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Pseudonym
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Main page "Aliases" redirects here. For other uses, see Alias (disambiguation).
Contents A pseudonym (UK pronunciation: /sjudnm/ SYOO-d-nim and US pronunciation: /sudnm/ SOO-
Featured content
d-nim) or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can
Current events
differ from their original or true name (orthonym).[1] Pseudonyms include stage names and user
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia names (both called screen names), ring names, pen names, nicknames, aliases, superhero or
Wikipedia store villain identities and code names, gamer identifications, and regnal names of emperors, popes,
and other monarchs. Historically, they have often taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms, and
Interaction
Latinisations, although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym.[2]
Help
About Wikipedia Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the
Community portal individual's full-time name. Pseudonyms are "part-time" names, used only in certain contexts -
Recent changes usually adopted to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers' pen names, graffiti artists' tags,
Contact page resistance fighters' or terrorists' noms de guerre, and computer hackers' handles. Actors,
musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic
Tools
backgrounds.
What links here
Related changes In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational
Upload file tradition: for example devotional names used by members of some religious institutes, and "cadre
Special pages
names" used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin.
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 names" used by Communist party leaders such as Trotsky and Lenin.
Permanent link
Page information A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons: for example, an individual may prefer to be
Wikidata item called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name, but is not ready to take the
Cite this page numerous steps to get their name legally changed; or an individual may simply feel that the context
and content of an exchange offer no reason, legal or otherwise, to provide their given or legal
Print/export
name.
Create a book
Download as PDF A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the
Printable version co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, or Nicolas Bourbaki.

In other projects
Contents
Wikimedia Commons
1 Etymology

Languages
2 Usage
2.1 Legal name change
Afrikaans
2.2 Concealing identity
Alemannisch
2.2.1 Business

Aragons 2.2.2 Criminal activity
2.2.3 Literature
2.2.4 Medicine
2.2.5 Military and paramilitary organizations
Bosanski 2.2.6 Online activity
Catal 2.2.7 Privacy

2.3 Stage names
etina
2.3.1 Film, theatre, and related activities
Dansk
2.3.2 Music
Deutsch
3 See also
Eesti
4 Notes
Emilin e rumagnl 5 Sources
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 Espaol 6 External links
Esperanto
Euskara
Etymology [edit]
Franais
Frysk The term is derived from the Greek (pseudnymon), literally "false name", from
Furlan (psedos), "lie, falsehood"[3] and (noma), "name".[4] A pseudonym is distinct from
Galego an allonym, which is the (real) name of another person, assumed by the author of a work of art.
This may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a "front"
name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also
Hrvatski
pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship.
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
slenska Usage [edit]
Italiano
Legal name change [edit]


Sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent
Latina and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name.
Latvieu In many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and
Ltzebuergesch become a person's new legal name.
Lietuvi
Lumbaart
For example, in the 1960s, black civil rights campaigner Malcolm Little changed his surname to "X",
to represent his unknown African ancestral name that had been lost when his ancestors were
Bahasa Melayu brought to North America as slaves. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he
Nederlands converted to Islam.[citation needed] Likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon

immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The

politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grn in Poland. He adopted his Hebrew
Napulitano
name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem.[citation needed]
Nordfriisk
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 Norsk bokml
Norsk nynorsk Concealing identity [edit]
Occitan
Business [edit]

Piemontis Businesspersons of ethnic minorities in some parts of the world are sometimes advised by an
Polski employer to use a pseudonym that is common or acceptable in that area when conducting
Portugus
business, to overcome racial or religious bias.[5]
Romn
Runa Simi Criminal activity [edit]

Shqip Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations (corporate shells)
Sicilianu to hide their identity, or to impersonate other persons or entities in order to commit fraud. Aliases
and fictitious business names used for dummy corporations may become so complex that, in the
Simple English words of the Washington Post, "getting to the truth requires a walk down a bizarre labyrinth" and
Slovenina
multiple government agencies may become involved to uncover the truth.[6]
/ srpski
Srpskohrvatski /

Literature [edit]
Suomi A pen name, or "nom de plume" (French for "pen name"), is a
Svenska
pseudonym (sometimes a particular form of the real name)
Tagalog
adopted by an author (or on the author's behalf by their

/tatara
publishers).
Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the

19th century, when writing was a male-dominated profession. The
Walon
Bront family used pen names for their early work, so as not to


reveal their gender (see below) and so that local residents would
Edit links not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood.
The Bronts used their neighbours as inspiration for characters
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 in many of their books. Anne Bront published The Tenant of
A young George Sand (real
Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Bront name "Amantine Lucile Dupin")
published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell.
Emily Bront published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-
known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. Another example is
Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George
Sand.

In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used female pen
names.[7] A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter
O'Donnell (wrote as Madeline Brent) and Christopher Wood (wrote as Penny Sutton and Rosie
Dixon).[7]

A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another
writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. Authors who write both
fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their
readers.

In some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name. One
famous example of this is Samuel Clemens' writing under the pen name Mark Twain. British
mathematician Charles Dodgson, who wrote fantasy novels under the pen name Lewis Carroll and
mathematical treatises under his own name, refused to open letters addressed to him as "Lewis
Carroll".

Some authors, such as Harold Robbins, use several literary pseudonyms.[8]

Some pen names are not strictly pseudonyms, as they are simply variants of the authors' actual
names. The authors C. L. Moore and S. E. Hinton were female authors who used the initialised
forms of their full names. C. L. Moore was Catherine Lucille Moore, who wrote in the 1930s male-
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 dominated science fiction genre, and S. E. Hinton, (author of The Outsiders) is Susan Eloise
Hinton. Star Trek writer D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine) wrote using her abbreviated own name
and also under the pen names Michael Richards and J. Michael Bingham. Author V.C. Andrews
intended to publish under her given name of Virginia Andrews, but was told that, due to a
production error, her first novel was being released under the name of "V.C. Andrews"; later she
learned that her publisher had in fact done this deliberately. Joanne Kathleen Rowling[9] published
the Harry Potter series under the shortened name J. K. Rowling. Rowling also published the
Cormoran Strike series, a series of detective novels including, The Cuckoo's Calling under the
pseudonym "Robert Galbraith".

Winston Churchill wrote under the pen name Winston S. Churchill (from his full surname "Spencer-
Churchill" which he did not otherwise use) in an attempt to avoid confusion with the American
novelist of the same name. In this case, the attempt was not entirely successful and the two are
still sometimes confused by booksellers.[10][11]

A pen name may be used specifically to hide the identity of the author, as in the case of expos
books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym
to disguise the extent of their published output, e.g. Stephen King writing as Richard Bachman.
Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e.g., P. J. Tracy and Perri
O'Shaughnessy. Frederic Dannay and Manfred Lee used the name Ellery Queen as both a pen
name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character.

A famous case in French literature was Romain Gary. Already a well-known and highly acclaimed
writer, he started publishing books under the pen name mile Ajar. He wanted to test whether his
new books would be well received on their own merits and without the aid of his established
reputation, and they were: mile Ajar, like Romain Gary before him, was awarded the prestigious
Prix Goncourt by a jury unaware that both were the same person. Similarly, Ronnie Barker
submitted comedy material under the name of Gerald Wiley.
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 A collective pseudonym may represent an entire publishing house, or any contributor to a long-
running series, especially with juvenile literature. Examples include Watty Piper, Victor Appleton,
Erin Hunter, and Kamiru M. Xhan.

Another use of a pseudonym in literature is to present a story as being written by the fictional
characters in the story. The series of novels known as A Series Of Unfortunate Events are written
by Daniel Handler under the pen name of Lemony Snicket, a character in the series.

An anonymity pseudonym or multiple-use name is a name used by many different people to

protect anonymity.[12] It is a strategy that has been adopted by many unconnected radical groups
and by cultural groups, where the construct of personal identity has been criticised. This has led to
the idea of the "open pop star".

Medicine [edit]

Pseudonyms and acronyms are often employed in medical research to protect subjects' identities
through a process known as de-identification.

Military and paramilitary organizations [edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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In Ancien Rgime France, a nom de guerre ("war name") would be adopted by each new recruit
(or assigned to him by the captain of his company) as he enlisted in the French army. These
pseudonyms had an official character and were the predecessor of identification numbers: soldiers

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 were identified by their first names, their family names, and their noms de guerre (e.g. Jean
Amarault dit Lafidlit). These pseudonyms were usually related to the soldier's place of origin
(e.g. Jean Deslandes dit Champigny, for a soldier coming from a town named Champigny), or to a
particular physical or personal trait (e.g. Antoine Bonnet dit Prettaboire, for a soldier prt boire,
ready to drink). In 1716, a nom de guerre was mandatory for every soldier; officers did not adopt
noms de guerre as they considered them derogatory. In daily life, these aliases could replace the
real family name.[13]

Noms de guerre were adopted for security reasons by members of the World War II French
resistance and Polish resistance. Such pseudonyms are often adopted by military special forces
soldiers, such as members of the SAS and other similar units, resistance fighters, terrorists, and
guerrillas. This practice hides their identities and may protect their families from reprisals; it may
also be a form of dissociation from domestic life. Some well-known men who adopted noms de
guerre include Carlos, for Ilich Ramrez Snchez; Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany; and
Subcomandante Marcos, the spokesman of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation
(EZLN).[citation needed] During Lehi's underground fight against the British in Mandatory Palestine,
the organization's commander Yitzchak Shamir (later Prime Minister of Israel) adopted the nom de
guerre "Michael", in honour of Ireland's Michael Collins.

Revolutionaries and resistance leaders, such as Lenin, Trotsky, Golda Meir, Philippe Leclerc de
Hauteclocque, and Josip Broz Tito, often adopted their noms de guerre as their proper names
after the struggle. George Grivas, the Greek-Cypriot EOKA militant, adopted the nom de guerre
Digenis (). In the French Foreign Legion, recruits can adopt a pseudonym to break with
their past lives. Mercenaries have long used "noms de guerre", even sometimes multiple identities
depending on country, conflict and circumstance.[citation needed] Some of the most familiar noms de
guerre today are the kunya used by Islamic mujahideen. These take the form of a teknonym, either
literal or figurative.
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 Online activity [edit]

Individuals using a computer online may adopt or be required to use a form of pseudonym known
as a "handle" (a term deriving from CB slang), "user name", "login name", "avatar", or, sometimes,
"screen name", "gamertag" "IGN (In Game (Nick)Name)" or "nickname". On the Internet,
pseudonymous remailers utilise cryptography that achieves persistent pseudonymity, so that two-
way communication can be achieved, and reputations can be established, without linking physical
identities to their respective pseudonyms. Aliasing is the use of multiple names for the same data
location.

More sophisticated cryptographic systems, such as anonymous digital credentials, enable users to
communicate pseudonymously (i.e., by identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms). In well-
defined abuse cases, a designated authority may be able to revoke the pseudonyms and reveal
the individuals' real identity.[citation needed]

Use of pseudonyms is common among professional eSports players, despite the fact that many
professional games are played on LAN.[14]

Privacy [edit]

People seeking privacy often use pseudonyms to make appointments and reservations.[15] Those
writing to advice columns in newspapers and magazines may use pseudonyms.[16] Steve Wozniak
used a pseudonym when attending the University of California, Berkeley after cofounding Apple
Computer because, he said, "I knew I wouldn't have time enough to be an A+ student."[17]

Stage names [edit]

Main article: Stage name

When used by an actor, musician, radio disc jockey, model, or other performer or "show business"
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 personality a pseudonym is called a stage name, or, occasionally, a professional name, or screen
name.

Film, theatre, and related activities [edit]

Members of a marginalized ethnic or religious group have often adopted stage names, typically
changing their surname or entire name to mask their original background.

Stage names are also used to create a more marketable name, as in the case of Creighton Tull
Chaney, who adopted the pseudonym Lon Chaney, Jr., a reference to his famous father Lon
Chaney, Sr.

Chris Curtis of Deep Purple fame was christened as Christopher Crummey. In this and similar
cases a stage name is adopted simply to avoid an unfortunate pun.

Pseudonyms are also used to comply with the rules of performing arts guilds (Screen Actors Guild
(SAG), Writers Guild of America, East (WGA), AFTRA, etc.), which do not allow performers to use
an existing name, in order to avoid confusion. For example, these rules required film and television
actor Michael Fox to add a middle initial and become Michael J. Fox, to avoid being confused with
another actor named Michael Fox. This was also true of author and actress Fannie Flagg, who
chose this pseudonym; her real name, Patricia Neal, being the name of another well-known
actress; and British actor Stewart Granger, whose real name was James Stewart. The film-making
team of Joel and Ethan Coen, for instance, share credit for editing under the alias Roderick
Jaynes.[18]

Some stage names are used to conceal a person's identity, such as the pseudonym Alan Smithee,
which was used by directors in the Directors Guild of America (DGA) to remove their name from a
film they feel was edited or modified beyond their artistic satisfaction. In theatre, the pseudonyms
George or Georgina Spelvin, and Walter Plinge are used to hide the identity of a performer,

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 usually when he or she is "doubling" (playing more than one role in the same play).

David Agnew was a name used by the BBC to conceal the identity of a scriptwriter, such as for the
Doctor Who serial City of Death, which had 3 writers, including Douglas Adams, who was at the
time of writing the show's Script Editor.[19] In another Doctor Who serial, The Brain of Morbius,
writer Terrance Dicks demanded the removal of his name from the credits saying it could go out
under a "bland pseudonym".[20][21] This ended up being the name Robin Bland.[21][22]

Music [edit]

Musicians and singers can use pseudonyms to allow artists to collaborate with artists on other
labels while avoiding the need to gain permission from their own labels, such as the artist Jerry
Samuels, who made songs under Napoleon XIV. Rock singer-guitarist George Harrison, for
example, played guitar on Cream's song "Badge" using a pseudonym.[23] In classical music, some
record companies issued recordings under a nom de disque in the 1950s and 1960s to avoid
paying royalties. A number of popular budget LPs of piano music were released under the
pseudonym Paul Procopolis.[citation needed]

Pseudonyms are also used as stage names in heavy metal bands, such as Tracii Guns in LA
Guns, Axl Rose and Slash in Guns N' Roses, Mick Mars in Mtley Cre, or C.C. Deville in Poison.
Some of these names have additional meanings, like that of Brian Hugh Warner, more commonly
known as Marilyn Manson: Marilyn coming from Marilyn Monroe and Manson from convicted serial
killer Charles Manson. Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach went under the name "Coby Dick" during
the Infest era. He changed back to his birth name when lovehatetragedy was released.

Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks, wrote original songs, arranged, and
produced the records under his real name, but performed on them as David Seville. He also wrote
songs using the name Skipper Adams. Danish pop pianist Bent Fabric, whose full name is Bent
Fabricius-Bjerre, wrote his biggest instrumental hit "Alley Cat" under the name Frank Bjorn.
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 For a time, the musician Prince used an unpronounceable "Love Symbol" as a pseudonym
("Prince" is his actual first name rather than a stage name). He wrote the song "Sugar Walls" for
Sheena Easton under the alias "Alexander Nevermind" and "Manic Monday" for The Bangles as
"Christopher Tracy" (he also produced albums early in his career as "Jamie Starr").

Many Italian-American singers have used stage names as their birth names were difficult to
pronounce, or considered too ethnic for American tastes. Singers changing their names included
Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti), Connie Francis (born Concetta Franconero), Frankie Valli
(born Francesco Castelluccio), Tony Bennett (born Anthony Benedetto), and Lady Gaga (born
Stefani Germanotta)

In 2009, British rock band Feeder briefly changed their name to Renegades so they could play a
whole show featuring a setlist in which 95 percent of the songs played were from their forthcoming
new album of the same name, with none of their singles included. Frontman Grant Nicholas felt
that if they played as Feeder, there would be an uproar that they did not play any of the singles,
so used the pseudonym as a hint. A series of small shows were played in 2010, at 250- to 1,000-
capacity venues with the plan not to say who the band really are and just announce the shows as if
they were a new band.

In many cases, hip-hop and rap artist prefer to use pseudonyms that represents some variation of
their name, personality, or interests. Prime examples include Iggy Azalea (her name comes from
her dog name, Iggy, and her home street in Mullumbimby, Azalea street) Ol' Dirty Bastard (who
was known under at least six aliases), Diddy (previously known at various times as Puffy, P. Diddy,
and Puff Daddy), Ludacris, Flo Rida (his name is a tribute to his home state, Florida), LL Cool J,
and Chingy. Black metal artists also adopt pseudonyms, usually symbolizing dark values, such as
Nocturno Culto, Gaahl, Abbath, and Silenoz. In punk and hardcore punk, singers and band
members often replace their real names with "tougher"-sounding stage names, such as Sid Vicious

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 (real name John Simon Ritchie) of the late 1970s band Sex Pistols and "Rat" of the early 1980s
band The Varukers and the 2000s re-formation of Discharge. Punk rock band The Ramones also
had every member take the last name of Ramone. Rob Crow of the rock band Goblin Cock chose
to go by the name "Lord Phallus" during the release of the band's albums. A similar practice
occurred in hardcore with musicians taking the names of their bands, like Kevin Seconds of 7
Seconds and Ray Cappo of Youth of Today who, for a while, billed himself as Ray of Today. The
Norwegian electronic duo Ryksopp's pseudonym for their Back to Mine album was Emmanuel
Splice.

Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., an American singer-songwriter used the stage name John Denver.
The Australian country musician born Robert Lane changed his name to Tex Morton. Reginald
Kenneth Dwight legally changed his name to Elton John in 1972.

See also [edit]

Alter ego
Heteronym
Hypocorism
List of Latinised names
List of pseudonyms
List of pseudonyms used in the American constitutional debates
List of stage names
Mononymous persons
Secret identity

Notes [edit]

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 1. ^ Room (2010, 3).
2. ^ Peschke (2006, vii).
3. ^ , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project
4. ^ , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project
5. ^ Robertson, Nan, The Girls in the Balcony: Women, Men, and The New York Times (N.Y.: Random
House, [2nd printing?] 1992 (ISBN 0-394-58452-X)), p. 221. In 1968, one such employer was The
New York Times, the affected workers were classified-advertising takers, and the renaming was
away from Jewish, Irish, and Italian names to ones "with a WASP flavor".
6. ^ The Ruse That Roared, The Washington Post, 5 November 1995, Richard Leiby, James Lileks
7. ^ a b
Naughton, Julie (1 June 2012). "Yes, Virgil, There Are Men Writing Romance: Focus on
Romance 2012" . Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
8. ^ Rubin, Harold Francis (1916-) , Author Pseudonyms: R. Accessed 27 November 2009.
9. ^ "Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling" (PDF) . The Leveson Inquiry. November 2011.
Retrieved 25 November 2011.
10. ^ The Age 19 October 1940, hosted on Google News. "Two Winston Churchills" . Retrieved
25 October 2013.
11. ^ My Early Life - 1874-1904, hosted on Google Books. Oldham . Retrieved 25 October 2013.
12. ^ Home, Stewart (1997). Mind Invaders: A Reader in Psychic Warfare, Cultural Sabotage and
Semiotic Terrorism . Indiana University: Serpent's Tail. p. 119. ISBN 1-85242-560-1.
13. ^ "Home | Historica - Dominion" . Historica. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
14. ^ Cocke, Taylor (26 November 2013). "Why esports needs to ditch online aliases" . Retrieved
14 May 2015.
15. ^ Ryan, Harriet; Yoshino, Kimi (17 July 2009). "Investigators target Michael Jackson's
pseudonyms" . Latimes.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
16. ^ " ''Toronto Daily Mail, "Women's Kingdom", "A Delicate Question", April 7, 1883, page 5" .
News.google.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2012.

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 17. ^ Stix, Harriet (14 May 1986). "A UC Berkeley Degree Is Now the Apple of Steve Wozniak's Eye" .
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
18. ^ "Roderick Jaynes, Imaginary Oscar Nominee for 'No Country' - Vulture" . Nymag.com. Retrieved
14 October 2012.
19. ^ "BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - City of Death - Details" . bbc.co.uk. Retrieved
18 July 2015.
20. ^ Shannon Patrick Sullivan. "A Brief History of Time (Travel); The Brain of Morbius" . Retrieved
29 April 2006.
21. ^ a b
Gallagher, William (27 March 2012). "Doctor Who's secret history of codenames revealed" .
Radio Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
22. ^ Howe, Walker and Stammers Doctor Who the Handbook: The Fourth Doctor pp 175-176
23. ^ Winn, John (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966
1970 . Three Rivers Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9.

Sources [edit]

Peschke, Michael. 2006. International Encyclopedia of Pseudonyms. Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-3-
598-24960-0.
Room, Adrian. 2010. Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins.
5th rev. ed. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-4373-4.

External links [edit]

An extensive list of pseudonyms Look up pseudonym in

A site with pseudonyms for celebrities and Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
entertainers
Another list of pseudonyms Wikisource has the text of the
1911 Encyclopdia
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 The U.S. copyright status of pseudonyms 1911 Encyclopdia
Britannica article
Pseudonym.

V T E Personal names and anthroponymy

Family name Given name Honorific Legal name (Name change) Maiden and married names Matrilineality
Matronymic Middle name Nickname (Lists of nicknames) Patrial name Patrilineality Patronymic
Pseudonym (Stage name List of pseudonyms List of stage names) Regnal name Religious name
Slave name Surname (Matrilineal Patrilineal Patronymic by country) Teknonymy

Authority control GND: 4047653-4

Categories: Pseudonyms Semantics Word play

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