Beginning

Photoshop

Professor Brad Shirakawa

San Jose State University

AJEEP
July 2012 V-7C
PC Computer

Version for WEB or Projection only

 AJEEP
Beginning Photoshop Syllabus
Course Description
This is a beginning course in Photoshop. It is NOT a photography class.

Course Goals
In six, one hour lessons, students will be able to demonstrate basic photo editing skills for
photojournalists and other types of photography, including public relations, advertising and art
photography.

Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to do the following ma-
jor photo editing skills:
Lesson 1: Zoom and navigate through a photo. Crop, straighten horizon lines and rotate.
Lesson 2: Adjust the image for levels and color. Change modes from RGB to grayscale and
create duotones.
Lesson 3: Dodge and burn specific areas of a photo.
Lesson 4: Use selection tools to further adjust and enhance the image.
Lesson 5: Use the clone tool to repair and manipulate the image.
Lesson 6: Use filters to change the image in artistic and unreal ways.

Required Texts/Readings
There is no textbook.

Other Readings
None required.

Other Equipment
These lessons were designed for Adobe Photoshop CS 5.5, but will apply to older and newer
versions. A CD with the images required for the lessons is included. Those images are also
available for download but require a working internet connection. The CD may be copied for
student use. The photographs do not require permission or royalties.

A Mac or PC computer is required, preferably with at least 2 GB of RAM.

All photographs may be used by permission of the photographer, Brad Shirakawa

July 2012

1
 Assignments and Grading Policy
Each lesson is de- If you had never taken a class in art, could you grade
signed for a one hour a painting or sculpture?
class, however, you
may find that the class At the end of each lesson is an ex- do you grade? It would be helpful if
cannot get through the ample of what the photo could look the instructor has taken photography
entire lesson in one like when done correctly. Because classes.
photography is subjective, there is
hour. not necessarily a perfect result from At the end of most of the lessons
the use of Photoshop on an image. is the final version of the photo
You may chose to NOT after Photoshop has been applied.
use all the material for Each students work may look differ- I suggest you use it as a guide to
the hour if need be and ent from the other, and different from whether the student has done the
the instructors example, yet may still work correctly, or close to. That
either continue the next
demonstrate good use of Photoshop, photo is also inside the folder
time, or simply move making grading difficult. called instructor use. NOT EV-
onto the next lesson. ERY LESSON needs to be graded.
Or you could chose to This presents a quandary for instruc-
extend the lessons be- tors. Just how do you grade a stu- These lessons are more about prac-
yond six lessons. Do dent whose work is different from ticing the skills needed to become
others, yet could be just as valid and good at Photoshop, and less about
not feel bad if your stu- correct? whether an assignment is done per-
dents cannot complete fectly. The only way to become truly
the hours lesson on If you are not that familiar with pho- proficient at Photoshop is to use it of-
time. tography, this can make grading even ten, on a variety of images and situ-
more difficult. ations.
The last lesson, number six,
can be deleted if you need There are no written tests. Each les-
more time to finish the first If the instructor does not know what a son is worth the same amount as the
five. First time users of Pho- good crop is, or good color, just how others.
toshop tend to struggle. After
much practice, students may How do students show you the finished photo for a grade? I recom-
be able to get through the en- mend you devise a way for them to send/give you the finished image
tire lesson in one hour. in a folder with their name on it, so you can know whose photo it is.

Part of the power of Photoshop is its ability to inspire

creativity and expand the possibilities of photography.
Im not sure you can grade that. But if students show
an interest beyond expectations, you have probably suc-
ceeded as an instructor. If they try something in the soft-
ware on their own yet fail, you have probably succeeded.

2
 Notes to the Professor
1) After teaching software for several
years, I personally find lecturing in front
of students to be less than effective.

So when I teach Photoshop, I dont use

a class session to tell them what they are
going to do the next session.

I immediately have them open Photo-

shop, show them around, and have them
open pho-
tos to start The sooner they start using Photoshop, the faster
working on they will catch on. The old lecture hall style of
as soon as teaching doesnt work as well for software, in my
possible.
opinion. So these lessons are written that way.

Ive given you and also your students images to prac-

tice on. They are set up to demonstrate the lesson
well.
I also find that students get lazy. If I dont explain it to them, they will not try to figure it out on their own.

So dont be surprised
if they ask you over
and over to explain
the lesson again. It
just comes with the
territory. Your pa-
tience can be tested.

- The lessons I have

written are based on
my experience as a
professional photo-
journalist and NOT on
books.

I find most books on Photoshop go over

everything. I dont know a single profes-
sional photographer or graphic designer
who knows everything about Photoshop.

So my lessons are about real world use.

Brad Shirakawa

3
Beginning Photoshop Schedule

List the agenda for the semester including where and when the final exam will be held. Indicate the sched-
ule is subject to change with fair notice and how the notice will be made available.

Class Date Topics, Readings, Assignments, Deadlines

1_______________________________________________________________________________

2_______________________________________________________________________________

3_______________________________________________________________________________

4_______________________________________________________________________________

5_______________________________________________________________________________

6_______________________________________________________________________________

4
Glossary
Burn Darken a selected area of a photo
Composition Where the elements are located in the photo.
Crop A method to change the shape of the photo.
Dodge Lighten a selected area of a photo
Duotone A photo that appears to be black and white, with one color added.
Feather A method of softening the edge of a selected area. To make
the selection less noticeable or smoother.
Grayscale A black and white photo.
Highlights The bright, and often white areas of a photo
Histogram A measure of the highlights (bright), middle and dark (shadow)
tones in the image.

Levels A way to adjust the dark, middle and bright tones of a photo
in Photoshop
Overexposed Too much light allowed to reach the cameras recording chip.
The photo appears to be too bright.
Pixel Picture element. The smallest thing in a digital image.
Resolution A measure of how much information is in your image. More info
equals a higher quality image.
RGB Red, Green, and Blue. A color photo mode.
Selection Tools Tools used in Photoshop to select areas of a photo to be
worked on.
Shadow The dark, and sometimes black areas of a photo.
Toning A vague term that means making changes to the images
color, saturation and contrast, etc.
Underexposed Not enough light allowed to reach the cameras recording chip.
The photo appears to be too dark.

5
ETHICS
IN PHOTOJOURNALISM
We use Adobe Photoshop software to change and
manipulate images. This is often done to improve or
enhance an image within certain guidelines that we
specify in photojournalism.

Photojournalists usually only make certain changes

in an image, such as cropping, dodging and burning,
color correction and toning, and resolution. These
guidelines have been in place for decades, to pre-
vent the image from being manipulated to the point
where it is no longer factual or believable.

There are many instances of photojournalists going

beyond the guidelines. When exposed, these pho-
tojournalists usually end up losing their jobs.

The danger lies in that Photoshop makes image ma-

nipulation very easy and sometimes the manipula-
tion seems harmless. It is easy to make a photo-
graph appear better or even perfect. Perfection has
never been the goal of journalism.

Photojournalism is not art, it does not exist to be per-

fect. It exists to tell the most accurate story it can,
given the circumstances. There is no problem pre-
senting a less than perfect image, as long as we do
our best to tell the story honestly and with integrity.

The best photojournalists often make great images,

regardless of the circumstances. Their images often
do not need much fixing or photoshopping to be
highly useful.

Most of the lessons herein fit within those guidelines,

however there are times in Public Relations, Art and
Advertising where those guidelines no longer apply.

So some of the lessons here are not for photo-

journalism, but for the other kinds of photogra-
phy used in PR, Art and Advertising.

6
Introduction
In lesson #1 you will first explain the ba-
sic Photoshop interface (the Toolbox and
Pulldown Menus). Have students open
Photoshop and practice finding the items
noted- in the lesson. This will make it eas-
ier for them once they get further into Pho-
toshop, and easier for you, too.

Next you will describe how to get in and

out of a photo by zooming. Explain that
beginning students will open a photo and
work on it, without ever zooming in to get
a better look at it. They should get used to
zooming in for many Photoshop functions.

Pixels and Resolution are hard to explain

without showing students. Have them
zoom in enough to see what youre talking
about. Resolution is one of the most con-
fusing and poorly understood functions of
digital photography and takes much prac-
tice to comprehend its value. Resolution
effects video, audio and web, too.

It can seem like just another set of num-

bers that dont mean much, until the wrong
numbers slow down your website uploads/
downloads. Or the photo needs to be seen
in print (not the web) and it looks terrible.
The average person has no idea how res-
olution effects their photos, web experi-
ence, the advertising they see in print or
a billboard.

The rest of lesson #1 is about cropping.

Tell your students that cropping is one of
the easiest ways to improve almost any
photo. It can be simple, but can also gen-
erate much discussion over what crop is
the best. Sometimes there is no concrete
answer.

7
Lesson #1: Pull Down Menus
Photoshop looks like most
Adobe products. There are
pull-down menus across the
top and the toolbox is usually
on the left side.

Have students look through

the pull down menus.
Toolbox
Then click through a few of the
tools in the toolbox. Move Tool

Click once and hold on Lasso Tool

the Lasso Tool, and it Polygonal Lasso
will reveal other related Magic Wand Tool Magnetic Lasso
tools underneath.
Crop Tool
We will not go over every tool
or menu in our six lessons.

You do not need to grade

this exercise.

Cloning Tool

Click once and hold on

Dodge Tool
the Burn or Dodge Tool,
and it will reveal other Burn Tool
related tools under- Sponge Tool
neath.

Hand Tool

Zoom Tool

8
Lesson #1:

Navigation and Zoom

The first thing we will do is
navigate and zoom in on an
image.

Go to the File Menu>Open.

Browse to the folder 01-Crop
and open photo 00 Navigate-
magnify-1.

You can zoom in and out of an

image by: Toolbox

-Go to the Toolbox and mouse

click once on the Zoom Tool
(looks like a magnifying
glass) and move it on top
of the photo. Click several
times and zoom IN.

-Once you have zoomed in,

find the HAND TOOL in the
TOOLBOX and bring it over
the photo. Now CLICK ONCE
and HOLD and you can use it
to move around the magnified
image.

-Hold down the Alt Key and

mouse click to zoom OUT.

-Go back to the Toolbox and Image 00 Navigate-magnify-1

mouse click twice on the
Hand tool. That will quickly
return you to the full sized im-
age.

Zoom in/out using Key-

board Shortcuts in-
stead:
Hold down the Control Key
and press the + or - Keys to
zoom in and out.

Go to FILE MENU > Control Key Key + Key

CLOSE. Do not save any
changes you made to the You do not need to grade this exercise. It is sim-
photo. ply to familiarize students with the software.
9
Lesson #1:

Pixels and
Image Resolution
A digital image is made up of
Pixels, which is short for Pic-
ture Elements. Pixels are the
smallest things in a digital im-
age, they are the atoms, if you
will. More pixels also equals
more information.

We measure or describe the

number of pixels in an image
as Image Resolution (Rez).
The more pixels in a picture,
the higher the resolution and
the higher the quality.

So a high resolution image

requires more pixels, or more
digital information. Low reso-
01-72 pixels per inch. 01-300 pixels per inch.
lution images equal fewer pix-
els.
This low quality, low This high quality, high
resolution, web-suitable resolution print-suitable
Most photos you see on the
image has 72 pixels per image has 300 pixels per
web are LOW quality, because
inch. inch, nearly 4 times the
the web does not require high
information of the 72ppi
quality images to look good on
. photo. In these exam-
a computer screen. The web
ples, you will not see
can only display 72 pixels per
the difference until you
inch, no matter what your com-
zoom in on the images.
puters screen resolution is.

Open 01-72 pixels per inch.

Try zooming in until you see

the small squares that make
up the image. Those are pix-
els. This is a low quality image
and it wont take much before
you see the pixels.
Now open 01-300 pixels per inch. This is a high resolution
Also, a high quality image image. Zoom in until you see the pixels. It should take much
takes longer to see on a web more zooming to do so. Thats because there are so many more
page, because it has more pix- pixels in this image.
els to deal with. Downloading
a high rez photo takes longer. We need high rez, or high quality images for print use in newspapers,
magazines, brochures, billboards, flyers, posters, etc. Just about
anytime a photo is used in print, a high quality image is required. A
low rez photo would look terrible in print.

Go to FILE MENU > CLOSE. Do not save any changes you made to
the photo. You do not need to grade this exercise.

10
 Crop or cropping: What is it?

Cropping changes the

shape of the image by
cutting part of the image
off. Many photos can be

CROP improved by cropping.

There is often something

distracting in an image that can be re-
moved by cropping, therefore improving it.
Ask any seasoned professional photogra-
pher and they will tell you that most of their
photos can be improved by cropping.

Horizontal photos can be turned into ver-

ticals, verticals can be changed into hori-
zontals.

Cropping can add impact and immediacy

to the understanding of an image.

It can significantly change the way the

viewer relates to the photo.

To NOT crop means you are ignoring one

of the simplest, yet most important meth-
ods of improving a photo.

Beginning photographers often ignore

cropping. There are practice photos avail-
able to do more cropping, but almost any
student photo could be used to practice
cropping. I recommend you have them
use their own photos to practice beyond
this lesson.

11
 01-crop from dead center-1
Lesson #1:

Cropping

Exercise #1:

-Open image 01-Crop from dead

center.

-Click once on the Crop Tool in the

Toolbox and bring it over the image.

-CLICK and HOLD

and SCROLL across
the image to cre-
ate a cropping box.
Once you let go of
the mouse, you can
still adjust the boundaries of the crop
box. Click on the small boxes in the
corners or sides to make these ad-
justments (see arrows)

Crop away the top and little from the

left and right sides to place the sub-
jects head higher in the frame.

-Double click the mouse to crop.

OR hit the Enter Key on the key-
board to crop.

IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE:

ANY mistake made in Photoshop

can be fixed by going to the KEY-
BOARD and pressing Control + Z
together. This is the UNDO com-
mand.

See the tiny square boxes on the corners

and sides of the photo (see arrows)? You
can place the mouse on any top of one, and
change the shape of your crop box.
12
Many beginning photographers make
the mistake of putting a face in the
center. Most professional portraits
(and many paintings) place the head
higher, NOT in the center. Use the
crop tool to correct this and improve
the photo.

You also removed parts of the pho-

to that were not needed or wasted
space. Professionals do their best to
NOT waste space in a photo.

01-crop from dead center-2 / The finished photo. Use this as a

grading guide. Any photo cropped close to this example would
be an A grade.

13
In order to save the im-
age you changed, do
a Save As instead of a
Save. 1
Go to File Menu>Save As.

1) Set the location to the

DESKTOP.

2) Click on NEW FOLDER to

make a new folder.
2
3) Name the folder with your 4
name.

4) Press SAVE.
3
The photo should appear in
your folder. Ask your instructor
how to give this folder/image to
him/her.

Because you did a SAVE AS

instead of SAVE, you may re-
open the original photo without
any of the changes you made.

Do a SAVE AS for ALL THE

PHOTOS YOU ARE TURNING
INTO YOUR INSTRUCTOR
and save them in this folder. If you SAVE instead of SAVE AS, you will make permanent
any changes you made to the photo, thus making it impos-
sible for the next student to use the image. Do a SAVE AS
for any photo your are turning in for a grade.

14
 History Palette
There is another way to fix
mistakes in Photoshop. Go
to the Window Menu > His-
tory.
Control+Z only fixes the LAST thing
you did. History can fix something
you did much earlier.

When the history palette pops up,

you can click through the history of
whatever you have done to the pho-
to, allow you go to back in time or
go backwards to an earlier version of
the work you have done.

The history palette remembers the

last 15 steps you made. If you wish
to increase this (highly recommend-
ed), go the Photoshop Menu > Pref-
erences > Performance.

Change History States to 50 or high-

er and close the Preferences.

15
 Lesson #1:

Cropping
Many beginning photographers shoot
from too far away. Or you may decide
you want a different composition.

You can improve/change the photo

by using the crop tool to zoom in on
a subject.

Exercise #2

Open the image 02-Crop in tight

Use the Crop Tool to turn this

vertical photo into a horizontal.
Dont be afraid to cut off part of his
head.

02-crop in tight-1

Discuss which image

has more impact.

Do a SAVE AS and re-

name.

02-crop in tight-2 / Use this as a grading guide. If this photo is cropped

close to this example, it would be an A grade.

16
 03-crop to straighten horizon-1 Lesson #1:

Cropping
Sometimes we shoot a photo a
little crooked or tilted.

You can improve the photo by

using the crop tool to straight-
en the horizon line.

Exercise #3

Open the image 03-Crop to

straighten horizon.

-Click and hold and scroll

across the image to create
a cropping box. Make the
cropping box SMALLER
than the image.

Place the Crop Tool Icon

near one of the corners,
just outside of the crop
box.
A small curved arrow will ap-
pear. Using the mouse, you
can tilt the crop box.

Double click inside the photo

or hit the ENTER Key to crop.

You have straightened a

crooked photo. This works well
for buildings and other photos,
too.

Do a SAVE AS and rename.

03-crop to straighten horizon-2 / Use this as a grading guide. If this photo is cropped close to this example,
17
it would be an A grade. The horizon should be straight to receive an A.
Lesson #1:

Cropping
Sometimes we crop things out of
our photos that are distracting or not
wanted.

Exercise #4

Open the image 04-crop the guy out-

1.

Use the Crop Tool to improve this im-

age by cropping out the man in the
background on the right side of the
photo. He is not important to the im-
age and cropping him out makes this
a better photo.

Photojournalists would call the fin-

ished image cleaner or less clut-
tered.

Ask students which image they think 04-crop the guy out-1
is better.

Do a SAVE AS, etc.

04-crop the guy out-2 / Use this as a

grading guide. If this photo is cropped
close to this example, it would be an
A grade. 18
Lesson #1:

Cropping
Sometimes we crop things out of our pho-
tos that are distracting or not wanted.

Exercise #5

Open the all four of the images 05-To crop

or not to crop.

Have your students try cropping these im-

ages, straighten horizon lines if needed,
and try different crops for practice. You
do not need to grade this exercise.

The photos may be cropped in different

ways that are not necessarily wrong.

Discuss the different ways of cropping with

your students and why they did what they
did. For this exercise, there may not be a
right or wrong...usually!

Do a SAVE AS if your instructor wants

these photos turned in. Otherwise do
NOT save any changes you made to the
image.

19
Lesson #1:

Rotating.
Sometimes a photo needs to be rotated 90
degrees. This does NOT occur often.

Exercise #6

Open the image 06-Rotate 4 ways.

Go to Image Menu > Image Rotation. Try

rotating the photo 90 degrees four times and
see which version works best. There is no
correct answer in this example.

Now try Flip horizontal and Flip vertical to

the photo and see what happens. Normally
in Photojournalism, it is unethical to flip -Flipping a photo might be done in art, public
a picture in this way. relations or advertising photography, but never
in news photojournalism.

06-Rotate 4 ways / You do not need to grade this exercise. You might discuss
which image looks best, although there is no right or wrong answer.
20
 Image Adjustments: What is it?

IMAGE Explain to your students that what comes

out of their camera is just the beginning.
What they think looks pretty good needs
rethinking if they want to improve their
photography and digital imaging.

Most people think they can take a good

photo. Every company selling them a
camera or cellphone with a camera adver-
tises that the device can do all the work.
If that were true we wouldnt need Photo-
shop much. So ask them to think about
photography in this new way.

And this new way is to assume that every

photo can be improved somehow in Pho-
toshop. In lesson #2, we will use Image
Adjustments to further improve or change
the image.

When a photo looks dull, lifeless, or the

color is not right, we can use Image Ad-
justments to fix it. The photos in this les-
son are set up in advance to show this.

There are many ways to make these ad-

justments through Photoshop. (Some of
these adjustments are beyond what is in
this lesson).
Using student work may be more difficult for you. You
would have to evaluate the image and then recom-
mend what adjustments to make, or let them try on
their own.

21
 Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: How to interpret

Levels - Do NOT grade this lesson.

00-Levels-overex
When first showing Levels to your students, it
probably wont make much sense to them. The
histogram is just a black colored shape.
Go to the folder 02-Image Adjust & color
correct. Open the three photos in the folder
00-Levels and then go to Image Menu > Ad-
justments> Levels. Explain that the shapes
dont mean that much for this lesson, its where
the shape is that does.

Note on the OVEREXPOSED photo of the bricks

at right, the histogram is heavily weighted to-
wards the right side, and nearly non-existant on
the left, with something in the middle.
Overexposed. (too much light when the picture was tak-
The right side is an indicator of how much bright en) The bricks at the top left are too bright. Photoshop
(or white) area is in the photo, the center repre- cannot really fix this problem much, it cannot bring back
sents middle colored tones (like the red) and the information that was not recorded by the camera to begin
left side is the dark (or shadow) areas. So it rep- with. Overexposure is worse than underexposure.
resents this photo that has too much bright area,
some middle, and almost no dark area. When done examining this image, close it, do NOT
save changes.

When the black

shape crawls up
against the end of
The absence of the the histogram, it
black shape on the left means there was
side indicates there isnt information there
much dark or shadow was NOT record-
area in the photo. And ed by the camera,
thats just how this pho- hence the areas
to looks, yes? It looks that are too bright
a

rea

in the photo.
es

mostly too bright, just

are

ton

ht a

like the histogram.

dow

dle

brig
sha

mid

22
 00-Levels-correct ex Correct exposure. The proper
amount of light reached the CCD
or CMOS chip. Have your stu-
dents open this photo and check
the Levels.

We can see the bricks that are in

the sunshine and shadow. The
camera did a pretty good job of
taking this picture. When both
sun and shade are in a photo,
cameras sometimes struggle to
do this correctly.

This histogram has shapes in the

dark area (left side), the middle
When done area and the bright area (right
examining side).
this image,
close it, do Neither the left or right side is up
NOT save against the wall, a good thing!
changes.
Thats why you can see the brights
and darks in the photo well.

00-Levels-underex
Underexposed. Have your students open this photo and
check the Levels.

Not enough light when the picture was taken. The shadow
area is so dark we cant see the details in the reddish bricks
anymore. While Photoshop can help with an underexposed
photo, it cannot bring back information that was not recorded
to begin with by the camera.
When done examining this image,
close it, do NOT save changes.

The black shape is start- The absence of the black

ing to crawl up against shape on the right side in-
the left end of the histo- dicates there is no bright
gram. It means some or white area in the photo.
of the dark or black ar- And thats just how this
eas of the photo were UNDEREXPOSED photo
not recorded by the looks, yes? It looks mostly
a

dark, same as indicated by

es

rea

camera.
are

ton

the histogram.
ht a
dow

dle

brig
sha

mid

23
Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: Setting

Levels

Adjusting Levels allows you to properly

set the tones and to some degree, the
contrast of and image. Levels can teach
you about proper exposure. Rather
than just check the Levels, this time we
will change them to improve the photo.

Sometimes a photograph is not ex-

posed perfectly by the camera. In or-
der to maximize the tones available in
the image, we must check and adjust
the Levels. Levels sometimes allows
to adjust for an imperfect exposure...
especially an UNDER exposed image
(not enough light reached the cameras
CCD or CMOS chip).

Levels are an indication of the brightest,

middle, and darkest tones in a photo. If
they are not set correctly, the image will
be lacking the correct tonal values.
01-Levels-1
A photo with incorrect Levels may ap-
pear dull and lifeless or lacking good
color and contrast.

(Even after Levels are set correctly, the

image could need further adjustment to
be pleasing)

Exercise 1
Histogram
Go to the folder 02-Image Adjust &
color correct.
empty empty
Open the photo 01-Levels-1. area area

Go to the Image Menu >

Adjustments > Levels

The black, oddly shaped blob is the

oddly named histogram. It represents
those tonal values, dark tones on the
left, middle tones in the middle, bright
on the right side.

Note the empty spaces on the left and You will be moving those little triangles with the mouse. The
right sides, and the three small triangles reason why the photo you opened looks lifeless and dull is
(see the arrows). because we havent set those triangles correctly yet.
24
-With the mouse, move the two out-
side triangles so they are underneath
the ends of the histogram.

Dont worry about the middle triangle

for now.

Press OK.

Now look at the photo. More tones,

more color, more life.

Go back to Image Menu > Adjust-

ments> Levels and take a look at the
histogram now.

It reaches all the way from the left side

to the right side, with no empty space.
You have set Levels correctly. Press
OK.

You should check Levels for every

photo. Some of the time, they will not
be set correctly.

Do a SAVE AS.

Levels set correctly, and

the Histogram looks cor-
rect now, with no empty
areas.

Try opening the

photos Levels 02
and Levels 03 to
further practice
setting Levels cor-
rectly.

25
The photo with the correct levels shows bright areas (highlights), dark areas (shadows) and in
between (mid tones). The horizon line is a little off, however.

01-Levels-2 / Use this as a grading guide. You will have to look at the Levels of each stu-
dents photos to determine if they have set them correctly.
26
Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: Grayscale (Black and White)

Color photographs can easily be turned into black and white. Changing from color to black and white is
called changing modes.
Exercise 2

Go to the folder 02-Image Adjust.

Open the photo 02-RGB to grayscale-1.

Go to the Image Menu >

Mode > Grayscale

The original Red-Green-Blue

(RGB) image is now black and
white. Do a SAVE AS.

ALTERNATE METHOD:

Reopen 02-Image Adjust.

Make sure you are opening
the unchanged version of this
photo.

Go to Image Menu >

Adjustments >
Hue and Saturation.

Slide the triangle all the way

to the left (-100) and you de-
saturate (or remove) all the
color.

This image remains a color

(RGB) photo. It simply lacks
color. As far as the computer is
concerned, it is a color (RGB)
image that looks black and
white. The mode is still RGB.
Close the photo. Do NOT save your changes.
You do not need to grade this exercise.
27
Original image
02-RGB to Grayscale-1

02-RGB to Grayscale-2

The finished photo

converted to Gray-
scale. Use this as a
guide, although you do
not have to grade this
lesson.

28
Lesson #2: 03-Grayscale to RGB-Duotone-1

Image Adjustments:
Duotone

Color can easily be added to a

black and white photo.

Exercise 3

Open the image 03-Gray-

scale to RGB-Duotone-1.

Go to the Image Menu >

Mode > RGB Color.

The original black and white

(grayscale) photo is now color,
or RGB (Red, Green and Blue). 03-Grayscale to RGB-Duotone-2 / Use this as a grading
guide. Any image close to this would be an A grade.
There can be great variation in a student photo that would
Go to Image Menu > still merit an A. You may choose to NOT grade this.
Adjustments >
Color Balance.

Slide the triangles and add

Red in the Shadows and Mid-
tones at around 35.

The image is now Reddish.

This image is called a duotone.

Try changing 35 to a different

number.

You can also try adding other

colors instead of red and see
what happens.

Do a SAVE AS.

Duotones are occasionally used in art, PR and advertising, but

rarely in photojournalism.
29
Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: Color

This photo was shot near
Correction (Toning) an open doorway. Many
photos shot in this type
Many photographs come out of the of lighting are too blue, or
camera with the colors not true to what we sometimes call
the original scene. There are many too cool or cold.
reasons for this. (too many to discuss
here) We can adjust the color of the Think of water, ice or ice-
image through Hue and Saturation, bergs, winter or snow.
and also through Color Balance. They often appear blue in
color, hence the term cool
Exercise 4 or cold. Photos shot in the
shade also tend to be too
blue.

Photos that are too yel-

low or red are sometimes
called warm or hot.
04-color correct-1

Go to the folder 02 image adjust.

Open the photo 04-color cor-

rect-1.

Go to the Image Menu >

Adjustments > Hue and Saturation

Try moving the Saturation slider to

the right to +60. You should see a lot
of blue color, too much. Increasing
the Saturation will often give an indi-
cation of what colors are dominating
the photo.

Sliding to the left will remove or lower

the color, like you did in the Gray-
scale assignment earlier.

RETURN THE SATURATION

to 0, or normal.

30
Click on the Master tab and select
Blues. Now try moving the Satura-
tion slider to the LEFT, to remove
some of the excess blue ONLY.

This way you only effect the color you

want to remove, instead of effecting
all the colors. How much do you re-
move? Too much tends to look ar-
tificial, and can sometimes introduce
digital noise. Sometimes it looks bad
if you do too much. Try a setting of
around -15 or -20 to start.

Try setting the Master tab to CYAN

and remove some of this color, too.
Cyan is blue-green in color.

You will note that this photo is mostly

blue, cyan, yellow and brown.

Compare the original version ver-

sus the desaturated one and discuss
which image now appears more nor-
mal on your computer screen.

Once you have seen this too blue ef-

fect you will start to notice it on pho-
tos shot in the shade or indoors near
a window or open door. You can start
to develop a better eye for color us-
ing this exercise.

Do a SAVE AS.

31
04-color correct-1 / Too blue/cyan.

04-color correct-2 / Use this as a grad-

ing guide. The resulting image is less
blue/cyan and should be a little more neu-
tral and pleasing. Ask students which im-
age looks more accurate or pleasing.

Grading this image may be more difficult

since the difference between this and the
original may be subtle. Look carefully.
Removing too much color might result in
a lower grade, such as a B or C.

32
Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: Color

Correction
This photo was shot in the shade and
is a little too blue. Some of the time,
cool or cold tones (blue) are less ap-
pealing on skin tones.

Exercise 5

Go to the folder 02 image adjust.

Open the photo 05-color cor-

rect-1.

Go to the Image Menu > 05-image adjust-1

Adjustments > Hue and Saturation

Try increasing the blue and cyan

saturation and you will notice how
blue/cyan this persons hair really is.

Now desaturate the Blue and Cyan to

improve this photo (set the slider to
-15 or -20 to begin. Dont overdo it.
The difference between the original
photo and the desaturated version
will be quite subtle. Look at the hair
to see the most change.

This time, DO a SAVE AS and

save this photo in your folder.
RENAME it color balance ex-
ample. We will use this pho-
to again shortly.

Do NOT grade this lesson yet.

33
Lesson #2:
06-color correct-1
Image Adjustments: Color
Correction
This photo was shot under very dif-
ficult, poor light on a concert stage.
The lights were red and thus the red
color overly dominates. We will try to
normalize the color for this exercise.

Exercise 6

Go to the folder 02 image adjust.

Open the photo 06-

color correct-1.

Go to the Image Menu >

Adjustments > Hue and Saturation

Because we know this photo is too Most photojournalists would probably leave the
red, try setting the Master tab to red color unaltered, or make only minor adjustments
and reduce or remove some of the to the color.
red. This may not be entirely suc-
cessful, do the best you can. An art director who needs this photo for a CD
cover or advertisement might like the red color.
You might try desaturating the yellow, Might even INCREASE the red color for further
too, and see what happens. There effect.
isnt much yellow in this image, or
any other color, for that matter. Close the photo but Do NOT save your chang-
es when you close this photo.
This photo is an extreme example of
color that is off. But would you be bet- You do not need to grade this lesson.
ter off leaving it unaltered? It is, after
all, a photo from a concert where the
lighting is often colored, and there-
fore, not necessarily wrong.

This can be a point of discussion for

your students.

34
Lesson #2:

Image Adjustments: Color

Correction
Some of the time, cool or cold tones
(blue) are less appealing on skin
tones. This time, we will also ADD
color to enhance the image. The op-
posite of blue is yellow, the opposite
of cyan (blue-green) is red. So we
will add a little bit of yellow and red
and see the effect.

Exercise 7

Go to your desktop and open the

photo you just saved, color bal-
ance example.

Go to the Image Menu >

Adjustments > Color Balance

Move the triangles and try adding

both red (+5) and yellow (-5) in the
Shadows, Midtones and Highlights.
Press OK.

Do a SAVE AS. Adjusting skin tones is one of many things the Color
Balance control can do, but it is very easy to do too
Compare this photo to the original. It much. Many beginners overdo it. Being conservative
should appear warmer (more red and is usually better.
yellow). The original version was too
blue and cyan. By desaturating the
blues and cyans, and adding a little
red and yellow, you have made this
image more pleasing without making
major adjustments to it.

Skin tones can often look better warm

than cold.

If you add TOO MUCH red and yel-

low, the photo will look unnatural. Try
this to see the effect.
35
05-color balance example, with blues and
cyans desaturated. Note the difference in
the hair.

05-image adjust-3 / Use this as a

grading guide. Grading this image
may be more difficult since the dif-
ference between this and the original
may be subtle. Look carefully. ADD-
ING too much color might result in a
lower grade, such as a B or C.

Ask students if they are now no-

ticing the blue/cyan colors and if
they prefer the warmer version.

36
 Dodge and Burn: What is it?

IMAGE Explain to your stu-

dents that Burning
and Dodging is one
of the main tools to
improve a photo.
Even after you have
cropped and then
set/checked Levels,
there is more work to be done.

Many photographs need to be lightened in

certain areas.

Dodging means to make a selected area

of a photo LIGHTER.

Many photographs need to be darkened in

certain areas.

Burning means to make a selected area of

the photo DARKER.

Almost every photo can be improved by

dodging and/or burning. When done well,
no one will notice this, but comparing to
the original, it will be better. Photographs
can gain more impact and clarity through
this process.

There are several examples for your stu-

dents to practice this skill, but you can
recommend they try it on their own photos
and see how they improve.
The odd terms burning and dodging come from the
darkroom era of photography.

37
Lesson #3:

Image Adjustments:
Dodge (or dodging)
Many photographs need to be
lightened in certain areas.
-
Dodging means to make a se-
lected area of a photo LIGHT-
ER.

Exercise 1

Go to the folder 03-dodge

and burn.

Open the photo 01-

dodge and burn 1. Dodge Tool
Burn Tool
Go to the TOOLBAR and
click and HOLD the dodg- Sponge Tool
ing or burning tool icon until
you see the DODGING tool.
Bring it over the photo.

We want the dodging circle to

be about the same size as the
area we are lightening.

On the keyboard, press the

right side Bracket key sev-
eral times to increase the
size of the dodging circle.
Left side bracket Right side bracket
Press the left side Bracket -smaller circle -larger circle
key to decrease the size of
the circle.

Be sure you do NOT have the

Caps Lock engaged on the
keyboard.

Try to make the circle about

the size in the example at
right.

01-Dodge and Burn-1 38

Lesson #3:

The goal is to dodge, or light-

en the banner at far right of
the photo and make it more
visible.

On the upper left side of the

Photoshop screen, find the
Range and Exposure set-
tings.

Click once on the Range and

set to Midtones at around 25-
35 percent.

Click and HOLD AND

SCROLL with the mouse for
10 to 15 seconds. Move the
mouse up and down, left and
right in order to lighten the en-
tire banner on the right side.

DO NOT click once with the

mouse, then click again
and again and again. This
is a very inefficient way to
dodge. CLICK AND HOLD
AND SCROLL IS MUCH
MORE EFFICIENT.

01-Dodge and Burn-2 / The photo after it has been properly dodged.
Do not grade this lesson yet.

Set the Range to Highlights at

10 and dodge again for about
5-10 seconds.

The banner on the right side

should now be lighter and
more prominent in the photo.

39
Lesson #3:

Image Adjustments: Burn ( or

burning)
Burning makes a selected area of
the photo DARKER.

Exercise 1

The goal is to darken the banner near

the center of the photo and make it
less noticeable.

Find the BURNING TOOL in the Dodge Tool

TOOLBOX. You may have to click
and hold on the dodging tool to Burn Tool
find it. It looks like a hand. Sponge Tool

Change the size of the burning circle

using the same bracket keys you
used for dodging.

Left side bracket Right side bracket

-smaller circle -larger circle

01-Dodge and Burn-2

40
Click once on the Range and set to Mid-
tones at around 25-35 percent.

Click and HOLD AND SCROLL with the

mouse for 10 to 15 seconds. Move the
mouse up and down, left and right in or-
der to darken.

DO NOT click once with the mouse,

then click again and again and again.
This is a very inefficient way to dodge.
CLICK AND HOLD AND SCROLL IS
MUCH MORE EFFICIENT.

You might also set the Range to High-

lights at 10 percent and darken a little
more, but dont overdo it. Do a SAVE
AS.

01-Dodge and Burn-3 / The finished photo has been dodged (lightened) and burned (darkened) in cer-
tain areas. Most photos need either or both to convey the information more quickly for the viewer. Use
this as a grading guide.

If you do too much dodging or burning, the image will look unnatural and colors make become odd as
well. Use this as the criteria for grading. Too much burning and dodging should result in a lower grade,
such as a B or C. Dodging and burning should never be obvious or unnatural looking.

Discuss which banner is now dominates the image compared to the original (it should be the
one on the far right). Discuss how this image is an improvement over the original. 41
 Lesson #3:

Image Adjustments: Dodging Burn the sky area

and Burning Practice
Exercise 3

This photo represents a common

problem in photography. The im-
age has both sunshine and shade.
The exposure might be accurate, but
dodging and burning can help.

Open photo 02-Dodge and Burn-

1. dodge the shadow area
This time try burning the sky to make
it darker and then try dodging the
shaded area to make it lighter.

Try dodging and burning the mid-

tones and highlights as before, but
this time, ALSO try dodging SHAD-
OWS at around 10.

02-Dodge and Burn-1

Do a SAVE AS.

The sky may not burn very well, or

start to look odd if you overdo it.

If you dodge the shadows too much,

the photo will lose too much black
and look lifeless.

Remember, the goal is not to make

it perfect, but make it better for the
viewer to see.

The photo after it has been properly burned and dodged.

02-Dodge and Burn-2 / Use this as a grading guide.
Too much burning and dodging should result in a lower
grade, such as a B or C. Dodging and burning should
never be obvious or unnatural looking.

42
Lesson #3:

Image Adjustments: Dodging

and Burning Practice
Exercise 4

This photo represents a common

problem in photography. The im-
age was poorly exposed by the cam-
era and has white areas that are too
bright (near the nose and paw) and
black areas that are too dark (right
side of the cats face and eye).

Can we dodge and burn this image to

make it better? Up against the wall means the histogram extends to
both ends and seemingly beyond. In this example, the
Open 03-Dodge and Burn-Cat-1. shadow areas and bright areas were not properly re-
corded when the photo was taken.
Go to the menu IMAGE > Adjust-
ments > Levels.

Note that this time, the histogram ex-

tends to both ends and is up against
the wall. This means there is image
information that is missing or NOT re-
corded by the camera.

This photo is OVER-EXPOSED. Too

much light got to the CCD or CMOS
chip. Over exposure is much worse
than underexposed, and is difficult or
impossible to fix.

If you dont cook your meal enough,

(undercooked) you can probably
cook it longer and it will be ok. This
is like underexposing a photo. It is
usually still fixable.

But if you OVER cook your food,

you probably cant fix it. Same for
a OVER exposed photo. It cant be
fixed very well, or not at all.

43
Do not make any adjustments.
Just press OK.

Now try to use what you have learned 03-Dodge and Burn-Cat-1
about dodging and burning and see
what happens.

Dodging the right side of the cats face

with midtones or shadows does very Dodge the shadow
little. Thats because there is little to area on the right
no digital information there to begin
with, therefore we cannot dodge this
side of the face
effectively. You cant dodge the black
fur because it was never recorded by
the camera to begin with. If you over
do this, it will simply look gray instead
of black.

The overly bright area near the cats

nose and paw also contain little to no
digital information and therefore can-
Burn the white fur near
not be burned very well.
the nose and paw
Burning highlights at 10-20 simply
adds graytones to the white area, but
does not add the details of the white
fur, because the details were never
recorded by the camera.

The resulting image might be slight-

ly better, but is not very suitable for
publication. A better exposed image
would be easier to work with. Some-
times Photoshop cannot fix the im-
age, especially if it was poorly shot to
begin with.

Close the photo. Do NOT save your

changes when you close this image.

03-Dodge and Burn-Cat-2 / Not so good results from a poorly

exposed photo. You may use this as a grading guide, or
decide to NOT grade this lesson.

44
Lesson #3:
04-Dodge and Burn-1

Image Adjustments: Dodging

and Burning Practice
Exercise 5

This photo represents a common

problem in photography. The cam-
era auto exposed for the bright white
lights but this caused everything else
to go very dark.

Open 04-Dodge and Burn-1.

Try dodging midtones in the dark ar-

eas to improve this image. Change
the size of the dodging circle as need-
ed. Click and HOLD and SCROLL,
do not go click-click-click-click...
The photo after it has been properly dodged.
If you overdo the midtones, you might 04-Dodge and Burn-2 / Use this as a grading guide. If you
make some of the white areas too do too much dodging or burning, the image will look unnatural
bright. Do a SAVE AS. and colors make become odd as well. Use this as the criteria
for grading. Too much burning and dodging should result in a
Do not try to make it perfect. lower grade, such as a B or C. Dodging and burning should
never be obvious or unnatural looking.

45
 Selection Tools: What are they?

IMAGE Todays lesson

touches upon the
great power of Pho-
toshop; the abil-
ity to select specific
areas and make
changes to just
those areas.

Many Photoshop tools allow you to select

certain areas and work on those areas,
without effecting anything else in the pho-
to. So today we will work with the Magic
Wand and Lasso Tools.

As you get further into Photoshop, the

more these tools will become important,
so practicing with them is necessary.

Many functions in Photoshop require these tools.

46
Lesson #4:

Image Adjustments:
Selection Tools
Exercise 1

The burning and dodging tools work

well for general areas, but there are
times when we want to work on an
area more accurately and precisely.
Selection tools let us do that.

Go to the folder 04 selection

tools and open the photo 01-Mag-
ic Wand-1.

Go to the TOOLBOX and click once

on the Magic Wand. It looks vaguely
like a microphone. In the upper left 01-magic wand-1
side of the computer screen, find
Tolerance and set to 15.

Magic Wand.

Bring the Magic Wand into the white

wall on the far right of the photo and Click
click ONCE. It should select the en- once
tire area. here.

See the dotted lines surrounding the

white wall? You have used the Mag-
ic Wand to select it. The Wand works
by selecting all the pixels that are the
approximately the same color or tone
for you.

If this didnt work, on the KEYBOARD

press Control + D to Deselect the
area, and try again.

47
Go to the SELECT MENU > Modify
> Feather.

Set pixels between 1 to 3. Feathering

will make the borders of the selected
area a little softer (less hard edge)
and will blend what you are about to
do more smoothly.

Go to Image Menu > Adjustments >

Levels.

Try adjusting the levels and see what

happens. The only area effected is
within the borders of the selected
area.

So you could use

the Magic Wand to
select an area, and Make
make it brighter this
or darker, like the area
dodging or burn- darker
ing tools, but more or
precisely. lighter

You will notice

that if you make
the area too dark,
it doesnt look so
good. The tool
may be called
magic, but it cant
work wonders.

01-magic wand-2 / Use this as a grading guide. The area may be either darker or
lighter and still be correct.

48
Now use the magic wand on the blue
sky.

-Mouse click once in the AREA 1 as

Area 1
noted in the photo at right.
-HOLD DOWN THE SHIFT KEY and
mouse click once in area #2.
-HOLD DOWN THE SHIFT KEY and
mouse click once in area #3.

Area 2
Area 3

Using SHIFT-click you can ADD

to the area first selected.
(Alt-click removes the area)
Area 1
selected
You may have to SHIFT-click 3 to 5
times to select the entire blue sky
area accurately. Make sure you are
ONLY SELECTING THE SKY, not the
light pole/globes or buildings.

Go to the SELECT MENU > Modify

> Feather.

Set pixels between 1 to 5. You may

need to experiment with this number.
Area 2
Area 3
If you need to start over, press >
Control+D on the KEYBOARD to
deselect and start the process over
again.

Once you have selected the area, go Control+D on the KEYBOARD

to LEVELS again and use it make the to deselect.
sky brighter and darker. Dont overdo
it.

On the KEYBOARD, press Control 5

+ D and deselect everything.

Now try changing the TOLERANCE

to a lower number, like 5 and try to 32
select the blue sky again and see
how it works.
Just for practice, set Tolerance to 32 and select the sky
On the KEYBOARD, press Control again. The lower the number, the LESS area will be se-
+ D and deselect everything. Do a lected. The higher the number, MORE area will be selected.
SAVE AS.
49
01-magic wand-3 / Use this as a grading guide. The selected area may be either somewhat darker or
lighter and still be correct. If Levels are changed too much, the selected area may look pixelized or noisy,
or just not quite right/unnatural. If so, downgrade the assignment to a B or C.

If the sky is poorly selected, the area around the four globes may appear odd or not well selected. Nor-
mally you might downgrade for this, but using selection tools can be tricky without much practice. Since
this is the students first time, you might be lenient in grading.

The purpose of the selection tool lesson is to learn the software. Whether you would use selection tools to
darken the building or the sky is a subject for discussion. Most of the time, photojournalists would not do this, or
would be very subtle about it.

50
 Lesson #4:

Image Adjustments:
Selection Tools
Exercise 2

Another way to select a specific area

to work on are the LASSO tools.
They look like a rope lasso from the
old American West.

Open 02-Magnetic Lasso.

Go to the TOOLBOX and find the

Lasso Tools. You will have to CLICK
once and HOLD on the Lasso icon to
see all the Lasso Tools. Select the Bring the Magnetic Lasso to the edge
Magnetic Lasso. of the old Yashica video camera and
CLICK ONCE to set an anchor point.

Now just scroll with the mouse and

follow the outside edge of the camera
Lasso all the way around. It will follow the
mouse.

Polygonal Lasso CLICK ONCE to set an

anchor point and then draw
all the way around.

Magnetic Lasso

The Magnetic Lasso works by seeing

the difference in contrast between
pixels. It tries to follow the edge of
the object and snaps the drawn line
to it, like a magnet.

It works very well when the object to

be selected, like this old movie cam-
era, is set against a plain background.

If the background were busy, or multi-

colored, the Magnetic Lasso might
not work very well at all. You would
probably use the regular Lasso in-
stead. Try it and see the difference.

51
02-magnetic lasso-1
Follow the edge all the way around,
including the hand. You should see
the dotted lines (sometimes called
the marching ants).

When you get back to where you

started, a VERY SMALL CIRCLE will
appear. CLICK ONCE to complete
your selection.

IF YOU MAKE MISTAKES:

If you dont select all the area you
want, you can add Not enough
to the area by hold-
ing down the SHIFT
KEY. You will see
a small PLUS SIGN. CLICK AGAIN
with the mouse. Redraw until you se-
lect the area correctly. Mouse CLICK
ONCE to complete the re-selected Perfect
area. Selection

If you select TOO MUCH, hold down TOO MUCH

the Alt KEY to get the MINUS sign.
Click with the mouse and draw to re-
move the area you dont want.

Mouse click to complete your de-se-

lected area.

52
Once you have completely selected
the camera and hand, go to the
SELECT MENU > Modify > Feather.

Set pixels between 1 to 3. This

smooths your selection.

Now Go to LEVELS and make some

adjustments. The only area effected
is INSIDE the dotted lines. Press
CANCEL when done.

Go to SELECT > INVERSE. This will

reverse the selected area.

Go to the menu EDIT > FILL.

Fill means we will fill the selected
area with a color, in this case black.

Click and
HOLD to
see menu
options.
Set CONTENTS to BLACK.
Set BLENDING to NORMAL
Set Opacity to 100%
Press OK.

53
Do a SAVE AS.

By INVERSING the selected area,

we reversed the original selection of
the camera. The background is se-
lected instead. Handy!

You can do many things with a se-

lected area, including Levels, Fill,
and other things beyond the scope of
this lesson.

This lesson shows you what can be

done with Photoshop, sometimes to
alter the original image beyond nor-
mal.

Changing the background color is

something not usually done in Pho-
tojournalism. You might see it done
more often in art, PR, or advertising
photography.

02-magnetic lasso-2 / The finished

photo. Use this as a grading guide.
If there is a slight white border around
the camera, its because your original
selection wasnt perfect. Dont worry
about it for this lesson.

The Lasso Tools take a lot of practice

to get good at. A reasonable attempt
to do this assignment is all that is re-
quired to do this correctly. You would
downgrade if the selected areas were
so poorly done that a large area of
white still shows around the edge of
the camera.

What about the other Lasso tools? The regular Lasso requires you to
Lasso
draw precisely with the mouse, with no help from the computer. It can
be very useful when the Magnetic Lasso will not work on your image,
which can be very often. It is harder to use.
Polygonal Lasso
The Polygonal Lasso draws straight lines. Click once and draw and
then click to set a point, then keep drawing more straight lines.

Feathering, or smoothing your selection takes practice to get used to.

Magnetic Lasso

54
Lesson #4:
3) set another
2) click once to set an-
anchor point in
Image Adjustments: other anchor point and
the corner
Selection Tools then draw to the right

Exercise 3

Open 03-polygon lasso.

Find the Polygonal Lasso

Tool in the Toolbox.

Find a point either on the

white building and click
ONCE to set an anchor point.

With the mouse, draw a straight line

until you reach a corner, then click
ONCE AGAIN to set another an-
chor point.

Keep doing this until you have se-

lected the area you wish. When you
have completed drawing all the way
around, you should see a tiny circle
appear next to the tool. Click once
to complete the selection.

IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE:

Remember, SHIFT-CLICK adds

to your selected area, in case you 1) start here: click once
to set an anchor point 4) set another
missed an area.
and then draw to the point in the
top. corner
Alt-CLICK removes the area.

If you need to start over, go 03-polygon lasso-1 / Try starting the Polygonal Lasso Tool
Control + D to deselect. here...click once to set an anchor point and draw a straight line
up towards the top. When you have completed drawing all the
When done, try Feathering 1-3 pixels. way around, you should see a tiny circle appear next to the tool.
Click once to complete the selection.
Then try Levels, Inverse, Fills, etc
as you wish.

Do a SAVE AS.

For further practice, try the regu-

lar Lasso Tool, set an anchor point
someplace and see if you can draw
and select an area. Pretty hard!

The regular Lasso Tool 55

03-polygon lasso-2 /
Use this as a grading
guide.

Levels was applied in

the selected area to
make it darker in this
example. Too much of
a Levels adjustment
will make the area ap-
pear TOO dark or TOO
light and a lesser grade
should result. If the
photo appears unnatu-
ral, downgrade to a B
or C.

If the area is not selected

well or is obvious, a B or C
may result.

56
CLONE Clone Stamp Tool: What is it?

Todays lesson is
about The Clone
Stamp Tool, a copy
and paste tool. You
select an area of
your photo first, then
copy that area into another part of the im-
age. To clone something is to make an
exact copy.

Students will use this tool to make changes

to an image that should be imperceptible.

It is one of the most dangerous tools in

Photoshop because it allows major chang-
es to occur in an image that are difficult or
impossible to detect later. So this, too, is
about the power of Photoshop. Be sure to
explain this to your students.

The Clone Stamp Tool is easily abused,

especially for those in Photojournalism.
You can ask your students to try this tool
on their own photos, however most of the
time, they will use it without thinking about
the consequences.

Art/Public Relations/Advertising photogra-

phy is less effected by this abuse.

With great power comes great responsibility.

Stan Lee

57
Lesson #5:
01-clone-1

Clone Stamp Tool (Cloning)

The Clone Stamp Tool is a copy and Press the Alt Key +
paste tool. You select an area of your mouse click once here.
photo first, then copy that into anoth- You have just copied the
er part of the image. To clone some- pixels INSIDE the circle.
thing is to make an exact copy.
Then move the circle on
Exercise 1 top of a spot to fix. Click
ONCE to paste into the
Go to the folder 05 Cloning and circle.
open 01-clone-1.
Continue to
Find the Clone Alt+Click to
Stamp Tool in the fix the rest of the white
Toolbox. It looks like wall as best you can.
an old fashioned rub-
ber stamp. Do NOT Your goal is to
use the Pattern Stamp Tool. clean up the wall, re-
move cracks,
Bring the Cloning Tool into the photo, other items and make it
near the top of the photo on the white look smoother.
wall area.
You might have to
You will see a brush circle appear. change the size of the
Using the bracket keys, make it about circle using the Bracket
the size seen in the photo upper right. Keys.

Use the HISTORY

palette if you do not like
your work and want to
start over.

Do a SAVE AS.

01-clone-2. This type of repair is usually

not ethical for photojournalists.

But if you were an art photographer you might

do this.

Use this as a grading guide. An A grade

would result from cleaning up most of the
walls cracks, but this is quite subjective.
Downgrade if it looks unnatural or strange.

Discuss whether the image is actually im-

proved or not. The purpose of this lesson is
to learn to use the Clone Tool. A reasonable
attempt by a student is all that is required.
58
Lesson #5:

Clone Stamp Tool (Cloning) 02-clone-1

Exercise 2

Go to the folder 05 Cloning and

open 02-clone-1.

Remove the writing and symbol on

the hat using the Clone Tool. You will
probably have to change the size of
the brush circle with the bracket keys.

Do your best to make this look as

smooth as possible.

Use the HISTORY palette if you do

not like your work and want to start
over.

Do a SAVE AS.
02-clone-2
Photojournalists would consider this
an unethical use of Photoshop.

02-clone-3

02-clone-3 / Use this as a grading

guide. The purpose of this lesson
is to learn to use the Clone Tool. A
reasonable attempt by a student is
all that is required. Downgrade if it
looks unnatural or strange.

59
Lesson #5:
mouse click here
Clone Stamp Tool (Cloning)
Exercise 3

Open 03-clone-1.

Bring the Cloning Tool into the photo,

just below the black opening in this
photo of a wood plank on the right
side.
03-clone-1
You will see a brush circle appear.
Using the bracket keys, make it about
the size seen in the photo.

On the KEYBOARD, press the Alt scroll left

Key + MOUSE CLICK ONCE in that
spot. You have just copied the pixels
INSIDE the circle.

Move the circle up and over the black

area and CLICK ONCE and SCROLL
left. You will begin to paste into the
black area. When you get to the
03-clone-2
hole, stop or you will copy that, too!

Do NOT use the mouse to click-click-

click-click over and over. This is an
inefficient way to use the Clone Tool
and usually does not look very good.

Move to the left side of the photo

and Alt+CLICK again and continue
to clone over the area until you have
filled it in. Do a SAVE AS.

Cloning can be obvious, so care must

be taken to do this well. It takes a lot 03-clone-3
of practice to get good at this.

Photojournalists do NOT use this tool

as shown in this example as it can
significantly alter the image.

03-clone-4 / Use this as a grading

guide. The purpose of this lesson
is to learn to use the Clone Tool. A
reasonable attempt by a student is
all that is required. Downgrade if it
looks unnatural or strange. 03-clone-4

60
 alt key + click here 04-clone-1

Lesson #5:

Clone Stamp Tool (Cloning)

Exercise 4

Go to the folder 05 Cloning and

open 04-clone-1.

Remove the word Mercury from this

old car.

Set your clone tool circle at the far left

and Alt+CLICK once.

Move the circle over the letter M and

CLICK and HOLD with the mouse
and continuously scroll right. See if
you can do this on ONE scroll of
the mouse.

It will be important to get the size of

the circle the right size. You may
have to try this several times before
you get it correct.

You might have to fix the sky on the

right top of the photo. See if you can
use the Clone Tool for that.

Do a SAVE AS.

Photojournalists would consider this

an unethical use of Photoshop.

04-clone-2 / Use this as a grading guide. The purpose of this

lesson is to learn to use the Clone Tool. A reasonable attempt by
a student is all that is required. Downgrade if it looks unnatural
or strange.

Now that the students have used the Clone Tool several times,
discuss the power of this tool. Should it be used to remove or alter
a photo? When is the proper time to do this? Why would photo-
journalists NOT use this tool?

Would you use the Clone Tool to improve someones face to make
them appear younger or better? Discuss the difference between
showing a photo of the president of a country versus a photo of a
model advertising a skin care product.

61
FILTERS FILTERS: What are they?

Filters do won-
drous, if easy
things to make a
photo fantastic.
Students will use
their skills with
selection tools,
levels, etc, to fur-
ther change the
image.

This lesson com-

bines many of the
skills you have
taught your stu-
dents so far. Its
an excellent and
enjoyable way for students to practice.

Filters are rarely used in Photojournalism.

The filters themselves require little skill

to use, however. A 10-year-old can use
them. It can be hard to make a filtered
photo that is truly artistic, despite what
could be described as amazing results.

Explain this to your students. This lesson

is more about using the skills they learned
in the previous lessons.

62
Lesson #6:

Filters
Filters do wondrous, if easy things to
create fantastic images using Photo-
shop.

Exercise 1

Go to the folder 06 Filters. You

may open ANY of the four photos
there for this lesson.

Go to the FILTER MENU > ARTISTIC

> Colored Pencil.

When the menu comes up, try all of

the filters and see what happens.
Some of the filters can take a lot of
computing power to apply and it may
take time to show what the filter does.
Be patient.
Scroll through the various Filters avail-
Photojournalists would consider this able under Artistic to see what they
an unethical use of Photoshop.

Change
these
settings
to further
adjust
the filter.

Change the
size of the
image by
clicking here. 63
Lesson #6:

Filters
Some of the Filters wont be very
obvious, so dont be disappointed if
you dont see major changes in the
image.

I recommend you try:

ARTISTIC
BRUSH STROKES
DISTORT
SKETCH
STYLIZE
TEXTURE

The other filters have purposes be-

yond this lesson.

You can add more than one filter to

the photo at a time.

Close the photo, Do NOT save your

changes.

Photojournalists would consider this

an unethical use of Photoshop.

Generally, the only filter used by pho-

tojournalists is the unsharp mask fil-
ter. It is NOT used to sharpen an out
of focus photo.

When photos are printed on paper,

they can lose sharpness for various
reasons (including dot gain). Un-
sharp mask can be used to make up
for this loss.

After students have had a chance

to look through the various filters,
they can close the image without
saving. Do NOT grade this lesson.

64
Lesson #6: Filters-05-1

Filters

Exercise 2
Lets use some of your new Photoshop
knowledge with the filters.

Open the folder Filters-05

Open the image Filters-05-1

Use the Magnetic Lasso Tool to select

the top flower.
Filters-05-2
Go to SELECT > MODIFY > FEATHER
and feather 1-3 pixels.

Add any filter you want to the selected

area. Use a filter that is obvious.

Press Control + D on the KEYBOARD

to deselect.

Filters-05-3
Use the Magnetic Lasso to select the
bottom flower.

Go to SELECT > MODIFY > FEATHER

and feather 1-3 pixels.

Add a second, different filter. Again,

find a filter that makes a big change.

NOW go to the menu IMAGE > AD-

JUST > LEVELS.

Try playing with the Levels to further

enhance your image... or not!

Maintain the selected area this

time, DO NOT DESELECT.
65
 Filters-05-4

HOLD down the SHIFT KEY to add to

your selection. Use the Magnetic Lasso to
select BOTH flowers.

Go to the menu SELECT > INVERSE.

You just reversed the selected area.

Remember how we made a photo look

black and white? Go to the menu IMAGE
> ADJUSTMENTS > HUE AND SATURA-
TION and move the Saturation slider left
to remove the color of the selected area.

Go to LEVELS and set them INCORRECTLY, as

in this example by moving all three triangles far
to the left. Normally, we would NOT do this, but
for artistic purposes, its ok. Filters-05-5

You are only effecting the area outside the flow-

ers.

66
 Go to the menu SELECT > INVERSE
again. You just reselected both flowers.
Go to LEVELS and set them INCORRECT-
LY again, as in this example by moving all
three triangles to the middle. Normally, we
would NOT do this, but for artistic purposes,
its ok.

The resulting photo demonstrates the power

of Photoshop to alter images. Be careful
with this power to alter reality! ANYONE
can alter a photo very easily.

Use the HISTORY palette if you do not like

your work and want to start over.

Do a SAVE AS.

Photojournalists would not use Photoshop

to produce this type of image for a newspa-
per.

Filters-05-6 / You may use this as a grad-

ing guide, but there will be a nearly infi-
nite amount of variation in this image.
You may decide to not grade it if you wish.

This image should appear unnatural but

perhaps spectacular.

Filters-05-6

This is the END of your lessons! Thank you!

67