measurement anD Geometry geometriC reasoning

4 Substitute the value of y into the equation. x + 120 = 180

5 Solve for x. x = 180 - 120
= 60

Perpendicular lines X
Perpendicular means at right angles.
When two line segments meet at right angles they are said
to be perpendicular. That is, the angle between them is 90.
A
In the diagram at right, the angles AOX and XOB are each
right angled which means that the line segments AB and OX
O
are perpendicular.
To write the line segments AB and OX are perpendicular
using mathematical symbols, simply write AB ^ OX.
B
The symbol ^ means is perpendicular to.

rememBer

1. (a) Vertically opposite angles are equal in size.

(b) Adjacent angles are next to each other.
2. Corresponding (F) angles are equal in size.
3. Co-interior (C) angles add to 180.
4. Alternate (Z) angles are equal in size.
5. When looking for the F, C or Z shape, remember that they may be backwards or
upside down.
6. The symbol for parallel is ||.
7. Supplementary angles add to 180.
8. Complementary angles add to 90.
9. If the given angles are in none of the above relations, we might need to find some
other angle first. This other angle must be related to both given angles.
10. Perpendicular means at right angles.
eXerCise
5F Parallel and perpendicular lines
individual FluenCY
PatHWays
1 Copy and complete this table.
eBook plus
Diagram Type of angle relation Associated shape Rule
Activity 5-F-1
Parallel and Corresponding Are equal in size.
perpendicular lines
doc-1752
Activity 5-F-2
More parallel and
perpendicular lines
doc-1753 Alternate Z
Activity 5-F-3
Advanced parallel and
perpendicular lines
doc-1754
Add up to 180.
eBook plus

Digital doc
Investigate parallel and
perpendicular lines
doc-6456

168 maths Quest 7 for the australian Curriculum

 measurement AND geometry geometric reasoning

2 a Copy the diagram into your workbook. Clearly draw the F shape on
your diagram and label the angle corresponding to the one that is
marked.

b Copy the diagram into your workbook. Clearly draw the Z shape
on your diagram and label the angle alternate to the marked angle.

c Copy the diagram and label the angle co-interior to the marked angle.
Clearly draw the C shape on your diagram.

3 Match each diagram with the appropriate name from the four options listed.
Diagram Name
a A Co-interior angles (C)

b B Corresponding angles (F)

c C Alternate angles (Z)

d D None of the above

4 In the diagram at right, list all pairs of:

a vertically opposite angles a b
c d
b corresponding angles
c co-interior angles e f
d alternate angles. g h

5 MC In the diagram below:

a Which angle is vertically opposite to angle p? r t

a k n p
b m k m
c r j q
d q
e t

Chapter 5 Geometry 169

 measurement AND geometry geometric reasoning

b Which angle is corresponding to angle p?

a k b m c r d q E t
c Which angle is co-interior to angle p?
a k b m c r d q E n
d Which angle is alternate to angle p?
a k b m c r d q E n
e Name two angles adjacent to angle k.
6 WE19 For each of the following diagrams:
i state the type of angle relationship
ii find the value of the pronumeral.
a b c
p
45 s
q
60
65

d e f

132
72
t m 70
n

7 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following diagrams, giving reasons.
a b c
116 64 62
38 b
z 44
y 44

d e f
68 135
72 g
h k
120 110

8 a WE20 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following diagrams.
i C ii A iii A
B
x B
D D C
123 y
B G
F
A E E H
137 H
G F C
b G
H 62
D
F E

170 Maths Quest 7 for the Australian Curriculum

 measurement AND geometry geometric reasoning

iv A v P vi M N
P
H B
G
80 p Q
Y
V R
J W q
F C X S q
z z U V Q
T 160 W Z

E D T S R

b Name all the perpendicular lines in the diagrams above.

understanding

9 If the angle allied to x is 135, find the size of angle x.

p
10 If the angle corresponding to y is 55, find the size of angle y.
11 A hill is at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. A fence is put in, consisting
of a railing parallel to the ground and vertical fence posts. Find the angle
between the top of the fence post and the rail. 30
12 Two gates consist of vertical posts, horizontal struts and diagonal
beams. Find the angle, a, as shown in the gates below.
a a b

40 50
a

Reasoning

13 Is the line AB parallel to line CD? Explain your answer.

A B
48
84

133
C D

14 a What shapes can you identify in this picture?

Make a list.
b Name three places in the picture where you see
parallel lines.
When examining a photograph of a 3-dimensional
object, you notice that some sets of parallel lines
(such as the wires in the railing) appear to meet in
the distance. This point is called the vanishing point
and is used by architects, engineers and artists to
create diagrams and artworks in perspective.
c Identify the vanishing point in the photograph.

Chapter 5 Geometry 171

 measurement anD Geometry geometriC reasoning

15 Perspective drawing also allows us to create the illusion of looking

at the same object from a number of different angles. For example,
consider a simple box as shown at right.
The two figures below are views of the cube from different
angles. In all cases the top of the box has been shaded.

Figure A Figure B
a Find the vanishing point in each diagram, by extending the edges in the diagram until
they meet.
b True or false?
i The viewer is above the box in Figure A.
ii The viewer is behind the box in Figure B.
iii The viewer of Figure A is probably taller than the viewer of Figure B.

eBook plus
reFleCtion
Digital docs Can you think of a way to
WorkSHEET 5.2 remember the different types of
doc-6618
angles associated with parallel
lines and their special properties?

172 maths Quest 7 for the australian Curriculum