0% found this document useful (0 votes)
93 views33 pages

SGAL PythonNote PDF

1. The document discusses different types of programming languages and how they are used to write computer programs. 2. It describes low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and C that are easier for humans to read and write. 3. Artificial languages like Lisp and Prolog are also covered, which are designed to solve specific types of problems through symbolic reasoning rather than step-by-step computations.

Uploaded by

anmsumathipala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
93 views33 pages

SGAL PythonNote PDF

1. The document discusses different types of programming languages and how they are used to write computer programs. 2. It describes low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and C that are easier for humans to read and write. 3. Artificial languages like Lisp and Prolog are also covered, which are designed to solve specific types of problems through symbolic reasoning rather than step-by-step computations.

Uploaded by

anmsumathipala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

c267O67aJ oqerc q6obn 6coE@ gO>

q.oelr.eo.(6, eood oog)

ont6n267 tor osC6oOqn acm'lee66

oat6461 oca'lo6 oqescSnoo:rJqO


e5c6zor qO>com qlros 6)5)63
2012
1. q1C@'6rr8rloceml (Algorithm) ,,lA zo2@r.f q?
(Algorithm) ogee
@ ologoal EecQo eeqorc qpo@arco adm g@ooqcoml qr6looo8rr@coni
o1QrrIoO8.

a) @logodBoQog gQod
o olOgO EaJoglo{6co 68@.
. orogo eeqaot qlgloorr8oo oorozta8o.
r o6coGao OgoCaGe teleoEo (Coding), dE qE oqJea ogarc ar169 eeo:6o1dq 689
o er8g)6?D goe@o<,: Socz:l@zo 689.

b) ologD Ededuao 680


olOgO 3nJo6le.6c,s 68o@ Q gcqcar, gEqra eco @cecO@o ol?t qOoAJa r:d ool gbJ o3

c) olOgO fsq$r q(eloor6no @otoar16O

o@E Q ologO ScrJogle<cce 68@ oqeor EA6IOzIJC'3 zordzrr ggoEqco qg8@oC@ai ara: e't2
ed8. qrCoZ.Bogcezol dlerlo gczorrdo<-olri (Graphical) ooJ @5zr Er?trcdocn2tJ (Textual)
qlztl8(,3 ?tr6 6.
-d ,t loo6loo o1a:Eg
qlqlooc8or@o eJB@626J tococOal q:Ordocerrf @5O oOE Q 8g zodS o@o "Coding" o:goonl
l orgalop ea8.
e) googloo $ocdgzo zod o1@g

e,^:rr, eq googlOco 6o1dQ qiA ooEQ e.r6rlec ?od2 eloa. oldQ 6oa o@ e9oc A@o610zo
(Programmer) EArf 6ordq zordg 61o6

c.?El66 7.ll

o"o::o 4r:ld dzo4 68o

g6qcmce(OutPut) : daoa2o

qtdooc8zr9o -1. I
Enter lhe firs! nuntber
Enter the second number
Enter the third nuntber
Total = first nunber* second numberi third number
Display the Total
ce66e1.2
co.A)b 42t)2o coroc?t)5 goco oe!8o
gcqcb-r (lnputs) : erg eooAr5co, oqo5r ro"A)5ro 3)) obrob) 6.AnrO
@cocO@o (Process) : ee.O>c rpo:ri darqO / 3
gdqcoco (Output) : esc@c2t)s<,s

qtdeco5a9ct 1-2

Enter the first number


Enter the second nunber
Enter the third number
Average :( first number+ second numbeft third nttmber)/ 3
Display the Average

thl
o1@@ coOozr} (Flow Charts)
g@o6idcozsr $coczsc8r'lOo qg8@oo@al qraJoOar d1o@co Edle3<5<':zol o1@9 eeOeoorzol oga:
J,q*LO co1@5 eoOora qalar o6-c o3br Ecz6rcd@6J doc o@ o@ @oczo:odzo@OgO erceJaro Orr: qrzocdonl
ooalg@ zod8.

co1@9 oOord qiQ@ oqor tm8zl 2od2t gAc?t o'odt!'

Process
Start/Stop... lnput /Output

grq{r /gEqD
qp60oco/ godlttcs @coro@cs

E6@ @6)]00 qrJtl ogt cl:O

a. rooar:o oQ2ozo o2o4o gOc olEO oqoc o1@O aooar

Total = Add t\13 Numbers ...


v'r>s{-rlCti"4S bcri\'t 'n1c-:'rrat fr'- t,t''d
+ e r ,J .c-..\ P -\+P r- i., t-osnl on a. Selo
i A YU'lv-t{'n
-D 4o (cznnutni cr;J4 ( r)S I rz11ri i .r-r\. ,-L,

-D "f
).-m
-D ( o ,np- {u '{ ' 'r .. - \5.u du*

3. zogl8zr @@@Ca (Pseudo Code;


cllOgOzof Seeqzrr gczorcdce a:dg urecO6z;'l ql?rj g g ?11162 ?tr c,l ?rf zo gl8zl gOogfdc.:of o.ga: rolQaloE
c,.Oce eJ8co6? g@o6lO'acoa2 oa:cOar qocea2O (Non Programmer) QOq oz:fd1@ ob) ur16 qr?Drdc
odg OSaJ qaalO6 91o6.
eo.a)5r oqz ?6J egzoo2O gd: ro16O eeqalo argf8 or p;OogfOcl (Pseudo Code)

gcd@e,rce (Begin)
<.:gQ a:.ErcO arc oqOn e,:.OnO qlo2goJ ar daJar
dz b)o = 1 eo"Or::O 1'2 es"A.fja
o zo o2 O g 6i qc-or ce at doJar.
qooro-rc.: (End)

4. g9od0
gOogiO<,:zol cep o8o6ar<,rO c.:O zorScoceal 680 aiqoc g9egl- i,r:erO=- 3:3oJ qOll oqar 5l:r'
i9:g:oeo dar4oz3. 9@o610or orcaaroal (Ptogtanrrning Langtragc) :q e3o7.:r.:J ia?,j Aar?t
gO:Qg ergtac eslorg zoa69 o:<1106.

08ro6 iD ocscOrjod e8a:cO<.:


ine [,angLrages)
mbly Languages)
h Level Languages)
tificial Languages)
achine Languages)
. oloe.eoo:ti @<e:r g{o{
0 orc I <,rar o.oaJo (lvlachine Code) o,r! af o06
r dOrEo-J Doczr qra)arl 669 garc ci.65g ui'r:5cao?iJ 3c^:.
. <,:bJoce @al '.e1ooo-r irtcecod.
o gOo6jdcor 08oJ o8sr.GzorooJ qadc.ot (Llardware) B@aq O {.a-r ool g6J oO.
o oalr oD,
er6OSarar @agalo"otc.:zof qooaD
o Oroe.:ooa-f @c,:cngzo 3@ oOoOoJ c,:.

b. oQoal rrdgerdroD er6o{62or ocuc (Assembly Languages)


EC:o gOce Machine Language dnO a::odalo O edgr,:.
AS-D
sL{4 0 eor I Oir erq'6tg I3ar6 oOaSOO es.oaJo er:O urr8ct 63O eio: Eioo.a:-J,t irrier c.Ce
orgi:,J-in 611o5
Assem bler are Q gOoodE orcelc oSObatarooj el"oafar:aJOa ,,t:o:C roraJ$a:t otoerrO
OOO erSOSala-:c,r 68@ eeqtoc oclrqr oro Sb26.
.e:rfgco Oo: <lroei?t tore4ro6.
o@<,: gOo6lO ergg erd@od3oo OOr @cocaJgn O-or oOoce qQ c.:.

c. errJOo ed9edcoD o6cD6?o 6cur (High Level Languages)


g.@8 ercecOO e:Oo erSsl{GrD orce: oO@ codclO coloz:J
eq)ad't" FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C
>,)' ggogla eeOorq'ol<,: oog ard8.
c.:r#g @a c,:toerltJ?rf zrf oal, oo.
g@o5lOzoo<;q S:g 68O e.:sreq oD.
e:6o5ozo oagaoc.oc,saJ qo6rx oo8
a ?ror-rr^'n ( o'n
o (cmp. ter 4o

d. @?rdOrri erdgodroD eEo.6?6: Eorsr (Artificial Languages)


. E66 olEO eeqetr es3osi'6, Ooo> @t8zrJ E8@cdco 68@0 oe8a zodS'
I i
d r ,s6a,d'rioeo Odgzrf oc8zr zodar oceoc oaldlo oIEOO ei?tg Ozrr @agaor'co BSOcGco
J. d
((A
68@0 q orc8o oD.
b. Lisp eeor Prolog o@ teqo;c 6qgaf 6Eoce6
o. eilraa.l qezJpOg ee.ooQ 6,rlooleszoOgO g6Ocd qrafE9 eeqroo OlOeoOtlal 68@cgc':
tS e3u**3it{
;; '.ai -3{-,
-'oe. s=-.''-'"''s'aJ!$ ieE senr{r \ "-o.'' 5
5.1
eslo o6o6oc.:zsl o E6ocdco E qlafoal qar.)o.(' eqE]r @<oiBqg 6,ooqal orgcoml oqmo zod ool5) (n
.G
ee:Oczr>ocoal EEO OSoOe e1a6at eoq?tr qtroD6uo I eede Oesoqa4 @ceJOztl qlal o@O 6,etoqad
@
O:6c o8o6o qao5tr"o e,5q?tr @ @c.:Eqi6 qard Aoogl,o taoorqzoS?tJo EecDoaro: 68@0 erorg
dOc
O fl
eJO, oir,, (}O. datE?tJ o9@ iieoqa4 urEo zor d OlOarO<o:ri eooocq?tJco *]BO gEdl zoc&o<':zol O?t gztd
oc,3 ?rroec3 Eocg ogee o1o orrlar 6 doozrJ @ 8co eoi6 oqJao 90166 q Eo:6 Ece to16
c,: dooi gO q ..
h

.,d
q:ezrfm B O135i otogoOal 5@o6loarco zo@ ar16] Ec,:. dooal @ oo@ ncfecO6Jocorl o26J?t 6), J
gooiO oz:ld1@ o1E@ q oeog 8ce a

zrplal 6ao erSo6zrJc5?oO o@@ g<og oooo@ er8o<gzo 6ltq,c ABazsl ozb)@ai O @cicrioar 68o@ F
..ijd$z;:
o1h-,Ozel oal.O1o. oO 6eoc SocrJeo OqOeoOto:ri @6zrj o@@ erDg OOOoO atet esBadoat
ocoerOO (Machine Language) e8O6zrarc,:25) g4 6, o@ eeqor ocSor Ozr EocrJe OlOoOoaJ q5O
8m>ca:zo (lnterpretefs) <oc os@u:qzo (compilers) oeoe qrzd8c,5 o16 c,:. o@@ 9@ oqoal @ ee.zoczrozsf
q o.o a3qcrc eocSzl zo g, tl1zo.

a) q6O Eorrsro?s ( Interpreters)

E5d E?trncalzo Oagzarc"o @6af SooglOoc3 916 Ear?t @c,rcalon 66o0 qOeSOcoo Q qoco> erBQ
ocal@zor u:oec (Machine Language) Ea3?trc3?ti aOO orcOzor@rc: O o5OSarmo DO 8g Om qod dota
o8OSalm<.r g Ear?r deer86.J @ @caraf@zo 8@ q 8g oO. d613zrj do6ee ej8o5oraro: p Eo:ar alloz'^r
i5)to6r ef6o Ezr>ceezo oarr@16 O @ocofgzo xJ8o@ eoidcaconl ogo OOc,3 @'rtszrj g6)c ozrro{. ogE
gddgozol oee6 ooo o5ooo3 lgo6lOr; 'i $r.r,'' zord8oo ozrJmc zorcg<'r o@ecqzoco @6af
o8O6azrc,: zog g9o6ldclr.f $ocrJ9zo 6O0 ozrJnc zocgcoO oOc Oi8 oD. Visual Basic,Pyt)ron
oocQc,r ooO O5ooo goai aBada rococ oD.

Data

Errors/Results
b) r.r9r:cQzrJ (Compilers)

- e,@O Otioo6i @ag:src"ot OdaJ g9o6lEoc,{ qi6 B<sg EOczr, dzorOd ceca-Jdnl erccecOO (Machin
I-anguage) eold8@ 8g oaro5. ogooi o8OSorarc,:
Q OO,rr,rfgro, ,."."-rd g p@o6fO rnlOa
"g o,16 .,. c o. pascal
o8oSol.'rcedrrJ o6rd o Eaa qoJor @o'@orz:l@zo 26) o16 el-Bc, o.ro gool
?rreel o.g eoqor Eqg:rJ ogea q1aJ8<o o16 <^:.

ar@ocqzo 9c8arJ o6Odaro.rc.: 68o@ Q o8OSorzr<e eeqoc o6r.F ore gC gOoglOc.r gorO
OOoCAo (Source Program) o6eo q oSOdar:rorezrf ergO ear o a.J?rrr gOoCao a"<'. gOoga
(Object Prograrr) oge,: q orlQoJoD. gorO g@ogfO Eesco g@oglOca:rfO ergOSzr:rc 6S;O q
eo9ocqor OrSzrI groO gOogfO qqcg gOoglO orocoO atcdzo O6OgO (Syntax) qa3a a:zoeJ O qrz
q18 oSzoJoc zod O6ar qard gOoglOoci qrd ?iJrd6 6609A qpo)g oz'roar oqJer
-Eo..."O*
ca@rarO: qr8 qtzrlSo q e,:gorqar<,:zrfocJ p@o zorSoo:al o6al qrbl8o ?1116 c.:.

trcer: er8O6orzo (Language Translatots) OdaJ errer er8Otiorar<,: xi8og eagarog


Q eOtr
g9ocfO."''lo6J oqJe "aorrdzo oqJe" (Sy'tax Errols) ogee orlQaioO8. n.Czo 6d eqJe eea3or
oo.e-e a roocJrq?o o,rga-f <3es665 goo6loco-aJo (object Program) o8otiararco r)g oarr er16 c.:.
di)13oJ gOo6lOcoa-1 Eeco ggo6fOcozarO e8O6r:zrce 6800 at dg gorO ggogidc^r
c1dtOr5r,:oo:rJ @ zocdo Bd oq:leao@zrf oorcd gOo6ldc,sal O.".qa2 ..:.

Data

Syntax ResLrlts
Errors

e) o9ocqar trrc q6d OzrueecezoOg e:.zogzrcozol OrBzrJ e)ccrc o8oSororo gS 66oO Q $@:n

.tava eJSsr{.6? ocscO o@@ OOoOqo @ar oqr:@ E qrar. .- .- r. ; , r .r ! . .. (::_,

ego.qzo to: q5d 3o r:celzo.r er"zoeo.,6?iJ Oe8rd gOoda @c,:roigzo Oa., qczo:d<^: c.1E) u., dlo(i.(
ql a;fo-OB.

Data

Source Program Compiler


Interpreter
tni
>') )
S. Syntax [:rrol s
5.2 Python ggodO ocucO
o0(! ec,r oOoo@ googio ure:ont (lJigh Le vel l-anguage) o6 qD'6 ooo srrero qgo qoazs:ood gcrr
br,oce eit,l qgo qoroool p6l ocooc.C Q oarqts6zrlzroc'1 Nalion al Research lnsLitute for Mathetlatics
and Computer Science (CWI) qr<,:ornooC Guido Van Rossunl DBa-J 65@cdce ardm SQ ooo oteerc
g&d 8ar>reear, oar erqocD Q oo:qoro (Objcct Oricnted) elceerO?ol om q?td o erOcJr36ol (PtocedLttc
Oriented) ococOal ogeo q o6rqr or:l ort?D.

oSzlrrl uce:oo Sarcoaarceo asoor0 o og<8,,: zocgool 8Eo q6ocq (Vcrsions) pq: orld qrd qztd ooo
pqr a:18@ qnd 53O oOzrreiar@ qr6(r ort6 (n.
ooozrf @ 9c 9q. err8ooe q q,rhr o era cog coo qQocQ qad a6 mo ooma{zooo@zrl q gzslo o
"Pytlron 3" 2008 OeeoS oqeri@O6 @or $q: o8n eq. oo@ q2orqc.: Q@rrl Ezl2d ro,p, q2Ocqrairlo oO:
oOna{zo@ odmcOdzrJ gzafor ce. qq Or: EO pqcorld qrE zrOaro q2orqce og "Python 3 2" oa qS
ao zrr 6890 Ogroer:od:zrl4 OoJo:d oOO oOar@ q4Ocqoo{ oSnal tocqoO Odzr} gOoglOarco zodm

qr;ocdce 8@OqO8. o@g rlOalo pqc tr18o aror e9oco qq:g @8o610o B@Oq Sgeec Oi@oo
lf(p l^yryW+yllOtqrd oOO qOEccO 8SSoOrJ OOO qOoCdcO 61oOp qro. @OO og10?,)<,:0 q erqor@
A qr?'lo?t'l OO gitOoe @<Bzri 9Oc olrl oar.dr:)d1 <-e

6.1 elrra.a orsroe ?ocd?s 86 (Syntax) coo @Aqr6d (Semantics)


oBoo;aa o:eo:65OOmce 630 <,igalr gOoar eo"eeeo oqz;rrl qOcu oO8 oOC::rD
o n:dzo ss (Syntax)
r o"5q:5d (Semantics)

a) zorcdzo 86 (S)'ntax)
goofa Ed o@3?tJ googlO oJroO E16 ot:ta6<fr 46090 q2o es'o '?tlzt
grcesrozor zocdzo
oeOdzrJo zog Sa qra:cdo 6500oo aod8. o@o zorda 5EaQzl 8'Saaoxr OrrJe:;f
er"o-zslorOe OptooaJoal 6OidQorro 8@aq oO<t;aol ozt qbrd dOcocJ q&oce Bpaq e:lg6fgd
o5)rql?tl8O8.

cQ666 6.1

Cal is a rephle

r Syo{^x i\ oL , b"4 S e,nontlcs ttvzab

b) oaqcdd (Semantics)
oOO6:rJ ?rr@ro?D qrd A)\6)d4tx?A6De opeoccaJo qzlar;r: g5d erOdp gO8. oOiDzd
vlrocO6zrJ cl@eroq?tr,: zs g. OlOtoOerozo{ @ce:ofozo 68oQ gSoOr.lo zog 5412 OScecO cl:Dqc5d
@o8al E&OOmca oO8.
2 Vlvs^: io'tert*'
6.2 BNF q.zorlr,r ('vet^ \an1^*1e')
g?r OOOoO gOoglO BrreoO?tJooj zs::dar 66 q,a'f8cr oqor, B\F lBatkus-Naur '-l'-l Forr
.T.?D5)(3 BlrE?') -atdg 91o5. BNF q"atrnco e.:qe,tc gO:ar ee"toOzor arardof 6,c:oceCE zod coloo:
dOc arO,

l) Terminals o6o gScl qlnlQ r.:.onhir ?r) e zJJ oi2o. og@ Terminals 4gzooO qc,:af OzrloaJ
q5d qlnlSOO olSor g@oglO vroeoroD qOceO o065.
2) Nonterminals ogee q5o qrolp qg6zaler> eearceol
3) A:: = B qcorcdo:o qldB Ad o{46<,:rl. ood A qggnfto> Non-terminals 4groo-.
qge?i-J@)ic,:arJ Oco g4 qord B c,:afrr. Terrninals s-.': Non-terntinals a2gzoroal'o.:
qElgnfero@aJ eeoerlEor gpgzsleou qcoce6,
ogE A::= B <,:ar qozoa6oc^:E qdcl<^: "A E qSor^: B OdaJ 3Od6ca ozoroS otoi,A oraJ:
B @6aJ gdedoro6)G, rog tllra .

4) Slan Synbol ogo q5d rlnf Q Nontermittals Qe?tc:O qceal qg gzoleor:<,:aJ.

c.?666 6.1

ame ..: lcltefi.r_char lc_suffix


lc_suftix.': Ic,sulfix char lc_suffix f e
lcjrefix_char ::: "a'/ .1"2"
lc_suffix_char ; .: "a'1..I"z'T _"

o@8
Teminals: {a, .., 2., }
Non_terminals : {nane, lc suflix, |c,s uffix_cha r}
Start symbol : nane

BNF g.'srorood oarrl qr2f,loo6 e 2tf@5 qrnlaO 3io5.


A::=B c,:aJooE qlmlQ B6oar q?o ie.n c,:zr q6gaJe:: qO.o; Eo B1166r. o0i
.le?sJ6r)5 "@?rJ" oo "qg6asfo> dEar gggroler: qc@orl" oge,: g&d qr?rl6a8.
. 65ooarc; ardor gOo6lO ercer:oO Er,:go galo BNF q.albroca' Starl Symb.
r\::=-13 oger qlaj Q daj gbr gbrJ o'c5qog?J-j etroar ort66r.
q,?,Jctarjie,J6J <Dc19o r,l g.
Ee; qOarro IINF 6dog Ea.ct qocio oOrd 680.n(or ero<6bi or,lqr c.rozi-J
"
Python tocroooO garcoO6 Ogtoo (Syntax) 6500zr<1 680 eeqioc BNF g.zoa-roc3 O)5rei6ci?oJ
(extension) or8ar oo8. oo@ ouejdooi eJoor qr?ofoo?tJ q@od qpgzlfe,d i,rc8zt ozrro&.

Meta-character Meaning
zeto or more reDetitions ofthe Preceding iterl
I preceding irem (1 )5 -*r|)
t/ni tl zero or one occurrences of iter]lS inside [] - This rleans
fi hilliir-rsiG is optional.
o GroLrping of items
Delirniters lor litela I strings

Ex <Siinid sotelcrs) tl- f+ [-l Co qf


4,i-rro h;d. nu..rr) : '. : t+ I - I (o..o) C,".-t)
l(_

-,Jrtr n
Clc666 6.2

name ..: lc=.letter (lg tb$q I " ")+


Ic letter ..- "a"..."2-

uN-tz
7. <s3nal g@oglOc,:zo Opeoco
oSorzd gOo6lOcoaoJ dg iococoO zorcdzo 86090 qeeo o:zoe4 arg grococ,:afocrJ dzo4ozol ogo
qreol8<'r oSard gnrca Simple erc Compound
o16 co. gzflcc: oet,: oozrl zog eo16 oo. oSoral
gOo6lOcezol oq?Jrr C,qcod6c,5?rl orodirl qlaloO.

"FIoclrn,tatrc.o
r/t \^^s+
P*+ &
lzro.e tQ L>Lo{ct ,',
P3/t"4'
while True:
* x:input("Enler a String : ") leg I -
4y char_count = len(x) H cornpttte lhe Iengtlr ^PPle'
:,"09 prirrt 1 'string: ".x, " lcr:gLh : ", chrr countl -) -!\ri". '. ^trptL \r^i'lh i q

9oo goo6fOocd egp ocJ@ e2t qqr oe3@o6 ogS 6d@(o6J d?Do docozoto +dosr aod q16 qnd
968 o<3@ o2trl o9 od@Ago OOc @qaof ctqefiO 66 dzar g dOcOroO qpocBqo (lndent) q16 O?r o6eo
at6 q1ar. o8nr:d g@ogfEcezo gzo:coarozdocrJ eQSocoal q16 Eai qozorcc (White Spaces-Tabs,
esa:,ol
Space Etc.) gzoccl:, zocdooeo oozrJ 68@ 6:qallr oclrqr olozrJ. dar8?tJ o8o:rf gzoooc,:rdocC
gQ8oce:d grd Eaj qOzoc<o e8codzoool cnedr godi@D qrd Spaces oorJ Tab c-er2di ocE6).?rrd 6)rdzD
86oeo q2?qe o qree,ri aolg Se <l. oogdztJ gl@o6ldoo3 qrd 05o ozDcooi crralrq a o oq?tJ
eezorarrrlcezoJ a2zrJ qrzsrco zl eo16 oO.

e:Earal g@o6locoal za&zorgqar2g oe9@ (logical lines) qggoc,r8al teozrJDor oo8. daal Dr8?oraee
gar"ocezof (logical line/ staternent) dzor o8aral gzo:<oozai 3ca ga;o. dzol or&ar:ga2g gzoooc:af (logical
line/ slatement) dzor e:SorrrJ garccacozal Eo g4c,r. o@E dnl arcSdzo 6,ooqesnf oeJ@ 6Eoc^:af qalDc

a) Explicit line joining


gOo6lOc,szo 68coO od@<ozsl '\' <,:ar gggofeor,:al qooc:r 3 qra;Iaro o@ o<3@<a 60 ogO q16
od@o ieOao es@OrJO zoda; gE8.

cc?@667.2:
ffi"OM,
10v-
x =I +0) '1
2

gtoor 6,q:ard6ocC q16 oe3@ oqzor ddoarzoO te@DaJO I x= I +2 ogeo B ord oe3@ozsf ogee
eee?De eroa,

<- l:,'lwn \ {.
),v1*.\i: = (Neo, tina I s+a.le ,'h-l)"
{&-lxn n}) I i = s.lmf ^ lrs} Nec.., L,.,e c*"p,,^,1* sJoS I]
I
(rnpla-56wf Cr" " s;rpn-s|d)Y ':
-lls.l) i : =
"
---i--,1
b) Implicit line joining

0, t] o"r {} aa a6aol 4 Q gzorcca, o<i@ 6Eoc.:zo Oar ooJ oa-ira zDg eorrs43.

CQ6667.3i
(t,
;: {8:'a,,9; 21
'b',10.'c'] 3)
u

g@
<:8orzd I Q g@o6lOoc{
gairrglcozoo 650 8@cool alo
qqgol 68 o.I dg gzo:ca d6

ep666
x:l0
prin(10)

CcC66e

X:l0,;prin(|0)

Blank Lines

or form feed o@at ooczat a:@alEa


3,11"_T:::l:r
oe3@ e@oso d,:reJ_3ec _ie doo

s Pace s df.FFe"t,"t.
c aut- p.al. t.,. i.f a,r /l
#,^eS lo .'tt.h
'b'.10:'c'
co'*,I'k ar"a

g?Do eqrard*oc,i Z Odar oe,@o g@o6lOco


ob).eoe zoc oto5.
@clcoi.n 6go0 Q 6g0 g?rrr.-=_r J:3:: eC@c-:al ogee

l2
8. e orto EorJqm<^: (Grouping Statements)
ggojOcoo oeas eoredc,l tllr6 g?flrca qggocea;l zoO8c.rzo} (block) oge.: tolQafoOS,
e5za a: cczof

ggo6fOcozo q16 o0016 oeocOeczol dzo gzarroaio<,ral ogoe e,:. zdoder <5 ce ?o, sli6c,:. OO@Ca
qqrd g2ors2 oOOIE zoOSOgO oOaldSoo oargzotg erge.:z:: goo-glO toreoc B lock-stntcturcd
languages ogo q5d qlaJoO8.
-54 goo6lO eo:ocoaf garcca zooB ogeo Soulqzr,<,:889 ecqoc 33o p@oDq qgco@arc.: zordp
e164. 6, qrur dd c,5 aol oge,: "ALGOL" erpgO qccal tooer gzoco Eorlqmce eoqeo: 'begin' uel 'end'
t.r?r gcerq 06rqr cqzrJalr qnd "C" oQgo qceai tocero o9 eoqeo:'{' -t '}" <ear qg6zlluG ooecqc
co4. Python o:erO o9<,:O OOo oomod g@oDqc,rzof, drrlo q2oe9qoi: ([ndentation) gaorcr
Sordqtrc-: e:qetr 6 .srq1crE.
cooro?r: @ooCA<aar gzoco qgoeBqarce "tab" oa2d ooo;zaf tlc5a 669 oo:rf ggg oi:r
680 teqeo:
Ebd, "tab" eeto "space" co4d o.zogr::Oaal ocOor 68ooal mcdrar 86 oqJo qrE8co iJrldor.

cc?E66 8.l:

a,b:2,1
if (a > b)
print(a) f tab is used
pinl(b) # spaces are used

qp odqaro (lndentation)
g@o6ldcezo gzocrooza} eQ8oozri qrd Ead qoarco oct?tJ qe oe9qn'cczJ qaolOS. goo6lOozo q16
garrc ?q8o6i?tJ AAa qE6J gal Eed gozorco q16 68oozd oo gnr,:: 33a qp oe.Bqcozdo Eoerlqmo arg
o15.s.
5 C"-iFd
S'16&-,-.t.

1.,earo66' 8.2: z{ b loctcS 3 I irngLt SA.4.t**r'

def sinhalaexample0:
""o9O @zlo:
gdai 8"og tor@roo 00?J) tJ8?t2'j e @6rqr o6'jttr
qczsrcdo oo6J9 ?sd8.

r9: I bodoO ','E'Od ', 'orde'J


6 for a@ I Cla-q(
1L '" I C[^^rr'
')
gBlD e,qserd4ooiQ gooi'oco, gzocoarc,:alO eQ8oce?'l qr6 Ea{ qozotro 6ooceJr9 ozorO oao::Oed
qzrarO Sotrlqaro zod q1ra.

Python Oo@Ca err2o8oo Q dnl eSzo arcezol oeas e6te6<,l SQ g?D)s?, c:1o oe3@ceeof qcd9roor,{ 8O o
dar @ g8zd gcdgoOa oeer, o2o @ dOcOO qeoegqnce 6) SQ oo8.

( c,m paun d glc,krnon*s enA u t\


l3
<i*pL
9. Compound gzorca
"clauses" darral ealJ 6c o1E ,:r'oar6:ri a:@aJ8ar cjgo,rr g?iirc:ll:6b-J cortpound
! gzoccac,:al o-69e

Srtite o6e,: qr?rJg a"A6.(rE gzrjjgz e.3?D bt arqotol qczocdc.:O o6et zog el16ce.
I. O?DO oeJC-zrJ ,gar:o: ddoaruoO
,,;,,
qgjga{eo*o.ozrJ oO:rJ 6go.a_:l oarJ
2. eJatO od@<lall eJzo got:ro<,: OlcEol O?ro.d dzrrg dOcOzoO qpl oe! qa: c^: 6go,Oo-J

ec?i,66 9.l:
\"\o
if x> 100;/' "^d 6"
ptint('Ercellent') I b-r!9
)q (owtgo*^e\ gi'^'[nv"vts
elif x > 50
pt'int('tlootl')
Jeo[Lt b\".tt-
br".t) ;': 2
(_r*"4,i o elilx>30:
prtnl('Must improve')

el.se,
prin('Fail) qPc.-\d sd-aqt --,J l.lr:ih
:0 {r^, C}t"nz c*< ct i

ine t'{
10. Eod6 (Comments.y
<;;^-i; .,**./r,n^\iprt r;m )

oa-i.

CA.?edt6 10. I B- tDo L

#llxamples.py h olp I p"'""


Itl
Iixample
#F irsr
while Tme:
x:jnpLrt("Enter a String: ")
char-coLrnl = len(x) # conrpute the iength
Print ("String; " ,x, "

goat 6q:odcod ogp roc oqO16 od@ pdgdal O EOog oga: qaJOr
916 qarO oaJOo oeg@oc
qOe.:cor orocOoal q EOd<fc,:af qo.e o?oro qr5). o@oee3 ogoal g@ogfOc.:ro dzoO oeJfjcea

l4
T Frterg(c!teA $e.ve\ o F r.s er', i f nyicment - Pro3rq'o'rr Loo3'r3e
jD d ,b) o rbe$d. ce t Yqn ', o)

11. o8zrrrl 9e erq (Key Words/Reserved Words)


e:8aal rooocoO q qonzof @arooJ er8o4?tJ tocecOzrJ oOaJ 9C erq oeer q8d qrot Q oOar 618a{o2ozol
oo. g@ogfo ooroDlEo@ q do ooz'roe uoEor<,: tgococi qadt.i q&C)6?tJo qgao2go 8g,og gb2 @'
e.:8noJ oce:oD q16 p6 oq g18eJa2o erroo qlztloo.
r .ls ic-rnbd.Ierurn :, ..
t False classes finaly L;f.JV.
- .-

.
', iNone continue for lornbaii: try !r ,,'
.- . True det from noniocal rvh ile ,. ll
' and del global not rv ith '
as elit if or yie ld
assert else import pass
break except in raise

oOO pe oq toc8oroo$ Q OO OOa 9"@8 ocoooOerl ?E)O3 eisl oeczr) (Capital and Simple) qa;led oocqc
q16 qozordcoO @ urc8a: arg, glQ oO. C,qc?td{6c.:zsf ogto False oar pg oqce false oeeo ql?rJDc! o?DJ
ao16 o.

12. oBEOzo Delimiters


oSora-J ooocoD qo"c2 E8a oOJzom (tol<en) O6]6a)?oO ootf 680 oqeoo oBEOzo 6,eroceJE zod
o1o6J. rn6 {r6fooz:t geaJe> Python tocecoD eEEOzo oqa: q5d qnlOc qrar.

Exercise : Quiz 3

13.1 qdn coeo ofe (Data and Objects)


oBaruJ toceroO qalor, Oe.14 eolaoO Ed1o6o ozoo5. arlO Oa4a2OzoO O, a?zt?t)S?')rO?oJ, gdtodz6i t'3rt
qcooal q1ar. o@Ozri Oodo2Ozot 659o6o ergo dE gdter(,3 s?=1
"rt Sg?tPtO 24
oedo)irf o:@co ozoodzr zor S@

zoE@o Eedzrdo

id0 Oec z2oO ori g:r*19 gOco{.

tvpe0 OqoO C,5oo go?r o'i


4..,3b2:rJoqalto eF)zDD5)rO tn$qr aer e9Or irarors
ls
as (Tluc) q o-ar: ooai::ro ([alse) ogeor,^1 gdr o{.

t5
)>> i4L2() * - )A

5osqq8"os
>>r .!19e (z )
lctai t;o4')
2)\ 'zt = la-bc '

> >) i.l (*)


1,qca6o" 13.l st (il 6D
p;1 j1'e( )
J
'
Example Result (in bold)
<c(a!s I llr'
b=)
a is b 'll'Lre

tl,=2

a is lr False
a-2.7
t,v-pe(a ) <class'lloat'>
u=2.7
id(a)
Sonre integer lihe i 1356704

1 3.2, o gn'Joer (Identifiers/names)


p;@o6ldo:n qrd <o@ ce@ gOoO irgorc col6O oqtoo qga{azog a3.oAb) ?rrO ?irgitJob')
(ldentifier) o6ee <o1QafoO8. '<rg-afOar 65Occc,: 68e@ Q qgogorc^:nlg g6J Ed e.r{O6c.ial qr.a
o,9O 253 6 o{Odce 9Oo5lO src@oo O6 6qc e:OE.

oSaroJ gOogfO eo:ecoD togalOo orldo@ Q oozr qlzoloOn 46060 qOa-:or 8co gr2 o.

Jalse 3 o@o'65ce to1


4. o8nirJ ro.ie.o - (3@ z'1) l:raro".,
5. 9.@8 roccocoD ga'lead oga: e:gzrg
F^lse gioF. (Case is Significent) ceal o6o (Name) ..roJ, (nalne) d8ozjrh)o ooE)i5
'e5 (GgL Se.rr,siii\)e
*^l:err , Spe c ,al ai\4l6t k 6

of]ar 6'5aOatc.: argl gzaierd a:to o.Ooroc,rOa eoEor qococe-oJ o:gr,t<,rri iiajat gdtcJ..6:j oigee otltlz:ifl:
arla3 .ir,t'o n:EDc,eC ocid dOrocJ gdler qib') sl?t Sbl .,1.
L^r.

erSortfE o9@o qofor gdlo (Python standard data types)


o8i:ral ocrcoB ogzdCc Q qd gO:o qzilal gdlo dEooral <:iro: i1zlJoD.
. NLrr e rs
In
C Sing\t lo.1 va|r,.ei J
tegral
D@t.
htteger -
.' Boolean
o Real
o Complex
SeqLrences
---i-I-mmutable sequences a- F,\t" Cu'r<lir5 ,.tk tlc'rralir
Co..i* a1^6r'1q- c '
. Strings
. Tuples
. Bytes

l(
* fzl fzl
o Mutable sequerlces
Lists L'
a-1a.* cLa.gi
>t ( I,2 'r1 )
'rc'", IvtcAt'n,-)afxfr,s,3')
aI-'Fo 'lct{c'blt'
'
' BYtr Arrays
. set types
o Sets
o Fro en sels

: Y'i?'Hff., ( s*a cak5"''1 t' J- ^^^?P'\)


erSaral e1cocoD qolar gdle-r "mutable" oc irnmutable ogee O8o 2og itl?D, Mutable Gr5dO coro6?rr
qz:lor gdlooafO qcenl OedEalocrj qco(n6.J OO OeJ4 65or6o(caf og O?'-rrO goaddrozo oOoaC 5)g
c16],". Oa,gg in.rrnutable cD6(i0 .f(D6J OaJr)aJ d]5@c<5<c zog eg e9Ocoo{ qoozr} oOzraC iog
oa,roi6.':. Numbers, strings oeo tuple, immutable cr6ceO gcez:l qolar gdle: Oo qnd lists toor
dictionaries @?tr gdrer mutable o<6o0 g<,rof g4e.: oo8.
,.rG orerJ Ol8af pqc <o18oo ar16<oooroi q16 qola oao4oal iterable
srcecoD q16 dzoOdO dzor goceoc,:zsl
objects egeo o1Qaloo8. List, string o' tuple qalor gdio o901l] iterable Oa{E 9d1er arqero EqgaI
6o3ti r,s 6.
Numbers :oo@86J oGb)@o: ar"O>r 6drer<5ce oO8. orOccoo oriz3 zs2Oc @ oc Scacg O ee.dr:cO ,;-
o8g)6zDooi es.Or:c 6d1o6<.: tlqor gr8 EgcOaJ Oa dqt aaE

qplgOc:n ,ocar len(


qp1ogc,:n q1E qo<,ral rodar ) c.:ar @orce
@orc
5
'T @ qg@032o q16 gocezdocC c)6o.l n ?tO, lndex
. al il r'ro:, O5otco 98:d a ogec q&d qlzolQ
oOocl qooO gol;Oc2 Ecs al16co. o@O odcoO
crt@z:)zr) utablePer I rnulrble Eo
-T orAer is 9")r,f,a,,li
Set types : or Eorbzf ec8a'r qci.ea^l a{ 6d1erc6co ooS o@o
lJ "ooOr"t
a23arool qocealO 3@ oqolc index qocorJ o:Dz,-r zor g 6?'r3o]t6cn
9or'8,n
MappingS : oO@d]zrJ EOcOal a:Eo Oe.44 zopgzotceol d]dio6c6 oOB oOO ro2 Saooc,C qcoozrJO 9o''Eca
Eo arqenc arlOd Index qolat a2 gzoc,lzol oocqro6r ro16cc. a [K] oo q"zorr:o gaitrl a
oporocC K ccgoorri qieolooo gooooso gor':Ds: Eca ?trdce'

( Lc-^,,q d- ('{ A '\fi' in / o c n"


6tnu,lto-r ,l1at
ao P5lt"--' co-')
Lq#. eFW; | ( d1^^,n;r
"}'^ b,^"1, )
.1 9a
fS binc\ ia5 *.
c.thtn ^JP,

tlx ^ x
2r - "tMq kx)
.J

S4
-'' ?\z Lis,l
p<=l r, t,?,[s,z).,s,,u] )(. ?t,LB\
2).\q^ 1 )(2
cao ho.vt a'\1 \Pa i"ll,.,t' ,/ )a
1*tro,'"atti c.ltl (tla-k s..bscrig f in&x >)2 PY
rh '+ i
I

_ -1' on6ae) z17


3

rl"a'')
i )2 )t k( r)
I 1 t.,l ,ll
Description
'fhese represent numbers
in an unlimited range, subject to available (virtLral)
memory.

Possible values are 'True' or 'False'


Behave like the values 0 and 1 for the values 'True, and ,False' respectively.
When converted to a string, the strings "Faise" or',True,'are returned, respictively.
les : 'frue -F 2 :: j
The items of a string object ale Unicode code units
Sequence of Python objects.
. Tuples oftwo or more items are forrned by comma-separated lists of
expressions.
. A tuple ofone iterr (a 'singleton') is formed by affixing a comma to an
expression
is formed
Arral' ol 5-51t 6t,"t.
Each byte is represented by integers in the range 0 <: x < 256
Sequence ofan arbitrary collection ofobjects

Mutable sets
Immutable sels
Represents finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary values.

15. EaE Q-iterals or Constants)


g-oO oroforOg qd 6cJEo qococ,:al o@ ar0rrl ariQrrjoD. er8oral ocecoD q16 gOca Ecear g:-
6Eocoaol o@

I g8ogor gzolecr (Floating point )


2. 6F6 (lnteger)
3. qg1gzsfer qrgcr (String)

a) 98o6a eduro3 6ord (Floating point literals)

g8o6m gzole>ce 6c^rarc,:zrJ erotar a:qeord qtid qlzd8@ O6eJ Egar ozorod.

intpartr= ![g!l+
th) Daction ::= .' drgir I

: exponent:= ("e" l"E") [';+" I*-"] digrr+

c,qrErdd I 5. I
3.t41,12. , .42, 14.2e2
b) Ad6 6od (Integer literals)

.6on'6F6.o'.:,i era.or eoqo'cJ ogo q8d q1zoioo8.

intcgcr ::= dccimalirltegerloclinteger]hexirrtQeer bininteger

decimalinteger::= nonzerodip itdiSil* 1"0 "


nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9"
digit ::= "0" "9"
octintcgcr::= "0" ("o" I "O") octdigit+
hexintcger r:= "0" ("x" |"X") hc\cliql!+
bininteger ::= "0" ("b" 1 "8") bindigit+
octdigit ::= "0" "7"
hexdigit::= digit "a"..."f' | "A"..."P"
bindigit::= "0" |"1"

eqra66 15.7
0, 123, 0b11, Oxl 1

c) gezrls qro 6od (String)


strilgliteral ::= [strillgDrefix](sllortstrirlg I longstling)
stringprefix ::: "r" | "R"
shortstring = "'" ShSIStrUe4m+ "'" ""
{:i!'i: lonqs!dllgj&!!* "r*r
longstring ::: " " longsb ingitcnr* '!r:!:
shortslringitem ::= shortstrin gchar I stri ngescaDesec
longstringitem :t= langstringchar I strinqescaDeseq
shortstringchar ::= <aoy source charactel excepl "\" or newline or the quote>
longstringchar ::= <any souLce chatacter except "\">
shingescapeseq ::= "\" <any source character>

ooE omcqinloOzr dzol oaJoaf nc6zo ercdooj string prefix illr q6alr5)6J q?tf@d
goca E6<azoJ
qord Eedarla-I ar15@O onoorl6] aoa. q2 qzofeod qr@<eafarE qaled e9 gcoodoc,:alo oozriSo
eoqalr "r" o?rJ "R" gzoledce, qzdod qc@ood qcd@eroo3 oocqc o1orl. o@016 <:rdo6"\"coaiar
Eoa qgezsleccezd ogee e1co6J eq3?td6onl ogeo ozrlar $co ocogo oeooal
"\n" <ozlJa gEooCE oncO oztc$reozt .

6,qcaod6 15.3
' l2\n34' b
r
Vle
r '12\n34' rra ac \t & {'
pl

de.{-' 19

\se.Je'['
abc\n cto'[
d) @gO qggOos Escape Sequences

OgO qgg@ Oer<o18og ScrOdO qcoal Ordo:d @ereo18o9 qggrolo Oar,,\,,ear.,r 6a qq;,:
oOol gggole qpgOcodzd ee@aJ8n oO8. oOO @g@ 8c,:OdO Ec.:o qp qnlodqcO qg Ec_:
qSdc^:el q1ar. og@ SooJeg g5dc,:aloozrf er@ordal erato Oc2oD q1afoO8,

j\newline Backslash and newline ignored


\\ l3ac ks hsh 1;

Y' rDouble Lrote f1


\n ,+S'Cil Lineleed 1LF.1

V ASCII Carriage Rerurn (CR)


\t ASCII l-lorizonral Tab (TAB)
-fr',41ot-ta"'{ c- 1r'
ra.16-^rn,l
)r, oftut
^\,'(
(Allc\\J\
n,,\'v-'t^6 f,,rcl.^'&r''{u-s ft /'\ '
16. 606ror (Variable) {-..r <4zv'4 .l .
e" tr\tt a rna,rr.
gOoglO @clczod8oO Q qz:laro:ai acOarc@ar O gOco @orzor or,4 arOc o1690 qo62)i @O. ogod
qofolcooJ Oorarocd n:Oat:@a-> O otOc otldg <,:qo: 8Oglce src8ol oO8, o8o6zoooj garzr Oo-o: _
doCDor oatcOeezoO goOoa E@ eoqolc 6,ooc^:J<ff -;l'6ron) ?rtE c,3.@,?olo ?rrO6tb.l ogo EOg>ozol q1a_-- -
tord 6. oooe.r EOg>cenl Oorarood 68ceg @?rroc,r?i)O or:Ozoc@o O gpa{O zog 3O d@ EOg-:
6,oooJ8 zod ooo dO qqrg gozo oatrOoei E8O qolor arrOrlc@or O orOOc 68@ e.:o ?rro?rj ear
orl8@ 8g agalE o. 6,qcotd6<,sag o6ee f=10 <,:ar erSolaJ gzoccaco e:gato Og:rfan o@O gzo:c:;
$cecoJ9zar 68o9 Q EgOo zr:r6coc.roJ oorar qlofoD.
L er8or<6zooo1 gOcar Oararool 6Fg<,:nl elOoal 68@0 qOot 90 gOrccezof orcOzor@zo -
gOc or1EO.
2. OO qgOrcoal ozo:OoO f c-eor er.ozofzr a-:cOca q6O{A 68@.
3. f c^:poo:d olQal Q ozrzsr o?Droe^: eg l0 <o:r 836o: orOOc 680.

<,016r q1?doo6J er8oal gOo6ld<a ar69zozrJar.

i:5
J:8
k=i+J
oOg OO@Cac: $<;rzod8oOQ eio:ol qt?rJoobr Sc^::O@co 8g oO8.
(l) o8oroarooJ goczr gorzaooaj E5g*zd or6oc 6800 eoi6 oorcoora^l ear oo?t) do ozoro.. :
i ,::at ee"oa-fa, :l:@c.: qgO{O 68@ toc d@ ootcOoei 5 (i?tr q6lcr oOOr 6Bg.
(2) o8co<f aroc.d gooat g?rJz o6:zrf oOol 6Fgc,:al caOOc 6800 o116 oatcOr.:-of gOo ooor d@
ozocOeoO j c,:?ti eooobJol a:c@ce qgO{O 68O esto dO ozD.O@oj 8 65?rr qoc,: srOOo 6g9.
(3) i coat a:.oaolo orc@oc.:oJ orlQoloOor ozocOoei sr6Oc zDd qr6 qoc,: eoo j 6e?, e,5.@?6i?rr at:goc:-
<olQnloOo ozorOoal 916 qoc,r gOc @G)?') dO gotcooJ oqzo Ozjr +.56r oooeoceOarce gg h]d
etoab) gddeo o8o<6ao @atzsro,i oOarnJ ozrrroei?D oAOr 680 esao d@ ozocOerO (K) c.:o.:r
o"o6Jr: ?trrgce qpA{a 680.

gtae;l OOoCAo @cecafga 66o0 Q o8cJgato6i gOcar @oraroc{ SgOar oOaedar eri-:
esqro:rf oges ee"nfodo zD eilt6 6:.
1:5
j
j=8 E]
j
E
k
k-i+ i

e-roe> 8oq Qiarcozsr se $zo zo6r;


1. er8o g zo, oc,4 gOcn oarorooS qolor odOc 68@ arqelc oozrJ zord corJ ozorroeezoO q6O{o
?D o1.o?rJbr arc@cazsl ogto 3o6r:oal q1zll6o o16 <,:.
2. Eogl<,rzol o:qarc adoc.:o g@oglo<e @c.:crfozo Qar aoca<,: a2g 33o
ooal zodonl o6r?D
qooJdcoulE Q EEa qocorrl dqoc n15o e:16 05. oooeal EEa qoaJoco:rl8 Q 334
qo<,:zd oOOc 68o@ Q qOtoca Oooc,::d clOor ztr qoos O82tJ 60 oe.rd rodo: zog
qcocezol qloarcol dco gda*c)co<6<o oo8.

c,esrd6<o2f,f oeoe o<llz5r e:8arall goo6lO Odoce eegaolafu:.


i : 10

o@E g?tJ i <a6oord eolQnlQ @arzo OdOoc,i oOOc eog l0 <.em goo oqo16 gzarcoc,:
@cecrf@zsr EoO Q 5 <ear qoo<,:al gdeJd.erarco oO8. qoeoraroci Q i c.:poozrf
eoiQaloOa 96J?o a.dOo61 oaor 3 Er6 qo<,: 5 oO

3. @orarooj oarcoaj EO6>co eeqarc epga{A 68o zr:ozoro@zo @ceO@o6. 9@o6fOc,:


@cocrf@zo zod qoee:rj Q 5o do O@oCa(! @6al Sogl<,: e.:qsh earca?'l o6JzoocJ 8c,rg
oeocOa{ arlOo er86r.e62o<oO 9qc ar8.
4. Eg@ce EecalS 68oar Q SOgrsco gOcn @oarocoaf gOol O <,:8.

e:8ar:rJ tocescoD O6.q SOgl<e zlcoc,:zr}o eqraldd dEocea'f eJ?tnr qr?tloD.

( l) narne
(2) As
(3) My _Name
(4) Name5
(5) oo
(6) a,o

o8arrj tlos:oD og.c2 oanrOzr EOen.5 6rcOce6JO ep?t66" BEercczol oorbl qr?tloD.

( r)98
(2)2 Name
(4)-Name
(5)Name e
(6)Name@

21
OPZr6(\c'Y pvZczrla'nu
17. @go@c6O?r: (Operators) f"ssocra'hri|5
o9@6roeob-r, qalor<,::ri @ar zog ga; @cocoaf Edlodca ord8. Python ocecoO oOo<rcoOor gOcz
orcdO d8ocezoO oOQce e16<o.

a) o&n@o o0o1060:rr (Mathematical Operators)

oOooc:0m
e.t.@d2$6
oddO Cc.c66.6
(Meaning) Example
(Operator)

+ dtrqO
t0.2 + 5 = t5.2
(Addition)
'ab' + 'cd' = 'abcd'
q!j68o t-2=-1
(S u btraction) 10.5 3:7 5
A.s;6 BO 2.0+3:6.0
(Mu ltiplicatJon) 243=6
412:2.0
oaQo 4.012 = 2.0
(Division) i oOQO 6al eo19 Eozog d 8@o2c;
g8ogur ar.DlrOzJ e-Co5 eA, oq8

65s oaQo ,s.O@ oAqO 9c8al o1O toa-ro ri6


(lnteger Division) B@qci <18;,o-" 651; o.crlrOoi r=rgo g
o.c8.

o/o e46.o 7%4:3


(Remainder) 7.0 % 4:3.0

eJl6' co
2** 3 : g

(Exponentiation) 2.+* 3 = 8.0

<-r,'o' or.6 o o 6o 5r,r gr (Arithmetic conversions)

ddiootanO oOcte{ qr:ordocd ee"d.u) oqa:rbJ gat {OOc-r s16,, -.tdg oc::qc oi6oOQ
66 trr8a oats,5-
eeqtrzrl

o do C;"O,r.:r o-qoatal igorrsl $.i636<6 ee.,A.rjj,otd 4oz:aJ'e3"A)reJ q 6.EAd" 6"Ar)


?,rdoe eio6.
o Ooai urt'.4?rg Cg eo,oJ') oqo.zoa{ C:sral g8ogat a- cJ.:,r ctg o:o.eteJ cc. iri;'
oEogo e"6)r:rOr'O erddo3 q31od.
o doCo b')t-d brg dO a,ci>: g6,.fo o.AiJr B;a caq G. dAO a1.Arr eSejijn::r..r D[r:oi
g.A.

,>" S
b) zrc66zo oooercooo Logical Operators

orrS6ror ogooca@ogQ ocecqc o:rlac go6a>ozrJ (Operands) O'o Eca SQ qold oE g8dg q

Q@<e oo8.
o5rr5 g.- u6zsfoco (Truth value testing)

@m1O OaJr)Ozsl ei zt)s qg)ce o6nloroO gml or g, o16c,: ererot eoqoaf qclcea: (False) <eB
ee1@oal.
. None
. False
. S)?tlri9 e3" anJab 0 6d1<:<r,r,: 6,qr 0" 0'0" 00j'
o (. ", 0, fl
e.ortEl ,fi"d <rx1gOr^: 6;

. riloiO 8cd eqdloo"oal 6qr{)

aoar4'i Sceg qoaa{ r,:nr: c1G eol11orol'.

og'o(6O?t(6 eddr9 C pRo d{6


Operator Meaning Example

True or False = True


or or
(l > 2) or (4 > 2) - True
True and False = False
and
and (l > 2) and (4 > 2;: Pu1r"
not not not True : False

G ('$')
'and'oil'or' c,:2; 8ge aSod (short circuits) ooo<ooo?l oD.

c) eoro gg o.oo6c,5or5r (Comparison Operators)

aslcogo oooarcsoarOg qOeozrl Oeco oeeo ae(r oO8'

or, (,.(l i,: a) ?tJ .,3 or,Joro e\r!t'J'6,


Operator Meaning Exatnple

2<3 True
oor qQ
[l,5] < [,2,8] False

OOr OlE 'c' 'd'False

23
z<-/. tfl]e

OOr O1fl oeirJ ogrzl 2>:5 False

True :: False False

True != False True

OEO Odcooci ea"A)$ ar6, E6O 06ooo1 Oedqa-f 6g8sOo: er@ o?rjr eg.

d) SQOco @Oorogg esoodrlco (Bitwise operators)

o@o'eooOaro oaldi@

Negation

I Or

&

XOR

Shift left

Shift right

gb:cco63at, oleog9 e@oeooOa: d?ozoo OO, 6Bo ar16o.


eqa x<Y<:z

t
gpOzrc Ed (Precedence Rules)
ejSozrl ocecoO o@oelo:O?t, qQ g$Oorcoo<3 8o O1fl gpOarcOc,: qzoJoc ooare{ Om qczorrdo
aaa OEoarl q zo{Or q1ar.

Operators Description
or Boolean OR
and Boolean AND
not x Boolean NOT
tn, not ln Membership tests
is, is not Identity tests
Comparisons
Bitwise OR
Bitwise XOR
&. Bitwise AND
Bit shift
I Addition, sublraction
*
,l,ll,o Multiplication, Division, Floor Division and Remaindet'
+x,-x Unary addition and subtraction
..X Bitwise NOT
Exponentiation
x.attribute Attribute reference
XIindex] Subscription
XIindexl :index2] Slicing
f(argument) Function call
e?ra OeoO eog gpOar: qrE ee.ozsfar dzo I oe3@o<': oe-rzrlOc qlrl C,qc + eoet o:m ogoarcoOan

qloEo@ B@oozr sorrraj 689 (Changing the order of evaluation)


qroEo?or $@zo: 8@oog, odoal oceQo gaBal ooarad ?D co18 dO odtral <a@ qSno o
zor<docoal eoqoc o6rqr oztJo2tJ ?')@ dO OdurD-l a qr6 oqo oooaf qtJrr56j6rdod cR6
oda:aJoal oozrJ ocl?tr Sost odatlog q16 eJq<o qzoiOc qloEo 8g ozoroS'
eo.eeObcO (Associativity)
c,3..roDre) @6aJ e9@ gpOzlo qrd o.oo.al(ro?tr EtsrSOO o(o3qc ozrlzr: qczs:rdce qaolOE
Plthon ocoooD ee@ g$Oorc qrd ooosrc3c?t oO oi,r 8o q?b2 oeeo grrroood qzora: q16 erSQ

ei ::. : t tt)U2t)cl OUC,9.

25
18. eIOQO g?Dc@?r: (Assignment statements)
306l esqarc go<azrf d{O 68@0 oorJ oOzrej 68@0 otr:C OaJ4Oro c26:.o oOzra{ 68@0
erodr@ gzocc?ce ocsrqc cod.
:"r,o':,r Bd :

assignment_strnt ( ra rgel I i (r "=" ) + ( e_4lqssron_lij1)


: :=
target_list::: larget ("," target)* [","]

Semantic:
96162 elSaieoerr grd gaFa: ozor@cOoJosr?'J oOaJ zo:do g18eJ4Oal arg dO gatcca q1o8O
O6of tuple r,:al a:1aroa{. o1Od19 gorcoaarceof OdaJ expression list I gi6 9?111c: qtolEOO srre3?rce
? d er6'azu gEdgce g18e{a2oo dzrl dzd q8zr@ a:qeoc OoO 8O qo;6O qco{a: zod8.

o?a1"6;
Example Semantic :

Bind the symbolic name (variable) a to the integer valLre 2.


a:2 Re-bind the string 'Gamini' to the sl,mbolic name
= 'Gamini'
a
mylist : [ 1,2,3]
(variable) a
rnodify the third item of the list mylist
mylist[2] = 6
mylist : [ 1,2,3] modify both the vahre and the type of the third rrem ot the
mylistl2]:'a' lis t mylist

^- ) l a- (2,3)
a,l: = 2+3, 2+3 a=6,b:5
a,b=b,a Srvapping two values

Erroras the number of items in the target_list is not the


a,b = 1,2,3
same as the nuurber of items in the expression list

(i9) ot@ errelrl OE?,r6r:{ (Flow Control Structures)


g9ogfOc^:al $o::b;;d8@ OOoCaoo4 ergp OoraJdoc:al grd@to oO8. grd og 3OogfdocJ Oob-J6
qzofOrq16 qg8@oog,O, OdzorO rJaI Oo:rJdo d1c,Brrf, gorg 8O eogO @c,:cal@Eo ozoo5, o@ead SgOat
a{Oo. orodro if, while eoor for <,:o-: o1@@ ocga opotceaf @cBaJ oOarad zog o116 <.i.
a) if garrooc,3 Op<oce
il- gzorrocs ozlrr?tigdSsrnJ q2ot13?tr<o eeqarc ro:3or ozoo5.

arcdar 86 @cr:rO

if stmt ::- "if'expression ":" suite


( "elif' expression ":" suite )+
'else" ":"suite

26
Semantic:
g'c6, q6JOc q16 eBQ Oca True qoo, CtoA2rJ oa:zof qloEOO tore,arco
Opoor,{ q16 (expression)
ozoo6. ooea: eroEo@ Q True qo<.: gOcgz# ogp gb.Jrc?o3o gqrg suite ozocooab graco oO6zd
qloE@ ga'l ozoo6.

b) While gzor@ocJ 0166


o@ 6,ooqod gcccOzol 68o@ gzocoatcoaJ es6'5 O?'r oarj arlOa d:1Oa 6g0 ceqor oOO OEo(o
rorEor oaro5,

while_stmt ::: "while" expressioll ":" suite


["else" ":" suitel

Semantic
oo@ oparoos (expression) E qizsfooa oioca-io{Bce eea:> o o06o oarzoJ suite E qlaorooar
gzoco gardzodGo ozoo5. oaocz'Jo{8ce qeeax Q Eo o@6zst (else) oca3 qr?rJ@oa, oeoro@,edE
q16 6,ooqed OcgcO Sgzod qaoe?r"r<e 6@cOO o?rl@O8.

c) For grocoocd Opoo


ogO ga>coaro gGdcOSarao zog o16 qpg@ozll eelg qOceOcozoi garO 6gceO OcgcOzef
6,ooqod
$cec zod8o eoE3)c odrqtr ol@?rf.

'': rrfor"
target_list "in" expression_list..:,' suite
["else" ":" suitel

oO@ Oproocd EIE (expression_list) oatcOa: oc6zrce zoldgloaar qgg@oo$ e:1@ qOc^:Oozol
eoqsrrO Suit E qO"e e,e:oqeg OcecO.@<ocofga ozorod. o@EQ orlO god.OSz:,a,,,rzorQO (target_tist)
@6al qllofoOzr o?orooeo qpggoo$ 6co EOcaOos qco{o ozoo&.

2l
18. elOd9 g?6:ca02r (Assignment statements)
006r: e.:qeac qocoal a{O 68@0 oeoi oOzraj 6800 @?rJ OaJeO?D e6r.aD ooolaj 6800
a:1Odi@ gzo:caco ocscqc r:rd,
arrdar 86 l
assignment_shnt ::: (target -list "=") + (expression:list)
target_list ::= tarjg-! (",'(argeL)+ 1''.'1

Semantic:
gzorco g18ed4Oargrd garco ozoc@cOa-Jooa-J oOaJ ordo 618e{o2ozof zr:@ dO gat:c,a eioSo
@cBaJ tLrple cozol arlrorood. olOdig garcoaarcobJ @6?tJ expression list E qrd g?or6i itloSOO LrrditJcr
?rrd eroa6J gd6<,: g18ada2oo O?6J d6l qSor@ a:qe,:c Oo@ 8O qa260 qco{o odE.

e, crsr d s;
Example Semantic :

Bind the symbolic name (variable) a to the rnteger valLre 2.


a=2
Re-bind the string 'Gamini' to the s1'mbolic narre
a:'Garnini'
mylist :
(variable) a
,2,31
mylist[2] : 6
nodify the third item of the Iist mylist

mylist : [ 1,2,3] modify both the value and the type ofrhe third irem olrhe
mylist[2] ='a' list mylist
a=2,3 a = (1,3)

a,b = 2* 3, 2+3 a:6,b=5


a,b=b,a Slvapping two values
Error as the number of items in the farget_list is not the
a,b = 1,2,3
same as the nurnber of items in the erpression Iist

(i9) o1@g oce?r Opolcoal (Flow Control Strucfures)


gOo6lOceal $ceczodE@ gOogiOocC ergp OcoaJdocazrJ gcd9ot oOB. gaf eg ggo6lOod aaslg
qalOc q1d gg8@oOgO, OdzoO dzal Oo:rJdce Ola8al, 9og BO oeog,O
@,erofOa ozoo5. oOoa{ ggO:r
edOco. o1od19 if, while eoto for c,::l oi@o ocgot Oporcoal @dal oOored zog o116 <.i.

a) if gzocceoc.{ Opar<,:

il gzorcoo ozorafo{8otor qE6)e?tr.o a:qtoc eoc8zl ooto&.

zordar 86 O:ecO

iLstmt ::= "il'expression ":" suite


( "elif' expression ":" sujte )*
else" ":" suite

26
Semantic:
o5eroci Etd (expression) gzoco qzdoc giE es6Q @@co True Eoc'3 croOzll onal qloEoo ocdarce
ozoo6. o@oges qloEo@ Q True qoce gOcgzr} ogp g? rG:.eO qqc suite oarcOooE garco e@6zol
qioE@o gzsl oa:o8.

b) While gzoraoooi opo6


oO 6,ooqa9 @c6cOaf 68o@ gzocoaroal e:ar> Oo onr'l rr:1Oo o:1Oor 68@ eoqitr o9O O5tocn
tocEn ozoo5.

while_stmt ::: "while" expression ":" suite


["else" ":" suite]

Semantic
ooo oparood (expression) E qralooar obcafo{8o a:ar> o o06o oarnJ suite E qlzo}oor:r
g?Drc? g?tr5?6rd6c,: ozoroS. ozor?tJoCScc goal> Q EO o@czol (else) oe$ ftz5Joo?t oz6JrooroE
qd 6,ooqa{ @:6cO Egnd q?oezt}6 6OoOO erzilooS.

c) For gzslcoocd Ogoo


oOO ga.::oanco g6doOSararo z'r@ to16 qOoosztr tnro qO6O66f garg 68o@ 6,eoqa4 @r6"Oal
@coo zod6O eoE@r o<orqr olob-J.

for_stmt ::: "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite


f"else" ":" suite]

o@@ oparooS q16 (expression_list) ozs':cor.: o6aot Zrld eloaor qgg@oo$ erlo qoooonl
oqorco Suit E gO"q 6,eroqa{ gcgcO @ocrl@zsr oroo5. o@EQ eol@ gmdcOSarnoarQO (target_list)
gdzrl q16J@oar ozlrroeoo gtrO@od 8g,o goooo qrodaa o?Do8.

Exercise ;
:24

27
79. @zr (Functions)

e3e err qtbl.

el8?r?i.Jet:e:oO @atceal Cgtoc,: e.:alo er6Q oO'


tlef fincion nane(parantetet |ist)
slttte

6)10 o(3q elgzrlO ?D'

qo<,rud ce {rqolr g E6)o


g et16 ce @ e:dc6 List)
qOc^:o dEo Eai erEoib2ozjj q 3ll er16 o

def max(a,b): def In0:


return a print0

,n^..<r a:1q P Ee zol z::1q8oo @noc3 q


Q

@or<':zoo zlcslrl q zolq8co eo16 c'l


6600 2 g gij2or' <':af arlqEoo oerd @ar

Delinirion; @-s'or:zr' 1) rQ r'

ment Values)

<6ni qlcoEgo gal oar qord 9o-l qm4dlo zodor


qc6Jcd(,1o 8co gA co ooooJ oco'qr
d:valus

06 ee@o ee
qo66j oO

qoori (Function return values)


d) 5r, oA* naol zodo

," eol@
ecified 'g#::39ffi;:?3;':'Jq
.,6)ro,6)ce zolqQ@ @aoO Docu
"
8O "N
6E.-.
<r'
qoconl (object) 9Q" to* ':"" -'" -'l]-l-

I
C,q)o66:
def fact(a):
if a ==l:
relult I:
else:
return(a*l6cl(d'1))

19 2
Lqte1'a. #program :varscoPe'PY
i=5
defvarscoPe0:

Print (i)

varscoPe0
print (i)

79
20. o@rfgg (Modules)
ei8arzrJ srcedgoD oaforcoal rJ602rr?5)0 oOzrl Q oocar oeee t9"EAr?'r6 66 ('E)
. o@@6oJ EEa ?ljtfllf
OOoCA eg Og rrto6 ucEz;roO 90 gOc Q ft6J. oog oclcE @O3Ege oeto
@z6J5) ?tJrO6J
olQaloO. o@c8ge oo.eozo QrgO .py oO. g@o6lOcszor Q oO@ o@cEg6c,:zo grd O?ros?tJ rr'rrob)
e,rcEar 6690 qOor: EOzo Q dO o@c6gece "Import" geerqox @.(oqoo?tj oO
Oooela(r ego
qr6l(l?rrol zo gQ c,3.

Example I
imporl moth e_name
Looks for a Jile numed module_name.py and reads it in(initialize)

Example 2
Fro m mo d ule_n me imp o rt fu nct io n _n ante I......
Imports speciJit futtctilns na rcd.funclion_namel,...., from u module_name,py

@<ocz:loror Eo@ Q qczlcoarco ?o gzrrog)?rJo(r?5j :lg zodzl e ( oocEgg es:|'-r, etqaal a{O:erOg 6o6q18
dO B@ooga g oSzoJoc a:d Og8.
r googlOco 916 EodzsfoSc,: a2c
. sys.path variable elSoieo epd flodzofoSca a2g,

o@8rri gqei:ad nd:rJozrJ OOO qOor ogc8geo g@oglOooC qid EodzalOSoc.:zrf 6ago q3zrc.1?r6
zo 6ri6 aO8. ozrc rJooi an@ sys. path E g18eJ4 oror8 qd flodzolo8o@zd dzarzo OOO qr?rJ.o?rr6l
68@0 qOcar Qr2O E5c,: 5q4o.

Exercise : Ouiz l0

30
py program'
s in the following examplel manual
from the Python
following Leserved'words
ics ofthe

ort Pass
raise

( tJ
e itern For examPle
i"lif -"4 in this dellnition'
short-circuit
erators What is a
rates oD its operands
how logical
Y ExPeritnent

ts.

prosranls' *l:::;: t*f


the foltowirts Pvthon
Quiz 7 : Consider
,Dr..granra.p)' O oro=\range .l.ll
0'1): L tbr coo in
i.',dO
ilr iin rangc(0.I ol)
Print(i) +
b ' rr^-air" the local variab

func* dfinitions /
' Dltlrolr Pl0gl:lnr '
g C(rnsidcr thc
follo\\lrrg'
Quiz
-
Y#t;.: varscope'pY
i:5
&t vancoPeO
i=8
prin(t
s
Fn{D ^b
wscoPej

'",.o.il**u,..,*,vePIogIamanclwh,vdoyougetthatoutpUt? 3l
)|-rylo poio \ ' tca'
",'a,[s

()Lriz 10 : IIorv do you add a new path to sys.path? What is the narning convention you have t0 tlsr,'
to call a function in an imported module.

Quiz ll : Wrile a program to get two integers from the user and to print the sum ofthose nurrbers,

Quiz l2 : Wrile a progranr to request five integers frorn the user, one after the other, and to pint thc
sum and the average of those five numbers.

Quiz l3 : Write a plogram to find the uraximum value in a given list of nLrnbers.
QLriz l4 : Write a prograrn to prinl all the even numbers in a given range of numbets.

QLriz J5 : Write a progr'arn to sorl the numbets in a list in ascending orcler.


/l Ploglam name : example 1 .py
f " ol)en('outpul.lxt', 'w') 51 '.t>= ?
clalaitems : ("name","age","ser","telephone")
clrrfavalues = t"','"'.*','-l -" )2L
(-71 .-a -t' <
lecolclootrnt:

defreadData$: a,b " \)4 -t


glc,bul ecolcicount
L -, tt->D^'\ ( "t'nl'r i'
;:tl "
pr;nt('Ge{ting clata fbr record :'+ str(recordcount)) eDIe,( '. i O

fol l alue in tlalaitems:


clalavaltresIi] = input(value -l- ": ") 2r-, 4,1( \
i:irl z tia'y
leuorclcounl I= I
"e^ l"'
prinl0 )>> ^= 'nJ ( rn,1"/(-
def writeData(name,age, telephone,sex='M') :

f.write(name+', ''t- Vri'o[ r


)-r ,, S.p, "
itgc | '.'
t-2
tclephone+','
i-sex+
\nl
datnvalLrcs[0] = 'dunrmity name'
rvhile dalavalLresl0] :

readData0
il(datavalLres[0]):
wrileData(datavalues[0],datavalues[ 1 ],datavalues[3 ],datavalues[2])
f.closeQ

'tkpa{+ S1S

>>>
-:9,," pal4

You might also like