A superfluid Theory of Everything?

Marco Fedi

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 A superuid Theory of Everything?

May 22, 2016

Marco Fedi1
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universit e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy

Abstract
We know that a real vacuum (zero-energy space) doesn't exist [1, 2, 3,
4, 5]. By describing it as superuid quantum space (SQS) it's shown how
gravity can arise as absorption of space's quanta eected by fermions,
when they are described as topological defects in SQS (superuid vor-
tices). Gauss's law for gravity mathematically supports this hypothesis,
since it denes an incoming radial ux, and the plausibility of this mech-
anism has been also conrmed through a set of CFD simulations. In this
case, a gravitational eld is an incoming ow of space's quanta and this
leads to the formulation of a uid equivalence principle, able to show how
gravity may be the origin of all relativistic eects, also in special relativ-
ity, producing a simplication in the theory of relativity. It is discussed
how the uid dynamics of a SQS would be able to replace Einstein's
curved space-time and to explain gravitational waves. Not less important
when considering uid space, this hypothesis would not conict with the
Michelson-Morley experiment and would open up a new scenario on the
nature of light and on Hubble's law. A simple experiment is suggested
to proof uid quantum gravity and its consequences. Among these, the
mechanism of SQ absorption would automatically lead to the unication
of the four fundamental interactions, making us reinterpret the universe
as a uid phenomenon, from subatomic to cosmic scale.

1 marco.fedi@istruzione.it; marco.fedi.caruso@gmail.com

1
Contents
1 Gravity as a uid dynamic phenomenon in a superuid quan-
tum space. 3
1.1 Fluid quantum gravity and relativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Photon as a phonon through superuid quantum space. . . . . . 10
1.2.1 Reinterpretation of Lorentz factor and Hubble's law. . . 12
1.3 Gravitational waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Verication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Twin paradox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 Black holes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 Unication of the fundamental interactions as a direct conse-

quence of uid quantum gravity. 18
2.1 Appearance of fundamental particles as vortices of space's quanta
in superuid quantum space and emergence of quantum potential. 18
2.2 Gravity-electromagnetism unication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Weak interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Strong interaction and quantum chromodynamics. . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Baryon asymmetry explained? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3 Conclusion 29

2
1 Gravity as a uid dynamic phenomenon in a
superuid quantum space.

1.1 Fluid quantum gravity and relativity.

A hypothesis has been formulated, according to which, space is a quantum
superuid [6, 7, 8, 9] and fermions absorb space's quanta (SQ), generating an
attractive force, which corresponds to gravity (g.1). The mechanism of absorp-
tion is based on the description of fermions as vortices in a superuid quantum
space (SQS), similarly to nanovortices occurring in superuid helium-4 [12, 15] ,
i.e. as dynamic topological defects of SQS (2.1)[6, 7, 10]. To compensate this
absorption, emission of virtual photons would occur, capable of explaining the
existence of charged particles (2.2) and, when no emission occurs, the -decay
(2.3), due to energy imbalance. The exchange of SQ occurring between two
adjacent vortices would moreover justify the strong interaction (2.4) leading
to the complete unication of the four fundamental forces. If one thinks that
the existence of a superuid vacuum conicts with the outcome of the MM-
experiment, that test only demonstrated the non-existence of a relative motion
ether-Earth. According to g.1, the ether wind corresponds here to the gravi-
tational eld itself, which always points to the center of Earth, independently
from Earth's motion. All evidences are then respected and we can justify the
gravitational bending of light and the gravitational redshift without any curved
space-time, as discussed below).
The hypothesis of gravity as absorption of SQ in a superuid quantum space
(see also Consoli, Pappalardo [36] and Sarfatti, Levit [38] for similar points of
view) is mathematically supported by Gauss's law for gravity, since it describes
the gravitational eld as an incoming radial ux. Once applied to a SQS, we au-
tomatically obtain an eective, and the simplest, theory of quantum gravity and
quantum relativity without resorting to strings, extra dimensions or gravitons.
A set of CFD simulations (see other data in the annex) has been performed
and has conrmed that the situation shown in g.1 agrees with Gauss's law
for gravity and Newton's law of universal gravitation. Navier-Stokes equations
representing mass, momentum and energy have been used:

Figure 1: Two particles move the one toward the other since they're absorbing the
uid (SQS) which they're
! immersed in. This phenomenon is in direct agreement with
Gauss's law for gravity V g dA = 4GM .

3
 (uj )
=0 (1)
xj
 
(ui uj ) p

ui uj

= + + (2)
xj xi xj xj xi
 
((E + p)uj ) T
= k (3)
xj xj xj
The condition of two stationary spheres immersed in an incompressible uid
was set and the pressure integral of the forces acting on them was calculated.
The analysis took into account the response to absorption velocity and to dis-
tance between the spheres. To simplify the simulations, the system was reduced
as showed in g. 22 (annex).
The attractive force produced by pressure forces and momentum, where A
corresponds to the surface of the inner sphere and d~ is the unit vector for the
distance between the spheres, is represented by the following equation:

Fa = ~ A
(p + (~u ~n)(~u d))d ~ d~ (4)
A

The analysis of velocity and pressure, with respect to the distance (radius)
from the absorbing sphere is illustrated in g. 16 and the diagrams in g. 24,
25, 26 and 27 (annex) show an inverse quadratic dependence on distance and a
quadratic dependence on the ow velocity.
Renement of computational grid and domain enlargement helped to reduce
the curvature of the ow lines, up to a virtually radial ow (g. 23).
The behavior of the attractive force shown by this analysis is concordant with
Newton's law of universal gravitation, since the attractive force decreases with
distance (radius) according to an inverse square law and quadratically grows
according to the velocity of the ux (g. 24, 25, 26). Two equal spheres have
been considered, corresponding to equal masses in Newton's law.
Moreover, a sphere absorbing the uid in which it is immersed generates a
radial attraction eld equal to the Schwarzschild solution,

 1  
2Gm 2Gm
ds2 = 1 dr2 + r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) c2 1 2 dt2 (5)
c2 r c r
suggesting that the metric tensor of GR may be expressed through uid
dynamic forces. Fluid quantum space which evolves in time, instead of curved
geometric spacetime (g. 2, 3, 4). Here a 3D space plus time, not space-time
as a single physical entity, is dened, since time may simply arise as a chain of
events occurring in a 3D uid quantum space; events which may be more or less
close ( time dilation) depending on the gravitational force acting in a given
frame of reference, also when a at Minkowski space is considered, as discussed
below.

4
Figure 2: how the presence of a massive body curves spacetime (a) or absorbs uid quantum
space (b), here in analogy with a bell-mouth spillway.

Figure 3: the Lense-Thirring eect according to Einstein's curved spacetime (a) and to uid
dynamics (b). Here as an analogy with the Coriolis eect in a cyclone.

Where the gravitomagnetic eld related to the Lense-Thirring eect is ex-

pressed as

4 mR2
B= cos (6)
5 r3

and the Coriolis force can be written as:

FC = 2m(R)uR . (7)

where the dierence between a 3D (gravitomagnetic eld) and a 2D (Coriolis)

model has to be however considered when comparing the two equations.

5
Figure 4: Gravitational lensing (a) and the motion of a satellite (b) according to SQS, still
in analogy with a bell-mouth spillway representing the gravity of a star which curves space
(in our case, which absorbs SQS).

Other eects which can be described by the uid dynamics of SQS are the
gravitational lensing:

~b
~ )
( ~ = 4G d2 0 dz(~0 , z) (8)
c2 |~b|2

with b ~ ~0 , where , z are coordinates and ~

is the deection angle,
which in g. 4.a is determined by vector interaction between light's and space
quanta's momenta (gravitational ow), where their absorption is illustrated as
water owing into a spillway (acting as an interposed star).
While in g. 4.b SQS's uid dynamics describes orbital motion, since the
angular velocity for any inverse square law, such as Gauss's law for gravity and
(4), is given as

u() = A cos( 0 ) (9)
h2

where A and 0 are arbitrary constants, h the angular momentum and

the standard gravitational parameter. All this suggests that the found solutions
to Einstein's eld equations could be fully replaced by uid dynamic solutions
based on Navier Stokes equations.

When considering gravity as absorption of SQ, a gravitational eld corre-

sponds then to a ow of SQ moving toward the center of the absorbing mass
and - because of the presence of SQS -, also translational motion puts a moving
body in the condition of being subject to a gravitational eld, as an apparent
ow, which in this case acts in the opposite direction to motion. We can express
that as a uid equivalence principle (FEP) (g. 5):

6
Figure 5: Fluid equivalence principle (FEP): it is impossible to distinguish between the two
equivalent situations of a body moving at a given velocity through a stationary uid and a
uid owing toward a stationary body at the same velocity. This would also occur as far as
a body interacting with SQS is concerned.

The formula is
v = vsq + v (10)

where v is the velocity of the total resultant ow acting on the moving body,
determined by the vector sum of the velocity at which SQ are absorbed (vsq )
and/or of the body's translational velocity (v) through uid space. According to
the FEP, any translational velocity therefore provokes an apparent gravitational
eld (g ) acting on the accelerated body and detected as an increase of inertia
but basically a weight force opposite to motion (W ) (g.6). Other cases of
quantum vacuum friction have been discussed by several authors [29, 30, 31].

Figure 6: Weight acting in the opposite direction to motion (drag weight, W ) due to the
apparent gravitational eld caused by motion through SQS. At low, everyday speeds this eect
wouldn't be noticed, since SQS's viscosity is quasi-zero, as for every superuid, but the eect
of apparent viscosity would play a key role at relativistic velocities (extreme shear stress),
increasingly opposing acceleration.

This is in agreement with the relativistic eect of mass increase, which would
actually be a resistance to acceleration due to an increasing gravitational force
acting in the opposite direction to motion. This issue is clear if we suppose that,
when dealing with accelerated particles in synchrotrons, we make a dimensional
mistake, swapping kgf with kg, i.e. interpreting a weight force (W ) pointing
in the opposite direction to acceleration as the increased inertia of a mass. If
drag weight grew according to Lorentz factor (1.2.1)(22), it would be the cause
of the so-called relativistic mass increase:

7
 F
a= . (11)
m+W
The new equation expressing the total weight of a body in uid quantum
gravity would be:

Wtot = m(g + g ) (12)

where the accelerations g and g may point in dierent directions, according

to the presence of a gravitational eld and/or translational motion. Still accord-
ing to the FEP, a slight dierence in weight, corresponding to a factor, should
moreover occur when comparing the gravitational force acting on a free falling
body and on the same body when it is in equilibrium in the gravitational eld,
due to the minimal viscosity of SQS (no superuid has real zero-viscosity): in
the second case the weight of the object should be slightly greater, corresponding
to:

mg
W0 = q (13)
v
2
1 csq

where vsq < ve (g.7)(1.4), thus on Earth: W < 7 1010 kg per kilogram.

It is possible to proof the FEP in Einstein's relativity by equating the cause of

time dilation in special relativity (velocity) to that in general relativity (gravity):

t t
t0 = q =q (14)
v2 RS
1 c2
1 r

hence

v2 RS 2GM 1 2GM 1 2GM

2
= = 2 = v2 2 = = v 2 = (15)
c r c r c r c2 r
and

p
v= 2rg = 2. (16)

Where (16) relates velocity and gravity (as gravitational potential ) in the
formula of the second cosmic velocity, also meaning that a given velocity in SR
corresponds to a certain gravity (drag weight), equivalent to that of a gravita-
tional eld g in a point where the absorption of SQ occurs at the same velocity.
Fig.7 indeed shows how a gravitational eld corresponds to an absorption veloc-
ity eld (velocity potential) analogous to that of g.16 in the CFD simulations
(absorption of SQ sink at origin) and, on the right, the equivalence between
translational velocity and absorption velocity of a gravitational eld, explaining
the relativistic phenomenon of illusory mass increase (drag weight) and unifying
the cause of time dilation in SR and GR (gravity in both cases).

8
 All relativistic eects can be therefore explained through the sole action
of gravity (g.7), described as a uid dynamic force occurring in SQS.
Besides what described in g. 2, 3, 4, also mass increase - or better,
what would be the current interpretation of drag weight -, time dilation
and, consequently, Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction, which depends on time
dilation and therefore does not need to be discussed here. In uid quantum
relativity, to be relative is the relative velocity of SQ (v ) with respect
to a frame of reference, which produces or varies the gravitational force
acting on it.

Figure 7: equivalence of a gravitational eld (left) and a velocity eld (center), where
the latter corresponds to the absorption velocity (vsq ). In both cases we have sink at the
origin and equipotential surfaces. On the right, a given translational velocity (SR) through
SQS corresponds to being in a point of a gravitational eld (GR) where space's quanta are
absorbed at the same velocity.

Time dilation (14) would be therefore caused by gravity also in SR (a simpli-

cation of Einstein's relativity), as a force which interferes with clocks' motion.
If the parts of a physical system become heavier their movements are aected,
unless more energy is provided to the system. Clocks in the broadest sense,
since any physical system, also a biological organism, is not immune to the ac-
tion of gravity, which inuences its dynamical aspects (macroscopic, molecular
etc.) and consequently causes time dilation as a force which interferes with mo-
Ff +Fg
tion. If we had, for instance, a clock with period Tc = T0 Fc = 1s, calibrated
by balancing friction and gravity (Ff + Fg = Fc ), where T0 = 1s is the period
m(af +g)
where g 0, when we put out the accelerations acting on it, Tc = T0ma
c
, it would be clear that any additional positive acceleration in the numerator
would unbalance the mechanism, producing time dilation, both when the clock
a +g+g
is in a stronger gravitational eld,T 0 = T0 f ac > 1s, and when it is subject
0 af +g+g
to drag weight, T = T0 > 1s. And of course, if g increases according
ac
to Lorentz factor (22, 24)(g. 9), time dilation too obeys , until the clock is
stopped.

9
 To understand now why Lorentz factor is built on the ratio ( ) between the
translational velocity of a body and the speed of light, we need to discuss the
nature of light in relation to the possible existence of a SQS. Let us hypothesize
that a photon is a pulse through a superuid medium, i.e. a phonon through
SQS. As shown below, all equations and facts seem to conrm that. But rstly,
it is necessary to remind that

the Michelson-Morley experiment [17] is in our case meaningless, since the

hypothesis of SQ absorption (4) entails that the ether wind corresponds
to the gravitational eld as an incoming ow of SQ. No relative motion
Earth-luminiferous aether occurs, since the ether wind always points to
the center of Earth. Furthermore, experimental evidences are in this case
respected, since light traveling upward or downward in a gravitational
eld would be respectively subject to red/blueshift (29) and would be
curved by the eld when it travels not parallel to it (as sound is bent by
wind), phenomena whose eects are described also in GR (gravitational
redshift and curvature of light in a gravitational eld). Hence, the MM-
experiment didn't demonstrate that the ether doesn't exist but only that
we don't have any relative motion ether-Earth (exactly as pointed out
in this theory) and that test isn't therefore an obstacle to uid quantum
gravity and to a superuid ToE.

1.2 Photon as a phonon through superuid quantum space.

By hypothesizing that a photon is a phonon through SQS, let's then consider

the formula of the speed of sound through a uid. By setting =1 in Young's
1 . When
modulus (E =  ), we obtain a =  0 is seen as quantum space's

compressibility and 0 as its density, we have

1
a= (17)
0 0

expressing the velocity of a pulse (then also of a phonon) through SQS, where
1
the numerator has unit Pa 2 . Mathematically analogous to:

1
c= . (18)
0 0

Hence, photon's electromagnetic eld might be described as a local variation

in SQS's density (local energy variation) due to the compression caused by the
pulse along with its spin (we know after all that also sound waves can spin
[19, 22]), as illustrated in g. 8.

10
Figure 8: Density () and deformability () of SQS at the origin of photon-phonon's trans-
verse EM eld (b), whose oscillations are due to harmonic, orthogonal compressions of space's
quanta, while the main pulse propagates along the z axis. On the left (a), the probable
quantum mechanism at the origin of transversality, due to compression and spin.

To highlight the relationship between photon's electromagnetic eld and its

total angular momentum, we also see that the latter is related to 0 , that is -
valid the adimensional equivalence 0 0 = 0 0 (17, 18) - to SQS's deformability(0 ):

J = 0 r (E B)d3 r (19)

and deformability is inevitably pertaining to a variation in how mass-energy

( i.e. SQ) is locally distributed.
There are many analogies between photon and phonon. In the energy eigen-
value of any eigenstate n of photon, expressed as

1
En = (n + )~ (20)
2
1
2 ~ is vacuum (SQS) contribution, as well as for a phonon, where the har-
monic oscillator eigenvalues for the mode k (k wave number) are

1
En = (n + )~k n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (21)
2
Both photons and phonons:

are bosons [5]

possess wave-particle duality [20, 21]

femit fobs
obey the doppler eect z= fobs

are symmetric under exchange |, i = |, i

can be created by repeatedly applying the creation operator b

share the formula of momentum: pphonon ~k = h

, where k= 2

11
 can produce photoelectric eect and Compton scattering thanks to their
h
momentum

can have a spin [19, 22]. In this case photon would be a special spin-1
phonon.

can form squeezed coherent states [18]

can interact via parametric down conversion [18]

When a photon is described as a phonon in SQS, the energy it carries would

be justied within the quantum phenomenon of second sound, occurring in this
case in SQS.

1.2.1 Reinterpretation of Lorentz factor and Hubble's law.

If SQS acted as a non-newtonian, dilatant uid under extreme shear stress
(bodies accelerated through SQS at relativistic velocities) this would justify the
c
tested asymptote to translational velocity ( ). Moreover, being a dilatant uid
would conrm the granular [11] (and quantum) nature of space.
When a photon is a phonon (pulse) of space's quanta through SQS, the
parameter in Lorentz factor is intelligible as the ratio between the speed of
a body through SQS and that of a pulse through it, which is higher than any
translational velocity since it doesn't imply shear stress (furthermore photons
 
v2
are massless) and doesn't induce dilatancy. The ratio is expressed as an
c2
adimensional parameter analogous to the ratio between the speed of a body and
 2
v v 2


of sound (vs ) through other superuids [23]:
vs = c 2.

Within a SQS, Lorentz factor is then hydrodynamically interpretable as

v 1
arcsin0 =r (22)
vp 
v
2
1 vp

indicating the asymptote at vp = c .

Where vp , is the speed of a pulse through the uid space and v is the
relative velocity from the FEP. By approaching vp = c, uid space's dilatancy
would play a key role in preventing further acceleration.
Valid the analogy photon-phonon (17), c2 corresponds then to the square
2 2 1Pa 2 1
of the pulse velocity c = vp =
0 0 . The similarity with vs a in [23] is
interesting, where vs is the speed of sound through a compressible superuid. If
this is true, we could state that light is the sound of space, inasmuch it would be
a pulse (phonon) through a uid space, which doesn't conict with the outcome
of the MM-experiment if the ether wind corresponds to the gravitational eld
(1.1).

12
Figure 9: motion-induced gravitational acceleration (g ) causing drag weight (W = mg )
increase, currently interpreted as relativistic mass increase. This graph can also be read as a
rheogram of uid quantum space. As shear rate and the velocity of the relative ow of SQ shift
toward relativistic values, collisions among SQ intensify and viscosities, albeit initially near-
zero, critically increase, until granular uid space's dilatant behavior leads to an asymptote,
corresponding to the speed of a pulse, vp = c, in SQS. Thus, as sound has a given speed
through a given uid, light would have one through SQS, corresponding to 299792458 m/s.

Moreover, E = mc2 would be intelligible as the ratio between the rest mass-
energy of a body and the energy of 1 m3 of SQS2 (0 ) multiplied by the Young's

modulus for SQS ( 0
0 = ), where 0 = 1Pa:

m 0 m
E = mc2 = = . (23)
0 0 0

Lorentz factor can be now written in the (still adimensional) form:

1
p (24)
1 v2 0 1

where v expresses the FEP. It means that (24) could be used also in place of
1
if we knew the velocity of the SQ ow in a given point of a gravitational
1 Rrs
eld (g. 7).

Valid the analogy photon-phonon, Hubble's law would be compatible with

an energy loss (redshift) of photons due to the minimal viscosity of SQS,
after they've traveled enormous distances, instead of being a mysterious
acceleration of distant galaxies. The further a galaxy, the greater the
detected redshift.
2 Obvious, after all, if fermions are superuid vortices of space's quanta.

13
We can now try to dene the formula for drag weight. While the formula for
classical drag force is

1
FD = v v 2 CD A (25)
2
there is in this case no dependence on surface (A) or shape (CD ) for a body
traveling through SQS. According to the FEP, the same dynamics valid for
standard weight has indeed to be valid also for drag weight, i.e. dependence
only on mass and eld intensity. Hence it has to be true: FDqs = W = mg .
Where the meaning of CD A in (25) is represented by mass, i.e. the quantity
of matter exposed to the ow, regardless of shape and surface. Thus, we just
need to dene the formula of g . We know that it has to increase according to
Lorentz factor, whose reformulation (24) precisely contains the dependence on
velocity and medium's density as in (25). The formula for drag weight can be
therefore written as:

a
W = vm p 1 (26)
1 v2 0 1
where a = 1 m/s2 and v is a unit vector expressing the direction of motion.
In conclusion, the gravitational eld is expressed as

1 ve2 GM
g = r = r 2 (27)
2 r r
when gravity is caused by the mass of a celestial body, and as

a
g = v p 1 = va 1 (28)
1 v2 0 1
when it is induced by motion through SQS.

1.3 Gravitational waves.

Other consequences of a SQS and of uid quantum gravity would be:

The known dissipation of energy occurring in the orbits of celestial bodies,

which would be caused by SQS's minimal viscosity. Quantum vacuum
friction has, for instance, been considered in pulsars [29, 30, 31]: when
energy loss is indeed only related to magnetic dipole radiation, we have

n=3 from the braking index n= 2 , in disagreement with observations
which show that n < 3.

Gravitational waves, which would be dened as a periodic variation in

SQS's local density caused by the variable position of a quadrupole in
time (g. 10), corresponding to a variable rate in the absorption of SQ.

14
Figure 10: Gravitational waves according to uid quantum gravity. A cyclical variation in
SQS's density, due to a likewise cyclical variation of the absorption velocity (changing position
of the quadrupole) may explain them without the concept of space-time deformation.

The changing rate in the absorption of space's quanta, occurring twice the
orbital frequency (2q ) , causes periodic decompressions (0 ) in SQS (g.10.b),
interpreted as space-time deformation (hij ). In linear gravity we have:
gij = ij + hij . Quantum gravity as sound-like waves in a superuid space has
also been discussed by Consoli and Pappalardo [36].

1.4 Verication.
In uid quantum gravity, within the photon-phonon analogy, we should be able
to measure dierent velocities for light traveling up/downward with respect to
a gravitational eld, since the drift velocity of SQ (vsq , not to be confused with
the speed of action of gravity which, according to this theory, corresponds to c,
i.e. to a pulse through SQS) should be subtracted or added to c, determining a
detectable blue/redshift as:

c + (vobs vsource )
fobs = (29)
source
where fobs is the observed frequency and vobs vsource the dierence be-
tween the velocity of the gravitational ow at the point of observation and that
at the source (g. 7).
Also Einstein's relativity predicts this eect (gravitational blue/redshift),
where the cause is however (only) time dilation but we should detect that the
shorter the distance between source and detector is, the higher the deviation
from Einstein's predictions, especially near the surface of the absorbing body,
where vsq has the highest value. Tests should be improved in this direction,
under 30 cm height dierence between source and detector [28]. As far as the
verication of uid quantum gravity is concerned, the fact that it seems able to
describe all relativistic eects predicted by Einstein, although desirable, since

15
any new theory has to respect experimental evidences, makes it dicult to think
of tests which underline dierences when compared with GR.
Surely, if the MM-experiment were performed again by measuring the fre-
quency shift of laser beams traveling up/downward with respect to a gravi-
tational eld (by using however a dierent interferometer, a Hanbury-Brown-
Twiss, to avoid the cancellation of the sought eect due to the round trip of
the beams in the Michelson interferometer) a blueshift would be detected for
light traveling downward and, vice versa, a redshift and this would be congruent
with both theories. The test suggested below should however determine whether
light has dierent speeds while traveling up/downward with respect to a gravi-
tational eld, instead of not being aected by gravity (we know that, according
to the relativistic eect of gravitational redshift, the variation of the detected
frequency is merely caused by the dierent speed of the observer's clock).
One could object that c is then relative and unreliable but this value is
simply the speed of light when not modied by a gravitational eld. In a round
trip, the speed of light is for instance unmodied when detected. Thus, in an
Earth-Moon round-trip test for measuring the speed of light, or in satellite com-
munications, the slower velocity during the outward trip of EM waves, would be
compensated by their faster velocity during the return trip (g. 11.b), nothing
would be noticed and the detected average speed would be exactly c. Therefore,
a dierence could be only detected in a one way trip of light (g. 11.a). GPS
would only have to correct frequency, as they actually do. Moreover, this theory
also predicts the bending of light rays (g. 11.c) as a uid dynamic eect similar
to the bending of sound caused by wind, since the ether wind corresponds here
to the gravitational eld.

Figure 11: possible test for verifying uid quantum gravity and photon as a phonon through
SQS. Clocks at source and at detector are synchronized to exclude gravitational time dilation
and the speed of light is measured after it has traveled up/downward with respect to the
gravitational eld (a). A slightly lower speed should be detected while light travels upward
and, vice versa, light should be faster. The two opposite eects would be balanced in a round
trip of light (b) giving vL = c. On the right (c) uid quantum gravity predicts the bending
of light due to the gravitational eld as a ow of SQ and photon as a phonon of SQ, without
resorting to curved space-time.

16
 In the suggested test, a laser beam travels from a source till a detector,
whose clock is synchronized with that at the source to exclude gravita-
tional time dilation and the speed of light (as time needed to reach the
detector) is measured. While propagating upward light should have a
slightly lower speed and higher speed when traveling downward. The use
27
of optical clocks based on Al+ ions or even preciser clocks is recom-
mended.

1.5 Twin paradox.

If we now analyze the twin paradox according to uid quantum relativity, we
see that the paradox vanishes. After the trip, the younger twin will be that
who has been subject to a faster ow of SQ for a longer time (by comparing
the ow of the gravitational eld on Earth, where his brother is, with that
induced by velocity on board the rocket). What is important here is motion
relative to SQS (FEP), not that of a twin relative to the other. In this way
we bypass Von Laue's and Halsbury's reasonings. We know that the twin in the
rocket is not supposed to travel in an inertial frame of reference, so the strong
equivalence principle doesn't apply here: if he brought on board a frequency
meter and a laser emitter which produces a beam of a frequency known at
his brother's location, by applying (29) the measured frequency shift, net of
Einstein's redshift (uid quantum redshift?) and doppler eect, would unveil
direction and velocity of his frame of reference, making it possible to understand
which of the two brothers will be younger at the end of the travel. We can
express how the period of a clock in the rocket's frame of reference varies with
respect to a clock on Earth as

1 1
Trocket = q =p (30)
1 v 1 v 0 1
c2

where v = vrocket vEarth is the delta of the FEP applied to both

frames of reference.

1.6 Black holes.

Black holes can exist in uid quantum gravity as celestial bodies which im-
mensely absorb SQ and on which the escape velocity is ve > c, but lacking
singularity. While an event horizon can form. If a star's collapsing is not is-
tantaneous, its density will gradually increase, as well as its absorption velocity.
However, when we have vsq c, the FEP predicts that an asymptote appears at
vsq = c. As a matter of fact, because of quantum space's dilatancy, the incoming
ow of SQ acting on the surface of the star can't have velocity v = c, or the star
would be in the same (impossible) situation of a body traveling at the speed of
light (g. 7, FEP). When approaching that limit, it is then plausible that the
boundary layer of the star ( i.e. the part of it exposed to the ow) is annihilated

17
into photons or space's quanta themselves .
3 Photons could remain trapped,
GM GM
since we can have ve > vsq / c, as ve =
r and vsq on g = r 2 .
depends on
While the produced SQ would be absorbed, reducing the gravitational ow and
keeping vsq < c. Boundary layer annihilation (might it have a correlation with
Hawking radiation?) would therefore maintain the equilibrium. Since ve > vsq ,
an event horizon could form when vsq c. But not singularities, since

r 0 vsq

which implies the forbidden situation vsq > c.

2 Unication of the fundamental interactions as

a direct consequence of uid quantum gravity.
We analyze below the endofermionic consequences of the SQ absorption. The
rst one seems to be the unication of gravity and electromagnetism, which
makes us reect on the fact that quantum gravity shouldn't be the last but
the rst piece of the unication puzzle: from this perhaps the long-standing
diculties in achieving a quantum theory of gravity and relativity. But let us
rst sinthetically consider how fermions might form in a superuid quantum
vacuum.

2.1 Appearance of fundamental particles as vortices of

space's quanta in superuid quantum space and emer-
gence of quantum potential.
Fermions could form as dynamic topological defects (superuid vortices, per-
haps spherical or conical, similar to those observed in superuid helium-4 nan-
odroplets [12, 15]) of a superuid quantum vacuum. It may be interesting to
start from the analysis of vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates, for which the
most simple model is the Gross-Pitaevskii equation:

(r, t) ~2 2 4~2 as 2
i~ = (r, t) + |(r, t)| (r, t) + Vext (r, t)(r, t) (31)
t 2m m
From (31) Proment, Onorato and Barenghi [41], elaborate the continuity
and linear momentum conservation equations for an inviscid, barotropic, com-
pressible and irrotational uid:

+ (v) = 0, (32)
t
3 assumed that fermions are superuid vortices of SQ

18
 
2

v
+ (v )v = + (33)
t 2 2
where the last term in (33) is the quantum stress tensor, which represents
an important dierence from classical Euler equation. Albeit the superuid is
irrotational, quantized vortices can appear, with a quantized circulation analo-
gous to what described in the Bohr model, as the wavefunction must return to
its same value after an integral number of turns

2~
v dl n. (34)
C(t) m
where m is the mass of the superuid particle and 2n the phase dier-
ence around the vortex. Eq. (34) is also the additional condition to impose
to the Madelung equations, as a hydrodynamic alternative to the Schrdinger
equation, to describe a superuid vortex. These vortices behave as gaps in
the medium where superuidity breaks down and the presence of a topological
structure where pressure and density go to zero, would suggest the non-necessity
of renormalization, since no ultraviolet divergence would occur if hydrodynamic
equations of vortices were used to describe the force elds of subatomic particles.
The reasons for considering fermions and other particles as superuid vortices
of SQ are several. We could, for instance, explain the appearance of particle-
antiparticle pairs from quantum vacuum
4 as a perturbative phenomenon anal-
ogous to that described in a Krmn vortex street (g. 12)

Figure 12: a computer simulation of a Krmn vortex street. Similar perturbations in a SQS
might be responsible for the appearance of particle-antiparticle pairs as right- and left-handed
superuid vortices of space's quanta.

where pairs formed by a right- and a left-handed vortex occur due to a pertur-
bation of the ow. In our case the ow may be represented by the gravitational
eld and the disturbance by other particles [25] or stochastic perturbations of
SQS. The trigger to the formation of vortex-antivortex pairs in uid quantum
space, corresponding to matter and antimatter within our analogy, might be-
sides be a phase transition similar to the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, where
bound vortex-antivortex pairs get unpaired at some critical temperature. In the

4 Referring, for instance, to the Casimir eect

19
case described by Kosterlitz and Thouless, the vortices can exist above a critical
temperature of

TC = (35)
2kB
where is a parameter depending upon the system which the vortex is in and
kB is Boltzmann's constant. Also the mathematics of Lamb-Chaplygin dipoles
is interesting for describing the dynamics of symmetric vortices. The stream
function [13] of the ow is:

kJ2U
(
J (kr) sin r<a
=  0 (ka)2 1 (36)
a
U r r sin r>a

where J0 and J1 are the zero- and rst-order Bessel functions. When the rst
root of J1 is ka the solution corresponds to a dipole. Single isolated particles
could be therefore considered as vortex singlets or monopole vortices, whose
origin would be linked to another, symmetric, particle. The equations of su-
peruid vortices might be then the new basis on which to describe the wave
equations of fundamental fermions [24]. In this direction, Sbitnev's work [6]
is also noteworthy: he considers quantum vacuum as a superuid and applies
quantum considerations to Navier Stokes equations. Sbitnev describes vortex
objects (vortex balls) which, unlike Hill's spherical vortices, show intersected
streamlines and satisfactorily reproduce fermions' spin by varying their orienta-
tion at each revolution.

Figure 13: vortex street phenomena (here from [27]) may help understanding how particles
and interactions might arise as perturbations in a SQS.

When fermions are dened as superuid vortices, Helmholtz's second theo-

rem is respected, since vortex lines are extended to innity (SQ absorption and
virtual photons emission are not conned in space indeed), reecting gravity's
innite radius of action in Gauss's and Newton's law and of electrostatic force
in Coulomb's law.

Let us now see how the quantum potential of a vortex particle would orig-
inate. Recami and Salesi [32] reect on the fact that in fermions quantum

20
potential is strictly related to spin, which is seen as the source itself of quantum
potential. Salvatore Esposito [34], citing Recami and Salesi, denes two velocity
1
elds related to a quantum particle, one external, ~vB = m S , with S as the

phase of the function in the Schrdinger equation (i
t = H ), considering
1 1 1 R2
natural units (~ = 1), and
2m = 2m R2 as the internal velocity and
~vS =
he asserts that, since we can know the external initial conditions but not the
initial conditions of internal motion, and since quantum mechanics is based on
a probabilistic formulation which comes into play exactly when we deal with
incognizable parameters, the quantum potential of the particle is totally deter-
mined by its internal motion ~vS ~s, where ~s is the direction of the spin. From
[34] we have

1 1
Q = m~vS ~vS (37)
2 2
We see then that the quantum potential of a particle, described as a super-
uid vortex of SQ, is determined by the vortex itself, i.e. by its spin as angular
momentum. The mechanism of absorption (g.1) would be due to spin and
viscosity (although minimal), while pressure in SQS would play a fundamen-
tal role in keeping the vortex indenitely active (see also [37]). The origin of
SQS's pressure has of course to be sought in the Big Bang, when it had to be
innitely high. The role of a pressure gradient in determining quantum gravity
is discussed in 2.2.
While local variations in the density of SQS could explain dark matter as a
sort of intermediate state between non-structured SQS (dark energy) and the
emergence of topological defects, i.e. vortices, whose spin generates kinetic
energy and then mass within the energy-mass equivalence. This would justify
dark matter halos as dark matter nebulas which have led to the formation of
matter. Agreement with Huang [8] about this issue is therefore expressed.

2.2 Gravity-electromagnetism unication.

As far as the most appropriate vortex geometry is concerned, it is interesting
to consider the evolution: vortex tube vortex torus quasi-spherical torus
(g.14), since it could be able to account for the main mechanism suggested in
this work, i.e. the absorption of SQ (gravity) and the consequent emission of
virtual photons, which accounts for Coulomb's force and is necessary to maintain
energy balance in spite of SQ absorption. Furthermore, if SQ in the vortex, to
return to their position (red in g.14), needed double the time than it takes
for the vortex to complete one turn around its vertical axis, the system would
have spin, necessary to describe fermions. Indeed the system would return in
a given state after a rotation of 720.

21
Figure 14: evolution of a torus vortex into a quasi-spherical shape. This might justify the
compression of space's quanta into virtual photons within the absorption-emission mechanism
(1.1, 2.2). If a space's quantum (red in the picture) in the torus needed the same time
necessary for two turns of the vortex around its vertical axis, to return in the same position,
then the vortex would have spin (i.e. the system returns in the same state after a rotation
of 720).

The theoretical mainstream describes the electrostatic eld of charged fermions

as the emission and reabsorption of virtual photons. Also in the hypothesis of
gravity as absorption of space's quanta occurring in fermions (1.1) we have ab-
sorption and we need a subsequent emission to maintain energy balance. If we
then consider the emission of virtual photons as discrete packets of compressed
SQ (g.14) we would see how gravity can be related to electromagnetism.

Figure 15: current (a) and suggested (b) Feynman diagram which describes a charged
particle's self-energy, where indicates a space's quantum and a virtual photon as a discrete
packet of space's quanta.

The only dierence with the current mainstream would be having rst ab-
sorption and then emission. The Feynman diagram describing charged parti-

22
cles' self-energy might then change as suggested in g. 15.b. The suggested
absorption-emission mechanism could be possible if fermions were, for instance,
superuid vortices in SQS, as discussed in 2.1 (also [6] paper II, g.3, considers
a periodic energy exchange between a vortex and superuid quantum vacuum)
and the vortex dynamics illustrated in g.14 is especially interesting, since it
would also allow partial emission and re-absorption according to the current
Feynman diagram (g. 15.a), as shown in g.18: Coulomb's force would be
then determined by the recoil of the not re-absorbed component of SQ (virtual
photons).
The absorption-emission mechanism would be periodic, harmonic, and would
be in agreement with the undulatory nature of particles (g. 16).

Figure 16: sawtooth electrogravitational oscillator for a charged particle expressing its rest
mass variation while producing gravitational pull and electrostatic eld. Vacuum contribution
corresponds to the absorption of SQ.

The time-dependent equation highlighting the periodic sawtooth mass-energy

oscillation at the basis of the link between gravity and a charged particle's elec-
trostatic eld (g.16) would be

mef f (t) = (t btc)ka + m0 , (38)

where mef f (t) is the time-depending eective mass of the particle, which
would rapidly oscillate between two values (m0, mmax ), and ka is a costant of
mass-energy absorption expressed in kg/s, whose value is ka = m /temission ,
i.e. the ratio between the mass of a virtual photon and the necessary time to
emit it from the vortex. The proper mass of a fermion (this would be also valid
for neutral particles as discussed in 2.3) would then have a small margin of
variability at any instant and this aspect would agree with the indeterminacy
of quantum mechanics. The oscillatory behavior of superuid vortices shown
in g.16, might also account for the phenomenon of zitterbewegung (trembling

23
motion). In this respect see also [40] for a possible link with nutation occurring
in toroidal vortices. From (34) and (38) we have

2n~
u dl= , (39)
C(t) meff (t)
the time-depending circulation in the vortex, expressing the mass-energy
oscillation, due to absorption of SQ (gravity) and emission of virtual photons
(electrostatic eld). In 2.1 we have pointed out that the quantum potential
arises from the spin of the superuid vortex. Now, if the spin, thanks to a
minimal viscosity of quantum vacuum, is responsible for the absorption of SQ
and therefore for quantum gravity, g.17 (from the performed CFD simulations)
shows that a velocity potential (left) is causally linked to a negative pressure
potential (right), which could be expressed by resorting to the quantum pres-
sure tensor from Madelung equations (see also [37] for a pressure mediated link
between quantum vacuum and matter):

 2
~
PQ = ln (40)
2m

Figure 17: absorption velocity and pressure gradients from the performed CFD sim-
ulations.

whose relation with quantum potential is:

PQ = Q (41)

and from (38) and (37):

 
1 1
PQ = ((t btc)ka + m0 ) ~vS ~vS (42)
2 2
This would mean that the quantum potential of a superuid vortex ( spin
[34]), which causes SQ absorption, is directly linked both to a negative pres-
sure potential (g.17 right) and to the absorption velocity potential (g.17 left)

24
which corresponds to a mathematically analogous quantum force, Fq = Q,
interpreted as gravitational eld (in this case a mass-induced gravitational eld,
since we also have discussed the case of a gravitational eld induced by motion
in 1.1). We can see the following relations:

vsq = Fq = Q g = (43)

Now, to describe the dynamics of the electrostatic force, an anisotropic inter-

action between superuid vortices, instead of the exchange of virtual photons
in isotropic conditions, could explain both attraction and repulsion between
two charges as a mechanism driven by recoil (g. 18), while within the current
isotropic model based on virtual photons exchange justifying the attractive force
is dubious.
The conguration of two same charges in g.18 (right) shows Pauli exclu-
sion principle (antisymmetric spin), which also accounts for the validity of the
anisotropic hypothesis for the electrostatic interaction. The positioning of a
charge with respect to another would generate the illusion of a radial electro-
static force. Such a positioning mechanism would be coherent with the interac-
tions occurring also in more-particle systems. The compression of some absorbed
SQ into a single virtual photon could explain why, for particles, the electrostatic
interaction is 39 orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational interaction.

Figure 18: Electrostatic attraction and repulsion due to recoil caused by the emission of
virtual photons ( ) from superuid vortex-particles (charged fermions).

A positioning of the particles according to their charge would occur (anisotropic

interaction) and the emitted virtual photons are not exchanged but disperse
obeying an inverse-square law, according to Coulomb. The conguration of

25
same charges (right) corresponds to Pauli exclusion principle (antisymmetric
spin).

2.3 Weak interaction.

It may be inferred that in absence of virtual photons emission (charge neutrality)
a particle would be compelled to decay, because of the increase of its internal
energy due to absorption, as indeed observed in unbound neutral particles, such
as neutrons (g. 19), whose mean lifetime is 881s.

Figure 19: -decay in unbound neutrons, (a) caused by vacuum energy absorption (SQ),
being n the neutron's mean lifetime. Here the W boson corresponds to the sum of the
absorbed SQ. (b) Feynman diagram for neutron's decay.

A prediction of this theory would be that of a greater mass of isolated neu-

trons before they decay, if compared with the mass of bound neutrons in a
nucleus and, for instance, also that of a faster decay of neutral pions (indeed
8.4 1017 s) if compared with charged pions (2.6 108 s). Decay would also
occur in unstable charged particles, where the equilibrium absorption-emission
is imperfect (g 20.d).

2.4 Strong interaction and quantum chromodynamics.

When describing the elementary fermions as superuid vortices of SQ, it is
immediately clear that their spin can be conicting or mutual. Two adjacent
vortices with conicting spins would annihilate each other. This fact could
explain many known issues of atomic physics (g. 20).
Only electrons with antiparallel spin (g. 20.b) can be in the same orbital:
as vortices, they have in this circumstance mutual spins and this is precisely
the conguration described in g.18 for same charges (antisymmetric spin). If
they did not repel each other and came in contact, two electrons with parallel
spin (g. 20.a) would annihilate like a pair electron-positron (g. 20.c) because

26
of their conicting spins. Matter-antimatter annihilation would be then sim-
ply due to the conicting spins of left- and right-handed vortices in antiparallel

Figure 20: Conicting (C) or mutual (M) spin would explain: Pauli exclusion principle
(a, forbidden; b, allowed anti-parallel spin, according to g. 18); particle-antiparticle
annihilation (c); mesons, such as 0 (d) or exotic atoms as ortho-positronium. Light grey
vortices correspond to matter (left-handed) and dark grey ones to antimatter (right-handed).
Without electrostatic repulsion, annihilation between two same charges with parallel spins
would occur (a) even without involving antiparticles, due to conicting rotations.

Figure 21: Quantum chromodynamics as a system of superuid vortices of SQ in mutual-spin

conguration (here the hypothetical structure of a proton). The gluonic octet is represented
as the exchange of discrete amounts of SQ among the vortices (a ow of SQ). The charge
of the whole system is determined by emission of virtual photons from the central vortex
(down quark), while the SQ expelled from the other quarks are absorbed by the central quark
(br, rb). This superuid model would explain why most of the mass of the quarks in a proton
is expressed as binding energy (gluonic ow): SQ, as gluons, continuously ow among the
quarks (they exchange mass the one with the other) and this determines their continuous
change of color .

27
 spin conguration, while, when they have parallel spin they can form un-
stable particles such as mesons (for instance a neutral pion 0 , g. 20.d) or
ortho-positronium.
Conicting spins can also explain the decay occurring in nucleon resonances.
Quantum chromodynamics and the strong interaction as exchange of gluons
(seen as discrete amounts of space's quanta passing from a vortex to another)
can be therefore described in terms of adjacent superuid vortices in mutual-spin
conguration, as shown in g. 21.
The continuous exchange of discrete amounts of SQ (interpreted as gluons)
among the three vortices would account for the fact that most of the mass-energy
of bound quarks is in the form of force-eld energy and that color migrates from
a quark to another. A uid dynamic, quantum explanation seems to be clear and
necessary. The residual strong interaction can be likewise described as exchange
of SQ between vortices which are close together, when a tube arises, whose break
0
perturbs the uid space and simmetrically generates a quark-antiquark pair (
meson) as a vortex-antivortex pair (2.1), within a self-sustainable process.

2.5 Baryon asymmetry explained?

The decay of B mesons is predicted to favor the production of matter over

antimatter, but not enough to explain the huge preponderance of matter in the
present universe. Baryon asymmetry could be however explained by the fact
that particles and antiparticles have more than one way to interact. By referring
to g.20, the dierent, possible congurations that the superuid vortices can
assume, might explain the origin of baryon asymmetry, starting from equal
amounts of matter and antimatter in a quark-gluon-lepton plasma (g. 22). The
statistically prevalent production of unstable and annihilation groupings would
account for the large number of photons in the cosmic background radiation for
each baryon. The dynamics illustrated in the gure could be extended up to
having even 1 billion photons each baryon.

An asymmetry may then arise as a mere probability from all dierent com-
binations and spin congurations that vortex-particles can assume. In g. 22,
by starting from a perfect symmetry ( S ), particles (light grey) and antiparticles
(dark grey) in a quark-gluon-lepton plasma (primordial universe) get stochasti-
cally mixed up and merge. Phenomena of annihilation and decay are statisti-
cally prevalent. The gure shows only one of the possible, innite combinations,
which produces in this case a single proton, two electrons and many photons and
totally erases antimatter. This means that the Big Bang (or rather a cascade
perturbation occurred in a calm, pre-existing SQS?) may have produced equal
amounts of matter and antimatter but the ways they have casually combined
may have led to baryon asymmetry. As we can see, this model also predicts,
in every possible combination of particles, the existence in the universe of more
leptons than baryons.

28
 It is nally questionable whether some heavy bosons detected in synchrotrons
through photon counting couldn't be rather the outcome of unexpected annihi-
lation congurations of fundamental particles.

Figure 22: Baryon asymmetry as a mere probability which arises from all dierent combina-
tions and spin congurations that fundamental vortex-particles might assume, starting from
a perfect symmetry (S ).

3 Conclusion
We can rstly summarize in 12 points:

1. Fermions are vortices in a superuid quantum space ( superuid quantum

vacuum for some authors) made up of space's quanta.
SQS may coincide with dark energy, while dark nmatter can simply be a
density uctuation of dark energy, without being constituted by specic
particles dierent from SQ.

2. Due to the viscosity of SQS (near-zero but not zero), the vortices pro-
duce an incoming ow of space's quanta, corresponding (in a macroscopic
spherical object) to the ux described in Gauss's law for gravity. This
would be the mechanism of quantum gravity, coming from hydrodynamic
equations, where the quantum potential (as spin) physically corresponds
to the angular momentum of the superuid vortex and is linked to pressure
and density of SQS.

29
 3. The absorption in the vortex is energetically balanced by an outcoming
ux of compacted space's quanta (virtual photons) which produce the elec-
trostatic eld, while attraction and repulsion are due to recoil. Feynman
diagram for a charged fermion's self-energy should be modied by placing
absorption before emission. Both absorption (gravity) and emission (elec-
trostatic eld) extend to innity according to Helmholtz's second theorem
and to Newton's and Coulomb's laws.

4. When no emission occurs the vortex is due to decay, because of its unsus-
tainable energy increase. This would be the -decay (weak interaction).

5. Vortices can interact through mutual or conicting spin, causing the strong
interaction in the rst case (through exchange of SQ, as gluons, from a
vortex to another), or annihilation in the second case.

6. Depending on their pairing conguration two particles (or antiparticles)

would annihilate, if electrostatic repulsion could be overwhelmed. And
a pair particle-antiparticle could not annihilate (as in the case of 0 ).
Thus, in the primordial universe, at extremely high energy and density,
more scattering congurations might have occurred than those currently
observed in synchrotrons, causing baryon asymmetry on a mere statistical
basis (as one of many possible outcomes).

7. General relativity is determined by the absorption of SQ (point #2), i.e.

by quantum gravity, and the relativistic eects it describes are hydrody-
namical. No curved space-time exists. Gravity slows down clocks since
weight force acts on their internal components.

8. Special relativity is determined by the viscosity of SQS, as apparent vis-

cosity due to shear stress. SQS behaves as a dilatant uid for extreme
shear stress translational velocity approaching the speed of sound (of a
pulse) in SQS ( i.e. the speed of light). A dilatant behavior would conrm
the granular (quantum) nature of vacuum. Dierent translational veloc-
ities in dierent frames of reference correspond to a dierent interaction
with SQS. We have then:
higher speed higher shear stress and higher apparent viscosity ap-
parent gravitational force opposite to motion (drag weight), justifying the
illusory eect of mass increase time dilation due to drag weight acting
on a clock's components as in point #7 (see the uid equivalence prin-
ciple: 1.1, (10)(gg.5, 7)) Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction as a direct
consequence of time dilation.

9. Equations and evidences agree that photons can be special spin-1 phonons
through SQS ( 1.2). The velocity c would be the speed of a pulse in a spe-
cic medium (SQS), as every other medium allows a specic propagation
velocity for sound waves.

10. The MM-experiment didn't disproof the existence of an ether (SQS in

this case) but only of a relative motion Earth-ether. When the ether wind

30
 corresponds to the gravitational eld (point #1) everything seems to work
ne.

11. The redshift in Hubble's law doesn't increase with the distance of the
galaxies because of an accelerated expansion of the universe: this fact is
simply due to photons' energy loss, according to the distance they travel
through SQS (more precisely, according to the distance covered by the
pulse, assumed they are phonons).

12. Gravitational waves can be described as periodic variations in the local

density of SQS, due to a variable absorption rate (point #2) depending
on the orientation of a quadrupole.

If the single hypothesis of fermions as vortices of space's quanta in a superuid

quantum vacuum, which obeys Gauss's law for gravity (incoming
ux absorption of space's quanta, which lets arise the relationship
vsq = Fq = Q g = ), i.e. quantum gravity as the start-
ing point, generates a series of consequences which range from describing and
simplifying special and general relativity up to unifying the four fundamental
interactions, to justifying baryon asymmetry, Hubble's law without resorting to
distant galaxies acceleration and up to producing a general simplication of vari-
ous other issues, it should be then considered for mathematical and experimental
in-depth analysis. Furthermore, the hypothesis of absorption (g. 1) solves the
incompatibility of a uid space with the outcome of the Michelson-Morley ex-
periment, since an ether wind corresponding to the gravitational eld is possible
and conforms to the known experimental evidences such as light deection and
gravitational redshift. Finally, the description of photons as phonons propagat-
ing through a superuid space would reduce waves which exist in nature to only
one type (propagation-medium-dependent). We could therefore state that entia
non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem, as it seems that a superuid ap-
proach may explain nature without extra dimensions, strings, gravitons or other
complex reasonings. The suggested test concerning the speed of light (1.4) is
quite easy and might demonstrate the existence of a superuid quantum space,
of gravity as absorption of SQ and of light as a pulse (phonon) through a super-
uid quantum medium. Unexpectedly, the new physics would in some respects
have the avor of pre-Einsteinian physics but the dierences lie in the assump-
tions, as the reinterpretation of the MM-experiment demonstrates (1.1), and
what we now call relativistic, could be described tomorrow as a uid quantum
phenomenon, due to the fact that dierent frames of reference may dierently
interact with SQS.
Within this superuid reconsideration of the universe, it is impossible to keep
fundamental forces separeted and to keep them separated from particles, since
we see that everything is expression of the kinetic energy of space's quanta (spin
mainly), and of viscosity, density and pressure of superuid quantum space.
From vortices of SQ we have indeed mass, charge, fundamental forces, light etc.
Only a few things then still appear to be really fundamental in nature and we

31
might attend an enormous simplication in the physics of the present century,
up to only having a superuid quantum space and its hydrodynamic behavior.

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34
Annex.
Other images and charts from the performed CFD simulations.

Figure 23: Simulation settings

Figure 24: radial ow obtained in the simulations

35
Figure 25: Test for force dependence on absorption velocity: sphere diameter 1mm,
distance 2mm. Tested velocities: 50, 100, 200, 500, 700, 1000 m/s. Other tested
conditions (50, 100, 200, 500 m/s) are shown in g. 6 and 7.

Figure 26:

36
 Figure 27:

Figure 28: Test for force dependence according to the distance between the spheres.

37