Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments

What is Diabetes?
Diabetes Symptoms
Statistics, Facts & Myths
Diagnosis of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Complications
What is Insulin?
Discovery of Insulin
Famous Diabetics
Treatments for Diabetes
Self Monitoring
Food Planning
Exercise
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Taking Insulin
Insulin Pumps
Latest Research
What is Diabetes?

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high
blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty
(polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

Fast facts on diabetes

Here are some key points about diabetes. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.
Diabetes is a long-term condition that causes high blood sugar levels.
In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million people throughout the world had diabetes (Williams textbook of endocrinology).
Type 1 Diabetes - the body does not produce insulin. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Type 2 Diabetes - the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are of this type.

Gestational Diabetes - this type affects females during pregnancy.

The most common diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst and hunger, weight gain, unusual weight
loss, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal, male sexual dysfunction, numbness and tingling in hands and feet.
If you have Type 1 and follow a healthy eating plan, do adequate exercise, and take insulin, you can lead a normal life.
Type 2 patients need to eat healthily, be physically active, and test their blood glucose. They may also need to take oral medication,
and/or insulin to control blood glucose levels.

As the risk of cardiovascular disease is much higher for a diabetic, it is crucial that blood pressure and cholesterol levels are
monitored regularly.

As smoking might have a serious effect on cardiovascular health, diabetics should stop smoking.
Hypoglycemia - low blood glucose - can have a bad effect on the patient. Hyperglycemia - when blood glucose is too high - can also
have a bad effect on the patient.

This information hub offers detailed but easy-to-follow information about diabetes. Should you be interested in the latest scientific
research on diabetes, please see our diabetes news section.
There are three types of diabetes:

1) Type 1 diabetes
The body does not produce insulin. Some people may refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes, or early-
onset diabetes. People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th year, often in early adulthood or teenage years.

Type 1 diabetes is nowhere near as common as type 2 diabetes. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.
Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-glucose
levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet.

Between 2001 and 2009, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes among the under 20s in the USA rose 23%, according to SEARCH for
Diabetes in Youth data issued by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (Link to article)
More information on type 1 diabetes is available in our type 1 diabetes page.

2) Type 2 diabetes
The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin (insulin resistance).

Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are type 2.

Measuring the glucose level in blood

Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise,
and monitoring their blood glucose levels. However, type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive disease - it gradually gets worse - and the
patient will probably end up have to take insulin, usually in tablet form.

Overweight and obese people have a much higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with a healthy body weight.
People with a lot of visceral fat, also known as central obesity, belly fat, or abdominal obesity, are especially at risk. Being
overweight/obese causes the body to release chemicals that can destabilize the body's cardiovascular and metabolic systems.

Being overweight, physically inactive and eating the wrong foods all contribute to our risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Drinking just
one can of (non-diet) soda per day can raise our risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 22%, researchers from Imperial College
London reported in the journal Diabetologia. The scientists believe that the impact of sugary soft drinks on diabetes risk may be a direct
one, rather than simply an influence on body weight.

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also greater as we get older. Experts are not completely sure why, but say that as we age we
tend to put on weight and become less physically active. Those with a close relative who had/had type 2 diabetes, people of Middle
Eastern, African, or South Asian descent also have a higher risk of developing the disease.

Men whose testosterone levels are low have been found to have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Researchers from the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland, say that low testosterone levels are linked to insulin resistance. (Link to article)
For more information on how type 1 and type 2 diabetes compare, see our article: the difference between type 1 and type 2
diabetes.
More information on type 1 diabetes is available in our type 2 diabetes page.

3) Gestational diabetes
This type affects females during pregnancy. Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to
produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose.

Diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made during pregnancy.

The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their diabetes with exercise and diet. Between 10% to 20% of them will need to
take some kind of blood-glucose-controlling medications. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of
complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than he/she should be.

Scientists from the National Institutes of Health and Harvard University found that women whose diets before becoming pregnant were
high in animal fat and cholesterol had a higher risk for gestational diabetes, compared to their counterparts whose diets were low in
cholesterol and animal fats. (Link to article)

Diabetes symptoms

Symptoms of diabetes - by Mikael Hggstrm

See the next page of our article for a full list of possible diabetes symptoms.

What is prediabetes?
The vast majority of patients with type 2 diabetes initially had prediabetes. Their blood glucose levels where higher than normal, but not
high enough to merit a diabetes diagnosis. The cells in the body are becoming resistant to insulin.

Studies have indicated that even at the prediabetes stage, some damage to the circulatory system and the heart may already have
occurred.

Diabetes is a metabolism disorder

 Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is classed as a metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use digested food for energy
and growth. Most of what we eat is broken down into glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood - it is the principal source of fuel
for our bodies.

When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However,
glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present - insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in the glucose.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin
to move the glucose present in our blood into the cells, as soon as glucose enters the cells blood-glucose levels drop.

A person with diabetes has a condition in which the quantity of glucose in the blood is too elevated (hyperglycemia). This is because the
body either does not produce enough insulin, produces no insulin, or has cells that do not respond properly to the insulin the pancreas
produces. This results in too much glucose building up in the blood. This excess blood glucose eventually passes out of the body in
urine. So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth requirements.

How to determine whether you have diabetes, prediabetes or neither

Doctors can determine whether a patient has a normal metabolism, prediabetes or diabetes in one of three different ways - there are
three possible tests:

The A1C test

- at least 6.5% means diabetes
- between 5.7% and 5.99% means prediabetes
- less than 5.7% means normal

The FPG (fasting plasma glucose) test

- at least 126 mg/dl means diabetes
- between 100 mg/dl and 125.99 mg/dl means prediabetes
- less than 100 mg/dl means normal
An abnormal reading following the FPG means the patient has impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

The OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)

- at least 200 mg/dl means diabetes
- between 140 and 199.9 mg/dl means prediabetes
- less than 140 mg/dl means normal
An abnormal reading following the OGTT means the patient has impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

Why is it called diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes comes from Greek, and it means a "siphon". Aretus the Cappadocian, a Greek physician during the second century A.D.,
named the condition diabainein. He described patients who were passing too much water (polyuria) - like a siphon. The word became
"diabetes" from the English adoption of the Medieval Latin diabetes.

In 1675, Thomas Willis added mellitus to the term, although it is commonly referred to simply as diabetes. Mel in Latin means "honey";
the urine and blood of people with diabetes has excess glucose, and glucose is sweet like honey. Diabetes mellitus could literally mean
"siphoning off sweet water".

In ancient China people observed that ants would be attracted to some people's urine, because it was sweet. The term "Sweet Urine
Disease" was coined.

Controlling diabetes - treatment is effective and important

All types of diabetes are treatable. Diabetes type 1 lasts a lifetime, there is no known cure. Type 2 usually lasts a lifetime, however,
some people have managed to get rid of their symptoms without medication, through a combination of exercise, diet and body weight
control.
 Special diets can help sufferers of type 2 diabetes control the condition.

Researchers from the Mayo Clinic Arizona in Scottsdale showed that gastric bypass surgery can reverse type 2 diabetes in a high
proportion of patients. They added that within three to five years the disease recurs in approximately 21% of them. Yessica Ramos,
MD., said "The recurrence rate was mainly influenced by a longstanding history of Type 2 diabetes before the surgery. This suggests
that early surgical intervention in the obese, diabetic population will improve the durability of remission of Type 2 diabetes." (Link to
article)

Patients with type 1 are treated with regular insulin injections, as well as a special diet and exercise.

Patients with Type 2 diabetes are usually treated with tablets, exercise and a special diet, but sometimes insulin injections are also
required.

If diabetes is not adequately controlled the patient has a significantly higher risk of developing complications.

Complications linked to badly controlled diabetes:

Below is a list of possible complications that can be caused by badly controlled diabetes:

Eye complications - glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and some others.

Foot complications - neuropathy, ulcers, and sometimes gangrene which may require that the foot be amputated

Skin complications - people with diabetes are more susceptible to skin infections and skin disorders

Heart problems - such as ischemic heart disease, when the blood supply to the heart muscle is diminished

Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise the risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke
Mental health - uncontrolled diabetes raises the risk of suffering from depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders

Hearing loss - diabetes patients have a higher risk of developing hearing problems

Gum disease - there is a much higher prevalence of gum disease among diabetes patients

Gastroparesis - the muscles of the stomach stop working properly

Ketoacidosis - a combination of ketosis and acidosis; accumulation of ketone bodies and acidity in the blood.

Neuropathy - diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage which can lead to several different problems.

HHNS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome) - blood glucose levels shoot up too high, and there are no ketones present in
the blood or urine. It is an emergency condition.

Nephropathy - uncontrolled blood pressure can lead to kidney disease

PAD (peripheral arterial disease) - symptoms may include pain in the leg, tingling and sometimes problems walking properly

Stroke - if blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood glucose levels are not controlled, the risk of stroke increases significantly
Erectile dysfunction - male impotence.

Infections - people with badly controlled diabetes are much more susceptible to infections

Healing of wounds - cuts and lesions take much longer to heal