Scaolding

This article is about the temporary framework. For Batten or board decking component used to make
other uses of scaold and scaolding, see Scaold the working platform.
(disambiguation).
Coupler, a tting used to join components together.
Scaold tie, used to tie in the scaold to structures.
Brackets, used to extend the width of working plat-
forms.

Specialized components used to aid in their use as a

temporary structure often include heavy duty load bear-
ing transoms, ladders or stairway units for the ingress
and egress of the scaold, beams ladder/unit types used
to span obstacles and rubbish chutes used to remove
unwanted materials from the scaold or construction
project.

1 History
Bamboo scaolding used for the construction of the Four Seasons
Hotel Hong Kong. 1.1 Antiquity
Scaolding, also called scaold [1] or staging,[2] is a Sockets in the walls around the paleolithic cave paintings
temporary structure used to support a work crew and at Lascaux, suggest that a scaold system was used for
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and painting the ceiling, over 17,000 years ago.
repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made struc- The Berlin Foundry Cup depicts scaolding in ancient
tures. Scaolding is also used in adapted forms for form- Greece (early 5th century BC). Egyptians, Nubians and
work and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, ac- Chinese are also recorded as having used scaolding-like
cess/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half structures to build tall buildings. Early scaolding was
pipes and art projects. made of wood and secured with rope knots.
There are four main types of scaolding used world-
wide today. These are Tube and Coupler (tting) com-
ponents, prefabricated modular system scaold compo- 1.2 Modern era
nents, H-frame / facade modular system scaolds, and
timber scaolds. Each type is made from several com- In days gone by, scaolding was erected by individual
ponents which often include: rms with wildly varying standards and sizes. Scaold-
ing was revolutionized by Daniel Palmer Jones and David
Henry Jones. Modern day scaolding standards, prac-
A base jack or plate which is a load-bearing base for tices and processes can be attributed to these men and
the scaold. their companies. With Daniel being the better known
The standard, the upright component with connector and patent applicant and holder for many scaold com-
joins. ponents still in use today see inventor:"Daniel Palmer-
Jones. He is considered the grandfather of Scaolding.
The ledger, a horizontal brace. The history of scaolding being that of the Jones broth-
ers and their companys Patent Rapid Scaold Tie Com-
The transom, a horizontal cross-section load- pany Ltd, Tubular Scaolding Company and Scaolding
bearing component which holds the batten, board, Great Britain Ltd (SGB).
or decking unit.
David Palmer-Jones patented the Scaxer, a cou-
Brace diagonal and/or cross section bracing compo- pling device far more robust than rope which revolu-
nent. tionized scaolding construction. In 1913, his company

1
2 2 SCAFFOLDING TODAY

Repairwork on Buckingham Palace in 1913, under the scaold- A condominium in periodical (every 10-15 years) large scale re-
ing of Patent Rapid. pairing/maintenance in Japan under regulation. In most cases the
entire building is covered by steel scaolding and mesh for easy
work and safety. Typically it continues 3-5 weeks per planned
schedule.
was commissioned for the reconstruction of Buckingham
Palace, during which his Scaxer gained much publicity.
Palmer-Jones followed this up with the improved Uni-
versal Coupler in 1919 - this soon became the industry
standard coupling and has remained so to this day.[3]
Or as Daniel would say Be it known that I, DANIEL
PALMER JONES, manufacturer, subject of the King of
England, residing at 124 Victoria Street, Westminster,
London, England, have invented certain new and use-
ful Improvements in Devices for Gripping, Fastening, or
Locking Purposes segment from a patent application.
With the advancements in metallurgy throughout the
early 20th century. Saw the introduction of tubular steel
water pipes (instead of timber poles) with standardized
dimensions, allowing for the industrial interchangeability
of parts and improving the structural stability of the scaf- Scaolding, 10 months after Tokyo Skytree construction start
fold. The use of diagonal bracings also helped to improve
stability, especially on tall buildings. The rst frame sys- 2.1 Materials
tem was brought to market by SGB in 1944 and was used
extensively for the postwar reconstruction.[4]
The basic components of scaolding are tubes, couplers
and boards.

2 Scaolding today

The European Standard, BS EN 12811-1, species per-

formance requirements and methods of structural and
general design for access and working scaolds. Require-
ments given are for scaold structures that rely on the
adjacent structures for stability. In general these require-
ments also apply to other types of working scaolds.
The purpose of a working scaold is to provide a safe
working platform and access suitable for work crews to
carry out their work. The European Standard sets out
performance requirements for working scaolds. These
are substantially independent of the materials of which Extensive scaolding on a building in downtown Cincinnati,
the scaold is made. The standard is intended to be used Ohio. This type of scaolding is called pipe staging.
as the basis for enquiry and design.[5]
2.2 Basic scaolding 3

Assembly of bamboo scaolding cantilevered over a Hong Kong A short section of steel scaold tube.
street

Couplers are the ttings which hold the tubes together.

The basic lightweight tube scaolding that became the The most common are called scaold couplers, and there
standard and revolutionised scaolding, becoming the are three basic types: right-angle couplers, putlog couplers
baseline for decades, was invented and marketed in the and swivel couplers. To join tubes end-to-end joint pins
mid-1950s. With one basic 24 pound unit a scaold of (also called spigots) or sleeve couplers are used. Only right
various sizes and heights could be assembled easily by a angle couplers and swivel couplers can be used to x tube
couple of labourers without the nuts or bolts previously in a 'load-bearing connection'. Single couplers are not
needed.[6] load-bearing couplers and have no design capacity.
Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium, Other common scaolding components include base
although there is composite scaolding, which uses plates, ladders, ropes, anchor ties, reveal ties, gin wheels,
lament-wound tubes of glass bre in a nylon or polyester sheeting, etc. Most companies will adopt a specic colour
matrix, because of the high cost of composite tube, it to paint the scaolding with, in order that quick visual
is usually only used when there is a risk from overhead identication can be made in case of theft. All compo-
electric cables that cannot be isolated. If steel, they are nents that are made from metal can be painted but items
either 'black' or galvanised. The tubes come in a vari- that are wooden should never be painted as this could hide
ety of lengths and a standard diameter of 48.3 mm. (1.5 defects. Despite the metric measurements given, many
NPS pipe). The chief dierence between the two types scaolders measure tubes and boards in imperial units,
of metal tubes is the lower weight of aluminium tubes with tubes from 21 feet down and boards from 13 ft down.
(1.7 kg/m as opposed to 4.4 kg/m). However they are
Bamboo scaolding is widely used in Hong Kong,[7] with
more exible and have a lower resistance to stress. Tubes
nylon straps tied into knots as couplers.[8] In India, bam-
are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths and can then be cut
boo or other wooden scaolding is also mostly used, with
down to certain typical sizes. Most large companies will
poles being lashed together using ropes made from co-
brand their tubes with their name and address in order to
conut hair (coir).
deter theft.
Boards provide a working surface for scaold users.
They are seasoned wood and come in three thicknesses 2.2 Basic scaolding
(38 mm (usual), 50 mm and 63 mm) are a standard width
(225 mm) and are a maximum of 3.9 m long. The board The key elements of the scaolding are the standard,
ends are protected either by metal plates called hoop irons ledger and transoms. The standards, also called uprights,
or sometimes nail plates, which often have the company are the vertical tubes that transfer the entire mass of the
name stamped into them. Timber scaold boards in the structure to the ground where they rest on a square base
UK should comply with the requirements of BS 2482. plate to spread the load. The base plate has a shank in
As well as timber, steel or aluminium decking is used, as its centre to hold the tube and is sometimes pinned to a
well as laminate boards. In addition to the boards for the sole board. Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect
working platform, there are sole boards which are placed between the standards. Transoms rest upon the ledgers at
beneath the scaolding if the surface is soft or otherwise right angles. Main transoms are placed next to the stan-
suspect, although ordinary boards can also be used. An- dards, they hold the standards in place and provide sup-
other solution, called a scapad, is made from a rubber port for boards; intermediate transoms are those placed
base with a base plate moulded inside; these are desirable between the main transoms to provide extra support for
for use on uneven ground since they adapt, whereas sole boards. In Canada this style is referred to as English.
boards may split and have to be replaced. American has the transoms attached to the standards
4 2 SCAFFOLDING TODAY

and is used less but has certain advantages in some situa- The scaolding width is determined by the width of the
tions. Since scaolding is a physical structure, it is pos- boards, the minimum width allowed is 600 mm but a
sible to go in and come out of scaolding. more typical four-board scaold would be 870 mm wide
from standard to standard. More heavy-duty scaolding
can require 5, 6 or even up to 8 boards width. Often an
inside board is added to reduce the gap between the inner
standard and the structure.
The lift height, the spacing between ledgers, is 2 m, al-
though the base lift can be up to 2.7 m. The diagram
above also shows a kicker lift, which is just 150 mm or
so above the ground.
Transom spacing is determined by the thickness of the
boards supported, 38 mm boards require a transom spac-
ing of no more than 1.2 m while a 50 mm board can stand
a transom spacing of 2.6 m and 63 mm boards can have
a maximum span of 3.25 m. The minimum overhang for
all boards is 50 mm and the maximum overhang is no
Scaolding in Tretyakovsky Proyezd, Moscow more than 4x the thickness of the board.

As well as the tubes at right angles there are cross braces to

increase rigidity, these are placed diagonally from ledger 2.3 Foundations
to ledger, next to the standards to which they are tted. If
the braces are tted to the ledgers they are called ledger
Good foundations are essential. Often scaold frame-
braces. To limit sway a facade brace is tted to the face of
works will require more than simple base plates to safely
the scaold every 30 metres or so at an angle of 3555
carry and spread the load. Scaolding can be used with-
running right from the base to the top of the scaold and
out base plates on concrete or similar hard surfaces, al-
xed at every level.
though base plates are always recommended. For sur-
Of the couplers previously mentioned, right-angle cou- faces like pavements or tarmac base plates are necessary.
plers join ledgers or transoms to standards, putlog or For softer or more doubtful surfaces sole boards must be
single couplers join board bearing transoms to ledgers used, beneath a single standard a sole board should be at
- Non-board bearing transoms should be xed using a least 1,000 square centimetres (160 in2 ) with no dimen-
right-angle coupler. Swivel couplers are to connect tubes sion less than 220 millimetres (8.7 in), the thickness must
at any other angle. The actual joints are staggered to avoid be at least 35 millimetres (1.4 in). For heavier duty scaf-
occurring at the same level in neighbouring standards. fold much more substantial baulks set in concrete can be
required. On uneven ground steps must be cut for the
base plates, a minimum step size of around 450 millime-
tres (18 in) is recommended. A working platform re-
quires certain other elements to be safe. They must be
close-boarded, have double guard rails and toe and stop
boards. Safe and secure access must also be provided.

Basic scaold dimensioning terms. No boards, bracing or cou-

plers shown

The spacings of the basic elements in the scaold are

fairly standard. For a general purpose scaold the max- Scaolding showing required protection of a working platform
imum bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier work the bay size with maximum dimensions. Butt-board not visible. No couplers
is reduced to 2 or even 1.8 m while for inspection a bay shown
width of up to 2.7 m is allowed.
 5

2.4 Ties is place hard against the outside face of the structure.
Sometimes it is possible to use anchor ties (also called bolt
ties), these are ties tted into holes drilled in the structure.
A common type is a ring bolt with an expanding wedge
which is then tied to a node point.

Scaolding by Balfour & Beatty during refurbishment of the Wa-

verley Station roof, Edinburgh 2011

The least 'invasive' tie is a reveal tie. These use an opening

in the structure but use a tube wedged horizontally in the
opening. The reveal tube is usually held in place by a re-
The Holy Trinity Church in Vladimir, with scaolding wrapped veal screw pin (an adjustable threaded bar) and protective
in safety mesh. packing at either end. A transom tie tube links the reveal
tube to the scaold. Reveal ties are not well regarded,
Scaolds are only rarely independent structures. To pro- they rely solely on friction and need regular checking so
vide stability for a scaolding (at left) framework ties are it is not recommended that more than half of all ties be
generally xed to the adjacent building/fabric/steelwork. reveal ties.
General practice is to attach a tie every 4m on alternate If it is not possible to use a safe number of ties rakers
lifts (traditional scaolding). Prefabricated System scaf- can be used. These are single tubes attached to a ledger
folds require structural connections at all frames - ie.2-3m extending out from the scaold at an angle of less than
centres (tie patterns must be provided by the System man- 75 and securely founded. A transom at the base then
ufacturer/supplier). The ties are coupled to the scaold as completes a triangle back to the base of the main scaold.
close to the junction of standard and ledger (node point)
as possible. Due to recent regulation changes, scaold-
ing ties must support +/- loads (tie/butt loads) and lateral
(shear) loads. 3 Specialty scaolding
Due to the dierent nature of structures there is a variety
of dierent ties to take advantage of the opportunities. Types of scaolding covered by the Occupational Health
and Safety Administration in the United States include
Through ties are put through structure openings such as the following categories: Pole; tube and coupler; fab-
windows. A vertical inside tube crossing the opening is ricated frame (tubular welded frame scaolds); plas-
attached to the scaold by a transom and a crossing hor- terers, decorators, and large area scaolds; bricklay-
izontal tube on the outside called a bridle tube. The gaps ers (pipe); horse; form scaolds and carpenters bracket
between the tubes and the structure surfaces are packed scaolds; roof brackets; outrigger; pump jacks; ladder
or wedged with timber sections to ensure a solid t. jacks; window jacks; crawlingboards (chicken ladders);
Box ties are used to attach the scaold to suitable pillars step, platform, and trestle ladder scaolds; single-point
or comparable features. Two additional transoms are put adjustable suspension; two-point adjustable suspension
across from the lift on each side of the feature and are (swing stages); multipoint adjustable suspension; stone-
joined on both sides with shorter tubes called tie tubes. setters multipoint adjustable suspension scaolds, and
When a complete box tie is impossible a l-shaped lip tie masons multipoint adjustable suspension scaolds; cate-
can be used to hook the scaold to the structure, to limit nary; oat (ship); interior hung; needle beam; multilevel
inward movement an additional transom, a butt transom, suspended; mobile; repair bracket scaolds; and stilts.[9]
6 3 SPECIALTY SCAFFOLDING

3.1 Gallery of scaold types

A type of putlog scaold

Tube and clamp scaold where the putlogs go through the wall and are
detail. relatively balanced on each side.

A type of metal pole scaold in Carpenters bracket scaold-

France. ing or wall brackets bolt through, and hang from, a
wall.

Wooden pole scaold. Tall horse scaold.

Pipe staging is very common

in the U.S. Welded sections stack on top of each
other and braced with cross braces, workers stand
Swing stage
on planks or aluminum platforms.

Bamboo scaold with nylon

knots.
Ladder brackets mount to
the rungs of a ladder and hold planks.

The putlog is the horizontal

piece on which the platform rests, the upright pole
is called a standard. In some masonry buildings
the holes into which the putlogs are inserted remain
unlled and are called putlog holes. Trestle ladder scaold.
3.5 X-Deck ladder scaolding 7

use of added outriggers. The work platform height is ad-

justable.

3.5 X-Deck ladder scaolding

A simple putlog type scaf-
folding and roof brackets. Low level scaolding that is height adjustable. It is a hy-
brid ladder scaold work platform.

4 Standards
The widespread use of scaolding systems, along with the
profound importance that they earned in modern appli-
cations such as civil engineering projects and temporary
Stilts are considered a type of structures, led to the denition of a series of standards
scaold by OSHA in the USA. Stilts are commonly covering a vast number of specic issues involving scaf-
used by drywall tapers working on ceilings. folding. Among the standards there are:[11]

DIN 4420, a DIN standard divided in 5 parts which

covers the design and detail of scaolds, ladder
3.2 Putlog scaold scaolds, safety requirements and standard types,
materials, components, dimensions and loadbearing
In addition to the putlog couplers (discussed above), there capacity.
are also putlog tubes. These have a attened end or have
been tted with a blade. This feature allows the end of DIN 4421, a DIN standard which covers the analy-
the tube to be inserted into or rest upon the brickwork of sis, design and construction of falsework
the structure.
29 CFR Part 1926: Safety Standards for Scaf-
A putlog scaold may also be called a bricklayers scaf- folds Used in the Construction Industry from the
fold. As such, the scaold consists only of a single row of U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
standards with a single ledger. The putlogs are transoms tion (OSHA), with an accompanying construction
- attached to the ledger at one end but integrated into the eTool[12]
bricks at the other.
Spacing is the same on a putlog scaold as on a general
purpose scaold, and ties are still required. In recent 5 See also
years a number of new innovations have meant an in-
creased scope of use for scaolding, such as ladderbeams
National Access and Scaolding Confederation (UK
for spanning spaces that cannot accommodate standards
trade association)
and the increased use of sheeting and structure to create
temporary roofs. Willow Island disaster

3.3 Pump-jack
6 References
A pump-jack is a type of portable scaolding system.
The scaold rests on supports attached to two or more [1] https://www.google.com/images?q=scaffold&hl=en
vertical posts. The user raises the scaolding by pump- [2] staging, vbl. n.. def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Sec-
ing the foot pedals on the supports, like an automobile ond Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) Oxford University
jack.[10] Press 2009

[3] Early developments - At the forefront of the industry.

3.4 Baker staging
[4] History of scaolding (PDF). S. R. Engineering Co.,
Kolkata.
Baker staging is a metal scaold which is easy to assem-
ble. Rolling platforms typically 740 millimetres (29 in) [5] New Scaolding Guidance TG20:08 Guide to Good
wide by 1.8 metres (6 ft) long and 1.8 metres (6 ft) tall Practice for Scaolding with Tube and Fittings NASC
sections which can be stacked up to three high with the (National Access and Scaolding Confederation), UK
8 7 EXTERNAL LINKS

[6] Light Weight Scaolding Goes Together Without Nuts

or Bolts. Popular Mechanics, February 1954, p. 103.

[7] Malm, Sara (8 March 2013). How did that get past health
and safety! Hong Kongs ultra-modern skyscrapers are
built with scaolding made out of BAMBOO. Daily
Mail. Retrieved 12 February 2015.

[8] Guidelines on the Design and Construction of Bam-

boo Scaolds (PDF). http://www.bd.gov.hk. Hong Kong
Buildings Department. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Ex-
ternal link in |website= (help)

[9] Je Ende. Getting a grip on OSHAs scaolding regula-

tions Masonryconstruction.com Publication #M970339
Copyright 1997, The Aberdeen Group

[10] https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/
supported/pumpjack.html

[11] Residential Scaolding Health & Safety Guide. ICF

Scaolding Contractors. Retrieved 20 April 2013.

[12] https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_
document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=
13573 https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/
index.html

7 External links

Bamboo scaolding in Hong Kong disassembled

Illustrated Formwork and Temporary Work Glos-

sary

New York City Scaolding Regulations PDF (shows

nine types of scaolding)

OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaold Use

in the Construction Industry

OSHA scaold types illustrated

Illustrations of many kinds of scaolding

UK Health & Safety Executive Scaold Checklist

 9

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Michael Hardy, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks, William M. Connolley, Michael Shields, Ike9898, Wolfgang Kufner, Andrewman327,
Wik, Palere, Paul W, Robbot, Chris 73, Naddy, Dduck, Anthony, Pengo, Alan Liefting, Jackol, Alexf, Sam Hocevar, Freakofnur-
ture, Archer3, Mecanismo, Mani1, Bender235, JoeSmack, Stesmo, Smalljim, Shenme, Giraedata, Kjkolb, Poli, Kjetil, Arthena, At-
lant, Andrewpmk, Ahruman, Goldom, Osmodiar, Ghirlandajo, Stephen, Dmol, BD2412, Eubot, Tysto, Cactus.man, YurikBot, Jojo-
schmitz~enwiki, Ytrottier, Splette, Stephenb, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, DAJF, KingDaveRa, Jbattersby, Closedmouth, JuJube, Allens,
SmackBot, DWaterson, Zephyris, Gilliam, Hmains, Evilandi, Afa86, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Full Shunyata, SchftyThree, Victorgri-
gas, Ctbolt, Mike hayes, Argyriou, Benoit rigaut, EvelinaB, SundarBot, Greg5030, Underbar dk, Jim Derby, Lazylaces, Peterlewis, 16@r,
JHunterJ, TastyPoutine, Iridescent, FairuseBot, Wikidenver, Denghu, Thijs!bot, Typicallucas, Bethan 182, Seaphoto, JAnDbot, Barek, Ccr-
rccrr, Gbeuk99, Naval Scene, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, Carlwev, Mainehcky45, Doug Coldwell, Ermanon, Keith D, CommonsDelinker,
J.delanoy, Athaenara, Shawn in Montreal, Manafaloor, Molly-in-md, MKoltnow, Truthresearch, KylieTastic, SirJibby, Funandtrvl, Sig-
nalhead, X!, Cadby Waydell Bainbrydge, Satani, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Chris40004, Billbeee, Yintan, Smurfscaolder, Flyer22
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Namazu-tron, Dvirsteiner, NuclearWarfare, Yizhenwilliam, MR Bass to you, PlasticParts, Dthomsen8, Scaoldingdesigner, Addbot, Un-
derwaterbualo, MrOllie, Download, CarsracBot, Glane23, Philmu78, Karl gregory jones, Terrts, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Topperupper, THEN
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8.2 Images
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10 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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