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    Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues (Liver)

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    Uloko Christopher
    The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body capable of regeneration. It has multiple lobes and is supplied by both the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs over 500 essential functions including protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, production of bile, storage of vitamins and minerals, and breakdown of toxins like alcohol. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue.

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    Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues (Liver)

    Uploaded by

    Uloko Christopher
    682 views24 pages
    The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body capable of regeneration. It has multiple lobes and is supplied by both the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs over 500 essential functions including protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, production of bile, storage of vitamins and minerals, and breakdown of toxins like alcohol. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue.

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    Biochemistry

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    Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues( Liver)

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    The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body capable of regeneration. It has multiple lobes and is supplied by both the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs over 500 essential functions including protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, production of bile, storage of vitamins and minerals, and breakdown of toxins like alcohol. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    682 views24 pages

    Biochemistry of Specialized Tissues (Liver)

    Uploaded by

    Uloko Christopher
    The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body capable of regeneration. It has multiple lobes and is supplied by both the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs over 500 essential functions including protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, production of bile, storage of vitamins and minerals, and breakdown of toxins like alcohol. Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and ultimately cirrhosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Biochemistry of

    Specialized Tissues( liver)


    Dr. Samina Hyder Haq
    Assistant professor
    Collage of Science
    King Saud university
    Liver characteristics
    The largest glandular organ in the body.
    It is one of the few internal organ capable of regeneration.
    25% of the liver tissue can regenerate into whole liver.
    Superficially has four lobes right, left, caudate, and quadrate
    The falciform ligament:
    Separates the right and left lobes anteriorly
    Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior
    abdominal wall.
    It is supplied with Hepatic art carries oxygen rich blood
    from the aorta and
    The portal vein carries blood containing digested food
    from the small intestine, stomach, spleen, pancrease and
    large intestine.
    Anatomy of Liver
    Liver Histology
    Bile System
    Liver Function
    1. It performs 500 jobs and 1,000 essential enzymes.
    The functional unit is hepatocytes.
    Excreted directly
    2. Produces and excrete bile

    3. Perform several role in Stored in gallbladder


    gluconeogenisis
    Carbohydrate metabolism.
    glucogenolysis
    glycogenesis

    Breakdown of insulin & other


    hormones
    Functions of liver
    Serum Albumen
    Protein metabolism
    Soluble plasma Fibrenactin

    Varios globulins

    Cholestrosynthesis
    Lipid metabolism
    Lipogenesis(triglyceroids)
    Liver function
    Produces coagulation factors
    Storage( Glycogen, vit B12, iron, Cu+,many other vitamins stored
    in liver and perform function when activated by the liver Vit B, C, A,
    D, E, K
    In the first trimester liver main site of RBC later
    bone marrow.
    Liver responsible for Immunonological effect the
    reticuloendithelial system of the liver. Liver contain many
    analogical active cells act as a sieve for antigen carried to
    it, via portal system, get rid of bacteria, drug, chemicals.
    Liver Function
    Ammonia to urea

    Breakdown Iinsulin & other hormones

    Haemoglobin creating metabolides(bilurbin

    Breaks down toxins (drugs)


    Breakdowns metabolites of toxic substances
    Metabolise breakdown alcohol
    Liver function Test
    1. ALT: alanine aminotransferase (Found primarily in
    hepatocytes released when cells are hurt or destroyed.)

    2. AST: aspartate aminotransferase (Found in many


    sources, including liver, heart, muscle, intestine, pancreas

    3. Alkaline Phosphatase & Bilirubin(Liver AP rises


    with obstruction or infiltrative diseases (i.e., stones
    or tumors)
    The most abundant bile
    acids in human bile are
    chenodeoxycholic acid
    (45%) and cholic acid
    (31%). These are
    referred to as the
    primary bile acids.
    Within the intestines the
    primary bile acids are
    acted upon by bacteria
    and converted to the Structure of Conjugated cholic acids
    secondary bile acids,
    Synthesis of Bile
    Within the liver the carboxyl group of primary and secondary bile
    acids is conjugated via an amide bond to either glycine or taurine
    before their being re-secreted into the bile canaliculi. These
    conjugation reactions yield glycoconjugates and
    tauroconjugates, respectively. The bile canaliculi join with the
    bile ductules, which then form the bile ducts. Bile acids are
    carried from the liver through these ducts to the gallbladder,
    where they are stored for future use. The ultimate fate of bile acids
    is secretion into the intestine, where they aid in the emulsification
    of dietary lipids. In the gut the glycine and taurine residues are
    removed and the bile acids are either excreted (only a small
    percentage) or reabsorbed by the gut and returned to the liver..
    Composition of Bile
    A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing
    bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral
    fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes
    Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that:
    Emulsify fat
    Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
    Help solubilize cholesterol
    Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts
    The chief bile pigment is bilirubin, a waste
    product of heme
    Gallbladder
    Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the
    ventral surface of the liver
    Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its
    water and ions
    Releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows
    into the bile duct
    Regulation of bile
    Acidic, fatty chyme causes the duodenum to
    release:
    Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin into the
    bloodstream
    Bile salts and secretin transported in blood stimulate the liver to
    produce bile
    Vagal stimulation causes weak contractions of the gallbladder.
    Cholecystokinin causes:
    The gallbladder to contract
    The hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
    As a result, bile enters the duodenum
    Regulation of bile release
    Detoxification of Alcohol by liver
    Ethanol has been a part of the human diet for
    centuries. However, its consumption in excess can
    result in a number of health problems, most
    notably liver damage.
    Ethanol cannot be excreted and must be metabolized, primarily by
    the liver. This metabolism occurs by two pathways. The first
    pathway comprises two steps. The first step, catalyzed by the
    enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, takes place in the cytoplasm:

    :
    Ethanol metabolism
    The second step, catalyzed by aldehyde
    dehydrogenase, takes place in mitochondria.

    ethanol consumption leads to an accumulation of NADH. This high


    concentration of NADH inhibits gluconeogenesis by preventing the
    oxidation of lactate to pyruvate. In fact, the high concentration of
    NADH will cause the reverse reaction to predominate, and lactate will
    accumulate. The consequences may be hypoglycemia and lactic
    acidosis.
    The NADH glut also inhibits fatty acid oxidation. The metabolic
    purpose of fatty acid oxidation is to generate NADH for ATP
    generation by oxidative phosphorylation, but an alcohol consumer's
    NADH needs are met by ethanol metabolism. In fact, the excess
    NADH signals that conditions are right for fatty acid synthesis.
    Hence, triacylglycerols accumulate in the liver, leading to a condition
    known as fatty liver.
    The second pathway for ethanol metabolism is called the
    ethanolinducible microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). This
    cytochrome P450-dependent pathway generates acetaldehyde and
    subsequently acetate while oxidizing biosynthetic reducing power,
    NADPH, to NADP+. Because it uses oxygen, this pathway generates
    free radicals that damage tissues. Moreover, because the system
    consumes NADPH, the antioxidant glutathione cannot be regenerated
    exacerbating the oxidative stress.
    Liver mitochondria can convert acetate into acetyl CoA in a reaction
    requiring ATP. The enzyme is the thiokinase that normally activates
    short-chain fatty acids.

    However, further processing of the acetyl CoA by the citric acid


    cycle is blocked, because NADH inhibits two important regulatory
    enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate
    dehydrogenase.
    The accumulation of acetyl CoA has several consequences.
    First, ketone bodies will form and be released into the blood, exacerbating the
    acidic condition already resulting from the high lactate concentration. The
    processing of the acetate in the liver becomes inefficient, leading to a buildup of
    acetaldehyde. This very reactive compound forms covalent bonds with many
    important functional groups in proteins, impairing protein function. If ethanol is
    consistently consumed at high levels, the acetaldehyde can significantly damage
    the liver, eventually leading to cell death.
    Liver Cirrhosis
    Liver damage(from excessive ethanol consumption occurs in three stages.
    1. The first stage is the development of fatty liver.
    2. In the second stagealcoholic hepatitisgroups of cells die and
    inflammation results. This stage can itself be fatal.
    3. In stage threecirrhosisfibrous structure and scar tissue are
    produced around the dead cells. Cirrhosis impairs many of the
    liver's biochemical functions. The cirrhotic liver is unable to convert
    ammonia into urea, and blood levels of ammonia rise. Ammonia is
    toxic to the nervous system and can cause coma and death.
    Cirrhosis of the liver arises in about 25% of alcoholics, and about
    75% of all cases of liver cirrhosis are the result of alcoholism. Viral
    hepatitis is a nonalcoholic cause of liver cirrhosis.
    Jaundice

    Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the


    skin and of the whites of the eyes caused by
    abnormally high levels of the pigment
    bilirubin in the bloodstream.

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