Code of Hygienic Practice For Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.

CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR
FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
CAC/RCP 53-2003
INTRODUCTION 1
1. OBJECTIVES OF THE CODE
2. SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
2.3 Definitions 2
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION
3.1 Environmental hygiene
3.2 Hygienic primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables 3
3.2.1 Agricultural input requirements
3.2.2 Indoor facilities associated with growing and harvesting
3.2.3 Personnel health, hygiene and sanitary facilities
3.2.4 Equipment associated with growing and harvesting
3.3 Handling, storage and transport 5
3.3.1 Prevention of cross-contamination
3.3.2 Storage and transport from the field to the packing facility
3.4 Cleaning, maintenance and sanitation 6
3.4.1 Cleaning programmes
3.4.2 Cleaning procedures and methods
3.4.3 Pest control systems
3.4.4 Waste management
4. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES
5. CONTROL OF OPERATION
5.1 Control of food hazards
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems 7
5.2.1 Time and temperature control
5.2.2 Specific process steps
5.2.3 Microbiological and other specifications
5.2.4 Microbial cross-contamination
5.2.5 Physical and chemical contamination
5.3 Incoming material requirements
5.4 Packing
5.5 Water used in the packing establishment
5.6 Management and supervision 8
5.7 Documentation and records
5.8 Recall procedures
6. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION
7. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE 9
8. TRANSPORTATION
9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS
10. TRAINING
10.1 Awareness and responsibilities
10.2 Training programmes
ANNEX I
ANNEX FOR READY-TO-EAT FRESH PRE-CUT FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 10
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVE
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
2.3 Definitions 11
4. ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES
4.4 Facilities
4.4.2 Drainage and waste disposal
Adopted 2003. Revision 2010 (new Annex III for Fresh Leafy Vegetables), 2012 (new Annex IV for Melons),
2013 (new Annex V for Berries).
ii CAC/RCP 53-2003
5. CONTROL OF OPERATIONS
5.2 Key aspects of control systems
5.7 Documentation and records 12
6. ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION
7. ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE
8. TRANSPORTATION
10. TRAINING
ANNEX II
ANNEX FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION 13
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
2.3 Definitions
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF SEEDS
3.2 Hygienic production of seeds
3.4 Analyses
4. ESTABLISHMENT FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION
4.2.1 Design and layout
5.2.2 Specific process steps in sprout production
5.2.4 Microbiological cross-contamination
5.3 Incoming material requirements 16
5.3.1 Specifications for incoming seeds
5.3.2 Control of incoming seeds
5.3.3 Seed storage
8. TRANSPORTATION
9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS 17
10. TRAINING
ANNEX III
ANNEX ON FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES 18
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVE
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES
3.1 Environmental Hygiene
3.2 Hygienic Primary Production of Fresh Leafy Vegetables 19
3.3 Handling, Storage and Transport 23
3.4 Cleaning, Maintenance and Sanitation
4. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES 24
4.1.1 Establishments
5.1 Control of Food Hazards
iii CAC/RCP 53-2003
5.2 Key Aspects of Hygiene control systems

5.7 Documentation and Records 25
5.8 Traceability/Product Tracings and Recall Procedures 26
8. TRANSPORTATION
10. TRAINING
10.2 Training and education programmes 27
ANNEX IV
ANNEX FOR MELONS 28
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
2.3 Definitions
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 29
3.1.1 Location of the production site
3.1.2 Wild and domestic animals and human activity
3.2 Hygienic primary production of melons
3.2.3 Personnel health, hygiene and sanitary facilities 31
3.3.2 Storage and transport from the production site to the packing/processing facility
3.4 Cleaning, maintenance and sanitation 33
4.2 Premises and Rooms
4.2.1 Design and Layout
4.4 Facilities
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems
5.3 Incoming material requirements 35
6.1 Maintenance and Cleaning
6.1.1 General
6.3 Pest control systems
8. TRANSPORTATION
9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS 36
9.4 Consumer education
10. TRAINING
10.2 Training Programmes
ANNEX V
ANNEX FOR BERRIES 37
INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Scope
2.2 Use
iv CAC/RCP 53-2003
2.3 Definitions
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 38
3.2 Hygienic primary production of berries
3.3.3 Field packing
4. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES 41
4.1 Location
4.1.2 Equipment
4.2 Premises and Rooms
5. CONTROL OF OPERATION 42
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems
5.3 Incoming material requirements
5.7 Documentation and records 43
6.1 Maintenance and Cleaning
6.1.1 General
8. TRANSPORTATION
9.4 Consumer education
10. TRAINING 44
10.2 Training Programmes
1 CAC/RCP 53-2003
CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR

FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
CAC/RCP 53-2003
INTRODUCTION
Scientific research over the last decades has shown that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is protective
against many cancers and lowers the occurrence of coronary heart disease. This recognition of the
importance of routine consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, together with a marked increase in the year-
round availability of fresh fruits and vegetables from a global market, has contributed to the substantial
increase in consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables over the past two decades. However, the recent
increase in reports of food borne illness associated with fresh fruits and vegetables has raised concerns from
public health agencies and consumers about the safety of these products.
1. OBJECTIVES OF THE CODE

This code addresses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) that will
help control microbial, chemical and physical hazards associated with all stages of the production of fresh
fruits and vegetables from primary production to packing. Particular attention is given to minimizing microbial
hazards. The code provides a general framework of recommendations to allow uniform adoption by this sector
rather than providing detailed recommendations for specific agricultural practices, operations or commodities.
The fresh fruit and vegetable industry is very complex. Fresh fruits and vegetables are produced and packed
under diverse environmental conditions. It is recognized that some of the provisions in this code may be
difficult to implement in areas where primary production is conducted in small holdings, in both developed and
developing countries and also in areas where traditional farming is practised. Therefore, the code is, of
necessity, a flexible one to allow for different systems of control and prevention of contamination for different
groups of commodities.
2.1 SCOPE
This code of practice covers general hygienic practices for the primary production and packing of fresh fruits
and vegetables cultivated for human consumption in order to produce a safe and wholesome product:
particularly for those intended to be consumed raw. Specifically, this code is applicable to fresh fruits and
vegetables grown in the field (with or without cover) or in protected facilities (hydroponic systems,
greenhouses). It concentrates on microbial hazards and addresses physical and chemical hazards only in so
far as these relate to GAPs and GMPs.
The Annexes for Ready-to-Eat Fresh Pre-cut Fruits and Vegetables (Annex I), Sprout Production (Annex
II), Fresh Leafy Vegetables (Annex III), Melons (Annex IV) and Berries (Annex V) are supplements to this code
and include additional recommendations to cover, respectively, the hygienic practices for the these
commodities.
The code does not provide recommendations for handling practices to maintain the safety of fresh fruits
and vegetables at wholesale, retail, food services or in the home. It excludes food products for which there is a
specific Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practices.
2.2 USE
This code follows the format of the General Principles of Food Hygiene CAC/RCP 1-1969 and should be
used in conjunction with it. This code focuses upon hygienic issues that are specific to the primary production
and packing of fresh fruits and vegetables. The major issues are covered in Section 3. In other sections, the
General Principles of Food Hygiene have been expanded where there are issues specific to primary
production and packing. The Annex for Ready-to-Eat Fresh Pre-Cut Fruits and Vegetables provides additional
recommendations specific for the processing of ready-to-eat fresh pre-cut fruits and vegetables, the Annex for
Sprout Production provides additional recommendations specific for the primary production of seeds for
sprouting and the production of sprouts for human consumption, the Annex for Fresh Leafy Vegetables
provides specific guidance related to the production, harvesting, packing, processing, storage, distribution,
marketing and consumer use of fresh leafy vegetables that are intended to be consumed without further
microbiocidal steps, the Annex for Melons provides specific guidance on how to minimize microbiological
hazards during primary production through packing and transport of fresh melons, including fresh melons
processed for the pre-cut market and consumer use and the Annex for Berries provides additional
recommendations for the production, packing and distribution of fresh berries, as well as fresh berries that are
processed without a microbiocidal step.
2 CAC/RCP 53-2003
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Definitions of general expressions are included in the General Principles of Food Hygiene. For the purpose of
this code, the following terms have the definition stated:
Agricultural inputs any incoming material (e.g. seeds, fertilizers, water, agricultural chemicals, plant
support, etc.) used for the primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Agricultural worker any person that undertakes one or more of the following: cultivation, harvesting and
packing of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Antimicrobial agents any substance of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin which at low
concentrations kills or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms but causes little or no host damage.
Biological control the use of competing biologicals (such as insects, micro-organisms and/or microbial
metabolites) for the control of mites, pests, plant pathogens and spoilage organisms.
Biosolids Sludge and other residue deposits obtained from sewage treatment plants and from treatment
applied to urban and industrial wastes (food industries or other types of industry).
Composting a managed process in which organic materials are digested aerobically or anaerobically by
microbial action.
Cultivation any agricultural action or practise used by growers to allow and improve the growing conditions
of fresh fruits or vegetables grown in the field (with of without cover) or in protected facilities (hydroponic
systems, greenhouses).
Farm any premise or establishment in which fresh fruits and/or vegetables are grown and harvested and the
surroundings under the control of the same management.
Grower the person responsible for the management of the primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Harvester the person responsible for the management of the harvesting of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Hazard a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an
adverse health effect.
Hazardous material any compound which, at specific levels, has the potential to cause adverse health
effects.
Hydroponics a general term for the production of plants without soil in a water medium.
Manure Animal excrement which may be mixed with litter or other material, and which may be fermented or
otherwise treated.
Micro-organisms include yeasts, moulds, bacteria, viruses and parasites. When used as an adjective, the
term microbial is used.
Packer the person responsible for the management of post-harvest processing and packing of fresh fruits
and vegetables.
Packing the action of putting fresh fruits and vegetables in a package. This may take place in a field or in an
establishment.
Packing establishment any indoor establishment in which fresh fruits and vegetables receive post-harvest
treatment and are packaged.
Primary production those steps involved in the growing and harvesting of fresh fruits and vegetables such
as planting, irrigation, application of fertilizers, application of agricultural chemicals, etc.
Types of water:
Clean water water that does not compromise food safety in the circumstances of its use.
Potable water water which meets the quality standards of drinking water such as described in the WHO
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.
Fresh fruits and vegetables are grown and harvested under a wide range of climatic and diverse geographical
conditions, using various agricultural inputs and technologies, and on farms of varying sizes. Biological,
chemical and physical hazards may therefore vary significantly from one type of production to another. In each
primary production area, it is necessary to consider the particular agricultural practices that promote the
production of safe fresh fruits and vegetables, taking into account the conditions specific to the primary
production area, type of products, and methods used. Procedures associated with primary production should
be conducted under good hygienic conditions and should minimize potential hazards to health due to the
contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables.
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

Where possible, potential sources of contamination from the environment should be identified. In particular,
primary production should not be carried out in areas where the presence of potentially harmful substances
would lead to an unacceptable level of such substances in or on fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest.
Where possible, growers should evaluate the previous uses of the sites (indoor and outdoor) as well as
adjoining sites in order to identify potential microbial, chemical and physical hazards. The potential for other
types of contamination (e.g., from agricultural chemicals, hazardous wastes, etc.) should also be considered.
The evaluation process should include the following:
Previous and present usage of the primary production area and the adjoining sites (e.g. crop grown, feed
lot, animal production, hazardous waste site, sewage treatment site, mining extraction site) to identify
3 CAC/RCP 53-2003
potential microbial hazards including faecal contamination and contamination by organic waste and
potential environmental hazards that could be carried to the growing site.
The access of farm and wild animals to the site and to water sources used in primary production to
identify potential faecal contamination of the soils and water and the likelihood of contaminating crop.
Existing practices should be reviewed to assess the prevalence and likelihood of uncontrolled deposits of
animal faeces coming into contact with crops. Considering this potential source of contamination, efforts
should be made to protect fresh produce growing areas from animals. As far as possible, domestic and
wild animal should be excluded from the area.
Potential for contaminating produce fields from leaking, leaching or overflowing manure storage sites and
flooding from polluted surface waters.
If previous uses cannot be identified, or the examination of the growing or adjoining sites leads to the
conclusion that potential hazards exist, the sites should be analysed for contaminants of concern. If the
contaminants are at excessive levels and corrective or preventative actions have not been taken to minimize
potential hazards, the sites should not be used until correction/control measures are applied.
3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

3.2.1 Agricultural input requirements
Agricultural inputs should not contain microbial or chemical contaminants (as defined under the General
Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) at levels that may adversely affect the safety of fresh fruits and
vegetables and taking into consideration the WHO guidelines on the safe use of wastewater and excreta in
agriculture and aquaculture as appropriate.
3.2.1.1 Water for primary production
Growers should identify the sources of water used on the farm (municipality, re-used irrigation water, well,
open canal, reservoir, rivers, lakes, farm ponds etc.). They should assess its microbial and chemical
quality, and its suitability for intended use, and identify corrective actions to prevent or minimize
contamination (e.g. from livestock, sewage treatment, human habitation).
Where necessary, growers should have the water they use tested for microbial and chemical
contaminants. The frequency of testing will depend on the water source and the risks of environmental
contamination including intermittent or temporary contamination (e.g. heavy rain, flooding, etc.). If the
water source is found to be contaminated corrective actions should be taken to ensure that the water is
suitable for its intended use.
3.2.1.1.1 Water for irrigation and harvesting
Water used for agricultural purposes should be of suitable quality for its intended use. Special attention to
water quality should be considered for the following situations:
Irrigation by water delivery techniques that expose the edible portion of fresh fruits and vegetables directly
to water (e.g. sprayers) especially close to harvest time.
Irrigation of fruits and vegetables that have physical characteristics such as leaves and rough surfaces
which can trap water.
Irrigation of fruits and vegetables that will receive little or no post-harvest wash treatments prior to
packing, such as field-packed produce.
3.2.1.1.2 Water for fertilizers, pest control and other agricultural chemicals
Water used for the application of water-soluble fertilizers and agricultural chemicals in the field and indoors
should not contain microbial contaminants at levels that may adversely affect the safety of fresh fruits and
vegetables. Special attention to the water quality should be considered when using fertilizer and agricultural
chemical delivery techniques (e.g. sprayers) that expose the edible portion of fresh fruits and vegetables
directly to water especially close to harvest time.
3.2.1.1.3 Hydroponic water
Plants grown in hydroponic systems absorb nutrients and water at varying rates, constantly changing the
composition of the re-circulated nutrient solution. Because of this:
Water used in hydroponic culture should be changed frequently, or if recycled, should be treated to
minimize microbial and chemical contamination.
Water delivery systems should be maintained and cleaned, as appropriate, to prevent microbial
contamination of water.
3.2.1.2 Manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers
The use of manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers in the production of fresh fruits and vegetables
should be managed to limit the potential for microbial, chemical and physical contamination. Manure, biosolids
and other natural fertilizers contaminated with heavy metals or other chemicals at levels that may affect the
safety of fresh fruits and vegetables should not be used. Where necessary, in order to minimize microbial
contamination the following practices should be considered:
Adopt proper treatment procedures (e.g. composting, pasteurization, heat drying, UV irradiation, alkali
digestion, sun drying or combinations of these) that are designed to reduce or eliminate pathogens in
manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers. The level of pathogen reduction achieved by different
treatments should be taken into account when considering suitability for different applications.
4 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers which are untreated or partially treated may be used only if
appropriate corrective actions are being adopted to reduce microbial contaminants such as maximizing
the time between application and harvest of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Growers who are purchasing manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers that have been treated to
reduce microbial or chemical contaminants, should, where possible, obtain documentation from the
supplier that identifies the origin, treatment used, tests performed and the results thereof.
Minimize direct or indirect contact between manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers, and fresh fruits
and vegetables, especially close to harvest.
Minimize contamination by manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers from adjoining fields. If the
potential for contamination from the adjoining fields is identified, preventative actions (e.g. care during
application and run-off controls) should be implemented to minimize the risk.
Avoid locating treatment or storage sites in proximity to fresh fruit and vegetable production areas.
Prevent cross-contamination from runoff or leaching by securing areas where manure, biosolids and other
natural fertilizers are treated and stored.
3.2.1.3 Soil
Soils should be evaluated for hazards. If the evaluation concludes that such hazards are at levels that may
compromise the safety of crops, control measures should be implemented to reduce hazards to acceptable
levels. If this cannot be achieved by available control measures, growers should not use these soils for
primary production.
3.2.1.4 Agricultural chemicals
Growers should use only agricultural chemicals which are authorized for the cultivation of the specific fruit
or vegetable and should use them according to the manufacturers instructions for the intended purpose.
Residues should not exceed levels as established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
In order to minimize and contain the emergence of microbial resistance:
the use of antimicrobial agents significant to human and animal therapy should be avoided.
Antimicrobial agents not significant to human and animal therapy should be used only when unavoidable
and in accordance with good agricultural practices and in a manner that achieves this objective.
Agricultural workers who apply agricultural chemicals should be trained in proper application procedures.
Growers should keep records of agricultural chemical applications. Records should include information on
the date of application, the chemical used, the crop sprayed, the pest or disease against which it was
used, the concentration, method and frequency of application, and records on harvesting to verify that the
time between application and harvesting is appropriate.
Agricultural chemical sprayers should be calibrated, as necessary, to control the accuracy of the rate of
application.
The mixing of agricultural chemicals should be carried out in such a way as to avoid contamination of
water and land in the surrounding areas and to protect employees involved in this activity from potential
hazards.
Sprayers and mixing containers should be thoroughly washed after use, especially when used with
different agricultural chemicals on different crops, to avoid contaminating fruits and vegetables.
Agricultural chemicals should be kept in their original containers, labelled with the name of the chemical
and the instructions for application. Agricultural chemicals should be stored in a safe, well ventilated
place, away from production areas, living areas and harvested fruits or vegetables, and disposed of in a
manner that does not pose a risk of contaminating crops, the inhabitants of the area, or the environment
of the primary production.
Empty containers should be disposed of as indicated by the manufacturer. They should not be used for
other food-related purposes.
3.2.1.5 Biological control
Environmental and consumer safety should be considered when using competing biological organisms and/or
their metabolites applied for the control of pests, mites, plant pathogens and spoilage organisms in fresh fruits
and vegetables.
Growers should use only biological controls which are authorized for the cultivation of the specific fruit or
vegetable and should use them according to the manufacturers instructions for the intended purpose.
3.2.2 Indoor facilities associated with growing and harvesting
For operations where fresh fruits and vegetables are grown indoors (greenhouses, hydroponic culture, etc.)
suitable premises should be used.
3.2.2.1 Location, design and layout
Premises and structures should be located, designed and constructed to avoid contaminating fresh fruits
and vegetables and harbouring pests such as insects, rodents and birds.
Where appropriate, the internal design and layout should permit compliance with good hygienic practices
for the primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables indoors, including protection against cross-
contamination between and during operations. Each establishment should be evaluated individually in
order to identify specific hygienic requirements for each product.
3.2.2.2 Water supply
Where appropriate an adequate supply of potable or clean water with appropriate facilities for its storage and
distribution should be available in indoor primary production facilities. Non-potable water should have a
separate system. Non-potable water systems should be identified and should not connect with, or allow reflux
into, potable water systems.
5 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Avoid contaminating potable and clean water supplies by exposure to agricultural inputs used for growing
fresh produce.
Clean and disinfect potable and clean water storage facilities on a regular basis.
Control the quality of the water supply.
3.2.2.3 Drainage and waste disposal
Adequate drainage and waste disposal systems and facilities should be provided. These systems should be
designed and constructed so that the potential for contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables, agricultural
inputs or the potable water supply is avoided.
Hygiene and health requirements should be followed to ensure that personnel who come directly into contact
with fresh fruits and vegetables during or after harvesting are not likely to contaminate them. Visitors should,
where appropriate, wear protective clothing and adhere to the other personal hygiene provisions in this
section.
3.2.3.1 Personnel hygiene and sanitary facilities
Hygienic and sanitary facilities should be available to ensure that an appropriate degree of personal hygiene
can be maintained. As far as possible, such facilities should:
Be located in close proximity to the fields and indoor premises, and in sufficient number to accommodate
personnel.
Be of appropriate design to ensure hygienic removal of wastes and avoid contamination of growing sites,
fresh fruits and vegetables or agricultural inputs.
Have adequate means of hygienically washing and drying hands.
Be maintained under sanitary conditions and good repair.
3.2.3.2 Health status
People known, or suspected, to be suffering from, or to be a carrier of a disease or illness likely to be
transmitted through fresh fruits and vegetables, should not be allowed to enter any food handling area if there
is a likelihood of their contaminating fresh fruits and vegetables. Any person so affected should immediately
report illness or symptoms of illness to the management.
3.2.3.3 Personal cleanliness
Agricultural workers who have direct contact with fresh fruits and vegetables should maintain a high degree of
personal cleanliness and, where appropriate, wear suitable protective clothing and footwear. Cuts and wounds
should be covered by suitable waterproof dressings when personnel are permitted to continue working.
Personnel should wash their hands when handling fresh fruits and vegetables or other material that
comes in contact with them. Personnel should wash their hands before starting work involving the handling of
fruits and vegetables, each time they return to handling areas after a break, immediately after using the toilet
or after handling any contaminated material where this could result in contamination of fresh fruits and
vegetables.
3.2.3.4 Personal behaviour
Agricultural workers should refrain from behaviour which could result in the contamination of food, for
example: smoking, spitting, chewing gum or eating, or sneezing or coughing over unprotected fresh fruits and
vegetables.
Personal effects such as jewellery, watches, or other items should not be worn or brought into fresh fruit
and vegetable production areas if they pose a threat to the safety and suitability of the food.
As required, growers and harvesters should follow the technical specifications recommended by the
equipment manufacturers for their proper usage and maintenance. Growers and harvesters should adopt the
following sanitary practices:
Equipment and containers coming into contact with fresh fruits and vegetables should be made of
materials that are non-toxic. They should be designed and constructed to ensure that, when necessary,
they can be cleaned, disinfected and maintained to avoid the contamination of fresh fruit and vegetables.
Specific hygienic and maintenance requirements should be identified for each piece of equipment that is
used and the type of fruit or vegetable associated with it.
Containers for waste, by-products and inedible or dangerous substances, should be specifically
identifiable, suitably constructed and, where appropriate, made of impervious material. Where
appropriate, such containers should be lockable to prevent malicious or accidental contamination of fresh
fruits and vegetables or agricultural inputs. Such containers should be segregated or otherwise identified
to prevent their use as harvesting containers.
Containers that can no longer be kept in a hygienic condition should be discarded.
Equipment and tools should function according to the use for which they are designed without damaging
the produce. Such equipment should be maintained in good order.
3.3 HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

During the primary production and post-harvest activities, effective measures should be taken to prevent
cross-contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables from agricultural inputs or personnel who come directly or
indirectly into contact with fresh fruits and vegetables. To prevent the potential of cross-contaminating fresh
fruits and vegetables, growers, harvesters and their employees should adhere to the recommendations
presented elsewhere in section 3 of this code and the following:
6 CAC/RCP 53-2003
At the time of harvest, consideration should be given to the need for additional management action where
any local factor, for example adverse weather conditions, may increase the opportunity for contamination
of the crop.
Fresh fruits and vegetables unfit for human consumption should be segregated during harvesting. Those
which cannot be made safe by further processing should be disposed of properly to avoid contamination
of fresh fruits and vegetables or agricultural inputs.
Agricultural workers should not use harvesting containers for carrying materials (e.g. lunches, tools, fuel,
etc.) other than harvested fruits and vegetables.
Equipment and containers previously used for potentially hazardous materials (e.g. garbage, manure,
etc.) should not be used for holding fresh fruits or vegetables or have contact with packaging material that
is used for fresh fruits and vegetables without adequate cleaning and disinfecting.
Care must be taken when packing fresh fruits and vegetables in the field to avoid contaminating containers
or bins by exposure to, manure or animal/human faeces.
Fresh fruits and vegetables should be stored and transported under conditions which will minimize the
potential for microbial, chemical or physical contamination. The following practices should be adopted:
Storage facilities and vehicles for transporting the harvested crops should be built in a manner to minimize
damage to fresh fruits and vegetables and to avoid access by pests. They should be made of non-toxic
materials that permit easy and thorough cleaning. They should be constructed in a manner to reduce the
opportunity for potential contamination from physical objects such as glass, wood, plastic, etc.
Fresh fruits and vegetables unfit for human consumption should be segregated before storage or
transport. Those which cannot be made safe by further processing should be disposed of properly to
avoid contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables or agricultural inputs.
Agricultural workers should remove as much soil as possible from fresh fruits and vegetables before they
are stored or transported. Care should be taken to minimize physical damage to crop during this process.
Transport vehicles should not be used for the transport of hazardous substances unless they are
adequately cleaned, and where necessary disinfected, to avoid cross-contamination.
3.4 CLEANING, MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

Premises and harvesting equipment should be kept in an appropriate state of repair and condition to facilitate
cleaning and disinfection. Equipment should function as intended to prevent contamination of fresh fruits and
vegetables. Cleaning materials and hazardous substances such as agricultural chemicals should be
specifically identifiable and kept or stored separately in secure storage facilities. Cleaning materials and
agricultural chemicals should be used according to manufacturers instructions for their intended purpose.
Cleaning and disinfection programmes should be in place to ensure that any necessary cleaning and
maintenance is carried out effectively and appropriately. Cleaning and disinfection systems should be
monitored for effectiveness and should be regularly reviewed and adapted to reflect changing circumstances.
Specific recommendations are as follows:
Harvesting equipment and re-usable containers that come in contact with fresh fruits and vegetables
should be cleaned, and, where appropriate, disinfected on a regular basis.
Harvesting equipment and re-usable containers used for fresh fruits and vegetables that are not washed
prior to packing should be cleaned and disinfected as necessary.
The appropriate cleaning methods and materials will depend on the type of equipment and the nature of the
fruit or vegetable. The following procedure should be adopted:
Cleaning procedures should include the removal of debris from equipment surfaces, application of a
detergent solution, rinsing with water, and, where appropriate, disinfection.
3.4.3 Pest control systems
When primary production is carried out in indoor establishments (e.g. greenhouses), the recommendations of
the General Principles of Food Hygiene, section 6.3 should be followed with respect to pest control.
3.4.4 Waste management
Suitable provision must be made for the storage and removal of waste. Waste must not be allowed to
accumulate in fresh fruit and vegetable handling and storage areas or the adjoining environment. Storage
areas for waste should be kept clean.

Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene.
5.1 CONTROL OF FOOD HAZARDS

7 CAC/RCP 53-2003
5.2 KEY ASPECTS OF HYGIENE CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.2.1 Time and temperature control
5.2.2.1 Post-harvest water use
Water quality management will vary throughout all operations. Packers should follow GMPs to prevent or
minimize the potential for the introduction or spread of pathogens in processing water. The quality of water
used should be dependent on the stage of the operation. For example, clean water could be used for initial
washing stages, whereas water used for final rinses should be of potable quality.
Post-harvest systems that use water should be designed in a manner to minimize places where product
lodges and dirt builds up.
Antimicrobial agents should only be used where absolutely necessary to minimize cross-contamination
during post-harvest and where their use is in line with good hygienic practices. The antimicrobial agents
levels should be monitored and controlled to ensure that they are maintained at effective concentrations.
Application of antimicrobial agents, followed by a wash as necessary, should be done to ensure that
chemical residues do not exceed levels as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Where appropriate, the temperature of the post-harvest water should be controlled and monitored.
Recycled water should be treated and maintained in conditions that do not constitute a risk to the safety of
fresh fruits and vegetables. The treatment process should be effectively monitored and controlled.
Recycled water may be used with no further treatment provided its use does not constitute a risk to the
safety of fresh fruits and vegetables (e.g. use of water recovered from the final wash for the first wash).
Ice should be made from potable water. Ice should be produced, handled and stored to protect it from
contamination.
5.2.2.2 Chemical treatments
Packers should only use chemicals for post-harvest treatments (e.g. waxes, fungicides) in accordance
with the General Standard on Food Additives or with the Codex Pesticide Guidelines. These treatments
should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturers instructions for the intended purpose.
Sprayers for post-harvest treatments should be calibrated regularly to control the accuracy of the rate of
application. They should be thoroughly washed in safe areas when used with different chemicals and on
different fruits or vegetables to avoid contaminating the produce.
5.2.2.3 Cooling of fresh fruits and vegetables
Condensate and defrost water from evaporator type cooling systems (e.g. vacuum cooling, cold rooms)
should not drip onto fresh fruits and vegetables. The inside of the cooling systems should be maintained
clean.
Potable water should be used in cooling systems where water or ice is in direct contact with fresh fruits
and vegetables (e.g. hydro cooling, ice cooling). The water quality in these systems should be controlled
and maintained.
Forced-air cooling is the use of rapid movement of refrigerated air over fresh fruits and vegetables in cold
rooms. Air cooling systems should be appropriately designed and maintained to avoid contaminating fresh
produce.
5.2.2.4 Cold storage

When appropriate, fresh fruits and vegetables should be maintained at low temperatures after cooling to
minimize microbial growth. The temperature of the cold storage should be controlled and monitored.
Condensate and defrost water from the cooling system in cold storage areas should not drip on to fresh
fruits and vegetables. The inside of the cooling systems should be maintained in a clean and sanitary
condition.
5.2.5 Physical and chemical contamination

5.3 INCOMING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

5.4 PACKING
5.5 WATER USED IN THE PACKING ESTABLISHMENT

8 CAC/RCP 53-2003
5.6 MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION

5.7 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

Where appropriate, records of processing, production and distribution should be kept long enough to facilitate
a recall and food borne illness investigation, if required. This period could be much longer than the shelf life of
fresh fruits and vegetables. Documentation can enhance the credibility and effectiveness of the food safety
control system.
Growers should keep current all relevant information on agricultural activities such as the site of
production, suppliers information on agricultural inputs, lot numbers of agricultural inputs, irrigation
practices, use of agricultural chemicals, water quality data, pest control and cleaning schedules for indoor
establishments, premises, facilities, equipment and containers.
Packers should keep current all information concerning each lot such as information on incoming
materials (e.g. information from growers, lot numbers), data on the quality of processing water, pest
control programmes, cooling and storage temperatures, chemicals used in post-harvest treatments, and
cleaning schedules for premises, facilities, equipment and containers, etc.
5.8 RECALL PROCEDURES

In addition, where appropriate:
Growers and packers should have programmes to ensure effective lot identification. These programmes
should be able to trace the sites and agricultural inputs involved in primary production and the origin of
incoming material at the packing establishment in case of suspected contamination.
Growers information should be linked with packers information so that the system can trace products
from the distributor to the field. Information that should be included are the date of harvest, farm
identification, and, where possible, the persons who handled the fresh fruits or vegetables from the
primary production site to the packing establishment.
6. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

7. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE

8. TRANSPORTATION
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene and to the Code of Hygienic Practice for the Transport of
Food in Bulk and Semi-Packed Food.

10. TRAINING
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene except for section 10.1 and 10.2.
10.1 AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Personnel associated with growing and harvesting should be aware of GAPs, good hygienic practices and
their role and responsibility in protecting fresh fruits and vegetables from contamination or deterioration.
Agricultural workers should have the necessary knowledge and skills to enable them to carry out agricultural
activities and to handle fresh fruits and vegetables and agricultural inputs hygienically.
Personnel associated with packing should be aware of GMPs, good hygienic practices and their role and
responsibility in protecting fresh fruits and vegetables from contamination or deterioration. Packers should
have the necessary knowledge and skills to enable them to perform packing operations and to handle fresh
fruits and vegetables in a way that minimizes the potential for microbial, chemical, or physical contamination.
All personnel who handle cleaning chemicals or other potentially hazardous chemicals should be
instructed in safe handling techniques. They should be aware of their role and responsibility in protecting fresh
fruit and vegetables from contamination during cleaning and maintenance.
10.2 TRAINING PROGRAMMES

Factors to take into account in assessing the level of training required in growing, harvesting and packing
activities include:
The nature of the fruit or vegetable, in particular its ability to sustain growth of pathogenic micro-
organisms.
The agricultural techniques and the agricultural inputs used in the primary production including the
probability of microbial, chemical and physical contamination.
9 CAC/RCP 53-2003
The task the employee is likely to perform and the hazards and controls associated with those tasks.
The manner in which fresh fruits and vegetables are processed and packaged including the probability of
contamination or microbial growth.
The conditions under which fresh fruits and vegetables will be stored.
The extent and nature of processing or further preparation by the consumer before final consumption.
Topics to be considered for training programmes include, but are not limited to, the following:
The importance of good health and hygiene for personal health and food safety.
The importance of hand washing for food safety and the importance of proper hand washing techniques.
The importance of using sanitary facilities to reduce the potential for contaminating fields, produce, other
workers, and water supplies.
Techniques for hygienic handling and storage of fresh fruits and vegetables by transporters, distributors,
storage handlers and consumer.
10 CAC/RCP 53-2003
ANNEX I
ANNEX I
ANNEX FOR READY-TO-EAT FRESH PRE-CUT FRUITS

AND VEGETABLES
INTRODUCTION
The health benefits associated with fresh fruits and vegetables combined with the ongoing consumer interest
in the availability of a variety of ready-to-eat foods have contributed to a substantial increase in the popularity
of pre-cut fruits and vegetables. Because of the increased convenience and consumption of pre-cut fruits and
vegetables in and away from the home, the preparation of these products has moved from the point of
consumption to the food processor or retailer. The processing of fresh produce without proper sanitation
procedures in place in the manufacturing environment may enhance the potential for contamination by
microbiological pathogens. The potential for pathogens to survive or grow may be enhanced by the high
moisture and nutrient content of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, the absence of a lethal process to eliminate
them, and the potential for temperature abuse during processing, storage, transport, and retail display.
Some of the microbiological pathogens associated with fresh fruits and vegetables include Salmonella spp.,
Shigella spp., pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Norwalk-like virus and hepatitis
A virus and parasites such as Cyclospora. Some of these pathogens are associated with the agricultural
environment, whereas others are associated with infected workers or contaminated water. Because of the
ability for pathogens to survive and grow on fresh produce, it is important for the pre-cut industry to follow
good hygienic practices to ensure the microbiological safety of its products.
1. OBJECTIVE
Hygienic recommendations for the primary production of fresh fruits and vegetables are covered under the
Code of Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. This Annex recommends the application of Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) for all stages involved in the production of ready-to-eat fresh pre-cut fruits
and vegetables, from receipt of raw materials to distribution of finished products.
The primary objective of this Annex is to identify GMPs that will help control microbiological, physical, and
chemical hazards associated with the processing of fresh pre-cut fruits and vegetables. Particular attention is
given to minimizing microbiological hazards. This Annex provides elements that should be taken into account
in the production, processing and distribution of these foods.
2.1 SCOPE
This Annex specifically applies to ready-to-eat fresh fruit and vegetables that have been peeled, cut or
otherwise physically altered from their original form but remain in the fresh state and particularly those that are
intended to be consumed raw. This Annex applies irrespective of where the operations take place (e.g. in the
field, at the farm, at the retailer, at the wholesaler, at the processing establishment, etc.).
For some establishments that process fresh pre-cut fruit and vegetables, this Annex will cover all
operations from receipt of raw material to the distribution of the final product. For other establishments, (e.g.
those that use ready-to-eat pre-cut fresh fruit and vegetables in combination with other products, such as
sauces, meat, cheese, etc.) only the specific sections that relate to the processing of the fresh pre-cut fruit and
vegetable components will apply.
This Annex does not directly apply to fresh fruit and vegetables that have been trimmed leaving the food
intact. Nor does it apply to other fresh fruit and vegetables that are pre-cut but are destined for further
processing that would be expected to eliminate any pathogen that may be present (e.g. cooking, juice
processing, fermentation) nor to fresh fruit or vegetable juices. However, some of the basic principles of the
Annex could still be applicable to such products.
Packaging includes single serving containers (e.g. sealed pouches or plastic trays), larger consumer or
institutional size packages and bulk containers. This Annex concentrates on microbial hazards and addresses
physical and chemical hazards only in so far as these relate to GMPs.
2.2 USE
This document follows the format of the General Principles of Food Hygiene CAC/RCP 1-1969 and should be
used in conjunction with the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables.
11 CAC/RCP 53-2003
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Processor the person responsible for the management of the activities associated with the production of
ready-to-eat fresh pre-cut fruits and vegetables.
Refer to the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.

Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene. In addition:
4.4 FACILITIES
The processing of products covered by this Annex generates a large quantity of waste that can serve as food
and shelter for pests. It is therefore very important to plan an effective waste disposal system. This system
should always be maintained in good condition so it does not become a source of product contamination.
5. CONTROL OF OPERATIONS
Refer to the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. In addition:

For the products covered by this Annex it should be recognized that while processing may reduce the level of
contamination initially present on the raw materials, it will not be able to guarantee elimination of such
contamination. Consequently, the processor should ensure that steps are taken by their suppliers (growers,
harvesters, packers and distributors) to minimize contamination of the raw materials during primary
production. It is recommended that processors ensure that their suppliers have adopted the principles outlined
in the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.
There are certain pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum, which present specific
concern in relation to ready to eat fresh pre-cut vegetables packaged in a modified atmosphere. Processors
should ensure that they have addressed all relevant safety issues relating to the use of such packaging.
5.2 KEY ASPECTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.2.2.1 Receipt and inspection of raw materials

During unloading of raw material, verify the cleanliness of the food transportation unit and raw materials for
evidence of contamination and deterioration
5.2.2.2 Preparation of raw material before processing
Physical hazards (such as the presence of animal and plant debris, metal, and other foreign material) should
be removed through manual sorting or the use of detectors, such as metal detectors. Raw materials should be
trimmed to remove any damaged, rotten or mouldy material.
5.2.2.3 Washing and microbiological decontamination
Refer to section 5.2.2.1 of the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. In addition:
Water used for final rinses should be of potable quality, particularly for these products as they are not
likely to be washed before consumption.
5.2.2.4 Pre-cooling fresh fruits and vegetables
Refer to section 5.2.2.3 of the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.
5.2.2.5 Cutting, slicing, shredding, and similar pre-cut processes
Procedures should be in place to minimize contamination with physical (e.g. metal) and microbiological
contaminants during cutting, slicing, shredding or similar pre-cut processes.
5.2.2.6 Washing after cutting, slicing, shredding, and similar pre-cut processes
Washing cut produce with potable water may reduce microbiological contamination. In addition, it removes
some of the cellular fluids that were released during the cutting process thereby reducing the level of available
nutrients for microbiological growth. The following should be considered:
Water should be replaced at sufficient frequency to prevent the build-up of organic material and prevent
cross-contamination.
Antimicrobial agents should be used, where necessary, to minimize cross-contamination during washing
and where their use is in line with good hygienic practices. The antimicrobial agents levels should be
monitored and controlled to ensure that they are maintained at effective concentrations. Application of
antimicrobial agents, followed by a wash as necessary, should be done to ensure that chemical residues
do not exceed levels as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Drying or draining to remove water after washing is important to minimize microbiological growth.
5.2.2.7 Cold storage
Refer to section 5.2.2.4 of the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. In addition:
Pre-cut fresh fruits and vegetables should be maintained at low temperatures at all stages, from cutting
through distribution to minimize microbiological growth.
12 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Where appropriate, records should be maintained to adequately reflect product information, such as product
formulations or specifications and operational controls. Maintaining adequate documentation and records of
processing operations is important in the event of recall of with fresh pre-cut fruits and vegetables. Records
should be kept long enough to facilitate recalls and foodborne illness investigations, if required. This period will
likely be much longer than the shelf life of the product. Some examples of records to keep are the following:
Fresh fruit and vegetable supplier records
Water quality and supply records
Equipment monitoring and maintenance records
Equipment calibration records
Sanitation records
Product processing records
Pest control records
Distribution records



8. TRANSPORTATION
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and
Vegetables.

10. TRAINING
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and
Vegetables. In addition:

To evaluate the level of training required of persons responsible for the production of fresh pre-cut fruits and
vegetables, the additional following factors should be taken into account:
the packaging systems used for fresh pre-cut fruits and vegetables, including the risks of contamination or
microbiological growth involved in this method;
the importance of temperature control and GMPs.
13 CAC/RCP 53-2003
ANNEX II
ANNEX II
ANNEX FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
In recent years the popularity of sprouted seeds has increased dramatically and are favoured by many for their
nutritional value. However, the recent increase in reports of food borne illness associated with raw sprouts has
raised concerns from public health agencies and consumers about the safety of these products.
The microbial pathogens associated with sprouted seeds are for example Salmonella spp, pathogenic
E.coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella spp. Outbreak investigations have indicated that micro-organisms
found on sprouts most likely originate from the seeds. Most seeds supplied to sprout producers are produced
primarily for forage or animal grazing where the Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) necessary to prevent
microbial contamination of seeds intended for sprouting are not followed, especially through the misuse of
natural fertilizers or contaminated irrigation water. As a result, the seeds may be contaminated in the field or
during harvesting, storage or transportation. Typically, the germination process in sprout production involves
keeping seeds warm and moist for two to ten days. In these conditions, if low levels of microbial contaminants
are present on seeds, they can quickly reach levels high enough to cause illness.
The scientific literature proposes microbiological decontamination of seeds treatments which can achieve
different levels of pathogen reduction. There is currently no treatment available that can guarantee pathogen
free seeds. Research is in progress to find efficient microbiological decontamination treatments which would
provide sufficient pathogen reduction on seeds especially if pathogens are internalized.
1. OBJECTIVES
This annex recommends control measures to occur in two areas: during seed production and during sprout
production. During seed production, conditioning and storage, the application of Good Agricultural Practices
(GAPs) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHPs) are aimed at preventing microbial pathogen contamination of
seeds. During sprout production, the microbiological decontamination of seeds step is aimed at reducing
potential contaminants and the good hygienic practices at preventing the introduction of microbial pathogens
and minimizing their potential growth. The degree of control in these two areas has a significant impact on the
safety of sprouts.
2.1 SCOPE
This annex covers the hygienic practices that are specific for the primary production of seeds for sprouting and
the production of sprouts for human consumption in order to produce a safe and wholesome product.
2.2 USE
This annex follows the format of the General Principles of Food Hygiene CAC/RCP 1-1969 and should be
used in conjunction with the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh
Fruit and Vegetables.
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Seed producer any person responsible for the management of activities associated with the primary
production of seeds including post-harvest practices.
Seed distributor any person responsible for the distribution of seeds (handling, storage and transportation)
to sprout producers. Seed distributors may deal with single or multiple seed producers and can be
producers themselves.
Sprout producer any person responsible for the management of the activities associated with the
production of sprouted seeds.
Spent irrigation water water that has been in contact with sprouts during the sprouting process.
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF SEEDS

3.2 HYGIENIC PRODUCTION OF SEEDS

3.2.1.2 Manure and biosolids
When seeds are destined for the production of sprouts for human consumption, wild or domestic animals
should not be allowed to graze in the fields where seeds are grown (e.g., employing sheep for spring clip back
of alfalfa).
14 CAC/RCP 53-2003
It is particularly important to prevent microbial contamination during the production of seeds which will be used
to produce sprouts for human consumption because of the potential for pathogens to grow during the
sprouting process. Consequently, manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers should only be used when
they have undergone treatments which achieve a high level of pathogen reduction.
3.2.1.4 Agricultural chemicals
Seed producers should only use chemicals (e.g., pesticides, desiccants) which are acceptable for seeds
intended for the production of sprouts for human consumption.
Prior to harvest, harvesting equipment should be adjusted to minimize soil intake and seed damage and
should be cleaned from any debris or earth. Diseased or damaged seeds, which could be susceptible to
microbial contamination, should not be used for the production of sprouts for human consumption.

Seeds produced for the production of sprouts for human consumption should be segregated from product to
be seeded or planted for animal feed (e.g. for forage or animal grazing) and clearly labelled.
Recognizing that seeds are vulnerable to microbial pathogens during thrashing and drying, adequate care
is needed to maintain sanitation in drying yards, and exposure of seeds to mist, high humidity and fog should
be avoided.
3.4 ANALYSES
Seed producers, distributors, and sprout producers should test lots of seeds for microbial pathogens using
internationally accepted analytical methods. Sprouting seeds before testing increases the possibility of finding
pathogens that may be present. If lots of seeds are found to be contaminated, they should not be sold or used
for the production of sprouts for human consumption. Because of the limitations associated with sampling
methods and analytical tests, failure to find contamination does not guarantee that the seeds are pathogen
free. However, if contamination is found at this stage, it allows seeds to be diverted or destroyed before
entering sprout production for human consumption. Seed producers, distributors and sprout producers should
refer to the Principles and Guidelines for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria related
to Foods, CAC/GL 21-1997, for guidance on establishing a sampling plan.

Seed producers for the production of sprouts for human consumption should ensure that records and recall
procedures are in place to effectively respond to health risk situations. Procedures should enable the complete
and rapid recall of any implicated seed. The procedures should also assist in providing detailed information for
the identification and investigation of any contaminated seeds and sprouts. The following should be adopted:
Seed production and distribution practices should be in place to minimize the quantity of seed identified
as a single lot and avoid the mixing of multiple lots that would complicate recalls and provide greater
opportunity for cross-contamination. Seed producers and distributors and sprout producers should
maintain records for each lot. The lot number, producer and country of origin should be indicated on each
container.
Seed producers should have a system to: effectively identify lots, trace the production sites and
agricultural inputs associated with the lots, and allow physical retrieval of the seeds in case of a
suspected hazard.
Where a lot has been recalled because of a health hazard, other lots that were produced under similar
conditions (e.g., on the same production sites or with the same agricultural inputs) and which may present
a similar hazard should be evaluated for safety. Any lot presenting a similar risk should be recalled.
Blends containing potentially contaminated seeds must also be recalled.
Seeds which may present a hazard must be held and detained until they are disposed of properly.
4. ESTABLISHMENT FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION

Where appropriate, the internal design and layout of sprout establishments should permit Good Hygiene
Practices, including protection against cross-contamination between and during operations. Storage, seed
rinsing and microbiological decontamination, germination and packaging areas should be physically separated
from each other.
5.2.2 Specific process steps in sprout production
5.2.2.1 Water use during sprout production
Water quality management will vary throughout all operations. Sprout producers should follow GMPs to
used should be dependent on the stage of the operation. Because of the potential for pathogen proliferation
15 CAC/RCP 53-2003
during the sprouting process, clean water could be used for initial washing stages, whereas water used later in
the sprout production process (i.e. for the rinse following the microbiological decontamination of seed, and
subsequent operations) should be preferably of potable quality or at least clean water.
5.2.2.2 Initial rinse
The seeds should be rinsed thoroughly before the microbiological decontamination treatment to remove dirt
and increase the efficiency of this treatment.
Seeds should be rinsed and thoroughly agitated in large volumes of clean water, in such a way to
maximize surface contact. The process should be repeated until most of the dirt is removed and rinse
water remains clear.
5.2.2.3 Microbiological decontamination of seeds
Due to the difficulty of obtaining seeds which can be guaranteed as pathogen free, it is recommended that
seeds be treated prior to the sprouting process. Although there are other options like the use of lactic acid
bacteria, liquid microbiological decontamination treatment is generally used. During this treatment sprout
producers should adhere to the following:
All containers used for microbiological decontamination of seeds should be cleaned and disinfected prior
to use.
Seeds should be well agitated in large volumes of antimicrobial agent to maximize surface contact.
The duration of treatment and the concentration of antimicrobial agent used should be accurately
measured and recorded.
Strict measures should be in place to prevent re-contamination of seeds after the microbiological
decontamination treatment.
Antimicrobial agent should be used according to manufacturers instructions for their intended use.
5.2.2.4 Rinse after seed treatment
As appropriate, seeds should be thoroughly rinsed after the microbiological decontamination treatment with
potable water or at least clean water. Rinsing should be repeated sufficiently to eliminate antimicrobial agent.
5.2.2.5 Pre-germination soak
Soaking is often necessary to improve germination. When soaking, the sprout producer should adhere to the
following:
All containers used for soaking should be cleaned and disinfected prior to use.
Seeds should be soaked in cleaned water for the shortest possible time to minimize microbial growth.
This step may also employ antimicrobial agents.
After soaking, seeds should be rinsed thoroughly with potable water or at least clean water.
5.2.2.6 Germination
During germination, keep the environment and equipment clean to avoid potential contamination. All
equipment should be cleaned and disinfected before each new batch.
Only potable water should be used.
Where necessary and when used, soils or other matrices should be treated (e.g., pasteurized) to achieve
a high degree of microbial reduction.
5.2.2.7 Harvesting
All equipment should be cleaned and disinfected before each new batch. Harvesting should be done with
cleaned and disinfected tools dedicated for this use.
5.2.2.8 Final rinse and cooling
A final water rinse will remove hulls, cool product, and may reduce microbial contamination on sprouts. The
following should be adopted:
As appropriate, sprouts should be rinsed in cold potable water to lower sprout temperature and slow down
microbial growth.
Water should be changed, as needed (e.g. between batches), to prevent cross-contamination.
Sprouts should be drained using appropriate equipment (e.g. food grade centrifugal dryer) that is clean
and disinfected prior to use.
If additional cooling time is necessary, steps should be taken to facilitate rapid cooling (e.g. placed in
smaller containers with adequate air flow between containers).
5.2.2.9 Storage of finished product

Where appropriate, sprouts should be kept under cold temperature (e.g. 5 0C) that will minimize microbial
growth for the intended shelf life of the product. Regular and effective monitoring of temperature of storage
areas and transport vehicles should be carried out.
It is recommended that seed and sprouts or spent irrigation water be tested for the presence of pathogens.
5.2.3.1 Testing of seed lots before entering production
It is recommended that each new lot of seeds received at the sprouting facility is tested before entering production (i.e.
before the microbiological decontamination of seeds).
The seed sample selected for testing should be sprouted prior to analysis to increase the potential to detect
pathogens if present. Analysis may be performed on the sprouted seeds or the water used to sprout the
sample.
Seed samples for microbial analysis should not be subject to any microbiological decontamination
treatment at the sprouting facility.
16 CAC/RCP 53-2003
5.2.3.2 Testing of sprouts and/or spent irrigation water

Current seed treatments cannot guarantee total elimination of pathogens. Further, if even a few pathogens
survive the microbiological decontamination treatment, they can grow to high numbers during sprouting.
Therefore, producers should have in place a sampling/testing plan to regularly monitor for pathogens at one or
more stages after the start of germination.
Analyses can be performed during the germination process (e.g. spent irrigation water or sprouts) and/or
finished product may be analysed after harvest.
Testing spent irrigation water is a good indicator of microbial conditions of sprouts. It is homogeneous and
is simpler to analyse. Further, sampling spent irrigation water (or sprouts) during germination allows
earlier results compared to testing finished product.
Because of the sporadic nature of seed contamination, it is recommended that producers test every
production lot.
Sprout producers should adhere to the following:
The traffic pattern of employees should prevent cross-contamination of sprouts. For example: the
employees should avoid going back and forth to various areas of production. The employees should not
go from a potentially contaminated area to the germination and/or packaging area unless they have
washed their hands and changed to clean protective clothing.

5.3.1 Specifications for incoming seeds
Sprout producers should recommend that seed producers adopt good agricultural practices and provide
evidence that the product was grown according to section 3 of this Annex and the Code of Hygienic
Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.
Seed and sprout producers should obtain assurance from seed producers or distributors that chemical
residues of each incoming lot are within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
and, where appropriate, they should obtain certificates of analysis for microbial pathogens of concern.
5.3.2 Control of incoming seeds
Seed containers should be examined at their arrival to minimize the potential for introducing obvious
contaminants in the establishment.
Seed containers should be examined for physical damage (e.g. holes from rodents) and signs of
contamination (e.g. stains, rodent, insects, faeces, urine, foreign material, etc.). If found to be damaged,
contaminated or potentially contaminated, its contents should not be used for the production of sprouts for
human consumption.
If seed lots are analysed for the presence of microbial pathogens of concern, these should not be used
until results of analysis are available.
5.3.3 Seed storage
Seeds should be handled and stored in a manner that will prevent damage and contamination.
Seeds should be stored off the floor, away from walls and in proper storage conditions to prevent mould
and bacterial growth and facilitate pest control inspection.
Open containers should be stored in such a way that they are protected from pests and other sources of
contamination.

Written records that accurately reflect product information and operational controls should be available to
demonstrate the adequacy of the production activities.
Upon receipt of seeds, records should be maintained of the seed supplier, the lot number and the country
of origin to facilitate recall procedures.
Records should be legible, permanent and accurate. Records should include written procedures, controls,
limits, monitoring results and subsequent follow-up documents. Records must include: seed sources and
lot numbers, water analysis results, sanitation checks, pest control monitoring, sprout lot codes, analysis
results, production volumes, storage temperature monitoring, product distribution and consumer
complaints.
Records should be kept long enough to facilitate recalls and food borne illness investigation, if required.
This period will likely be much longer than the shelf life of the product.


8. TRANSPORTATION
17 CAC/RCP 53-2003

10. TRAINING

The producer should have a written training programme that is routinely reviewed and updated. Systems
should be in place to ensure that food handlers remain aware of all procedures necessary to maintain the
safety of sprouts.
18 CAC/RCP 53-2003
ANNEX III
ANNEX ON FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES
INTRODUCTION
Fresh leafy vegetables are grown, processed and consumed in multiple ways and in diverse conditions
throughout the world. They are grown on farms that vary from very large to very small. Fresh leafy
vegetables are marketed both locally and globally to provide year round availability to consumers and are sold
as fresh, fresh-cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat products such as pre-packaged salads.
International and national concerns have grown in response to recent outbreaks and reported illnesses linked
to fresh leafy vegetables. A broad array of microbial pathogens have been associated with fresh leafy
vegetables as reported in international outbreak data, including Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter spp, Shigella spp, Hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, Cyclospora cayetanensis,
Cryptosporidium parvum, Guardia lamblia Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes.
Epidemiological evidence, outbreak investigations and risk assessments have identified areas of risk for
pathogen contamination of leafy vegetables including key risks from water, animals, workers and manure
based soil amendments. Fresh leafy vegetables are grown and harvested in large volume, often for export and
increasingly in places that are new to harvesting and distributing fresh leafy vegetables therefore the potential
for human pathogens to spread has also grown. Fresh leafy vegetables are marketed as diverse products
including whole, unprocessed heads, loose leaves, mixed cut leaves and fresh herbs, and pre-cut packaged
products. Fresh leafy vegetables are packed in diverse ways including field packed direct for market, in
packing houses and processed for pre-cut products in sophisticated processing plants. As fresh, fresh-cut,
pre-cut or ready to eat leafy vegetables move through the supply chain, there is also the potential for the
introduction and growth of pathogens. There is no further processing treatment that would eliminate or
inactivate the target microorganisms. Examples of control measures are illustrative only and their use and
approval may vary between member countries.
1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Annex is to provide specific guidance to reduce the microbial food safety risks associated
with fresh leafy vegetables that are intended to be consumed without cooking during their production,
harvesting, packing, processing, storage, distribution, marketing and consumer use. This includes fresh, fresh-
cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat products such as pre-packaged salads. Because of the diversity of leafy
vegetables and practices and conditions used throughout the supply chain, recommendations to minimize
microbial contamination will be most effective when adapted to specific operations.
2.1 SCOPE
This Annex covers specific guidance related to the production, harvesting, packing, processing, storage,
distribution, marketing, and consumer use of fresh leafy vegetables that are intended to be consumed without
further microbiocidal steps.
Fresh leafy vegetables for purposes of this Annex include all vegetables of a leafy nature where the leaf is
intended for consumption. Thus, leafy vegetables include but are not limited to all varieties of lettuce, spinach,
cabbage, chicory, endive and radicchio and fresh herbs such as coriander/cilantro, basil, and parsley).
2.2 USE
This Annex follows the format of the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) and should be
used in conjunction with the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practices for Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 53-2003) including the Annex for Ready-To-Eat Fresh Pre-Cut Fruits and
Vegetables. This Annex provides additional guidance to the documents above.
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES

The following should be considered:
Potential sources of environmental contamination should be identified prior to production activities.
Assessment of environmental conditions is particularly important because subsequent steps may not be
adequate to remove contamination that occurs during production and in some cases may lead to conditions
that enable the growth of microbial pathogens.
19 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Particular attention should be given to potential sources of faecal contamination in the production area, on
near-by sites and to vectors which may introduce faecal contamination to the production and handling areas.
These vectors include, but are not limited, to humans, domestic and wild animals, or indirectly via
contaminated water, insects, workers, or fomites such as dust, tools and equipment.
3.1.1 Location of the Production Site
Production sites (indoor and outdoor) should be located to minimize the probability of microbial contamination
to the growing sites from the nearby sites. Consideration of land location should include evaluating the slope,
topographical, flood risk, and hydrological features of nearby sites in relationship to the production site.
Assessing environmental hygiene is particularly important in evaluating risks that arise from use of land nearby
the production sites, for example feed lots, other animal production operations, hazardous waste sites,
municipal and industrial waste treatment facilities, The presence of such sites should be evaluated for their
potential to contaminate the production site with microbial or other environmental hazards via, for example,
run-off, faecal material, aerosols or organic waste.
Where the environment presents a risk to the production site, measures should be implemented to minimize
the contamination of the fresh leafy vegetable production sites. Landscape changes, such as the construction
of a shallow ditch, to prevent runoff from entering the field or in the case of aerosols, construction of an
effective wind-break (natural such as trees or constructed) or use of a covering are examples of measures that
can be used to reduce pathogen contamination of the production site.
3.1.2 Previous and current use of the site
If the evaluation of previous and present usage of the primary production area and the nearby sites identifies
potential microbial hazards that are at levels that pose a risk to humans, including faecal and other organic
waste contamination and potential environmental hazards, fresh leafy vegetables should not be grown on the
land until the risks have been reduced to acceptable levels.
Domestic and wild animals and human activity can present a risk both from direct contamination of the crop
and soil as well as from contamination of surface water sources and other inputs.
Domestic and wild animals should be excluded from production and handling areas, to the extent feasible,
using appropriate biological, cultural, physical and chemical pest control methods. Methods selected should
comply with local, regional, and national environmental and animal protection regulations.
Production and handling areas should be properly maintained (e.g. minimizing standing water and/or access to
water sources, keeping areas free of clutter and waste) to reduce the likelihood of vector attraction.
Existing practices should be reviewed to assess the prevalence and likelihood of deposits of animal faeces
coming into contact with crops. Considering this potential source of contamination, efforts should be made to
protect fresh leafy vegetable growing areas from animals. When appropriate, this may require the use of
physical barriers (e.g. fences), active deterrents (e.g. noise makers, scarecrows, images of owls, foil strips)
and/or cultural methods (e.g. crop rotation).
Wild animals represent a particularly difficult risk to manage because their presence is intermittent and harder
to track. Fields should be monitored for human and animal activity (e.g. presence of tracks, faeces, crop
damage from grazing, etc.), particularly near harvesting. If present, consideration should be given to the
risks and whether affected crop areas should be harvested.
3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES

An appropriate and adequate supply of water of a suitable quality for use in different operations in the primary
production of fresh leafy vegetables should be available. The source of the water used for production and the
method of delivery can affect the risk of contamination for fresh leafy vegetables. Growers should seek
appropriate guidance on water quality and delivery methods to minimize the potential for contamination with
microbial pathogens.
The quality of water may vary. Water for primary production that has substantial contact with the edible portion
of the leafy vegetable should meet the standards for potable or clean water. Examples of water sources that
present the lowest risk of contamination are:
Rain water, provided the integrity of the water distribution system is maintained
Water in deep wells, provided they are maintained, monitored and capped
Water in shallow wells provided they are maintained, monitored and capped
Water sources that pose a higher risk of contamination may need further treatment such as:
Surface water
Option such as sand filtration or storage in catchments or reservoirs to achieve partial biological treatment
should be considered. The efficacy if these treatments should be evaluated and monitored.
Reclaimed or wastewater
20 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Before using reclaimed or wastewater for crop irrigation, consult with an expert to assess the relative risk and
determine the suitability of the water source. Reclaimed wastewater subjected to different levels of treatment
should be in compliance with WHO guidelines for safe use of wastewater, excreta and grey water, wastewater
use in agriculture, in agricultural production specifically on irrigating vegetables marketed to consumers as
fresh, fresh-cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat.
Growers and harvesters should identify the sources of water used on the farm (municipality, re-used irrigation
water, reclaimed wastewater, discharge water from aquaculture, well, open canal, reservoir, rivers, lakes, farm
ponds, etc.). Growers should assess and manage the risk posed by these waters as follows:
Assess the potential for microbial contamination (e.g., from livestock, human habitation, sewage treatment,
manure and composting operations) and the waters suitability for its intended use and re-assess the
potential for microbial contamination if events, environmental conditions or other conditions indicate that
water quality may have changed.
Identify corrective actions to prevent or minimize contamination. Possible corrective actions may include
fencing to prevent large animal contact, appropriate well casing and head maintenance and placement of
wells, filtering water, not stirring the sediment when drawing water, building settling or holding ponds, and
water treatment facilities. Settling or holding ponds that are used for subsequent irrigation may be
microbiologically safe but may attract animals or in other ways increase the microbial risks associated with
water for irrigating crops. If water treatment is needed, consult with water safety authorities.
Determine if analytical testing should be done to evaluate the suitability of water for each intended use.
Analytical testing may be necessary after a change in irrigation water source, flooding or a heavy rainfall
when water is at a higher risk of contamination. If testing, determine and document what tests need to be
performed, how often tests should be conducted, what the test outcomes indicate, and how tests will be
used to define corrective actions. The frequency of testing will partially depend on the water source (less
for adequately maintained deep wells, more for surface water) and the risks of environmental
contamination including intermittent or temporary contamination (e.g. heavy rain, flooding, etc.). If testing
is limited to non-pathogenic indicators, frequent water tests may be useful to establish the baseline water
quality so that changes in the levels of contamination can be identified. Obtain municipal water test results
when available. If the water source is found to have unacceptable levels of indicator organisms or is
known to be contaminated, corrective actions should be taken to ensure that the water is suitable for its
intended use. Testing frequency should be increased until consecutive results are within the acceptable
range.
3.2.1.1.1 Water for irrigation
Water used for irrigation purposes should be of suitable quality for its intended use. The type of irrigation or
application method affects the risk of contamination. The timing, the quality of water used, and whether the
water has direct contact with the edible portion of the plant should all be considered when selecting the type of
irrigation or application method to use.
Growers should:
Evaluate the water distribution system to determine if a contamination source is evident and can be
eliminated.
Establish no-harvest zones if irrigation source water is known to or likely to contain human pathogens and
where failure at connections results in overspray of plants or localized flooding.
Overhead irrigation presents the highest risk of contamination because it wets the edible portion of the crop.
The duration for wetting can be several hours, and the physical force of water droplet impact may drive
contamination into protected sites on the leaf. Therefore, only the clean water should be used for this type of
irrigation.
Subsurface or drip irrigation that results in no wetting of the plant is the irrigation method with the least risk of
contamination, although these methods can still experience localized problems. For drip-irrigation, care should
be taken to avoid creating pools of water on the soil surface or in furrows that may come into contact with the
edible portion of the crop.
Irrigation of fresh leafy vegetables that have physical characteristics such as rough surfaces where water may
accumulate, a vase-like growth characteristic, or high density seeding or transplant rates should be irrigated
with only clean water. Irrigation of these products should be applied in a way to minimize wetting of the edible
portion because the plant characteristics can provide niches for microbial attachment and survival.
Clean water should be used in the application of aqueous fertilizers, pesticides, and other agricultural
chemicals that are directly applied to edible portions of the fresh leafy vegetables, especially close to harvest.
Human pathogens can survive and grow in many agrichemicals including pesticides. The application of
pesticide solutions contaminated with human pathogens to the surface of leafy vegetables is known to
constitute a risk, particularly near harvest time.
3.2.1.1.3 Hydroponic water
Microbial risks of water used in growing fresh leafy vegetables hydroponically may differ from the microbial
risks of water used to irrigate leafy vegetables in soil because the water in hydroponic production is used for
both irrigation and as the growth medium and presents therefore a higher risk of microbiological contamination.
The growth medium may enhance the survival of pathogens. It is especially critical in hydroponic operations to
maintain the water quality to reduce the risk of contamination and survival of pathogens.
21 CAC/RCP 53-2003
3.2.1.1.4 Water for harvesting and other agricultural uses

Water for other agricultural uses includes dust abatement, hydration, as a lubricant, and to maintain roads,
yards, and parking lots so that they do not constitute a source of contamination in areas where fresh leafy
vegetables are exposed. If sprinkling water using mechanical means to minimize dust on dirt roads within or
near the fields, then use clean water to avoid the aerosolization and spread of pathogens.
Fresh leafy vegetables may be sprayed with small amounts of water during machine harvest or in the field
container just after harvest to hydrate crops. Water may also be used to facilitate the handling of leafy
vegetables in the field. Clean water should be used in processes were there is direct contact between the water
and edible portions of the leafy vegetables. It is understood that products at this point are not considered ready-
to-eat and may be washed or further processed.
Manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers may contain human or animal waste, animal parts or products, or
be composed primarily of plant materials. Because of this, natural fertilizers and other soil amendments may
contain human pathogens that may persist for weeks or even months, particularly if treatment of these
materials is inadequate
Proper treatment of biosolids, manures and by-products (e.g. physical, chemical, or biological treatment) will
reduce the risk of potential human pathogen survival. The persistence of human pathogens in soil depends on
many factors (soil type, relative humidity, temperature, Ultraviolet Index 1 and pathogen type among other
known factors). Composting, if done properly, can be a practical and efficient method to inactivate human
pathogens in manure. When using aerobic composting methods, compost heaps should be regularly and
thoroughly turned so that all of the material will be exposed to elevated temperatures because pathogens can
survive for months on the heap surface. Anaerobic methods can also effectively inactivate pathogens; however,
special consideration should be given to determine the length of time needed to inactivate pathogens that may
be present. In general, only fully decomposed animal waste or plant materials should be applied to fresh leafy
vegetables.
Fresh leafy vegetables may be contaminated through direct contact with contaminated soil amendments.
Therefore untreated and/or partially treated manure, biosolids, and other natural fertilizers should not be
applied to leafy vegetables after plant emergence unless it can be demonstrated that product contamination will
not occur. Field soil contaminated with human pathogens may also provide a means of fresh leafy vegetables
contamination via rain splash or plant uptake. Therefore, establishing suitably conservative pre-plant fertilizer
intervals appropriate for specific regional and field conditions is an effective step towards minimizing risk.
Competent authorities should provide guidance on appropriate intervals.
3.2.2 Indoor facilities associated with growing and harvesting (protective agricultural structures)
Protective agricultural structures, including greenhouses, high tunnels, hoop houses, and shade house
structures, provide some degree of control over various environmental factors.
3.2.2.1 Location, design and layout
3.2.2.2 Protective agricultural structures
Some protective agricultural structures are located in the field (hoop houses, high tunnels, etc.) Factors that
influence the magnitude and frequency of the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms in the field, such as the
climate, weather, topology, hydrology and other geographic characteristics in or nearby the field may pose a
similar risk for certain protective structures.
The methods for adequate maintenance of the environment around the structures include, but are not limited
to:
Properly storing equipment, removing litter and waste, and cutting weeds or grass within the immediate vicinity
of the plant buildings or structures that may constitute an attractant, breeding place, or harborage for pests.
Adequately draining areas that may contribute contamination to food by
O providing a breeding place for pests
O runoff, leakage, or pooled/settled water flowing into food growing areas,
O transfer of contaminants via equipment or foot traffic
The land nearby certain protective structures (high tunnel, hoop house, etc.) should not be a significant source
of contamination. Appropriate measures should be taken to minimize any relative risks from surrounding land
use or environment. These measures may include berms, fences, ditches, buffer zones or other strategies to
effectively mitigate any hazards.
3.2.2.3 Water supply
Refer to 3.2.1.1.1 (Water for Irrigation) and 3.2.1.1.3 (Hydroponic Water)
3.2.2.4 Drainage and waste disposal
Good drainage should be maintained around the structure to eliminate standing water.
1
Ultraviolet Index (UVI): a measure of the solar ultraviolet intensity at the earths surface that indicates the days exposure to ultraviolet
rays. The UV Index is measured around noon for a one-hour period and rated on a scale of 0 to 15 based on international guidelines for UVI
reporting established by the World Health Organization.
22 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Waste disposal systems and facilities should be provided. All refuse should be disposed of in containers with
lids and stored away from the facility to prevent harbourage of pests.
Refuse containers should be emptied regularly.
3.2.2.5 Cleaning, maintenance and sanitation
Workers and visitors should take effective measures (e.g. wash hands) before entering greenhouses.
Plant debris and cull piles should be removed promptly from inside the structure. There should be no plant
refuse around the outside of the structure or nearby to attract or harbour pests.
Each businesses operating primary production should have written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
that relate to health, hygiene and sanitary facilities. The SOPs should address worker training, facilities and
supplies to enable workers to practice proper hygiene, and company policies relating to expectations for worker
hygiene as well as illness reporting.
All workers should properly wash their hands using soap and clean, running water before handling leafy
vegetables, particularly during harvesting and post harvest handling. Workers should be trained in proper
technique for hand washing and drying.
If gloves are used, a procedure for glove use in the field should be documented and followed. If the gloves are
reusable, they should be made of materials that are readily cleaned and sanitized, should be cleaned as
needed and stored appropriately. If disposable gloves are used, they should be discarded when they become
torn, soiled, or otherwise contaminated.
Non-essential persons and casual visitors, particularly children, should not be allowed in the harvest area as
they may present an increased risk of contamination.
The following should be considered
Growers should provide areas away from the field and packing lines for workers to take breaks and eat. For
worker convenience, these areas should contain toilet and hand washing facilities so workers can practice
proper hygiene.
All workers should be trained in proper use of hygienic facilities. Training should include toilet use, proper
disposal of toilet paper or equivalent, and proper hand washing and drying procedures.
As far as possible, such facilities should be located close to the field and readily accessible to the work area:
Sanitary facilities should be located in a manner to encourage their use and reduce the likelihood that workers
will relieve themselves in the field. Facilities should be in sufficient number to accommodate personnel (e.g. 1
per 10 people) and be appropriate for both genders if workforce contains males and females.
Portable facilities should not be located or cleaned in cultivation areas or near irrigation water sources or
conveyance systems. Growers should have a standard plan that identifies the areas where it is safe to put
portable facilities and to prevent traffic in case of a spill.
Facilities should include clean running water, soap, toilet paper or equivalent, and single use paper towels or
equivalent.
Farm and packinghouse managers should be encouraged to observe symptoms of diarrhoeal or food
transmissible communicable diseases and reassign workers as appropriate.
Employees should be encouraged to notice and report symptoms of diarrhoeal or food transmissible
communicable diseases.
Medical examination of food handlers should be carried out if clinically or epidemiologically indicated.
When personnel are permitted to continue working with cuts and wounds covered by water proof dressings,
they should wear gloves to cover the bandages thereby providing a secondary barrier between them and the
fresh leafy vegetables they handle.
Workers should wear clean clothes and bathe daily.
3.2.3.4 Personal behaviour
Personal items (e.g. purses, backpacks, clothes, etc.) should be stored away from production areas.
Growers and harvesters should adopt the following sanitary practices:
Employees should be trained to follow SOPs for the maintenance requirements of equipment used for growing
and harvesting.
All safety guards should be used and maintained according to manufacturers instructions. Such equipment
should be maintained in good order.
23 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Equipment used to harvest leafy vegetables by cutting or mowing should be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized
before use and cutting edges should be kept smooth and sharp.

The field should be evaluated for the presence of hazards or contamination prior to harvest to determine if
the field should be harvested.
Written SOPs should be developed for appropriate handling, storage, and transport.
Excessive dirt and caked mud should be removed from product and/or containers during harvest.
If water is used to remove dirt and debris from leafy vegetables in the field, clean water should be used.
Harvesting methods vary depending upon the characteristics of the product. Mechanical harvesting provides
opportunity for increased surface contact exposure and may cause damage that could lead to penetration of
plant tissues by microorganisms. Specific control measures should be implemented to minimize the risk of
contamination from microorganisms associated with the method, such as prevention of sucking up soils and
other field contaminants and components that may damage or cut plants.
Personal hygiene is critical with manual harvesting due to the amount of human handling that could lead to
contamination of the leafy vegetables.
Proper cleaning and sanitation of equipment is also important for manual and mechanical harvesting, since
knives and other equipment used can wound fresh leafy vegetables, lead to cross contamination, and
provide entry for contaminants that may be in soil and water.
Over-filling of totes and bins should be avoided to prevent transfer of contaminants to produce during
stacking.
Refer to the Code of Hygienic Practice for the Transport of Food in Bulk and Semi-Packed Food (CAC/RCP 47-
2001). In addition, the following should be considered:
Fresh leafy vegetables may be transported to the packing, cooling and cold storage facility by numerous modes
of transportation. Transportation should be managed to reduce or control the risk of contamination. Each
transporter should have its own SOP for shipping containers/trailers to verify that they are clean, sanitary, and
in good structural condition.
Fresh produce should not be transported in vehicles used previously to carry animal manure or biosolids.
Receptacles in vehicles and/or containers are not to be used for transporting anything other than foodstuffs
where this may result in contamination. Where conveyances and/or containers are used for transporting
anything in addition to foodstuffs or for transporting different foodstuffs at the same time, there is, where
necessary, to be effective separation of products.
Fresh leafy vegetables are perishable products that should be carefully handled. Damage will adversely affect
the quality of the product and may increase its potential for microbial contamination. Damaged product should
be discarded.
Maintaining optimum temperatures of leafy vegetables between 1-5oC throughout the supply chain or
minimizing the time they are exposed to higher temperature will limit microbial proliferation and, depending on
the type of the product, may be optimum for quality. Consideration should be given to the type of product,
particularly certain fresh herbs (e.g. basil and shiso) that are chill sensitive and may require higher storage
temperatures to prevent quality deterioration that could leave the product vulnerable to foodborne pathogens.
For this type of product, minimizing the time it is exposed to a higher temperature might be preferable to
maintaining the temperature below 5oC.
Cover product to maintain integrity of the load.

Harvesting containers that come into direct contact with leafy vegetables should not be utilized for purposes
other than holding product (e.g. should not hold personal items, waste, etc.).
Single use primary containers such as cardboard boxes or clamshells should not be reused in food contact
applications.
Containers should be covered and stored in a location and in a manner to prevent possible contamination (e.g.
pests, birds, rodents, dust, water, etc.).
Damaged containers should be repaired or replaced.
Containers that come into direct contact with the soil should not be stacked in such a manner as to allow soil
and debris to contaminate fresh leafy vegetables.
24 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Policies should be established for the control of equipment when it is not in use, including policies for the
removal of equipment from the work area or site and for the use of scabbards, sheathes or other storage
equipment.
Harvesting equipment, including hand harvesting implements (knives, pruners, corers, machetes) that come in
direct contact with fresh leafy vegetables, should be cleaned and sanitized at least daily or as the situation
warrants.
Clean water should be used to clean all equipment directly contacting fresh leafy vegetables, including farm
machinery, harvesting and transportation equipment, containers and implements.
Cleaning and disinfection programmes should not be carried out in a location where the rinse might
contaminate fresh leafy vegetables.
Where appropriate or necessary, cleaning and sanitizing procedures should be tested to ensure their
effectiveness.

Refer to the Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Listeria
monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods (CAC/GL 61-2007). In addition, the following should be considered:
Packing activities can occur in the field or in facilities. Field pack operations should implement the same
sanitary practices where practical or modify as needed to minimize risks.
The provisions below apply to facilities that pack, cool and process fresh leafy vegetables.
4.1.1 Establishments
Floors and walls should be of a material that is easily cleanable and does not pose a risk for harbourage or
growth of foodborne microorganisms.
Pipes should not leak and condensation should be minimized to avoid dripping on product or packing
equipment
Adequate drainage is critical to packing, cooling and processing facilities to avoid the risk of contaminating the
fresh leafy vegetables. To ensure adequate drainage of standing water:
Drainage in the facility should be designed with sloped floors to effectively drain standing water.
Floors should be kept as dry as possible using appropriate methods.
Food handlers should have proper training to remove standing water or push standing water to the drains.
Drains should be cleaned periodically to prevent build-up of biofilms that may contain organisms of concern
(e.g. Listeria monocytogenes).
Areas for garbage recyclables and compostable waste should be identified and all waste should be stored and
disposed of in a manner to minimize contamination.
Waste should be disposed of on a frequent basis to avoid attracting pests (e.g. flies, rodents).

Establishments should pay special attention to product flow and segregation from incoming soiled to outgoing
washed product to avoid cross-contamination.

5.2.2.1 Receipt and inspection of raw materials
Prior to preparation, damaged or decayed material (both at harvest and at the processing plant) should be
trimmed and/or discarded.
Water quality management will vary throughout all operations. Packers should follow GMPs to prevent or
should be dependent on the stage of the operation. For example, clean water could be used for initial washing
stages, whereas water used for final rinses should be of potable quality.
Clean or preferably potable water should be used when water is applied under pressure or vacuum during
washing as these processes may alter the leaf structure and force pathogens into plant cells.
25 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Where appropriate, the pH, hardness, temperature of the post-harvest water should be controlled and
monitored, e.g., where these impact the efficacy of the antimicrobial treatments.
Water recirculated for reuse in the establishment should be treated and maintained in conditions that do not
constitute a risk to the safety of fresh leafy vegetables. For example the following may be used to maintain the
suitability of the water: primary screening, secondary filtration, and antimicrobial treatment process.
Certain post harvest treatments, i.e. paraffin and fungicides, should not be used for fresh leafy green
vegetables.
5.2.2.4 Cooling of fresh leafy vegetables
Fresh leafy vegetables can be cooled immediately after harvest by either, using ice (parsley), forced-air cooling,
vacuum cooling (iceberg lettuce), hydrocooling, or spray-vacuum (hydrovac) cooling. Water used in post-
harvest operations may contaminate fresh leafy vegetables if there is direct contact of water containing human
pathogens with edible portions of the plant.
For fresh leafy vegetables and the control of inputs such as water used for cooling, particular attention should
be paid to:
Water used to cool fresh leafy vegetables should be free from human pathogens.
Water that is used in hydrovacs should be clean or preferably potable. Water that is used only once and is not
recirculated is preferable. If recirculated water is used, water disinfectant at sufficient levels to reduce the
potential risk of cross-contamination should be used and monitored.
Cooling equipment should be cleaned and sanitized on a regular basis according to written procedures to
ensure that the potential for cross contamination is minimized.
5.2.2.6 Cutting, slicing, shredding and similar pre-cut processes
Maintain sharpness and condition of knives and cutting edges to maintain product quality and safety.
Cutting equipment should be cleaned and sanitized on a regular basis according to written procedures to
ensure that the potential for cross contamination is minimized
Microbiological testing can be a useful tool to evaluate and verify the effectiveness of safety and sanitation
practices, provide information about an environment, a process, and even a specific product lot, when sampling
plans and methodology are properly designed and performed. The intended use of information obtained (e.g.
evaluating the effectiveness of a sanitation practice, evaluating the risk posed by a particular hazard, etc.) can
aid in determining what microorganisms are most appropriate to test for. Test methods should be selected that
are validated for the intended use. Consideration should be given to ensure proper design of a microbiological
testing programme. Trend analysis of testing data should be undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of food
safety control systems.

Where practicable, a comprehensive written food safety control plan that includes a written description of each
of the hazards identified in assessing environmental hygiene and the steps that will be implemented to address
each hazard should be prepared by the businesses operating primary production. The description should
include, but is not limited to: an evaluation of the production site, water and distribution system, manure use
and composting procedures, personnel illness reporting policy, sanitation procedures, and training
programmes.
The following are examples of the types of records that should be retained:
Microbiological testing results and trend analyses
Water testing results
Employee training records
Cleaning and sanitation reports
Inspection/audit records
26 CAC/RCP 53-2003
5.8 TRACEABILITY/PRODUCT TRACING AND RECALL PROCEDURES

The traceability/product tracing system should be designed and implemented according to the Principles for
Traceability/Products Tracing as a Tool within a Food Inspection and Certification System (CAC/GL 60-2006),
especially to enable the withdrawal of the products, where necessary..
Detailed records should be kept that link each supplier of the product with the immediate subsequent recipient
of the food throughout the supply chain. The information should include, if available, the packer name, address,
and phone, date packed, date released, type of food including brand name and specific variety (e.g. Romaine
lettuce rather than just lettuce), lot identification, and number of items,
The following are examples of the types of records that should be retained to facilitate traceability:
o Shipping documents
o Invoices
o Other records maintained by the firm that identifies the supplier and the buyer
o Operators such as growers and producers and, in cases where contract harvesters are used, harvesters should
keep current all relevant information on agricultural activities such as information concerning each lot, date
harvested, grower contact information, harvest practices, if water used in harvesting, water quality.
In fresh-cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat salad operations, multiple ingredients from different sources may be
combined in a single package. This practice can complicate efforts to trace leafy vegetables to their source.
The processors should consider establishing and maintaining records to identify the source of each ingredient
in the product.
8. TRANSPORTATION
2001).

9.3 LABELLING
Refer to the General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) and In
addition, the following should be considered:
Consumers handling information should provide specific directions for product storage and use, including
regarding the use-by date or other shelf-life indicators when provided. Consumers need clear guidance on
keeping washed RTE bagged fresh leafy vegetables refrigerated until used.
9.4 CONSUMER EDUCATION

All stakeholders - government, industry, consumer organizations and the media - should work together to
communicate clear consistent messages on handling fresh leafy vegetables safely to avoid giving contradictory
advice and causing confusion.
Consumer information on handling fresh leafy vegetables safely should cover:
Selecting produce in the marketplace (supermarkets, retailers). Many fresh leafy vegetables such as lettuce are
fragile and should be handled with care to avoid mechanical damage and to minimize microbiological contamination.
Transporting to home. Increases in product temperatures during transportation can be considerable. Time in transit
for fresh leafy vegetables between retail/markets and the home should be kept as short as possible.
Storage/refrigeration of fresh leafy vegetables.
Washing leafy vegetables as appropriate with potable running water. Products labelled washed and ready-to-eat
should not be rewashed.
Correct hand washing methods using soap and potable water before handling fresh leafy vegetables should continue
to be promoted to consumers.
Cross-contamination. Consumers need to handle, prepare and store fresh leafy vegetables safely to avoid cross-
contamination with pathogens from various sources e.g., hands, sinks, cutting boards, raw meats.
Specific information for fresh-cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat bagged salads. Consumers need specific and clear
guidance on how to safely handle fresh-cut, pre-cut or ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy vegetables. Clear labelling is there
important. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that some consumers find it difficult to distinguish between product
that can be consumed without further washing and that which requires washing before consumption, particularly
bagged produce such as herbs and spinach.
10. TRAINING

27 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Making education and training a priority for all personnel.
10.2 TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

Where required personnel involved in fresh leafy vegetable operations should receive training appropriate to their
tasks and should be periodically assessed while performing their duties to ensure tasks are being completed
correctly. Training should be delivered in a language and manner to facilitate understanding of the information and
expectations. Training programmes should be designed to help personnel understand what is expected of them and
why and it should emphasize the importance of using hygienic practices. A well-designed training programme
considers the barriers to learning of the trainees and develops training methods and materials to overcome those
barriers.
To accommodate the complexity of situations that exist in fresh leafy vegetable operations, the following training
considerations should be addressed:
Longstanding entrenched trainee behaviours, attitudes and social taboos
Transient nature of workforce with no prior training in food safety and hygiene
Children/infants, who may accompany parents working in the field with the potential for transfer of pathogens with a
human reservoir
Diverse cultural, social and traditional practices
Literacy and education level
Language and dialect of trainees
Need to make food safety practices realistic and easy to implement (identify enabling factors, motivators and
incentives)
Raising awareness among trainees of symptoms and signs of disease and encourage them to act upon it (take
personal responsibility for health)
Importance of food safety training when new crops are being grown for the first time
Training programmes should be regular, updated particularly when there is a change in product variety or process
recorded, monitored for effectiveness and modified when necessary.
Increased emphasis on training in cold chain logistics and management is recommended in line with advancing
knowledge and technologies for both refrigeration and temperature monitoring and expanding international trade.
28 CAC/RCP 53-2003
ANNEX IV
ANNEX FOR MELONS
INTRODUCTION
Melons, such as cantaloupe, watermelon, and honeydew, are often consumed alone, mixed with other foods
in salads and other dishes and as garnishes. They are popular in meals and as snacks, and in some countries
melons are a regular part of the diet. The popularity of melons has remained high as they are readily available
in many countries all year round. In recent years there has been a focus on marketing not only whole melons,
but pre-cut products, convenience products in packages, or in salad bars to appeal to consumers. Adding to
consumer appeal for melons is the availability of new varieties that are seedless and the introduction of
sweeter hybrid varieties.
Like other fresh fruits and vegetables that are eaten raw, the safety of melon products depends on maintaining
good hygienic practices along the food chain during primary production, packing, processing, retail, and at the
point of consumption. International outbreak data and reported illnesses raise concerns regarding the safety of
melon products. There have been a number of outbreaks associated with melon consumption with a large
number being caused by Salmonella spp2. Additionally other pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes have
been associated with foodborne outbreaks from melons. The major risk factors that have been identified as
contributing to melon outbreaks include: poor temperature control (including extended holding at ambient
temperature and poor cold storage), infected food handlers and poor personal hygiene. As fresh and pre-cut
melon products move through the food chain, there is also the potential for the introduction, growth and
survival of foodborne pathogens due to cross contamination (arising from poor hygiene practices for
personnel, transport, retail outlets, utensils or consumers). Moreover, morphological characteristics of certain
types of melons, for instance netted rind, will be prone to attachments by microbial pathogens. Fresh melons
are consumed without further processing treatment that would eliminate or inactivate pathogens, if present .
SECTION 1 - OBJECTIVES
Hygienic recommendations for the primary production of fresh fruits are covered in general under the Code of
Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 53-2003). The primary purpose of this Annex is
to provide specific guidance on how to minimize microbiological hazards during primary production through
packing and transport of fresh melons, including fresh melons processed for the pre-cut market and consumer
use.
SECTION 2 - SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITION
2.1 SCOPE
This annex covers specific guidance related to all areas, from primary production to consumption, of fresh
melons that are intended to be consumed without further microbiocidal steps.
2.2 USE
used in conjunction with it and other applicable codes such as the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits
and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 53-2003) and Annex I, the Annex for Ready-to-Eat Fresh Pre-cut Fruits and
Vegetables, and the Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP
44-1995).
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Refer to definitions in the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables. In addition, the following expressions have the meaning stated:
Cull means to remove any product that shows signs of physical damage (such as skin breaks or decay).
Ground spot means the point of direct contact where melons sit directly on the soil or on top of thin plastic
mulch.
Melons in this document refers to whole and/or pre-cut cantaloupe (also known as muskmelons and
rockmelons), honeydew, watermelon and other varieties of melons.
2
Report of the FAO to the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene Working Group on the development of an Annex on melons for the Code
of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RPC 53-2003)
29 CAC/RCP 53-2003
SECTION 3 - PRIMARY PRODUCTION
Fresh melons are grown in production sites indoors (e.g. greenhouses) and outdoors, harvested, and either
field-packed or transported to a packing establishment.
Potential sources of environmental contamination should be identified prior to production activities. This is
important because contamination that occurs during production may not be removed during subsequent steps.
In addition, melons grown in warm, humid conditions may favour growth and survival of foodborne pathogens.
Growers should take steps to minimize the potential for contamination from any sources identified.
Particular attention should be given to potential sources of faecal contamination in the melon production area
and to vectors which may introduce faecal contamination to the production and handling areas. These vectors
include, but are not limited to, humans, domestic and wild animals, or indirectly from contaminated water,
insects, or fomites such as dust, tools and equipment.
Consideration of production site location should include an evaluation of the slope and the potential for runoff
from nearby fields, the flood risk as well as hydrological features of nearby sites in relation to the production
site.
The proximity of high risk production sites, such as animal production facilities, hazardous waste sites and
waste treatment facilities, should be evaluated for the potential to contaminate melon production fields or the
water sources used with microbial or other environmental hazards via, for example, run-off, faecal material,
aerosols or organic waste. When the risks are serious these production sites should not be used for melon
production.
When the environmental assessment identifies a potential food safety risk, measures should be implemented to
minimize contamination of melons at the production site. Consideration should be given to changing the
landscape surrounding melon production fields, such as the construction of a shallow ditch to prevent runoff
from entering the fields, to reduce the potential for pathogen contamination of melons in the production site.
The effects of some environmental events, such as heavy rains, cannot be controlled. For example, heavy rains
may increase melons' exposure to pathogens if soil contaminated with pathogens splashes onto melon
surfaces. Consideration could be given to harvesting earlier if the weather forecasts heavy rain or to delaying
harvest and performing extra washing when heavy rains have recently occurred.
Many animal species (e.g. insects, birds, amphibians, chickens, feral pigs, livestock and domestic or wild dogs)
and humans that may be present in the production environment are known to be potential carriers of foodborne
pathogens. Animals are a common source of contamination of surface water that may be used for irrigation.
Domestic and wild animals should be excluded from production and handling areas, to the extent possible,
using appropriate biological, cultural, physical and chemical pest control methods. Methods selected should
comply with local, regional, and national environmental and animal protection regulations.
Melon production and handling areas should be properly maintained to reduce the likelihood of vector
attraction. Activities to consider include efforts to minimize standing water in fields, restrict access by animals to
water sources (may be based on local ordinances for public irrigation systems), and keep production sites and
handling areas free of waste and clutter.
Melon production sites and handling areas should be evaluated for evidence of the presence of wildlife or
domestic animal activity (e.g. presence of animal faeces, hairs/furs, large areas of animal tracks, burrowing, or
decomposing remains). Where such evidence exists, growers should evaluate the risks and whether the
affected sections of the melon production sites should be harvested.
3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF MELONS
Special consideration should be given to production practices specific to melon production because of the
unique characteristics of the melons and the rind of some melons and because melons frequently contact soil
directly during growth and development. Melons may have smooth or netted rind surfaces. Netted rind
surfaces, in contrast to smooth rind surfaces, provide an environment where microbial pathogens may more
easily adhere to, survive on, and become more difficult to eliminate during post-harvest practices. It is
recommended that growers use production practices that prevent or minimize contact of melons, particularly
those with netted rinds, with soil, soil amendments (including natural fertilizers) or irrigation water.
Some growers place melons on cups (i.e. small plastic pads) or plastic mulch-covered beds (wider and more
elevated during the wet season), or halved bamboo segments to minimize direct melon-to-soil contact and
thereby reduce ground spot development. Melons also may be hand-turned multiple times by agricultural
workers during the growing season to prevent sunburn or ground spot development or covered with
biodegradable materials such as rice straw to prevent sunburn. Melon rind ground spots have been
demonstrated to have significantly greater microbial populations than non-ground spot areas and, therefore,
may be more susceptible to microbial contamination. If cups or biodegradable materials are used underneath
melons, the following are recommended:
Use plastic mulch under cups to minimize cup and melon contact with the soil.
Ensure cups are clean and sanitary before setting them under the melons.
30 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Ensure that employees follow good hygienic practices when turning melons on the cups or during harvesting
operations.
Use biodegradable materials only once to prevent cross-contamination.

Growers should identify the sources of water used on the farm (municipality, re-used, irrigation water, reclaimed
wastewater, discharge water from aquaculture, well, open canal, reservoir, rivers, lakes, farm ponds, etc.). It is
recommended that growers assess and manage the risk posed by these waters as follows:
Assess the potential for microbial contamination (e.g. from animals, human habitation, sewage treatment,
manure and composting operations) and the waters suitability for its intended use. Reassess the potential for
microbial contamination if events, environmental conditions (e.g. temperature fluctuations, heavy rainfall, etc.)
or other conditions indicate that water quality may have changed.
Identify and implement corrective actions to prevent or minimize contamination. Possible corrective actions may
include fencing to prevent large animal contact, proper maintenance of wells, filtering water, not stirring the
sediment when drawing water, building settling or holding ponds, and water treatment facilities. Settling or
holding ponds that are used for subsequent irrigation may attract animals or in other ways increase the
microbial risks associated with water for irrigating melons. If water treatment is needed, consult with water
safety experts.
Determine if microbial and chemical testing should be done to evaluate the suitability of water for each intended
use. Analytical testing may be necessary after a change in irrigation water source, flooding or a heavy rainfall
when water is at a higher risk of contamination. If testing, determine and document.
o What tests need to be performed, (e.g. which pathogens and/or sanitary indicators)
o Which parameters should be noted (e.g. temperature of water sample, water source
location, and/or weather description),
o How often tests should be conducted,
o What the test outcomes indicate, and
o How tests will be used to define corrective actions.
Frequency of testing should depend on the source of the irrigation water (less for adequately maintained deep
wells, more for surface waters) and the risks of environmental contamination, including intermittent or
temporary contamination (e.g. heavy rain, flooding, etc.).
If water testing is limited to non-pathogenic indicators, frequent water tests may be useful to establish the
baseline water quality so that subsequent changes in the levels of contamination can be identified.
If the water source is found to have unacceptable levels of indicator organisms or is contaminated with
foodborne pathogens, corrective actions should be taken to ensure that the water is suitable for its intended
use. Testing frequency should be increased until consecutive results are within the acceptable range.
3.2.1.1.1 Water for irrigation
Netted melon rind surfaces, in contrast to smooth rind surfaces, may foster greater attachment and survival of
foodborne pathogens. For this reason, the quality of irrigation water and type of irrigation method used is an
important consideration. Growers should consider the following:
Avoid overhead irrigation methods, particularly with netted rind melons, because wetting the outer rind of
melons increases the risk of pathogen contamination. Overhead irrigation also enhances downy mildew
infection in melons.
Subsurface or drip irrigation presents the least risk of contaminating melon surfaces. For drip irrigation, care
should be taken to avoid creating pools of water on the soil surface or in furrows that may come into contact
with melon rinds.
Clean water, should be used in the application of aqueous fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural
chemicals that are directly applied to the surface of melons, especially close to harvest. Foodborne pathogens
can survive and grow in many agrichemical solutions, including pesticides.
3.2.1.1.4 Water for harvesting and other agricultural uses
Clean water should be used for other agricultural purposes, such as dust abatement, hydration, use as a
lubricant, and to maintain roads, yards, and parking lots in areas where melons are grown. This would include
water used to minimize dust on dirt roads within or near melon production sites.
Manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers may contain human or animal waste, animal parts or products, or
be composed primarily of plant materials. Because of this, foodborne pathogens may be present and may
persist for weeks or even months, particularly if treatment of these materials is inadequate.
Growers should consider the following when using any of these materials:
31 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Use proper treatment by physical, chemical or biological methods to reduce the risk of potential human
pathogen survival.
Composting, if done properly, can be a practical and efficient method to inactivate foodborne pathogens in
manure. In general, only fully decomposed animal waste or plant material should be applied to melon fields.
When using aerobic composting methods, regularly and thoroughly turn compost heaps to ensure that all of the
material will be exposed to elevated temperatures because pathogens can survive for months on the heap
surface.
When using anaerobic methods, special consideration should be given to determine the length of time needed
to inactivate pathogens that may be present.
Use of untreated and/or partially treated manure, biosolids, and other natural fertilizers should not be used after
plant emergence or after a transplant is put into the soil, unless it can be demonstrated that product
contamination will not occur.
Where appropriate, each business operating primary production operations should have written Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs) that relate to health, hygiene and sanitary facilities. The SOPs should address
worker training, facilities and supplies to enable agricultural workers to practice proper hygiene, and company
policies relating to expectations for worker hygiene as well as illness reporting.
All agricultural workers should properly wash their hands using soap and clean running water before handling
melons, particularly during harvesting and post-harvest handling. Agricultural workers should be trained in
proper techniques for hand washing and drying.
reusable, they should be made of materials that are easily cleaned and disinfected, and they should be cleaned
regularly and stored in a clean area. If disposable gloves are used, they should be discarded when they
become torn, soiled, or otherwise contaminated.
Non-essential persons, casual visitors and, to the extent possible, children, should not be allowed in the harvest
area as they may present an increased risk of contamination.
Growers should consider providing areas away from the field and packing lines for agricultural workers to take
breaks and eat. For worker convenience, these areas should provide access to toilet and hand-washing
facilities so that agricultural workers can practice proper hygiene.
As far as possible, sanitary facilities should be located close to the field and readily accessible to the work area.
Sanitary facilities should be located in a manner to encourage their use and reduce the likelihood that
agricultural workers will relieve themselves in the field. Facilities should be present in sufficient number to
accommodate all personnel.
Portable facilities should not be located or cleaned in cultivation areas or near irrigation water sources or
conveyance systems. Growers should identify the areas where it is safe to put portable facilities.
Facilities should include clean running water, soap, toilet paper or equivalent, and single use paper towels or
equivalent. Multiple use cloth drying towels should not be used. Hand sanitizers should not replace hand
washing and should be used only after hands have been washed.
If clean running water is not available, an acceptable alternative hand washing method should be
recommended by the relevant competent authority.
` The following should be considered:
Growers should be encouraged to note symptoms of diarrhoeal or food-transmissible, communicable diseases,

and reassign agricultural workers as appropriate.
Agricultural workers should be encouraged and, where feasible, be motivated with appropriate incentives to
report symptoms of diarrhoeal or food-transmissible, communicable diseases.
Medical examination of agricultural workers should be carried out if clinically or epidemiologically indicated.
When personnel are permitted to continue working with cuts and wounds covered by water proof dressings,
melons they handle.
32 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Standard operating practices should be developed for the maintenance, cleaning and disinfecting operations of
growing and harvesting equipment. In addition:
Agricultural workers should be trained to follow the SOPs.
Cutting equipment used to harvest melons should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before use and cutting
edges should be kept smooth and sharp.
Melons such as cantaloupe are harvested based on the melons stage of maturity as judged by the formation of
an abscission zone between the vine and the melon. After the vine is separated from the melon, a stem scar is
left on the fruit. Melon stem scars may provide a potential route for entry of foodborne pathogens, if present, to
the edible portion of the melons. It is recommended that post-harvest handling practices be implemented to
minimize stem scar and rind infiltration, such as during washing operations, of foodborne pathogens into the
edible portions of melon flesh. Where appropriate, written SOPs should be developed and implemented for safe
handling, storage and transport of melons. It should be considered that the length of storage for melons at a
recommended temperature depends on the stage of maturity when melons are harvested.
Specific control methods should be implemented to minimize the risk of cross-contamination from micro-
organisms associated with manual harvesting methods. The following should be considered:
The field should be evaluated for the presence of hazards or contamination prior to harvest to determine if the
field should be harvested.
Particularly with manual harvesting, as well as field packing operations, good personal hygiene should be
implemented to prevent surface contamination of melons.
Proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment should be done since knives, if improperly used, can wound
melon rinds and provide a point of entry for contaminants that may be in soil and water.
Avoid setting melons directly on soil after removal from the vine and before loading into transport vehicle to
avoid contaminating the melon with contaminants in the soil.
Harvest containers that come into contact with melons should not be used for purposes other than holding
product (e.g. should not hold personal items, waste, etc.).
Melons are susceptible to damage during harvest and post-harvest handling operations. The following should
be considered:
When padding is used with post-harvest handling equipment to prevent damage to melons, it should be
constructed of material that can be cleaned and disinfected. Ensure that padding is cleaned and disinfected
before and during use.
Minimize mechanical damage such as rind punctures, cracks, and bruising, as these wounds may provide entry
points for pathogens and sites for microbial survival and multiplication.
Train agricultural workers to recognize and not harvest damaged melons.
Dispose of culled melons in a way that melon culls will not attract animal and insect pests. This will reduce the
potential for contaminating melons still on the vine.
3.3.2 Storage and Transport from the production site to the packing/processing facility
2001)
Transportation of fresh melons should be managed to reduce or control the risk of contamination. Each
transporter should have its own SOP for shipping containers/trailers to confirm that they are clean, sanitary and
in good structural condition.
Fresh melons should not be transported in vehicles used previously to carry animals, animal manure or
biosolids and pesticides unless they are adequately cleaned and disinfected. Receptacles and vehicles and/or
containers, when being used to transport melons, are not to be used for transporting anything which may result
in contamination of melons.
Where conveyances and/or containers are used for transporting anything in addition to foodstuffs or for
transporting different foodstuffs at the same time, there should, where necessary, be effective separation of
products.
When not in use, cleaned harvest containers and transport trailers should be covered and kept in a location and
in a manner to prevent possible contamination (e.g., such as from pests, birds, rodents, dust, water, etc.).
Damaged containers or transport trailers should be repaired or replaced.

33 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Harvesting equipment, including knives, pruners, machetes, that come into direct contact with melons should
be cleaned and disinfected at least daily or as the situation warrants.
Clean water should be used to clean all equipment directly contacting melons, including farm machinery,
harvesting and transportation equipment, containers and knives.
Cleaning and disinfection programmes should not be carried out in a location where the rinse water might
contaminate melons.
Where appropriate or necessary, cleaning and disinfecting procedures should be validated to ensure their effectiveness.
SECTION 4 ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES
Refer to the Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Listeria
monocytogenes in Ready-to-eat Foods (CAC/GL 61-2007).
The provisions below apply to packing and processing establishments of melons.
4.2 PREMISES AND ROOMS
It is important to consider the sanitary design and layout for packing/processing equipment and the
establishment because of the seasonal nature of the melon harvest. Packing/processing establishment
operations may be used only a few months of the year and thus be dormant for many months, leaving them
susceptible to pest infestations. When dormant, packing/processing establishment should be appropriately
protected from pest infestations. Their design should allow thorough cleaning and disinfection of food contact
surfaces to ensure microbial pathogens do not become established in the facility or on the equipment.
4.4 FACILITIES
Adequate drainage is critical to packing, cooling and processing facilities to avoid the risk of contaminating
melons. To ensure adequate drainage of standing water, consider the following:
Drainage in the facility should be designed with sloped floors to effectively drain standing water.
Floors should be kept as dry as possible using appropriate methods.
Standing water should be removed or pushed to the drains.
Drains should be cleaned periodically to prevent build-up of biofilms that may contain organisms of concern
(e.g. Listeria monocytogenes).
Areas for garbage recyclables and compostable waste should be identified and all waste should be stored and
disposed of in a manner to minimize contamination.
Waste should be disposed of on a frequent basis to avoid attracting pests (e.g. flies, rodents).
SECTION 5 - CONTROL OF OPERATION

Prevention of contamination is a key control point for all produce operations, including melon operations.
Establishments should pay special attention to product flow and segregation of incoming soiled and outgoing
washed product to avoid cross-contamination. If melons pass over brushes during the operations, care should
be taken to ensure they do not damage or cross-contaminate the melons. They should be routinely inspected,
cleaned and adjusted as needed.
Water is often used in dump tanks to transport melons from field containers into the packing or processing
establishment. If the temperature of the water in the dump tank is cold and the internal temperature of the
melons is hot from field heat, a temperature differential is created that may aid in the infiltration of microbial
pathogens into the rind and/or the edible portion of the fruit. The following should be considered when using
post-harvest water:
Clean water should be used in dump tanks. Disinfectants may reduce, but will not eliminate microbial
pathogens if present, as they are primarily used to disinfect the water.
34 CAC/RCP 53-2003
It is recommended that the time melons remain in dump tank water be minimized.
Minimize or avoid fully submerging melons in colder dump tank water. When submerged, water is more likely to
infiltrate into the melons.
Where appropriate, the pH, soil (including organic) load, turbidity, water hardness, product through-put capacity
should be controlled and monitored to ensure the efficacy of the antimicrobial treatment.
Water temperatures should be higher than the internal temperatures of melons, so as to minimize the risk of
water infiltration.
Fungicides may be applied to melons by use of an aqueous spray or immersion to extend the post-harvest life
of the fruit. The following are recommended:
Clean or preferably potable water should be used in water-based chemical treatments to ensure that the water
used is of sufficient microbial quality for the intended use and does not contaminate the melons with foodborne
pathogens.
If hot water treatments are used as an alternative to post-harvest chemical fungicide treatments, it is
recommended that the water temperature and time be evaluated and monitored to ensure that the water
temperature and time is maintained and that antimicrobial agents are present in the water at sufficient levels for
the temperature used.
5.2.2.3 Cooling melons
Forced air cooling operations can avoid the risk of melon infiltration with cooling water, but also may spread
product contamination if forced-air cooling equipment is not cleaned and disinfected regularly.
Water that is used in hydro-coolers should be potable. Water that is used only once and not recirculated is
preferable.
If water is used for cooling and is recirculated, it should be evaluated and monitored to ensure that disinfectant
levels are sufficient to reduce the potential risk of cross-contaminating melons.
Cooling and cold storing melons as soon as possible after harvest is recommended to prevent multiplication of
foodborne pathogens, if present, on or from the rind surface of melons.
Cooling equipment should be cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis according to written procedures to
ensure that the potential for cross-contamination is minimized.
5.2.2.5 Cutting, slicing and peeling melons
Melons should be washed with potable water before cutting or peeling.
Before cutting or other processing, a further reduction in microbial contamination may be achieved by scrubbing
in the presence of a sanitizer or application of an alternative surface decontamination process such as hot
water, steam or other treatments.
Cutting or peeling knife blades should be cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis according to written
procedures to reduce the potential for cross-contaminating melons during the cutting or peeling process.
Knife blade disinfecting solutions should be monitored to ensure that the disinfectant is present at sufficient
levels to achieve its intended purpose and does not promote the potential for cross-contamination.
It is recommended that pre-cut melons should be wrapped/packaged and refrigerated as soon as possible and
distributed under refrigeration temperatures (i.e. 4 C or less).
Microbiological testing can be a useful tool to evaluate and verify the effectiveness of safety and sanitation
practices, provide information about an environment, a process, and even a specific product lot, when sampling
plans and methodology are properly designed and performed. The intended use of information obtained (e.g.,
evaluating the effectiveness of a sanitation practice, evaluating the risk posed by a particular hazard, etc.) can
aid in determining what micro-organisms are most appropriate to test for. Test methods should be selected that
are validated for the intended use. Consideration should be given to ensure proper design of a microbiological
testing programme. Trend analysis of testing data should be undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of food
safety control systems.
Where dry dump stations are used for unloading field containers (e.g. bins, gondolas, trailers, or wagons),
melon contact surfaces (including padding materials to protect melons from physical damage) should be
constructed of material that can be cleaned and disinfected.
35 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Where wet dump stations are used for unloading field containers, the containers should not be directly
immersed into dump tanks, where they have been in direct contact with the soil, to reduce the potential for
product cross-contamination with field or road debris.
Avoid using whole melons that have visible signs of decay or damaged rinds (e.g. mechanical damage or
cracking) due to the increased risk for microbial contamination in melons.
Damaged or decayed melons should be discarded in a manner that does not serve to attract pests.
Where practicable, a written food safety control plan that includes a written description of each of the hazards
identified in assessing environmental hygiene, as well as the steps that will be implemented to address each
hazard, should be prepared by the business operating the primary production. The description should include,
but is not limited to, the following: an evaluation of the production site, water and distribution system, manure
use and composting procedures, personnel illness reporting policy, sanitation procedures and training
programmes.
Microbiological testing results and trend analyses
Water monitoring and test results
Cleaning and sanitation reports
In the event of a foodborne illness outbreak associated with melons, maintaining appropriate records of
production, processing, packaging and distribution may help to identify the source of contamination in the
melon food chain and facilitate product recalls. Growers/packers/processors/distributors should consider
developing and maintaining a traceability/product tracing system. The traceability/product tracing system should
be designed and implemented according to the principles for Traceability/Products Tracing as a Tool within a
Food Inspection and Certification System (CAC/GL 60-2006), especially to enable the withdrawal of the
products, where necessary.
of the melons throughout the food chain. The information needed to link each supplier should include, if
available, the packer name, address, and phone number, date packed, date released, type of melon (e.g.
cantaloupe, watermelon, etc.) including brand name, lot identification and number of lots, and transporter.
SECTION 6 ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

6.1 MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING
6.1.1 General
Food contact surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected before the start of the season and throughout the
melon season to ensure microbial pathogens do not become established in the facility or on the equipment.
6.3 PEST CONTROL SYSTEMS
Melons have a very high sugar content and are extremely attractive to flies and other insects that may cross-
contaminate melons. It is recommended that an aggressive melon cull disposal and waste removal programme
be implemented to reduce the potential for insect-to-melon contamination.
SECTION 8 TRANSPORTATION
Refer to the Code of Practice for the Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 44-
1995)
36 CAC/RCP 53-2003
SECTION 9 PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS

9.4 CONSUMER EDUCATION3
All stakeholders government, industry, consumer organizations and the media should work together to
communicate clear consistent messages on handling melons safely to avoid giving contradictory advice and
causing confusion.
Consumer information on handling melons safely should cover:
Avoiding the selection of melons with damaged rinds or rotten areas.
Transporting to home. Increase in product temperature during transportation can be considerable. Time in
transit for pre-cut melons between retail/market and the home should be kept as short as possible.
Storage/ refrigeration of whole and pre-cut melons. Whole melons should preferably be stored in a cool
environment. All prepackaged and pre-cut melons should be refrigerated as soon as possible.
Once removed from the refrigerator, pre-cut fruit should be consumed as soon as possible.
Washing and/or scrubbing whole melons, particularly the netted varieties, (i.e. cantaloupes) using potable
running water and where appropriate, disinfectant solutions. Pre-cut products should not be rewashed.
Correct hand washing methods4.
Cross-contamination. Consumers need to handle, prepare, and store melons safely to avoid cross-
contamination with pathogens from various sources (e.g., hands, sinks, cutting boards, utensils, raw meats).
SECTION 10 TRAINING
Personnel involved in primary production, packing, processing or transport operations of melons should receive
training appropriate to their tasks and should be periodically assessed while performing their duties to ensure
tasks are being completed correctly. Training should be delivered in a language and manner to facilitate
understanding of what is expected of them and why, and should emphasize the importance of using hygienic
practices. A well-designed training programme considers the barriers to learning of the trainees and develops
training methods and materials to overcome those barriers.
All agricultural workers should be trained in proper use of hygiene facilities. Training could include, for example,
toilet use, proper disposal of toilet paper or equivalent, and proper hand washing and drying procedures.
The following training considerations should be addressed:
Longstanding entrenched trainee behaviours, attitudes or personal beliefs
Transient nature of workforce with no prior training in food safety and hygiene
Concerns about children/infants who may accompany parents working in the production site with the potential
for transfer of pathogens with a human reservoir
Diverse cultural, social and traditional practices
Literacy and education level
Language and dialect of trainees
Need to make food safety practices realistic and easy to implement (identify enabling factors, motivators and
incentives)
Raising awareness among trainees of the symptoms and signs of disease and encourage them to act upon it
(taking personal responsibility for health)
Training programmes should be repeated periodically, and updated whenever there is a change in the product,
process or staff and monitored for effectiveness and modified when necessary.
Increased emphasis on training in cold chain logistics and management is recommended, in line with
advancing knowledge and technologies for both refrigeration and temperature monitoring and expanding
international trade.
3
The WHO Five Keys to Safer Food message and its supporting materials offer simple and clear guidance for food handlers including
consumers on safe food handling (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/consumer/en/5keys_en.pdf ).
4
WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care.
37 CAC/RCP 53-2003
ANNEX I
ANNEX V
ANNEX ON BERRIES
INTRODUCTION
Berry crops are geographically diverse and represent a wide range of phenotypically unique fruits. Not only
are they diverse in the size, shape and colours of their fruits, they are also diverse horticulturally, from low
growing berries (e.g. strawberries), to small bushes (e.g. blackberries, blueberries, raspberries) and tall shrubs
(e.g. blackcurrant and gooseberry). All are perennial but some are cultivated as annuals (e.g. strawberry);
most are cultivated while others are collected from the wild (e.g. wild blueberries).
These fruits are relevant to international trade due to increasing consumption of fresh produce and
globalization as a result of changes and/or optimization in production and distribution. There is increasing
awareness on the risk factors associated with berry consumption on the part of public health officials. Berries
have been associated with several foodborne illness outbreaks caused by a broad range of etiological agents,
from viruses (Hepatitis A, Norovirus)5, to bacteria (E. coli O26, O157:H7)6,7 and protozoa (Cyclospora
cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum)1.
Most berries are conveniently marketed as ready to eat fruits. The handling of berries during production and
harvesting and the broad range of etiological agents that have been associated with berry consumption
suggest that the safety of those fruits that are consumed raw is highly dependent on maintaining good
hygienic practices along the food chain, including up to the point of consumption.
SECTION 1 - OBJECTIVES
Hygienic recommendations for the primary production of fresh fruits are covered in general under the Code of
Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 53-2003). The primary purpose of this Annex is
to provide specific guidance to minimize microbiological hazards during primary production through packing
and distribution of fresh berries, as well as fresh berries that are processed without a microbiocidal step (e.g.
frozen berries eaten raw and ready-to-eat berries) and consumer use.
SECTION 2 - SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 SCOPE
This Annex covers specific guidance related to all areas, from primary production to consumption, of berries
that are intended to be consumed raw (e.g., fresh berries) and/or are processed without a microbiocidal step.
This Annex encompasses all edible varieties of strawberries (i.e. Fragaria L), raspberries (i.e. Rubus idaeus
L.), blackberries (i.e. Rubus spp.), mulberries (i.e. Morus L.), blueberries (i.e. Vaccinium spp.), currants and
gooseberries (i.e. Ribes L.) and groundcherries (i.e. Physalis peruviana L.).
For wild berries only the measures for handling and post harvest activities (i.e. from Section 3.3.3 onwards)
apply.
2.2 USE
used in conjunction with it and other applicable codes such as the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits
and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 53-2003), Annex I, the Annex for Ready-to-Eat Fresh Pre-cut Fruits and
Vegetables, Annex II of the Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control
of Viruses in Food (CAC/GL 79-2012), the Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruits and
Vegetables (CAC/RCP 44-1995) and the Code of Practice for the Processing and Handling of Quick Frozen
Foods (CAC/RCP 8-1976).
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Refer to definitions in the General Principles of Food Hygiene and the Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh
Fruits and Vegetables.
5
Report - Microbiological hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables of reference for an FAO/WHO Expert Consultation to support the development
of commodity-specific annexes for the Codex Alimentarius.
6
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) outbreaks, United States. CDC Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (2006)
7
Fresh Strawberries From Washington County Farm Implicated In E. coli O157 Outbreak In NW Oregon. At
http://oregon.gov/ODA/FSD/strawberries.shtml (2011)
38 CAC/RCP 53-2003
SECTION 3 - PRIMARY PRODUCTION
Berries are grown in production sites indoors (e.g. greenhouses) and outdoors, harvested, and may be field
packed or transported to a packing establishment.

Consideration of production site location should include an evaluation of the slope and the potential for runoff
from nearby fields, flood risk as well as hydrological features of nearby sites in relation to the production fields.
Growers should take measures to mitigate the risks associated with runoff and flooding, e.g. mapping the
production field, terracing, construction of a shallow ditch to prevent runoff from entering the fields, etc.
The effects of some environmental events, such as heavy rains, cannot be controlled. For example, heavy
rains may increase the exposure of berries to pathogens if soil contaminated with pathogens splashes onto
fruit surfaces. Where appropriate, growers should take into consideration natural uncontrolled events, such as
heavy rains and evaluate postponing harvesting berries for direct consumption berries and/or to subject the
berries to a treatment that will minimise the risk from pathogens. The risk of contamination is greatest when
heavy rains cause flooding and flood waters come in direct contact with berries; berries that have been
contacted with flood waters should not be used.
Wet berries are very susceptible to spoilage and often resemble overripe berries leaking juice. Growers
should allow a drying period, if possible, before harvesting berries to reduce the risk of contamination with
foodborne pathogen.
The proximity of high risk production sites, such as animal production facilities, hazardous waste sites and
waste treatment facilities, should be evaluated for the potential to contaminate production fields or the water
sources used with microbial or other environmental hazards via, for example, runoff, faecal material, aerosols
or organic waste. When the risks are high these production sites should not be used for berry production
unless adequate measures can be taken to mitigate the risks.
Many wild and domestic animal species and humans that may be present in the production environment are
known to be potential carriers of foodborne pathogens. Domestic and wild animals and human activity can
present a risk both from direct contamination of the crop and soil as well as from contamination of surface
water sources and other inputs. The following should be considered:
Domestic and wild animals should be excluded from the production area, to the extent possible, using
appropriate biological, cultivation, physical and chemical pest control methods. Methods selected
should comply with local, regional, and national environmental protection regulations.
Berry production areas should be properly maintained to reduce the likelihood of vector attraction).
Activities to consider include efforts to minimize standing water in fields, restrict access by animals to
water sources (may be based on local ordinances for public irrigation systems), and keep production
sites and handling areas free of waste and clutter.
Berry production areas should be evaluated for evidence of the presence of wildlife or domestic
animal activity (e.g. presence of animal faeces, bird nests, hairs/furs, large areas of animal tracks,
burrowing, or decomposing remains). Where such evidence exists, growers should evaluate the risks
and whether the affected parcel of the berry production site should not be harvested for direct
consumption.
3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF BERRIES

Berries are pulpy fruits with high moisture content and a soft skin, which makes them susceptible to physical
damage that accelerates deterioration of berries by increasing water loss and provide conditions for
contamination during production, harvest and transport. Physical damage to the berries may occur during
harvesting from the use of sharp edged storage containers, improper field packing or through careless and
poor handling. Rodents, insects and birds may also damage berries, leading to increased microbial spoilage
and the potential transmission of foodborne pathogens. Growers should take measures to reduce the extent of
damaged fruits during production.
Some berries frequently contact soil directly during growth and/or harvesting. Bird droppings and airborne
contaminants (birds nesting around the packing area, nearby livestock, poultry areas or manure storage or
treatment facilities, etc.) may also pose a risk of contamination to berries. Growers should use production
practices (e.g. site selection, wind breaks) to minimize the contact of berries with airborne contaminants and
limit contact with the soil, animal droppings, soil amendments (including natural fertilizers) or direct contact
with irrigation water .
Where materials are used under the berries during growing, to minimize contact with the soil, e.g. mulch or
biodegradable materials (e.g. straw) or during harvest, e.g. plastic or biodegradable materials (e.g. leaves or
papers as liners of biodegradable baskets), to collect harvested fruits, it is recommended that:
Plastic should be clean and sanitary.
If biodegradable materials and/or mulch are used, they should be applied only once and not reused in
order to prevent cross contamination.
39 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Only clean water should be used for berry production. Growers should identify the sources of water used on
the farm (municipality, re-used, irrigation water, reclaimed wastewater, discharge water from aquaculture, well,
open canal, reservoir, rivers, lakes, farm ponds, etc.). Growers should assess and manage the risk posed by
water as follows:
Assessing the microbial quality of the sources of water used on the farm for the presence of
pathogens should include a documented check detailing the potential for microbial contamination from
all possible human and/or animal faecal sources of contamination (e.g. from animals, human
habitation, leaks from sanitary facilities on field, sewage treatment, manure and composting
operations) and the waters suitability for its intended use. In the case of identified contamination
sources of the water used on the farm, corrective actions should be taken to minimize the risk of
contamination. The effectiveness of corrective actions should be verified.
Identifying and implementing corrective actions is a means to prevent or minimize contamination of
water for primary production (e.g. settling or holding ponds that are used for subsequent irrigation
and/or harvesting may attract animals or in other ways increase the microbial risks associated with
water for irrigation). Possible corrective actions may include fencing to prevent large animal contact,
proper maintenance of wells, filtering water, not stirring the sediment when drawing water, building
settling or holding ponds, and water treatment facilities. If water treatment is needed, consult with
water safety experts.
Determine if microbial and chemical testing should be done to evaluate the suitability of water for
each intended use. Analytical testing may be necessary after a change in irrigation water source,
flooding or a heavy rainfall when water is at a higher risk of contamination. If testing, determine and
document.
o What tests need to be performed, (e.g. which pathogens and/or sanitary indicators)
o Which parameters should be noted (e.g. temperature of water sample, water source
location, and/or weather description),
o How often tests should be conducted,
o What the test outcomes indicate, and
o How tests will be used to define corrective actions.
Frequency of testing should depend on the source of the irrigation water (less for adequately
maintained deep wells, more for surface waters) and the risks of environmental contamination,
including intermittent or temporary contamination (e.g. heavy rain, flooding, etc.).
If water testing is limited to non-pathogenic indicators, frequent water tests may be useful to establish
the baseline water quality so that subsequent changes in the levels of contamination can be identified.
If the water source is found to have unacceptable levels of indicator organisms or is contaminated
with foodborne pathogens, corrective actions should be taken to ensure that the water is suitable for
its intended use. Testing frequency should be increased until consecutive results are within the
acceptable range.
Reassessment of the potential for microbial contamination is necessary when events or other conditions
indicate that water quality may have changed.
The use of untreated manure and liquid manure should be avoided to the extent possible. Foodborne
pathogens can persist in soil for long periods of time and as some berries have a short production cycle, they
could become contaminated by pathogens in the manure.
Growers who are purchasing manure, biosolids and other natural fertilizers that have been treated to reduce
microbial or chemical contaminants should obtain documentation from the supplier that identifies the origin,
treatment used, tests performed and the results thereof. Growers may also evaluate the need to verify the
information provided by the supplier on testing for contamination of natural fertilizer samples or auditing the
composting process.
Personal hygiene is critical with manual harvesting due to the amount of human handling that could lead to
contamination of berries. Whenever possible, harvesting, packing and inspection processes should be
designed to reduce fruit handling. All agricultural workers should properly wash their hands using soap and
clean running water and dry their hands before handling berries, particularly during harvesting and post-
harvest handling.
reusable, they should be made of materials that are easily cleaned and disinfected, and they should be
cleaned regularly and stored in a clean area. If disposable gloves are used, they should be discarded when
they become torn, soiled, or otherwise contaminated. Glove use alone is not a suitable substitute for good
hand washing practices.
40 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Where appropriate, each business operating primary production should have written Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs) that relate to health, hygiene and sanitary facilities. The SOPs should address worker
training, facilities and supplies to enable agricultural workers to practice proper hygiene, and company policies
relating to expectations for worker hygiene as well as illness reporting.
Non-essential persons, casual visitors and, to the extent possible, children, should not be allowed in the
harvest area as they may present an increased risk of contamination.
Growers should consider providing areas away from the field and packing lines for agricultural workers to take
breaks and eat. For worker convenience, these areas should provide access to toilet and hand-washing
facilities so that agricultural workers can practice proper hygiene.
As far as possible, sanitary facilities should be located close to the field and readily accessible to the work
area.
Sanitary facilities should be located in a manner to encourage their use and reduce the likelihood that
agricultural workers will relieve themselves in the field. Facilities should be present in sufficient
number to accommodate all personnel.
Portable facilities should not be located or cleaned in cultivation areas or near irrigation water sources
or conveyance systems. Growers should identify the areas where it is safe to put portable facilities.
Facilities should include clean running water, soap, toilet paper or equivalent, and single use paper
towels or equivalent. Multiple use cloth drying towels should not be used. Hand sanitizers should not
replace hand washing and should be used only after hands have been washed.
If clean running water is not available, an acceptable alternative hand washing method should be
recommended by the relevant competent authority.
3.2.3.2 Health Status
Growers should be encouraged to recognise symptoms of diarrhoeal or food-transmissible
communicable diseases, and reassign agricultural workers as appropriate.
Agricultural workers should be encouraged and, where feasible, be motivated with appropriate
incentives to report symptoms of diarrhoeal or food-transmissible communicable diseases.
Medical examination of agricultural workers should be carried out if clinically or epidemiologically
indicated.
When personnel are permitted to continue working with cuts and wounds covered by waterproof dressings,
berries they handle or, otherwise they should be reassigned to another working area where they do not handle
berries directly.
Standard operating practices should be developed for the maintenance, cleaning and disinfecting operations
of growing and harvesting equipment, which include the following:
Containers used repeatedly during harvest should be cleaned after each load.
Containers (including liners of containers made from biodegradable materials) that are no longer
cleanable should be disposed of since they may increase the risk of microbial contamination of
berries.
Harvesting containers should not be placed directly on the ground.
If the containers are stored outside, they should be cleaned and disinfected before being used to
transport berries.

Some berries may have high respiration rates making them more perishable. Enzymes and biochemical
reactions play an important role in the ripening process but also accelerate spoilage of damaged fruits and
increase susceptibility of berries to microbial contamination.
Growers should implement safe handling, transport and storage practices and immediately cool berries after
harvesting. Precooling (i.e., rapid removal of field heat) berries after harvesting (e.g. within the first 2 hours) is
important to maintain freshness and quality and contributes to the control of foodborne pathogens. When
required, growers should use potable water for ice and hydrocooler when precooling to minimize risks of
contamination.
Manual harvest considerations:
o Appearance and firmness of berries are commonly associated with fruit quality and freshness. Over
handling the berries may damage and affect fruit quality. Moreover, adverse temperatures during
41 CAC/RCP 53-2003
harvesting in hot and/or humid weather also decreases quality and may affect food safety due to fruit
damage and juice leakage, which may spread contamination over healthy fruits.
o Growers should have a responsible person to supervise harvesting at all times to assure harvesters
use proper hand washing and follow procedures not to harvest wet, bruised and/or damaged fruits.
Additionally, berries that have fallen on the ground should be discarded unless they are processed
with a microbiocidal step.
o Growers should take measures to train agricultural workers on safe handling, transport and storage
practices to ensure that berries are immediately cooled after harvesting.
Mechanical harvest considerations:
o Mechanical harvest is a common practice for some berries and may create food safety hazards if the
equipment breaks down during the harvest, if it has received poor maintenance and cleaning or if it
damages the fruit.
o Growers should avoid moving harvesting equipment across fields where manure or compost was
applied.
o Before and after harvesting growers should perform proper cleaning and disinfection of all surfaces of
equipments that have been in contact with berries. Moreover harvesting equipment should be cleaned
and disinfected seasonally or as needed (e.g. if the equipment runs over an area with heavy animal
intrusion and faecal deposits).
Specific control methods should be implemented to minimize the risk of cross-contamination from
microorganisms associated with harvesting methods. The following should be considered:
The extent of soil and extraneous matter debris on the fruit during and after harvesting may pose a
risk of foodborne contamination. Growers should take measures to improve sorting and selection of
berries.
Harvest workers should not handle culled fruit in the field in order to prevent cross-contaminating
healthy berries during harvest. It is recommended that culls be removed from the field by a worker
who is not harvesting healthy fruit.
Poor hygienic practices of agricultural workers in the field can significantly increase the risk of
contaminating berries. In order to prevent microbial cross-contamination of berries, growers should
continually reinforce the importance of good hygienic practices during pre-harvest, harvest and post-
harvest activities.
3.3.3 Field packing
Preference should be given to the field packing into consumer ready containers of berries that will not be
washed after harvest (e.g. strawberries), to minimize the possibility of microbial contamination through
additional handling steps.
Growers should ensure that clean pallets and containers (disinfected where necessary) are used and take
measures to ensure that the containers do not come into contact with soil and manure during field packing
operations.
SECTION 4 PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) in conjunction with the Guidelines on the
Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat
Foods (CAC/GL 61-2007).
4.1 LOCATION
4.1.2 Equipment
Whenever possible, equipment should be designed and placed to facilitate cleaning and disinfection, and to
prevent build-up of biofilms that may contain foodborne pathogens of concern.
4.2 PREMISES AND ROOMS

Premises and rooms should be designed to separate the area for incoming berries from the field (areas for
incoming soiled and outgoing washed berries) from the area for handling. This can be accomplished in a
number of ways, including linear product flow.
Where feasible, raw material handling areas should be separated from processing/packing areas. Within each
of these areas, cleaning operations should be conducted separately to avoid cross-contamination between
equipment and utensils used in each operation.
For products that are not immediately wrapped or packed (i.e. the berries are exposed to contaminants from
the environment), the rooms where final products are packaged and stored should be designed and
maintained to be as dry as possible. The use of water or having a wet environment enhances the growth and
spread of foodborne pathogens.
42 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Berry packing and/or processing establishments may be seasonal, and used for only a few months per year.
The facilities may be dormant for many months, leaving them susceptible to pest infestations. Measures to
minimize pest infestations should be put in place. The design should allow thorough cleaning and disinfection
of food contact surfaces.
SECTION 5 - CONTROL OF OPERATION
Refer to the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) in conjunction with the Guidelines on the
Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Viruses in Food (CAC/GL 79-2012) and
the Code of Practice for the Processing and Handling of Quick Frozen Foods (CAC/RCP 8-1976).

Prevention of contamination is a key control point for berries and packing establishments should pay special
attention to product flow and segregation of incoming soiled and/or damaged and outgoing product to avoid
cross-contamination.
Care should be taken to ensure that berries are not damaged and do not become cross-contaminated during
transport and handling. Prior to packing, berries that are soiled, come with debris (e.g. insects), or that are
damaged, should be inspected and culled.
Culled berries should be removed from the field or packing facility and disposed of to prevent contamination of
other fruit. Culled fruit should be hygienically disposed of to avoid it from attracting pests.

Most berries intended for direct consumption are generally not washed after harvest.
For berries that are washed, clean or preferably potable water should be used. It is recommended that the
quality of the water used in packing establishments be controlled and monitored, i.e. recording testing for
indicator organisms and/or foodborne pathogens.
If water is used in pre-washing and washing tanks, additional controls (e.g. changing water whenever
necessary and controlling of product throughput capacity) and monitoring (e.g. recording the pH and
temperature, turbidity, and water hardness should be adopted.
Water used for final rinses should be of potable quality.
Any antimicrobial agents used in the water should be maintained at sufficient levels to ensure that water used
in pre-washing and washing tanks does not act as a source of contamination for the fruit, and to prevent
antimicrobial agents from damaging fruit skin structure.
If antimicrobials and/or disinfectants are used to control foodborne pathogens in post-harvest water, the
efficacy of the treatment should be demonstrated/validated against a target organism under appropriate
conditions (see Section 5.2.3).
Microbiological testing can be a useful tool to evaluate and verify safety and the effectiveness of cleaning
practices and to provide information about an environment, a process, and even a specific product lot, when
sampling plans and methodology are properly designed and performed. The intended use of information
obtained (e.g. evaluating the effectiveness of a sanitation practice, evaluating the risk posed by a particular
hazard, etc.) can aid in determining what microorganisms are most appropriate to test for. Test methods
should be selected that are validated for the intended use. Consideration should be given to ensure proper
design of a microbiological testing programme. Trend analysis of testing data should be undertaken to
evaluate the effectiveness of food safety control systems.
Berries that have undergone cleaning and/or chemical treatment should be effectively separated, either
physically or by time, from raw material and environmental contaminants.
Prevent cross-contamination between raw and washed berries, which will be frozen, from sources such as
wash water, rinse water, equipment, utensils and vehicles.
Only workers who have been trained on hygienic handling should be assigned to pack berries.

The following are recommended:
For berries that are intended to be consumed raw as well as to be frozen, sorting and selection should
be implemented to avoid using fruits that have visible signs of decay or damage due to the increased
risk of microbial contamination.
Berries should be cooled and stored as soon as possible under temperature controls within the
processes.
43 CAC/RCP 53-2003

Where practicable, a written food safety control plan that includes a written description of each of the hazards
identified in assessing environmental hygiene, as well as the steps that will be implemented to address each
hazard, should be prepared by the business operating the primary production. The description should include,
but is not limited to, the following: an evaluation of the production site, water and distribution system, manure
use and composting procedures, personnel illness reporting policy, sanitation procedures and training
programmes.
Microbiological test results and trend analyses
Water monitoring and test results
Storage room temperature levels
Cleaning and disinfection reports

In the event of a foodborne illness outbreak associated with berries, maintaining appropriate records of
production, processing, packaging and distribution may help to identify the source of contamination in the
berry food chain and facilitate product recalls. Growers/packers/processors/distributors should consider
developing and maintaining a traceability/product tracing system. The traceability/product tracing system
should be designed and implemented according to the principles for Traceability/Products Tracing as a Tool
within a Food Inspection and Certification System (CAC/GL 60-2006), especially to enable the withdrawal of
the products, where necessary.
of the berries throughout the food chain. The information needed to link each supplier should include, if
available, the packer name, address, and phone number, date packed, date released, type of berry (e.g.
strawberry, blueberry, etc.) including brand name, lot identification and number of lots, and transporter.
SECTION 6 ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION
6.1 MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING

6.1.1 General
Food contact surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected before the start and throughout the season of the
specific fruit to ensure microbial pathogens do not become established in the facility or on the equipment.
Written SOPs should be developed and implemented for the cleaning and disinfection of equipment used for
post-harvest treatment.
SECTION 8 TRANSPORTATION
Refer to the Code of Practice for the Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (CAC/RCP 44-
1995).
SECTION 9 PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS
9.4 CONSUMER EDUCATION8

All stakeholders government, industry, consumer organizations and the media should work
together to communicate clear consistent messages on handling berries safely to avoid giving
contradictory advice and causing confusion.
Consumer information on handling berries safely should cover:
Avoiding the purchase of trays or cases with damaged or rotten berries.
Transporting to home. Increase in product temperature during transportation can be considerable.
Storage/ refrigeration of berries. Berries should preferably be stored in a cool environment. All
prepackaged berries should be refrigerated as soon as possible.
8 The WHO Five Keys to Safer Food message and its supporting materials offer simple and clear guidance for food handlers including
consumers on safe food handling (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/consumer/en/5keys_en.pdf ).
44 CAC/RCP 53-2003
Once removed from the refrigerator, berries should be consumed as soon as possible.
Correct hand washing methods9.
Cross-contamination. Consumers need to handle, prepare, and store berries safely to avoid cross-
contamination with foodborne pathogens from various sources (e.g. hands, sinks, cutting boards,
utensils, raw meats).
The need to wash berries with potable water before consuming.
SECTION 10 TRAINING

Since producing berries for direct consumption is labour intensive, which increases the risk of contamination
from manipulation, special attention is needed to properly select and train all personnel involved in primary
production, packing, processing or transport operations of berries that are intended to be consumed.
Growers should train personnel to ensure that only experienced pickers harvest berries that are intended for
direct consumption.
All agricultural workers should receive training appropriate to their tasks and should be periodically assessed
while performing their duties to ensure tasks are being completed correctly.
Specific employee training programmes should include the following:
The importance of sorting out berries with visible defects, such as broken skin, decay, mould, soiled
and insect and/or bird damaged fruit.
Agricultural workers should be trained to follow the SOPs .
Training and supervision of the agricultural workers is essential to the success of any harvesting
operation.
Training should be provided and reinforce for agricultural workers on good hygienic practices relevant
to the growing, harvesting and post harvesting activities of berries. Poor hygienic practices can
significantly increase the risk of the microbial contamination.
The importance to minimize post harvest handling, thereby increasing the shelf life and safety of the
berries.
The importance of recognizing and recording field contamination indicators (e.g. broken fences,
animal droppings, high incidence of insects) and taking appropriate measures to mitigate the risks.
The importance of proper berry handling techniques to minimize or prevent damage to the fruit and
microbial contamination.
The importance of proper use of hygienic facilities. Training could include, for example, toilet use,
proper disposal of toilet paper or equivalent, and proper hand washing and drying procedures.
Training in cold chain logistics and management, in line with advancing knowledge and technologies
for both refrigeration and temperature monitoring and expanding international trade.
Training should be delivered in a language and manner to facilitate understanding of what is expected of them
and why, and should emphasize the importance of using hygienic practices. A well-designed training
programme considers the barriers to learning of the trainees and develops training methods and materials to
overcome those barriers.
Training programmes should be repeated periodically, and updated whenever there is a change in the
product, process or staff and monitored for effectiveness and modified when necessary.
Appropriate training records should be kept.
9 WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (WHO, 2009), Part II.2. Hand hygiene technique:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf

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CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR

FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

5.2 Key Aspects of Hygiene control systems

CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE CODE

2. SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

3.3 HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

3.4 CLEANING, MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

4. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES

5.1 CONTROL OF FOOD HAZARDS

5.2 KEY ASPECTS OF HYGIENE CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.2.2.4 Cold storage

5.2.5 Physical and chemical contamination

5.3 INCOMING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

5.5 WATER USED IN THE PACKING ESTABLISHMENT

5.6 MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION

5.7 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

5.8 RECALL PROCEDURES

6. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

7. PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE

9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS

10.1 AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

10.2 TRAINING PROGRAMMES

ANNEX FOR READY-TO-EAT FRESH PRE-CUT FRUITS

2. SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS

4. ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES

5.1 CONTROL OF FOOD HAZARDS

5.2 KEY ASPECTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

5.2.2.1 Receipt and inspection of raw materials

5.7 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

5.8 RECALL PROCEDURES

6. ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

7. ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE

9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS

10.2 TRAINING PROGRAMMES

ANNEX FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION

2. SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS

3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF SEEDS

3.2 HYGIENIC PRODUCTION OF SEEDS

3.3 HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

3.5 RECALL PROCEDURES

4. ESTABLISHMENT FOR SPROUT PRODUCTION

5.2.2.9 Storage of finished product

5.2.3.2 Testing of sprouts and/or spent irrigation water

5.3 INCOMING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

5.7 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

6. ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

7. ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE

9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS

10.1 AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2. SCOPE, USE AND DEFINITIONS

3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

3.2 HYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES

3.2.1.1.4 Water for harvesting and other agricultural uses

3.3 HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT