes zero. While in CHCl3 the net dipole moment is not zero due to the presence
of hydrogen. There are three C-Cl bonds and 1 C-H bond, as all C-Cl bonds are equal
in magnitude the polarity of 2 C-Cl bonds will cancel each others effect. But there
remains H-C-Cl and its polarity is towards Cl as electro negativity of Cl Is more..
Thus due to the presence of H in CHCl3 it is polar compared to CCl4 , though they
have similar shape.

36. Ice floats on water, why?

Ans: Ice is a solid crystal of water having hydrogen bond. The density of water is
maximum at 277 K. In the temperature interval of 273 K to 277 K the density of
water being more than that of ice, ice floats on water.
37. The order of boiling point is PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < BiH3 < NH3, inspite of
minimum no. of electrons in nitrogen, why?
Ans: The order of electronegativity is N > Bi > Sb > As > P. due to high
electronegativity of nitrogen, H-bond is present in NH3. As a result of this strong
attraction the order of boiling point is as given.
38. N2 is gaseous but P4 is solid, why?
Ans: Scientist van der Waals mentioned weak attraction force existing between
molecule-molecule on the basis of the study of deviation from ideal behavior of gas.
The existence of this weak attraction force cannot be explained by any other chemical
attraction force. It is called van der Waals attraction force. The van der Waals force
of attraction depends on following factors:
(i). Shapes of molecules
(ii). Number of electrons in molecules
(iii). Contact surface of molecules
(iv). Average intermolecular distance
The study of these four factors can be understood from the molecule of nitrogen(N2)
and phosphorus(P4) viz. At normal temperature, from amongst the elements of the
same group nitrogen is in gaseous form while phosphorus is in solid form.
39. Explain ductility and malleability of metal.
Ans: When a stress is applied on the surface of a metal, the layer of atomic kernels on
the surface moves on. At the same time, the delocalized electron clouds surrounding
it, also move. Thus, by applying stress, there is no relative difference in the atom-
electron state (Lattice). As a result metal shows property of malleability and ductility.
40. Explain conductance of current in metal.
Ans: In solid metal if there is a potential difference between any two points, flow of
electricity occurs without any chemical reaction. As potential difference is
established between two points, the total positive charge of atomic kernel and
delocalized electrons increase. As the total energy of metal increases, delocalized
electrons move towards positive side of conductor. When one electron moves with
charge from its position the other electron must also move. Thus, with the entrance of
electron, from negative side, one electron from metal moves towards positive end and
the total number of electrons thus remain constant. With the flow of these delocalized
electrons, there is a flow of (electric) charge in metallic conductor. Thus one can say
that electricity can flow in metals without displacing electrons.
41. Explain flow of heat in metal.
Ans : When one end of a metal is at higher temperature than the other end, heat flows
from hot end towards the cold one. The average kinetic energy of the atomic kernels
of hot end is higher than that of the cold end. As the kinetic energy of kernels
increases, its vibrational energy also increases, so that there is an increase in kinetic
energy of delocalized electrons. The delocalized electrons with this increased energy
move in the metal crystal-lattice and imparts its energy to the kernels far away from
it, resulting increase in temperature. In a short time, the metal becomes uniformly
hot. The luster and reflection of light by metallic surfaces can also be explained by
delocalized electrons.
42. The dipole moment in HF, HCl, HBr and HI decreases respectively, Why?
Ans: The elctronegativity order of F, Cl, Br, I is F > Cl > Br > I. As electronegativity
decreases form F to I, the magnitude of partial positive and negative charge
decreases. As a result of this polarity decreases and hence the dipole moment
decreases in order HF > HCl > HBr > HI.
43. The Lewis structure of CH3COOH is given which is wrong, Write the

correct Lewis structure of CH3COOH.

Ans:
44. Give differences of B.M.O and A.B.M.O
Ans:
BMO ABMO
(1) The probability distribution of (1) The probability distribution of
electron between nuclei in molecule is electron on either sides of nuclei in a
indicated by a Bonding Molecular molecule is indicated by a Antibonding
Orbital (BMO). Molecular Orbital (ABMO).
(2) The energy of BMO is lower (2) The energy of ABMO is higher than
that of BMO.
(3) symbols and are used to indicate (3) symbols * and * are used to
BMO. indicate ABMO.
(4) BMO electron favors the bond (4) ABMO electrons opposite the bond
formation formation.

45. Give differences of A.O. and M.O.

Ans:
A.O M.O
(1) The space in which probability of (1) If schrodinger equation is appllied to
finding electrons is 95% or more is a molecule and acceptable solutions of
called as atomic orbital. are obtained, then the space in which
electron probability is 95% or more is
known as Molecular Orbital.
(2) The nucleus is in the centre of atom (2)There are more than one nuclei and
they are at the ends of the atom.
(3) The electron cloud is surrounding (3) The electron cloud is present
the centre nucleus between the nuclei
(4)They are of s, p ,d ,f types (4) They are of , *, , *
46. Give differences of and bond.
Ans:
bond bond
(1) Bond is formed by the end to end (1) In the formation of bond lateral
overlap of bonding orbitals along the overlapping of atomic orbital takes
internuclear axis. place so that their axes remain parallel
to each other and perpendicular to the
internuclear axis.
(2) Direct overlaping of s-s, s-p or p-p (2) Lateral overlapping of p-p orbitals
orbitals produce bond. produce bond.
(3) A single electron cloud formed (3) The orbitals formed due to
between nuclei on internuclearaxis. sidewise overlapping consists of two
saucer type charged clouds above and
below the plane of the participating
atom
(4) In case of bond, the overlapping of (4) In case of bond, the overlapping of
orbitals takes place to a large extent orbital takes place to a small extent.

(5) Bond is strong bond (5) Bond is a weak bond

(6) Any two atoms can form bond (6) Bond is formed in addition to
independently. bond
(7) Any orbital of outermost shell of (7) Atomic orbitals which remain
atom can form bond. perpendicular to internuclear axis can
form bond

Section -D
(1). Write a note on Kossel-Lewis approach for chemical bonding.
Ans: Approach of Kossel for chemical bonding:
(a). The strongly electronegative halogen elements and strongly electropositive alkali
elements in the periodic table differ from inert gases.
(b). Halogen elements receive one electron and become negatively charged, while
alkali elements lose one electron and become positively charged.
(c). The positively charged and negatively charged ions formed this way attain stable
electronic structure like inert gases(Except Helium) whose general electronic
structure can be given as ns2np6(octet).
(d). This positive ion and negative ion are stable by electrostatic attraction.
(e). In the formation of ionic compound, the atoms having less ionization enthalpy
combine with atoms having more electronegaitivity and the bond formed by this
combination is called ionic bond.
(f). The capacity of formation of ionic bond of an element is called electrons lost or
gained by element
The explanation of the formation of ionic bond in sodium chloride compound is as
follows:
(1) Na Na+ + e-
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]
-
(2) Cl + e Cl-
[Ne]3s23p5 [Ne]3s23p6 or [Ar]
(3) Na+ + Cl- NaCl
The bond formed by electrostatic attraction between positive ion and negative ion is
called electrovalent bond. The approach of Kossel is not able to explain the formation
of large number of compounds.
(2). Explain bond angles of CH4, NH3, and H2O molecules on the basis of VSEPR
principle.
Ans: The VSEPR principle is helpful in determining geometrical shapes produced
due to presence of electron pair in the molecule.
In CH4, as four hydrogen atoms are combined with central carbon atom, four half
filled orbitals will be required. For this, writing the electron structure of carbon in
excited state will be: 6C* : 1s22s12px12py12pz1. Thus, carbon atom in its excited state
utilizes sp3 hybrid orbitals, combines with half filled 1s1 orbitals of hydrogen atom
and forms four covalent bonds. Thus, in methane molecule, there are four bonding
electron pairs (Bp) between carbon and hydrogen atoms. According to Sidgwick and
powell rule, there is minimum repulsion between these four bonding electron pairs.
As a result, tetrahedral structure corresponding to sp3 hybridisation is observed in
which the bond angle as in regular tetrahedral structure that is 109028I is observed.
 In the molecule of NH3, nitrogen atom has five valence electrons, out of which
three electrons combine with electrons of 1s orbital of three hydrogen atoms by
sharing and form three covalent bonds. Even after that niotrogen atoms has two
electrons or one electron pair which remains uncombined even after formation of
bonds. Thus one non-bonding pair of electrons remains. This non bonding electron
pair of nitrogen atom repels the two bonding electron pairs around nitrogen according
to Sidgwick and powell rule. As a result, both these electron pairs are pushed inside.
As a result the bond angle between them decreases or instead of regular tetrahedral
bond angle 109028I it is obtained as 1070.

In H2O molecule, there are total 6 valence electrons around central oxygen atom,
out of which, 2 valence electrons form covalent bond with 1s orbital electrons of 2 H-
atoms but remaining 4 electrons or 2 electron pairs become non bonding electron
pairs. According to Sidgwick and powell rule there is maximum repulsion force
between these two non bonding electron pairs and as a result they remain away from
each other. When it happens so, they go near the bonding electron pairs and repulsion
is produced between them. Because of this, bonding electron pairs are pushed inside,
in more proportion and there is noticeable decrease in the bond angle. In H2O
molecule, even though there is sp3 hybridisation but bond angle formed is 104030I by
decreasing from bond angle 109028I.

(3). Explain polarity of bonds in NH3 and NF3 bonds.

Ans: The value of dipole moment of NH3 is not zero, so it is not linear but the
structure of the molecule is pyramidal. The electronegativity of fluorine element
being more than that of hydrogen, the vcalue of dipole moment of NH3 molecule is
more than the value of dipole moment of NF3. In both these molecules, one non
bonding electron pair is on central nitrogen atom.
In the molecule of NH3, the polarity of all the N-H bonds is towards nitrogen
atom. (The elctronegativity of nitrogen is more than that of hydrogen). Thus the
polarity of three bonds is concentrated on central nitrogen atom and the resultant
value of dipole moment increases while, in NF3 molecule the polarity of N-F bond is
towards F atom (The elctronegativity of fluorine is more than that of nitrogen). Thus
in NF3 three N-F bonds are in different directions and so the resultant value of dipole
moment is less in comparison to NH3 molecule.
(4). Explain LCAO with example.
Ans: According to quantum mechanics, the formation of molecular orbitals between
any two atoms is the linear combination of acceptable wave functions or linear
combination of atomic orbitals. Ex: When two hydrogen atoms combine and H2
molecule is formed, acceptable wave functions of each hydrogen atom 1s(1) and
1s(2) takes place by linear combination in two ways as follows: Hence two acceptable
wave functions MO and *MO are formed.
MO = 1s(1) + 1s(2)
*MO = 1s(1) - 1s(2)
Here (1) and (2) are the numbers used for two atoms of hydrogen. Two molecular
wave functions formed here describe two molecular orbitals. The molecular orbital
indicated by MO is called bonding molecular orbital and by *MO is called
antibonding molecular orbital.
When the molecular orbital is formed by complementary overlapping of two 1s
orbital, it is spread over the nuclei of both atoms. The total energy of this molecular
orbital is less than the total energy of both the atomic orbitals. It is called bonding
molecular orbital. When the molecular orbital formed by overlapping of two 1s
orbitals has total energy more than the total energy of both the atomic orbitals, is
formed, it is called antibonding molecular orbital.
In the given fig., the horizontal line is the bond axis. (+) and (-) signs are the signs
of wave function; they do not indicate electric charge. If the rotation of axis is carried
out by 1800 angle, the positions of (+) and (-) signs in (a) and (b) do not change.
Hence this molecular orbitals possess cylindrical symmetry. These orbitals are
expressed by -symbol. In (a) the propability of electron in the field between two
nuclei is maximum and so such type of molecular orbitals are (). IN (b), the
probability of electron being in the field between two nuclei is less and so this type of
molecular orbitals reisist the entry of electrons. Hence, they are called anti-bonding
molecular orbitals (*). The molecular orbitals shown by (c) and (d) are of -type
because, the positions of the signs of wave functions change by rotation of bond axis
by an angle of 1800. In (c) the probability of electron in the field between two nuclei
is more and so it is -type bonding molecular orbital (), while in (d) the probability
of electron in the field between two nuclei is decreasing and so it is -type anti
bonding molecular orbital (*). In this type of molecular orbital the nodal plane
between the two nuclei is plane. The probability of getting electron in the nodal plane
is zero.
(5). Give explanation of bond order and magnetic property of O2 molecule by
drawing its energy level diagram according to M.O. theory.
Ans:

The electron configuration of O atom is 1s22s22p4. Hence, there are 16 electrons in

O2 molecule. The electron configuration in molecular orbitals will be as follows:
O2 = (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)1 = (*2py)1
Bond order = [Nb Na]/2 = [10-6]/2 = 2.
Here O=O is in O2 molecule. As two unpaired electrons are there in O2 molecule, it is
paramagnetic.
(6). Explain MO diagram of N2 molecule.
Ans: The electron configuration of nitrogen atom is 1s22s22p3. There are 14
electrons in N2. The electron configuration of N2 molecule is :
N2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2 (2px)2 = (2py)2(2pz)2
Bond order = [Nb Na]/2 = [10-4]/2 = 3.
Here all electrons are paired and N2 is diamagnetic. It is N N with a very stable
structure.
(7). Explain MO diagram of F2 molecule.
Ans: The electron configuration of flourine atom is 1s22s22p5. There are 18
electrons in F2. The electron configuration of F2 molecule is :
N2 : (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2 = (2py)2(*2px)2 = (*2py)2 (*2pz)0
Bond order = [Nb Na]/2 = [10-8]/2 = 1.Here all electrons are paired
and N2 is diamagnetic. It is F F with a very stable structure.
(8). Give explanation of bond order and magnetic property of NO molecule by
drawing its energy level diagram.
Ans: There are total 15 electrons (7 electrons of nitrogen atom and 8 electrons of
oxygen atoms). The arrangement of these 15 electrons can be made in molecular
orbitals as shown in fig.
The electron configuration in molecular orbitals will be as follows:
NO= (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)1
Bond order = [Nb Na]/2
= [10-5]/2
= 2.5
As there is one unpaired electron in Mo molecule, it is paramagnetic and as the bond
order is a fraction, NO molecule is unstable.
The electrons of 1s orbitals do not take part in formation of bond and so they are
called non-bonding electrons.

(9). Write Short note on intermolecular attraction forces.

Ans: Scientist van der Waals mentioned weak attraction force existing between
molecule-molecule on the basis of the study of deviation from ideal behavior of gas.
The existence of this weak attraction force cannot be explained by any other chemical
attraction force. It is called van der Waals attraction force. This phenomenon is
universal. There is presence of van der Waals attraction force in components of ionic
substances and also in components of covalent substances. As its dimension is very
less about 42 KJ mole-1 in relation to other attraction force, it is mostly covered by
other attraction forces. This attraction force prevails upto a very less distance about
4.5 A0. The electrons on the surface of molecule experience attraction of nucleus of
other molecule. Hence van der Waals attraction force is produced. As the strength of
this attraction force is different between molecules of different substances, the
difference in melting points and boiling points of different substances is observed.
The intermolecular forces depends on following factors:
(i). Shapes of molecules
(ii). Number of electrons in molecules
(iii). Contact surface of molecules
(iv). Average intermolecular distance
The study of these four factors can be understood from the molecule of nitrogen(N2)
and phosphorus(P4) viz. At normal temperature, from amongst the elements of the
same group nitrogen is in gaseous form while phosphorus is in solid
(10). Give brief account of metallic bond.
Ans: Low ionisation potential of a metal indicates that metal atom has less attraction
for the valence electrons and valence electrons of metal atom are insufficient for the
formation of valence bond. As a result, no covalent bond forms between two metal
atoms and these metals do not have directional properties. The valence electrons of
metal atoms are equivalent for the whole crystal and such electrons are called
Delocalised electrons. These delocalised electrons can change their position in the
metal very easily. In this metal-crystal the positively charged atomic kernel (positive
part of atom excluding valence electrons) can be described as a positively charged
sphere embedded in delocalised electron cloud. According to static electricity, the
atomic kernels being positively charged, must be repelling each other and yet
attraction between very close atomic kernels and mobile electrons keep the kernel
bound together. The positively charged kernels and electrons arranged around it
having attractive force is called Metallic Bond. The atomic kernels remain in space as
close as possible and keeps equal distance between them. The metallic bond can be
explained by the following theories :
Electron Sea Model
According to this model, a metal is assumed to consist of a lattice of positive ions (or
kernels) embedded is a sea of delocalised valence electrons. They remain near each
other. Among such positively charged atomic kernels, there is a presence of
delocalised electrons and they by strong attractive forces, keep the kernels tightly
close. Such attractive force is called Metalic Bond. All electrons of metal are not
delocalised but those which exert strong attraction for kernels. Fig shown electron sea
model of metallic bond.
Metallic bond can be specifically defined as The forces that hold the atoms together
in a metal as a result of the attraction between positive ions and surrounding
delocalised electrons are known as Metallic Bonds.
A band model can be explained on the basis of molecular orbital theory.
A metal lattice has an extremely large number of atoms. The atomic orbitals of these
atoms with the same symmetry and same energy overlap resulting in the formation of
Energy Bands. Depending upon the different type of atomic orbitals which overlap,
different energy bands are obtained. These energy bands formed by mixing of atomic
orbitals can be joined together or can also be separate.
Positively charged (Kernel)

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

electron
(11). Justify the following statements.
(i) The clothes of nylon dry faster than those of cotton.
Ans: The clothes of synthetic fibres (nylon, terrylene) dry faster than cotton
clothes because of hydrogen bond formation by water with cellulose of cotton
clothes.
(ii) The boiling point of o-chlorophenol is lower than that of p-chlorophenol.
Ans: As the intermolecular hydrogen is formed with more than one molecules of
the same compound, the number of such hydrogen bonds is more. As a result melting
points and boiling points of such compounds are comparatively higher.
The intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed internally between atoms of the
same molecule. As a result, the number of such hydrogen bonds is limited. Hence, the
melting points and boiling points of the compounds having intramolecular hydrogen
bond are relatively lower.
The boiling point of o-chlorophenol is lower than that of p-chlorophenol because
intramolecular hydrogen bond is present in o-chlorophenol and intermolecular
hydrogen bond is formed in p-chlorophenol
(iii) Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se, only H2O is obtained in liquid form.
Ans: In any group as we from top to bottom, the charge on nucleus increases and
also no. of electrons increases due to which attraction on valence electron increases.
As a result of strong bonding the boiling point decreases in any group as we move
from top to bottom. Moreover in H2O due to large difference in electronegativity, H-
bonds are present. Hence it is in liquid form while others are not.
(iv) O2 molecule is paramagnetic
Ans: The electron configuration of O atom is 1s22s22p4. Hence, there are 16
electrons in O2 molecule. The electron configuration in molecular orbitals will be as
follows:
O2 = (1s)2(*1s)2(2s)2(*2s)2(2pz)2(2px)2 = (2py)2 (*2px)1 = (*2py)1
Bond order = [Nb Na]/2
= [10-6]/2
= 2.
Here O=O is in O2 molecule. As two unpaired electrons are there in O2 molecule, it is
paramagnetic.
(v) bond is stronger than bond.
Ans: The strength of any type of or bond is proportional to the magnitude of
overlapping of atomic orbitals. In bond formation, overlapping of atomic orbitals is
more and as a result -bond is strong. In bond formation the magnitude of
overlapping is less because of overlapping of atomic orbitals is sidewise and as a
result -bond is weaker relative to the bond.
(12). Explain sp3d2 hybridization in SF6.
Ans: In SF6 the central atom sulphur (Z = 16) has electron configuration [Ne] 3s23p4
in the ground state. SF6 has six covalent bonds indicating six completely filled
orbitals. By gaining some energy sulphur gets excited state with electron
configuration [Ne] 3s13p33d2. Thus, sulphur in its excited state has six half-
filled orbitals in its valence orbitals. In the excited state the available six orbitals
i.e. one s, three p and two d are half-filled. These orbitlas hybridise to form six
new sp3d2 hybrid orbitals which are projected towards six corners of a regular
 octahedron. In SF6 these six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals overlap with six S-F sigma
bonds and SF6 has regular octahedral geometry as shown, in figure.
3s 3p 3d
S
ground state

S*
Excited state

SF6
structure
F F F F F F

sp3d2 hybridization

(13). Explain sp3d hybridization in PCl5.

Ans: In PCl5 the central phosphorous atom (Z = 15) has ground state electron
configuration 1s22s22p63s23p3. In PCl5 five covalent bonds are formed, so that
phosphorous must have five half-filled orbitals. By gaining some energy
phosphorus attains configuration 1s22s22p63s13d1 in an excited state. Now five
orbitals i.e. one s, three p and one d orbital are available for hybridization to yield
a set of five sp3d hybrid orbitals, which point towards the five corners of a
Trigonal-Bipyramid. Three of these hybrid orbitals are oriented towards the three
corners of equilateral triangle making an angle of 1200 between them. The
remaining two hybrid orbitals are oriented at right angles to the three orbitals.
 3s 3p 3d
P
[Ne]
ground state

P* [Ne]
Excited state

PCl5 [Ne]
structure
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

sp3d hybridization