ANTIAIRCRAFT EARS

MAY - JUNE, 1936

 Gunners' Instruction
For all Coast Artillery Organizations. Fully meets the requirements of Training Regulations
435-310(Examination for Gunners). Used for instruction in a number of R.O.T.C. units.

NUMBER GUNNERS' INSTRUCTION PAMPHLETS PRICE

I. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Battery) $0.75
II. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Battery) 0.50
III. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Battery) 0.65
IV. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Battery) 0.40
V. 2nd Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All "Units) 0.55
VI. 1st Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All Units) 0.50
\'11. 2nd Class Gunner, ).fobile Seacoast Artillery
(All Tractor-Drawn and Railway Cnits) 0.75
VIII. 1st Class Gunner, ).fobile Seacoast Artillery
(All Tractor-Drawn and Railway Units) 0.75
IX. Expert Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery 1.25
X. Expert Gunner, Fixed Artillery 1.00
XI. Expert Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery 1.25
XII. Submarine 1fining 1.50

These pamphlets recently have been revised and brought up-to-date. They cover the instruction of all
2nd Class, 1st Class, and Expert Gunners of Antiaircraft, Fixed and Mobile Artillery.
Invaluable for the training and instruction of Coast Artillery personnel. Each enlisted man of a submarine
mine detachment should have a copy of "Submarine Mining."
The above prices are retail (postpaid) for single copies. To ORGANIZATIONS of the military establishment a
discount of 20% will be allowed on any order regardless of number. F.O.B. Washington, D. C.

••~~~=============================~~========~.
Automotive Transportation
for the Military Service
By CAPTAIN JOHN T. DECAMP, C.A.C. and 1ST LIEUT. LEW M. MORTON, C.A.C.
Instruetot's in Motor Transportation, Coast Artillery School

HERE is a concise, technical discussion made available to the service at a time when such a book is in
considerable demand. This one volume covers all necessary information concerning the design, opera-
tion and maintenance of automotive transportation issued to the military service. The text has been
reviewed and approved by Professor Erwin H. Hamilton, B.S., M.E., of New York University, acknowl-
edged authority on automotive engineering.
Here are the Titles of 31 Fact-Filled Chapters:
Outline of Automotive Vehicle Construction. Engine Test and Performance.
Explosive Cycles and Firing Orders. Diesel Engines.
Cylinders, Pistons and Piston Rings. Clutches and Transmissions.
Connecting Rods, Crankshafts and Fly-\Vheels. Universal Joints, Drive Shafts, and Differentials.
Valves and Valve Operating Mechanisms. Rear Axles, Frames, Springs, and Shock Absorbers.
Valve Timing. Brakes.
Crankcase Lubrication. Front Axles and Steering.
Engine Cooling Systems. Tires, Rims and Wheels.
Fuel and Fuel-Feed Systems. Engine Overhaul.
Elements of Carburetion. Automotive Vehicle Troubles.
Carburetors. Painting.
Elementary Electricity and Magnetism. Convoys.
Storage Batteries. Organization and Supply.
Battery Ignition Systems. :Methods of Inspection.
Starting ~fotors, Generators. and Lirshting Systems. Automotive ).faintenance.
Theory of Internal Combustion Engines.
Prices are retail, postpaid. PRICE This book is not a revision
On any order for 10 or of "Military Motor Trans-
more copies a discount of Durable Paper Binding, $2.50 portation." It is a new book
10% is allowed F.O.B. compiled from authorita-
Washington. Leatherette Binding .. 3.00 tive sources.

THESE ARE NOT PAID ADVERTISEMENTS

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
Member Affiliated Milita'1f Magazines
Published as the Journal of the U. S. Artillery from 1892 to 1922
LIEUT. COL. E. E. BENNETT. C.A.C., Editor

~-
---------------------------------------------------
VOLUME LXXIX MA Y- JUNE, 1936 NUMBER III

Publication Date: June 1, 1936

Contents
righting for Observation 163 Organization of AA. Machine Guns 203
BJ' Major Olaire L. Chennault. BJ' Major Willard "'W.Irvine.

Protectionof Marching Columns 168 May I Publish This? 204

By E. X. Novitiate.
lodem Umpiring 169
By Major William Hones. War at the County Fair 206
BJ' Captain Edward F. Adams.
b Philippine Neutrality Practicable? 177
By Major John C. Newton. Forms of Attack Against Harbor Defenses 207
B;y Major Ira B. Hill.
.!lombardmentof the Hart~epoo1s 179
BJ' Captain W. A. Murley. News and Comment 210
The Tenth Legion - Orchids - Meeting of the- Asso,
Roughon Flies 186
By Lieutenant A. S. Baron. It, -
ciation - General Steele Resigns - Command and Staff
-How Did They Do C1hilean Coast Artillery
Sehool- CorrectE"dvs. Uncorreded Range - Give the
Editor a Break - When is a Sector Not a Se<ltor'
training of the AA Searchlight Battery 187
By Captain Arthur B. Nicholson. Coast Artillery Activities 215
News from the Gypsy ArtiIIefJ'-Fort Monroe News
! Practical Improvised Radio Truck 194 Letter - Corregidor News Letter - Panama Canal De-
By Lieutenant George E. Keeler, Jr. partment News Lette-r-Hawaiian News Lette-r-Fort
Barrancas Notes - News from Fort MaeArthur-
Notes from the Harbor De-fensesof Sandy Hook.
EmergencyMethods of Fire Control- Part V 195
By Major James T. Campbell. The Foreign Military Press 225
Reviewed by Lieut. 001. A. L. P. Johnson.
ViTitlectionof the 251st C.A. 199
By Major George C. McFarland. Coast Artillery Board Notes 229

Coast Artillery Orders : 231

An Antiaircnift Data Table .. , 201
By Captain John E. Reierson. Book Reviews 234

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN PUBLISHED CONTRIBUTIONS

THE CoAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL pays for original articles upon publication.
Published bi-monthly under the supervision of the United States Coast Artillery Association for the information of the Coast
Artillery personnel of the Regular Army, National Guard and Organized Reserve.
Publication Offices, 1406 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia; Editorial Offices, 1115 17th Street, N.W., Washington. D. C.
Terms: $4.00 per year. (Coast Artillery Association members, $3.00 per year.) Single copies, 75 cents.
Entered as second class matter at Richmond. Virginia, under the Act of March 3, 1879, for mailing at special rate of postage
Jrovidedfor in Section 412, Act of October 3, 1917.
Copyright, 1936, by the United States Coast Artillery Association.
 Fighting for Observation
By L. CHENNAULT
MAJOR
Air Corps
CLAIRE
Ninety per cent of all pur-
suit effort during the World
THE DEVELOP:>.IENT OF AERIAL COMBAT
War was expended in sup-
RIOR to the beginning of the World War, Ger-

P many, England, France, and Italy had organized

air services. Italy had learned the value of aerial
reconnaissance during the Italo- Turkish War, 1911-1912,
port or denial of aerial ob-
servation.
but did not continue to develop her air service after the hostile planes would be seen in the heavens. The per-
close of that war. formance of the Riers who reported comprehensive infor-
The general opinion of European military authorities mation daily, surprised the high command, who doubted
seems to have been the details that were
that aerial observa- given and were will-
tion would be valu- ing to wait for con-
able in special situa- firmation through
tions but that it was some other medium
not sufficiently im- of intelligence."
portant to warrant It was this unwill-
expending any con- ingness of the Ger-
siderable amount of man High Com-
money for its devel- mand to accept the
opment. There were, reports of their aerial
however, a few en- observers which lost

I thusiasts who per-

ceived that aircraft
would play an im-
them the opportu-
nity to destroy both
the French Fifth
portant, if not de- Army and the Brit-
cisive, part in any fu- ish Expeditionary
ture war. In 1912, Force in the latter
\
General Sir James part of August,
\ Grierson said, "War- 1914.
r fare will be impossi- The ante-bellum
ble unless we have development of heav-
the mastery of the ier-than-air craft in
air." General von Germany, Italy, and
Hoeppner describes France was confined
the short-sightedness almost wholly to
of the German High types suitable for ob-
Command with re- servation. It must be
gard to aerial obser- remembered that at
vation in his book, Vickers Gun Bus this time experts were
Deutschlands Krieg almost unanimous in
in der Luft as follows: "In general, not any too much e:x- the belief that airplanes would never fight in the air but
pectation was put on aerial reconnaissance. It was esti- would deliberately avoid combat in order to obtain infor-
mated that after a few weeks none of our own and no mation for the high command. There was no apprecia-
tion' of the necessity for denying aerial observation to the
NOTE 1. The views and opinions expressed in this article are
those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent the enemy. Presumably, the enemy was welcome to all the
views of the War Department. information that his unreliable air service could obtain.
NOTE2. The term "Fighter" is used by the British with the There is an indication, however, that the British mili-
same meaning as our term "Pursuit." Each term is applied to
that class of aviation whose principal function is aerial combat. tary authorities anticipated some aerial combat, for in
Single-seater, two-seater, and even multi-seater airplanes may be February, 1914, the war office prescribed certain Right
tIJ1ployed for this purpose. In the third section, the term "Fight-
er" is applied to a specialized type of pursuit airplane designed for tests and minimum performance characteristics for both
close, maneuvering combat, while the term "Interceptor" is ap- single- and two-seater fighting airplanes. The result of
plied to the type of pursuit airplane designed primarily for inter-
ception and combat with bombardment aviation.
the foresight of the British authorities was that the Royal
164 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May- June

Flying Corps entered the field with

airplanes better adapted to fighting
than those of the other powers.
Aerial combats during the early
months of the war resulted from the
aggressive disposition of individual
pilots-not from design on the part
of the military authorities. On Aug-
ust 15, 1914, Reuters' correspondent
reported that "A French airplane
yesterday encountered a German air-
plane. The French pilot chased the Sopwith Camel
German, firing with a Browning (pis-
tol). The German aviator did not reply but 'Red.''' The powers engaged in an intense rivalry to produce the most
morning Post (london) reported an aerial combat on effective fighting airplanes and armament. It takes time,
August 28, 1914, as follows: "An English pilot, emerg- however, to effect changes in airplane design and produce
ing from a cloud, found immediately beneath him a the new types. Our own experience in the World War
German airplane. Swooping down to within revolver illustrates this point perfectly. Despite the pressure
shot, he emptied all his chambers with an effect he could brought to bear upon our airplane designers and manu-
not observe because the cloud once more enveloped him. l:acturers and despite our vast resources of money, raw
later on when he emerged from the cloud again, he saw materials and technical experts, we were unable during
underneath a small crowd gathered around a smashed nineteen months effort to produce a single airplane of
airplane and he came to the conclusion that his revolver American design for service over the lines.
shots had not been without effect." It has been estimated that a minimum of eighteen
The combat reported on October 16, 1914' is the first months will be required to design a new airplane 3nd
which reveals deliberate intent to destroy hostile aircraft begin quantity production. Another six months will be
in aerial comb3t. The report states: "A ROY3l Flying required to equip a number of organizations with suffi-
Corps airman in a fast scouting monoplane, and carrying cient aircraft for active operations.
two riRes, gave chase to a hostile machine but lost sight The time required for the training of first-class pilots
of the enemy in clouds. Then a German Otto biplane for active operations under modern conditions is from
came on the scene, a slow 'bus' but one having the twelve to eighteen months. This time is the minimum
engine behind (pusher), and therefore, if well armed, required for the completion of ground school, primary,
a formidable opponent. The English pilot obtained a basic, and advanced Right training, aerial gunnery and
position behind the enemy and, when within sixty yards, bombing, instrumental and navigational flight training,
he fired one riRe without result. His superior speed tak- and training in the tactics of the individual pilot, small
ing him ahead, he turned and again getting astern, units and large organizations. The employment of re-
emptied his magazine at the German, who began to serve officers' may reduce the number of new pilots re-
descend. Then the Englishman stopped his engine and quired for war service in some classes of aviation but it is
began a downward glide whilst reloading. During this believed that few reserve officers, called to active dury.
operation the magazine jammed but he managed to insert will be found suitable for pursuit operations. The aver-
four cartridges and to fire them at his opponent, who dis- age age of first-class pursuit pilots will be considerably
appeared into a bank of clouds. The Englishman fol- less than 30 years, probably about 25 years, and very few
lowed but never saw him again." Here is revealed the reserve officers will be less than 30 years of age.
beginning of aerial combat tactics in the statements that, But even if sufficient pilots were available for the im-
"The English pilot obtained a position behind the en- mediate organization of all the additional pursuit units
emy" and, "he turned and again getting astern .... " required for war operations, there would still remain the
Thus aerial combat, born of the twin requirements, necessity for designing and producing an effective type
maintenance of aerial observation of the enemy and de- of pursuit, "fighter," airplane. The high degree of spe-
nial of hostile aerial observation of friendly forces, came cialization attained in modern airplanes makes it most
to be accepted by military authorities as not only possible desirable that a suitable type be designed for each field
but highly desirable. of employment. A compromise or all-purpose airplane
As the war progressed it became more and more evi- must sacrifice efficiency in one or all fields of employ-
dent that the success of ground forces depended upon ment. The Germans suffered severely at the battle of
aerial observation, and the fight for it became more bit- the Somme because the bomber-fighter could obtain
ter. It is estimated that ninety per cent of all the pursuit neither air supremacy nor support the operations of other
effort during the World War was expended in support or classes of friendly aviation. \Vithout doubt, thousands of
denial of aerial observation. Germany and the Allied German casualties resulted from the fact that some 60
 1936 FIGHTING FOR OBSERVATION 165
English airmen anticipated the de-
velopment of aerial combat, and in
February, 1914> the \Var Office issued
a table of minimum performance
characteristics for the guidance of
manufacturers in the construction of
both single- and two-seater fighters.
Long before the beginning of the
battle of the Somme, English fighters
had been organized in flights and
squadrons.
Fokker D VII The strength of the rival air forces
at the beginning of the battle of the
airplanes were not of the proper type for accomplishing Somme has been estimated as follows: The Royal Flying
the missions assigned them. Corps had 167 airplanes of all types in the Fourth Army
\Ve must develop and produce in peace sufficient air- area and an additional squadron of eighteen BE 2 C's co-
planes suitable for close maneuvering combat in support operating in the Gommecourt attack. Of this total, about
of aerial observation or the ground forces will pay the 75 airplanes were single-seater fighters.
penalty in war .. The Germans had the following units in the Somme
area on June 30th:
THE EFFECT OF PURSUIT ACTION UPON AERIAL
6 Reconnaissance Flights . 42 airplanes
OBSERVATION
4 Artillery Flights . 17 airplanes
The first battle of the Somme, June-December, 1916, 1 Bomber-Fighter Squadron . 43 airplanes
is generally recognized as having' determined the effect 1 Bomber-Fighter Flight . 8 airplanes
of pursuit operations upon the action of all classes of 1 Single-seater Detachment . 19 airplanes
aviation supporting the ground forces.
Between October, 1914 (when the desirability of con- T atal 129 airplanes
trolling the air with fighting type airplanes was first It is evident that the Germans were outnumbered by
recognized), and June, 1916, the development of fight- the British but the greatest disparity was in the relative
ers in Germany and England proceeded along widely number of single-seaters, 75 British and 19 Germans.
different lines. This difference was the result of a funda- The Royal Flying Corps assumed the offensive at the
mental difference in the conception of the role of the beg:nning of the battle and maintained control of the
fighter held by the authorities controlling the develop- air until corrective measures were taken following a com-
I ment of military aircraft in the two countries. plete reorganization of the German air service in Octo-
In Germany, where aviation was controlled by army ber.
officers with no flying experience, a general purpose type The results of this domination of the air by the Royal
known as the bomber-fighter had been produced. This Flying Corps are clearly portrayed in an extract from
plane was looked upon as an all-purpose airplane of the General von Below's memorandum on the experiences
~erial battleship or flying fort type, capable of conduct- of the German First Army in the battle. He wrote, "The
109 both offensive and defensive missions. It was em- beginning and the first weeks of the Somme battle were
ployed at the beginning of the battle of the Somme in marked by a complete inferiority of our own air forces.
, organized squadrons (Ka m pfg esch wader ) having as The enemy's airplanes enjoyed complete freedom in
many as 43 airplanes. In addition to being equipped for carrying out distant reconnaissances. With the aid of
bombing, it was equipped for aerial observation and aeroplane observation, the hostile artillery neutralized
combat. It was presumed to be capable of denying the our guns and was able to range with the most extreme
?peration of hostile observation airplanes and of defend- accuracy on the trenches occupied by our infantry; the
109 itself against the attacks of hostile fighters, for which required data for this were provided by undisturbed
purpose it had a number of machine-gun positions. trench reconnaissance and photography. By means of
The bomber-fighter was slow and unmaneuverable. bombing and machine-gun attacks from a low height
It could not support its own observation nor deny hostile against infantry, battery positions and marching col-
observation. Its ability to defend itself in the air con- umns, the enemy's aircraft inspired our troops with a
tributed nothing to the support of friendly ground and feeling of defenselessness against the enemy's mastery
aerial forces. However, a few single-seater fighting types of the air. On the other hand, our own aeroplanes only
Were developed contemporaneously with the bomber- succeeded in quite exceptional cases in breaking through
lighter. These fighters were normally assigned, in small the hostile patrol barrage and carrying out distant recon-
units, to armies or corps for the purpose of defending naissances; our artillery machines were driven off when-
the ground troops from hostile air attacks. ever they attempted to carry out registration for their
166 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-Junt
own batteries. Photographic reconnaissance could not "Therefore, if the enemy's superiority in the air, so great
fulfill the demands made upon it. Thus, at decisive mo- at the beginning, was broken at the end of the battle, the
credit was due in great measure to Boelcke and his pursuit
ments, the infantry frequently lacked the support of the
squadron. In their gallantry and unity of effort they became
German artillery either in counter-battery work or in the model for all the German pursuit squadrons. Proof of
barrage on the enemy's infantry massing for attack. their activity can be seen in 87 air victories during the batrlc
Heavy losses in personnel and materiel were inflicted on of the Somme (September 16 to about December 1). Our
our artillery by the enemy's guns, assisted by excellent pursuit squadrons compelled the enemy, who had hitherto
been so sure of themselves, to adopt a less aggressive attitUde
air observation, without our being able to have recourse
and ~ was thankfully received by the troops on the
to the same methods. Besides this, both arms were ex- ground.
posed to attacks from the air by the enemy's battle-
planes, the moral effect of which could not be ignored." The British reaction to the operations of Boe1cke's pur-
The explanation of the failure of the German air serv- suit squadron is clearly revealed in General Trenchard's
ice and the success of British aviation is clearly stated by report to Headquarters the evening of September 1]:
General von Hoeppner in Germany's War in the Air: "I have come to the conclusion that the Germans have
"Their air force had a superiority that far exceeded our brought another squadron or squadrons of fighting machines
expectations and gave them practically an absolute mastery to this neighborhood and also more artillery (observation)
in the air. Our weak aviation units had been reduced to a machines. On~ or two German airplanes have crossed the
state of impotence by the mass attacks of hostile squadrons line during the last few days .•. and new wireless calls
and there was nothing to prevent the enemy from carrying have been intercepted. With all this, however, the aircraft
out reconnaissance missions and participating in attacks. guns have only reported 14 hostile machines as having
They were able to make distant flights without hindrance. crossed the line in the Fourth Army area in the last wed:
"With us, our infantry and artillery had reached the point ending yesterday, whereas something like 2,000 to 3,000 of
where they were not interested at all in aerial observation our machines crossed the lines during the week."
and all they asked of our aviators was to free them from
the hostile planes which were after them continually. Our On September 22, General Trenchard expressed the
pursuit and combat squadrons tried to satisfy them but view that the Royal Flying Corps should undertake a
their planes were not suitabl~ for this sort of mission, and more v~gorous offensive policy in order to counter a more
after having met with heavy losses, they were obliged to gtve aggreSSIveenemy.
it up. The effect was deplorable. Since the troops now suf- On the initiative of General Trenchard, Sir Douglas
fered more than ever, aviation was completely discredited.
... All this was due doubtless to our numerical inferiority Haig sent a letter to the War Office on November 16,
and to errors in ~mployment which cannot be denied. asking for twenty fighting squadrons extra to what he
"One of the chief mistakes in the early weeks of the bat- had already estimated would be necessary to sustain the
tle of the Somme was the failure to recognize the importance offensive in the early spring of 1917. This number would
of the single-seat pursuit planes. The Second Army had few
give a proportion of two fighting squadrons to one artil-
single-seaters and made poor use of what they had."
lery squadron.
The failure of German aviation during the months of Sir Douglas Haig's request for two pursuit squadrons
July and August, 1916, resulted in a decree from His to one artillery squadron is of particular interest because
Majesty, The Emperor, an extract from which follows: it fixes a definite ratio of strength for pursuit, and obser-
"Owing to the increasing importance of aerial warfare, vation. The functions of the units designated as "Artil-
all the aerial activities throughout the army, whether of- lery Squadrons" by the British correspond very closely to
fensive or defensive, at the front or in the interior, were those of our observation units attached to divisions.
to be grouped in one branch of the service." In compli- These extracts from the letters and records of the high
ance with this decree, antiaircraft, aerial defense, bal- command of both the German and British forces engaged
loons, dirigibles, the meteorological services and the air in the battle of the Somme should convince the most
force were put under the command of a "General in skeptical that friendly observation aviation can be main-
Command of the Air Forces" who was charged with tained and hostile observation denied only by the vigor-
securing unity and method in the construction, concen- ous action of effective pursuit forces.
tration and use of all aerial means of waging war. Gen-
eral von Hoeppner was given the new title and the of- MODERN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUPPORT OF
ficer who had been Chief of Aviation, Lieutenant Colo- OBSERVATION
nel Thomsen, became his Chief of Staff, October 8, The British Manual for The Employment of Air
1916. Forces with The Army In The Field, 1932, deals with
Prior to the reorganization of the German air service, the subject of air superiority as follows:
Boelcke had been transferred with his trained pursuit "1. The gaining and maintenance of air superiority is.of
unit from Verdun to the Somme. Airplanes for the unit first importance to ensure to the Army its air observatlon
arrived on September 16, and on its first patrol the and the minimum of interference to its maintenance and
morning of September 17, the unit of five planes shot movement, whilst denying to the enemy similar advantages.
The struggle for air superiority will begin as soon as the
down five British planes. With regard to the operations
opposing air forces come within range of one another, and
of this trained pursuit team, General von Hoeppner will continue throughout all phases of the campaign.
wrote as follows: "2. Air superiority is obtai~ed by the combined action of
1936 FIGHTING FOR OBSERVATION 167
bomber and fighter aircraft. The detailed measures to ob- venience involved in the development and employment
rain and maintain the requisite air situation must vary Wlth of two types of pursuit airplanes in the past by develop-
the circumstances of the campaign, but purely defensive
measures will rarely be successful. ing a compromise "interceptor-fighter" type, or all-pur-
"3' The method of obtaining air superiority which is most pose pursuit plane. Recent improvements in both bom-
likely to be successful is a combination of heavy and con- bardment and observation airplane designs indicate that
tinuous bombing attacks on the most vulnerable objectives this compromise type will be ineffective for at least one.
and offensive action by fighters. These operations will bring if not both, of its two general missions. A highly spe-
about the required air fighting, and once the enemy has
been forced on the defensive in this way he may find it cialized pursuit airplane is required for each mission. The
difficult to assume the offensive." interceptor with its high rate of climb, wide radius of
turn and limited endurance is not suitable for close com-
The same manual deals with the employment of fight-
bat with maneuvering observation and fighter aircraft.
ers as follows:
"I. The role of fighter aircraft is to seek out and destroy
Relieved from the requirement for close combat and
the enemy aircraft while covering and protecting the free- violent maneuver, the interceptor may be built lighter
dom of our own. Protection by direct defensive measures with improved climb and slower landing speed.
alone is ineffective and uneconomical." The trend of technical development indicates that the
Experience has taught the British that aerial observa- time has arrived when a distinctive, highly specialized
cionis vitally necessary to the operation of ground forces fighter airplane must be developed for the support of the
andthat aerial observation can be maintained only by the operations of our ground forces. Failure to do this will
aggressiveaction of adequate pursuit units. The denial result in those forces being compelled to attempt opera-
of hostile observation is also highly desirable and, while tions without adequate aerial observation while exposed
the British doctrine does not specifically include this to the attack of all classes of hostile aviation.
mission,it is implied in the directive, "to seek out and Certainly no commander would relish such a prospect,
destroy the enemy aircraft while covering and protect- yet the German Army at the battle of the Somme in 1916
ing the freedom of our own." found itself in exactly this situation. With almost an
The mission of pursuit aviation in the army zone of equal number of airplanes, the German air service was
action then is twofold: first, to support all classes of helpless because a majority of their planes were not of
friendlyaviation and, second, to deny freedom of action the proper type and could not carry out the missions
to all classesof hostile aviation. Pursuit aviation, properly
assigned them. Later, an insignificant number of single-
equippedand employed, is capable of accomplishing this seater pursuit fighters brought down from the Verdun
twofoldmission due to the relatively limited area of op- front under the command of Boelcke, were able to re-
erations. Employment, as pointed out in the British store a satisfactory measure of freedom of action to Ger-
manual,will depend upon the circumstances of the cam- man cbservation and limit the operations of all classes
paign but offensive action only will assure effective re- of British aviation.
sults. This situation may develop in the future unless the
Today the consensus is that pursuit has two broad flmdamental principles governing the functional employ-
functional missions: first, the denial of hostile bom- ment of fighting type airplanes are thoroughly under-
bardment and, second, the support of the operations of stood and timely measures taken to provide the proper
ground forces. It is also generally agreed that pursuit types and trained personvel. Should we go to war today,
requirestwo types of airplanes for these missions. eighteen months must elapse before we could furnish ef-
. For the denial of bombardment, an "interceptor" type fective support for our aerial observation. Furthermore
IS required. The interceptor should be light, have a high we could not prevent hostile aviation from operating
rateof climb, does not require a high degree of maneu- freely in the army zone until our deficiency in fighter
verability and should have heavy guns capable of being type pursuit could be remedied.
hredaccurately at long ranges at large, non-maneuvering The pursuit complement of our G.H.Q. Air Force is
targets. designed primarily for the interception of hostile bom-
For the support of the operations of ground forces, a bardment. It is neither large enough nor is it properly
~g~ter type with the maximum degree of maneuverabil- equipped for the support of ground operations. It con-
Ity IS required. The fighter need not have the maximum sists of only three groups-as compared to a conserva-
rateof climb but should climb as fast as observation air- tively estimated requirement of nine groups for the sup-
planes. It does not require heavy armament as most of port of four armies. Its principal mission is generally
lts combats will be at dose ranges and of the maneuver- stated as follows: "To provide security from hostile aerial
tn~ type. Rather than heavy guns, it should have small- attacks upon our air force, airdrome areas or bases." Cer-
cahberguns capable of extremely rapid fire. The fighter 'tainly a pursuit force of the interceptor type is required
should carry more fuel than the interceptor to enable it for this mission and it is equally certain that a force as-
to remain in the air for longer periods. s~gned this mission will not be available for other mis-
We have endeavored to avoid, the expense and incon- SIOns.
 Protection of Marching Colu:mns
NE of the vital problems of the next war will be servation and field of fire in the probable directions II

O the protection of marching columns of infantry

against attacks by hostile aircraft. Our present
antiaircraft defense is directed against hostile planes actu-
attack. Covered or concealed positions for the g1IfIs
should not be occupied. The hostile pilot, intent on ..
tacking the column, is unable to put effective fire OIl a
ally attacking. Antiaircraft machine guns placed in the single machine gun out of his line of Right. Also,.iI
column must deliver high-angle fire at short ranges. the pilots locate the guns during their reconnaissance,«
Motor vehicles can be utilized to place machine guns may discourage attacks. The guns are sited to fire on die
where they can fire effectively on attacking planes before attacking planes before the planes open fire on the <:d-
they reach the marching column. Motorized machine umn.
guns can leapfrog ahead of the column by section, pla- The position is occupied until the tail of the marching
toon, or company, and occupy positions with the mission column has passed beyond effective range (about 1,000
of preventing hostile air attacks. yards); then the section entrucks and moves ahead along
The route of march is reconnoitered by an officer,who the route of march to a new position selected by the reo
has with him one or more men from each section of ma- connaissance officer. If many moves are to be made, the
chine guns. The reconnaissance officer looks for terrain reconnaissance officer must take with him sufficient
where hostile aircraft may attack the column successfully. guides, or devise a means of replacing those left behind.
He points out to a section representative the general lo- A battalion with a machine-gun company of twelvt
cation for the guns, leaves him on the road, and moves guns canprotect itself easily on ordinary terrain. A section
on. If the reconnaissance officer decides that more than can cover about one mile of the route and can move
one section of guns is needed for the defense, he leaves efficientlyat least once an hour. This makes twelve guns
additional guides as required. available for each 2;1z miles of the route of march. It
If the route at any place is such that the ground troops will seldom be necessary to protect the entire route so
are unable to disperse quickly, as in cuts, on bridges or that the strength can be increased in the more dangerous
fills, or near streams or swamps, two or more sections may places.
be required. Especially dangerous are those parts of the The scheme of the antiaircraft defense here discussed
route where the troops are unable to disperse quickly, should be effective against low-Rying planes employing
and there is concealment for the approaching planes. No machine-gun fire and bombs (about 3,000 feet or lower).i
effort is made to protect the column on roads winding It is doubtful if any arms now in the infantry regiment
through woods, in open ground where surprise attacks are will be effective at higher altitudes; likewise there ~
impossible and dispersion is easy, and in similar places, doubt about the accuracy of bombs dropped from higher
unless sufficientguns are available. altitudes on small targets. A plane flying one mile high.
At times the column may be operating alone or as a at a rate of 200 miles an hour, must drop its bombs at
leading battalion, and contact with enemy ground forces a great distance from the target. So many factors of
may be expected. The problem of moving the machine accuracy confront the bomber, that when we consider the
guns far enough to the front to enable them to protect precision methods of the arrillery and the results, it be-
the head of the column then becomes difficult. It may be comes doubtful if an infantry column is a suitable target.
solved by sending- a motorized combat patrol with the Fragmentation bombs, persistent gas bombs and gas re-
reconnaissance officer, and by adding riRemen to the leased from tanks would be the most dangerous weapons
machine-gun crews to assist in their defense. The guns of the hostile air force, but to be effective they must be .
would also be available for defense against motorized or dropped on or very near the column. There would be:
mechanized forces. In such cases the movement of the casualties, no doubt, but it is questionable if they ~ould
reconnaissanceofficerahead of the advance guard should be worth the risk and cost.
be restricted to a maximum distance of about one-half We hear that hostile aircraft will prevent all daylight
mile. In dangerous territory, where contact is imminent, marches in the next war. It is easy to visualize situations
the size of the point and the advance party and their where half a regiment will be more valuable at noon
distance from the main body may be increased so that than the whole regiment will be at the next midnight.
the machine guns will have a protected area of about One of the most difficult problems of modern warfare
1,000 yards in which to operate. The reconnaissance
is the massing of large bodies of troops quickly so that 3
officerwould then locate the guns himself and dispense
concentrated attack can be made. Days, hours, and even
with the section guides.
minutes will be valuable, and the daylight hours may
The section guide stops the section when it arrives in
trucks, and points out to the leader the general location have to be utilized. Ah efficient defense against hostile
of the guns. The gun position should be at least I SO aircraft will drive them to such high altitudes that troops
yards off the road, out of the zone of attack of the hostile can be moved in daylight, with a minimum of casualties
planes, and on a high point from which there is ob- and delay.
 A unit Hmpire, wearing white hat band, with regimental commander as tlnit moves forward

Modern U 111piring
Photos b~' Signal Corps, U. S. Army
By MAJOR WILLIAM HONES To learn something about
Infantry the business of war from ac-
HE average officer has frequently been called tual experience on the
T upon to umpire in some form of field exercise.
When this duty arose he rustled a copy of the
exercise, plus a list of the controlling signals and, thus
ground- not from a confer-
ence 24 hours later.
equipped, sallied forth to assist in making that Red-vs.-
Blue contest a tactical success. Once in the field, he fol- We are faced with the unequivocal fact that umpiring
lowed the action with interest, but with his weather eye must be recognized and included as an integral part of
eternally on the alert for errors, ERRORS,ERRORS. These our tactical instruction, if we hope to derive the maxi-
he cherished against that inevitable time of reckoning- mum training values from our annual field exercises.
that period of terror-that "razz-fest" disguised as a The methods we adopt must be based on the funda-
critique, at which all the worthy umpires would attempt mental idea of effecting a tightly-knit control of both the
to justify their existence by putting the bee on those problem and the participants. At the same time sim-
whose actions they had followed. Woe to the umpire plicity must be preserved lest our system become so com-
who failed to reveal little errors, medium errors, big plicated that it bog down the exercise. The umpire sys-
errors. Forthwith he became a pariah among his fellow- tem developed for the First Army Maneuver takes a long
umpires, for his action struck at the very roots of the stride in the right direction. It is not considered perfect
ancient and popular fallacy that the job of umpiring pre- but it is known to be highly workable. Improvements
supposes great tactical knowledge. will and should come.
Now the umpire system devised for and operated dur- When preparations for the First Army Maneuver were
ing the First Army Maneuver last August took much of well under way, the G-3 section of the army staff cast
the curse off this venerable institution. Emphasis fell about for pertinent information on umpiring. Three
squarely where it belonged--on the control and train- sources were available: the War Department's Manual
ing of the participating troops. Errors were paid for on for Umpires of Field Maneuvers; The Infantry School's
the spot but not by ruling out 20% of a command for mimeographed instructions on umpiring; and the per-
the duration, as you shall presently see. The critiques sonal experiences of the officers of the section. It was
did not resemble the blistering talkathons of yore where soon discovered that the problem of umpiring a maneuver
only a commander's unborn children escaped the grandi- as large as this one required a good deal of imagination
~se tactical condemnations of umpires whose vision was to supplement the available information.
lImited to a microscopic segment of an action largely un- Definite plans were not formulated until a careful
controlled. An army was assembled to learn something study had been made of:
about the business of war from actual experience on the (I) Marieuver directives of the commanding general,
ground-not from a conference 24 hours later. The First Army;
First Army learned-and learned on the ground where it (2) Exercises drawn up as a result of those directives;
fought. (3) Troops participating in the manel'vers (number,
170 THE COAST ARTILLERY ]OUR1'\TAL i'!ay- June

branches, and components represented, state of training, school. The class responded splendidly.
etc.) ; Instruction covered the history and development of this
(4) The maneuver terrain; particular maneuver, the umpire system, study of the I
(5) The Regular officers available for duty as umpires maneuver terrain, the duties of the various classes of
(numbers, branches, etc.). umpires, signals, transmission of information, decisions.
The first difficulty occurred in the selection of umpires. the communications system, a study of each exercise, and
All available officers had been well picked over. Much a detailed reconnaissance of the terrain for each exercise. I
of the best umpire material had already been assigned to At the opening of the school, all umpires were given ..
other duties. In future maneuvers this procedure should definite assignments that held throughout the maneuver. I
be reversed; umpires should be selected before any other By the end of the course every umpire was thoroughly
assignments are made. familiar with each exercise and its terrain. He also knew
Work now began on a pamphlet of "Instruction for the governing "Umpire Instructions" and the scheme of
Umpires." Although the finished product will un- communications. After that each officer drew on his back. ~
doubtedly be regarded as crude and inadequate in future ground of military experience. his initiative, and his
years, it does provide a sound ground-work for further native intelligence-and the system worked.
development and it does set forth the best thought and The organization is shown in the accompanying dia-
best material available all the subject at the present gram (top of next column). Subsequent experience has
time. It must be remembered that each maneuver needs indicated that it would be better to have only one deputy
its own particular set of instructions for umpires. The. chief umpire, neither Red nor Blue, junior to and operat-
1935 vintage is merely a guide for the present and a basis ing under the chief umpire, with the umpire groups re-
for the future. porting directly to the latter.
The first week of August found 150 student umpires W.~DR'f W. 5DRY E<BbkY UDI.'f
W.6ROUP L GifO<.f' C.G"""
assembled at army headquarters at Pine Camp. Here, W.GRllUP

for the first time in the history of our military service, a

well planned school for umpires was inaugurated. 0000 I 0000
I lliJ
The school was conducted in a large assembly tent, ffiJ
in which a 9' x 14' map of the maneuver area (scale 12 ,., I
inches = 1 mile) had been prepared in the manner so ~
" I ~
familiar to those who have sweated blood during the open ,..~ I ~
season on monographers at The Infantry School.
Scheduled instruction provided the necessary back-
I 0 I
!2J~~'
COHTIIOL
!2J
ground for student umpires. Humor and the urge to get 0000
I 0000
acquainted, two vital elements that are often frowned I I

upon or entirely neglected in our schools, were utilized ~ I ~

to the utmost and with marked success. I ~
In the background persisted the governing thought
that the umpires must bear an absolute good will toward
,
~

([]
I~
. LEGEND
C~;ef Area. Umpire
lZlGro.p ie.a ..
I
I @
their duties-that they must not be irritated, worried 0000
'00'
lIDA$it ~ro\lp l..uder
••
I 0000
over their jobs, pressed or harassed. Instructors brought
humor into their work to give an air of informality. thus
o Are. Umpire I
melting that reserve which many men bear toward a Figure 1
 1936 MODERN UMPIRING 171
Commanding General, First Army

Chief Umpire

I
I Deputy Chief
Umpire (Blue)
and assistants
Deputy Chief
Umpire (Red)
and assistants
Unit Umpire
Group
Area Umpire
Group

Communication from the two umpire groups was

rout~d directly to either (or both) of the deputy chief
umpires.
With the close of the school and the arrival of the
troops, the unit umpires joined the organization to which
they were assigned. The deputy chief umpires with their
assistants, and the area umpires, moved to a camp estab-
lished by the 1st Squadron, 3d Cavalry, near the center
of the maneuver area at Sterlingville. Here they settled
themselves in a group of tents equipped as offices. In a
large assembly tent, a board had been installed with a
9' x 14' map on each side-one map for each deputy
chief. The umpire telephone switchboard, the mess, the
living quarters, etc., were set up close by.
Before going further, it may be well to describe the
classes of umpires mentioned and define their duties.
The chief umpire, at army headquarters at Great Bend,
was responsible for the smooth functioning of the entire
system. He made major decisions influencing the pro-
gress of the maneuver.
The two deputy chief umpires (Red and Blue) at the Umpire switchboard at Surlinguille
control office in Sterlingville, plotted on their big maps
r all information of the warring factions as fast as it came The umpires with the artillery battalion accompanied
in from the front. They made decisions affecting their their units into position, checked the position selected to
respective sides. Each had a group of officer assistants see whether the assigned missions could be fired from
to plot the maps, assist in decisions, act as trouble them, and checked the laying of the guns. They then
shooters, keep records, etc. From here, direct telephone rode across country to the area into which the guns of
lines led to the headquarters of the army and two corps, their battalion had been ordered to fire and assisted the
and through them to the permanent camps of the five area umpires by marking localities under fire.
divisions and the air squadrons at the field near Water- In the front lines, where the theoretical bullets
town. A message-dropping ground, for the use of the whistled, the area umpires held forth. In addition to the
umpire planes, was located near the deputy chiefs' office. white hat-band worn by all umpires, area umpires wore
A unit umpire was assigned to the headquarters of a white band passing from front to rear over the left
each division, each brigade (infantry and artillery), each shoulder so that they could be readily located from a
regiment (infantry, artillery, and engineers), each bat- distance. They stalked about indicating the actual fire
~Iion of field artillery, and to the air field. These officers of the front lines-the rifle and machine-gun bullet, the
lived with the units to which assigned and reported to explosion of the hand grenade, the bayonet thrust, and
the deputy chiefs all orders issued by those units. In the the burst of the 37-mm. projectile. Each controlled the
e,xerciseseach umpire checked his unit across the control action of a front-line battalion. In training, they had
hne to prevent it from "jumping the gun." When the been assigned to overlapping areas, each group making a
~ction began, they promptly reported any new orders thorough and painstaking reconnaissance of its particu-
Issued, the location of the reserves and command posts, lar area and ignoring the adjacent area.
the position of all weapons (machine guns, howitzer- The chief area umpire controlled the two groups (east
Company weapons, artillery), the times and places that and west), each of which operated under a group leader.
columns halted, etc. When their units contacted the These groups had been divided into two sub-groups
~nemy, they went forward and located the area umpire (Red and Blue) under assistant group leaders (see sche-
10 their front and advised him of the situation in his rear. matic diagram, Figure I). The chief area umpire was
172 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

U](PIRJ: liJ:POR~

J:xeroiJle lfo. 1- AxI&l1s1: III l.lIl56

1IoIl1re 1_ a1>d -.It) vone., Mai .

.bsiloLe4 to 3J Bn.) 390T/a In:E •

//:1-1- Ax.
Heacl co:Iumn, .3'QT~ fn~.

a."" It~ 117 Sa IS' a -r II: "/-0

/1M
I 8"fr r A ~7'1 C. ~ .390"'f''' Ilrl.I
it& Slho""" DTlun- ,,/0'(&.

PriIlOM1'1l: 12. :z 0$'" To "/.12.1-1, l'h~.

Deed Jl. 7
lfO<1llded 31l
Were t_ aOQ\>lOlnte4 Witll. ~'81~UOl1Y ~s, ilkt:.tlpT' lCe:S9D

Front Figure :l Back

Umpire report form

furnished a station wagon equipped with extra supphes, Every hour on the hour all action ceased for twenty
telephones, etc. Each of the two group leaders were also minutes, and each area umpire displayed his panels, in
given a station wagon and, in addition, one of the three the form of a letter V, in front of the center of the bat-
radio-equipped trucks borrowed from Company F, 67th talion whose action he controlled. The V pointed toward
Infantry (Medium Tanks). The third radio-equipped the enemy and remained in position for twenty minutes
truck, located outside of the office of the deputy chief to be observed, or photographed by umpire airplanes
umpires, maintained contact with the two mobile trucks. which had sole use of the air for that period.
All of the other thirty area umpires were mounted. The flagman of each area umpire carried four flags-
Each one was assigned a mounted messenger and a red, white, blue, and white with a red square in its
mounted flagman. The messenger carried two panels center. The flags, 36" x 40'" were mounted on six-foot
(type AL- 12I) and the flagman four flags (to be de- staffs. The red flag controlled the movements of the
scribed later). Red force, the blue flag the Blues. The white flag indi-
These area umpires, like the deadly projectiles whose cated "Cease all action." The white flag with the red
effect they represented, arbitrarily ruled the front lines. center meant artillery fire, and any unfortunate unit that
They decided whether Reds or Blues could advance or found itself within IS0 yards of this (when it was dis-
must retreat. They heeded no arguments advanced by played) was adjudged under artillery fire.
discontented combatants, nor offered any apologies. The flag signals origin?lly adopted were similar to
When a machine gun kills your men in actual warfare, those used at The Infantry School, i.e., "red (blue)
the fact that you are certain that the enemy couldn't fire flag, vertical and advancing: Red (Blue) has fire supen-
on them, or that friendly troops wouldn't fire on them, ority and can advance in short rushes of not to exceed
avails you nothing. The fact remains that the men are one squad to line abreast of point where flag halts. Blue
dead, regardless of who killed them. Like the decision of (Red) cannot advance," etc. These signals are all very
the machine gun, the decision of the area umpire had to well for demonstration troops such as those at The In-
be final. fantry School, who daily wage war against Blue (Red)
 1936 },10DERN UMPIRING 173

WOlmded

Rag enemies. But, in the First Army, with its short penod Drivers were instructed to pick up all messages handed
of training for troops wholly unacquainted with this to them, stop at each operating telephone station for mes-
I rItual, these signals had to be discarded after one trial. sages or instructions left there, pick up only umpire per-
\ The single signal, "red (blue) flag displayed: Red sonnel, and continue on the assigned route unless the
I (Blue) can advance (or must retire) to line abreast of chief area umpire directed otherwise.
point where flag is posted, if proper methods be adopted," The large maps of the deputy chief umpires were
I successfully replaced those discarded. divided into squares numbered in red. Numbers were
The Signal Corps, under the direction of the chief area given to all road junctions, crossroads, hills, stream cross-
umpire, established 19 telephone lines for the umpires ings, stream junctions, ete. Unnumbered terrain features
from the switchboard at Sterlingville to points in that on the Geological Survey maps, from which the enlarge-
part of the maneuver area in which contact was certain ments had been made, were arbitrarily numbered for
to occur. Ten enlisted men of the Signal Corps con- purposes of identification. Every umpire was issued a
nected the telephones and manned the stations desig- special tactical map of the maneuver area (scale 1 :62,
nated for each problem. Each telephone operator had a 500). This tactical map was divided into squares num-
Klaxon siren for summoning umpires to the telephone. bered in red; terrain features were numbered in exactly
Unfortunately, the Klaxon signals could not be heard the same fashion as described above. This expedited the
above the din of battle and were discarded after the first rendition of re"ports. For instance, instead of reporting an
day. incident "just north of unnumbered road junction 1600
Motor messenger routes were planned to handle writ- yards northwest of RJ 532 (600 yards north of Strickland
ten messages. A preliminary study of each exercise indi- Corners)," this simplified map made it possible to report
cated that all action would take place within a certain, the incident as "just north of RJ III, Square 14'" When
well defined area. Based on this, the chief area umpire this terse bit of information reached the office of the
announced the messenger route for each day. Of the deputy chief umpires, square 14 on the 9' x 14' map was
three routes used throughout the maneuver, each operated quickly located, and in it RJ 1 1 I.
with three station wagons. A white cross on the radiator The umpire report form (see Figure 2 for both sides)
of each vehicle indicated that it belonged to the umpire proved to be another innovation that saved time and
system. made for greater accuracy .. Each umpire carried a sheaf
Once a route had been established it was not changed of these forms. A few marks on one of them conveyed a
?uring the day. Two of the three station wagons covered wealth of information to the deputy chief umpire.
It in a clockwise manner, while the third traveled counter- Although prisoners were captured, the umpires re-
clockwise. Each trip began and ended at the same mes- turned the majority to their respective outfits, giving due
sage center at the office of the deputy chief umpires. credit to the captors on report forms. The captors were
174 Ma)'-June

,,one

Line 0/
Co,,-t4Ct"

Figure 3

permitted to retain only an occasional prisoner in order Wounded, dead, and prisoners having been assessed
to give the intelligence boys some victims to work on. against a unit, it carried on with its theoretical reduced
Theoretical casualties were duly charged up to all strength. To a casual observer it may have appeared that
..
Ul1lts • the 1st Battalion of the Nth Infantrv had 230 men avail-
• I

The handling of the "wounded in action" proved to able for an attack, but the area umpire on the spot knew
be unique and sensible. In a field exercise it is customary that only 170 men were present for duty-his report
to penalize units that fail to adopt proper tactical methods forms told him so. The battalion commander knew that
by ruling out certain men as "wounded." By virtue of 60 of those present were only ghosts of men who had
.their theoretical wounds, these men are thereafter out of once stood in his ranks because that absolute dictator, the
the action and lose all further training. How often have area umpire, said so.
our hearts bled at the ghastly spectacle of groups of The exercises allowed sufficient time for the preparation
"severely wounded" by the side of the road. Resting and distribution of orders. This permitted all information
comfortably in the shade, they merrily wise-cracked at to be thoroughly disseminated; even Private John
their less fortunate comrades who plodded on through Doughboy, in the rear rank of the last squad, always had a
the dust and heat toward the enemy. pretty good idea of what the war was all about. The chief
To prevent just such incidents, twelve men were se- area umpire made a tour of the maneuver area prior to
lected daily from the leading battalion of each infantry the playing of the first exercise and eXplained to the as-
regiment. This battalion had a full-strength medical de- sembled officers of each division the detailed organization
tachment to handle casualties. An umpire with twelve and operation of the umpire system. All participants
prepared tags, each describing a certain type of wound, were thus given first-hand information of what to expect
picked out twelve victims at random and tagged them. from the umpires. This, of course, made for that co-
He then directed the men to fall out by the side of the operation so vital to the success of the maneuver.
road to be handled by the Medical Department person- Having discussed the details of the operation of the
nel. Severely wounded, as indicated by their rags, were umpire system, let us now apply that system to a par-
evacuated to the rear, through the various medical chan- ticular exercise. The I Corps (Blue, north) consisting
nels, and hospitalized. Slightly wounded were returned of two divisions, and the II Corps (Red, south), con-
to their units after treatment. In addition to the normal sisting of three divisions, have been assigned missions
maneuver duties of treating a few emergency cases and which will bring about contact along the line marked
issuing the well-known CC pills and iodine, the medicos CONTACT on Figure 3, Control lines, which can~ot
were thus afforded :m opportunity to solve such problems be crossed until a certain specified .time, have been desig-
as would confront them in war. nated (lines marked XXXX on map).
1936 MODERN UMPIRING 175
Ie being obviously impossible to follow 150 umpires 76. Major A knows that Telephone Station No. 12, at
allover the field, we will confine our attention to two CR 5 I3, is in operation, so he prints a message to his
individua~s, Major U, a unit umpire, and Major A, an group leader, setting forth this information, and sends it
/.rea umpire. to the telephone ~tation by his mounted messenger. The
Prior to the opening of the exercise, Major U, who is telephone operator transmits the message to the group
attached to the Nth Infantry of the 44th Division (south- leader (at B). \Vhen the column reaches RJ 26. another
western corner of map), learns from the unit umpire umpire will be on hand to accompany the battalion that
with the brigade just what orders have been issued by is leaving the column at that point.
the brigade and by the 44th Division. (This information At 8:00 all movement ceases for twenty minutes.
has been reported by the respective umpires to the dep- Major A directs his flagman to set up the white flag and
utv chief umpires at A.) He then listens to the orders of display the two panels in the form of a V at the head of
th~ regimental commander and transmits them to the the ,column, pointed toward the northeast. An umpire
deputy chief umpires. plane appears overhead photographing the white V's
At the deputy chief umpires' office (A on map) copies displayed on the landscape. At 8:20 the white flag is
of all orders have been received. The story, plotted on lowered and the advance continues. As the column
the 9' x 14' map, shows that Red (south) will march in approaches CR 513, Major A observes that that CR is
seven columns and Blue (north) will march in four col- visible to enemy observers on the high ground north of
umns (see arrows on map). The 44th Division, with T rout Brook. He concludes that Blue artillery fire could
which we are concerned, will march in two columns. and might be brought to bear on CR 513, His flagman
Based on this information, and with a knowledge of the is ordered to place the white flag with the red square
exercise, the chief area umpire and his two group leaders (indicating artillery fire) in the center of the crossroads,
decide upon the establishment of the motor messenger and an area of 300 yards in diameter is theoretically under
routes. Area umpires are at once dispatched to take the hostile artillery fire. The column is forced to the fields.
drivers over their respective routes. The chief area umpire Major A goes to the telephone and informs the office of
and his assistants then decide which telephones will be the deputy chief umpires of the location of the head of
connected initially, and notify the Signal Corps. All the column and of the artillery fire.
umpires are informed of the motor messenger routes and The march continues. Near RJ 70 the point is fired
of the initial establishment of the telephone stations. upon by the enemy from the vicinity of CR 64. Major
Each group leader makes his plans for the distribution A notes this on an umpire report form. The mounted
and assignment of his area umpires according to the situa- messenger gallops back to CR 5 I 3 and hands the report
tion in his particular area. Our friend, Major A, is a to the telephone operator with instructions to give it to
member of the West Group of area umpires. His group the motor messenger when he passes. "Major A rides
leader informs him of orders issued by the participants forward and meets the area umpire assigned to the force
and tells him that he (the group leader) will be, initially, opposite him. They compare notes, discuss the situation
at CR ~ (point B on map). He di-
reces Major A to be at RJ 30 (point
where east column of 44th Division
crosses its control line) at 7:00 o'clock
on the following mormng.
Seven A.M. finds Major A with his
messenger and flagman at RJ 30' All
three are mounted. At TIS he notes
the advance guard of the Nth Infantry
approaching. It is accompanied by
Major U who sees that no one crosses
the control line before 7:3° (as pre-
scribed in the exercise). When the
l~ading element crosses the control
line, Major A joins the head of the
cO,lumn and Major U drops back to
1010 the regimental commander.
The column advances without inci-
de?t until CR 27 is reached. At this
point Major U comes forward and tells
Major A that the regimental com-
mander has directed the last battalion
in the column to leave the column at
RJ 26 and move across country to RJ The group leader's radio
176 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
and decide what course of action should be adopted in Near RJ 440 he notes a farmer engaged in an argu.
each of several eventualities. 1..hjor A then rejoins the ment with a captain of artillery whose battery is locatt:d
battalion. in a nearby field where "OFF LIMITS" signs adorn
It soon develops that the Blues are hesitating. The the fence posts.
Reds, on the other hand, have acted promptly and pushed "What's going on?" asks the group leader.
their entire advance guards forward in an approved man- . "These men have put their cannons in my field," [t-
ner. The machine guns of the Reds are quickly brought plies the irate farmer, "and it ain't rented for this here
into action to cover the advance. Major A goes forward sham battle, neither."
and again meets the area umpire with the Blues. They "Come, come, Captain," says the group leader, reach-
decide that Red can advance. The red Rag is moved for- ing for a report form to record the words that will burn
ward and displayed. The blue Rag is carried to the rear holes in the captain's pay check, "you know better than
and displayed. Red can now advance to the line marked that. You have had instructions to keep out of fields
by the red flag, if proper measures are taken. BIue must marked 'OFF LIMITS:"
retire to the line marked by the blue Rag. The captain is eager to explain. "Major, I saw that
In order to determine the exact situation and to confer this field was off limits, but that was such a swell posi-
with other area umpires, Major A frequently displays tion for my bartery that I couldn't pass it by. I asked
the white Rag to halt the action. But despite these delays, this man's wife if I could put my battery in that field
the action is progressing with greater speed than it would and she told me I could."
in actual warfare. The area umpires arbitrarily indicate "Will you please call your wife?" asks the group lead-
when and where artiIlery fire is faIling by the display of er. The farmer summons his wife from her housework.
artillery flags. This teaches the infantry to use cover and She gives a startled look at the 75's in the field.
to avoid areas that might come under artillery fire. "Sure," she confides, "I told this here young man be
Finally the unit umpire of that Blue artillery battalion, could put his battery in that field, but I thought he
whose job is to shoot up the area in which Major A is meant one of them batteries like we hev on our radio. I
operating, appears on the scene and begins marking these didn't say nothin' about cannons."
areas where artillery fire is theoretically falling. Prior to This is ironed out. The "cannons" are moved, the
this Major A had been marking localities where he farmer is pacified, and the group leader hurries on.
thought artillery fire might fall, but this newcomer Meanwhile the deputy chief umpires and their helpers
eliminates guesswork; he has data of the BIue artillery are not catching up on any lost sleep. Motor messengers
and therefore knows where the fire will fall. Meanwhile, bring in sheaves of umpire report forms. Umpire planes
Major A continues to keep the deputy chief umpires drop more reports, the telephones ring interminably, and
abreast of the situation either by telephone or by appro- the radiotelephone maintains the tempo. Trouble shoot-
priate data on his report forms which he dispatches by ers are dispatched in motors to get some particular bit of
motor messenger. information. News from front and rear is only a few
Major U, at regimental headquarters, listens in and minutes old when it is plotted on the big maps. The
promptly reports all pertinent information to the deputy deputy chiefs observe the action as it moves across the
chief umpires. Normally he utilizes the messenger routes maps. From time to time they make decisions; major
and the umpire telephone system, but in exceptional matters and debatable issues are telephoned to the chief
cases he uses the tactical wire of the unit, through its umpire for decision.
division headquarters to the trunk lines. From time to So much for this thumbnail sketch of the First Army's
time Major U goes forward and tells the area umpires umpire system. The effectiveness of that system is at-
with the front-line bartalions what is going on in his tested by the commanding general of the First Army.
sphere of activity in the rear. The unit umpires with He states, "The execution of the umpiring scheme d~r-
the brigade and division do likewise. ing the exercises disclosed the soundness of the umpIre
Major A's group leader is a busy man. He has a tele- instructions adopted."
phone station established at CR ~ (see B on map). One To function successfully d.i.isumpire system must be
or more area umpires, with mounts and orderlies, are in adequately supplied with wire, motors, and mounts,
reserve there. Again and again he makes the prescribed Above all the chief umpire must be given virtually a free
circuit of his area. En route he checks the activities of hand in selecting his officer-umpires. Even then his task
the umpires in his group, replaces unserviceable equip- is not easy for he must find officers who combine out-
ment, supplies additional report forms, picks up mes- standing physical activity with such mental attributes as
sages, and coordinates the work. A radio truck follows decisiveness, sound judgment, lively imagination, and an
the group leader as he tears about the area in his station unfailing sense of humor.
wagon. Near RJ 434 the driver of the radio truck honks Adverse comments directed at this umpire system were
the horn and both vehicles stop. The group leader hurries few and far between, and even those were usually with-
back to the radio, adjusts the head set and receives a radio out foundation. Of course, there is the newspaper st0t:'
telephone message from the deputy chief umpires. On that an area umpire carrying a red Rag was chased by a
he goes. cow-but that's bull.
Is Philippine Neutrality Practicable?
By C. NEWTON
MAJOR JOHN
Infantry
When national interest con-
flicts with a promise, the
N July 4, 1946, the Philippine Islands becomes a

O free nation. Meanwhile, after 37 years of par-

ental direction, the United States has relinquish-
ed almost all control over the internal affairs of the
memory of a nation is as
fleeting as that of a mirror.
Commonwealth. Only in regard to foreign relations has
This treaty provided the Maltese with the protection
it reserved the right to intervene. Ten years hence, if all
of Great Britain, France, Austria, Spain, and Portugal.
goes well, the last ties will be severed and a carefully
To a small defenseless country such protection was a trifle
nurtUredyoung ram will run free among the wolves.
more than ample. Perpetual neutrality was then pro-
The seven thousand islands composing the Common-
claimed. The British were to evacuate their troops within
wealth are flung twelve hundred miles north and south.
three months.
The most northern is one hundred sixty-five miles from
In this spring of 1936, a traveling Filipino will note
Taiwan (Formosa) and the most southern thirty miles
with interest that on the battlements against which
fromBritish Borneo.
stormed Suleiman the Magnificent, the troops on guard
Situated as they are, they screen the coast of Asia and are still English. The fleet of the Lion still rides easily at
the water approaches to that tempestuous continent. The anchor in the roadstead of a possession of the Empire.
Philippines possess much that is attractive, but in the So much for Malta.
eyes of the powers their greatest charm is geographical. The Swiss Confederation is widely heralded as a state
He who possesses the Philippines is in a favorable posi-
enjoying the blessings of permanent neutrality. Switzer-
tion to dictate the future course of the Orient.
land has engaged in no wars for 120 years. One might
The Commonwealth must look to its defenses. To assume from this that the great powers occasionally re-
guardagainst aggression there has been planned a regular spect neutrality agreements. They do, but there is al-
forceof 19,000 men, trained reserves, and the spare parts ways a reason. The natural defensive strength of this
whichmake up modern armies. little mountain state with its heavily fortified passes may
A number of leaders of the Commonwealth believe have had something to do with their observance of this
that their future freedom can be guaranteed by the great one. Moreover, the Swiss seem to have accepted the as-
powers having interests in the Far East. They submit surances of permanent neutrality guaranteed them by the
that their situation is so important, commercially and Congress of Vienna in the spirit of caginess for which
strategically, that it would be cheaper for all concerned. they are famed. Be not deceived by the mildness of the
toleave them alone, lest possession or attempts to possess waiter at the Grand H8tel d' Angleterre; he is a capable
Quse another danger spot on the face of the troubled soldier and an excellent shot. At Geneva, that porter
world. In line with this policy, the President of the trundling the luggage of assorted statesmen bent on
United States has been asked to negotiate with foreign peace, is a sergeant of machine guns-a good one. He
powersfor a treaty which shall guarantee the perpetual believes in peace, he believes in neutrality, and he also
neutralization of the Philippine Islands when real inde- believes stoutly in bands of interlocking fire as a first-rate
pendenceshall have been achieved. method of preserving the same. If you have any doubts
One does not have to be an historian to question the as to his abilities as a fighter, dismiss them. Europe has
valueof a neutralization agreement. When national in- none at all.
~t conflicts with a promise, the memory of a nation The Filipino may well survey the example of the Swiss
IS as fleeting as that of a mirror. Perhaps a brief study of Confederation. Here is a warranted neutrality backed up
thehistory of similar agreements will indicate the degree by large quantities of ability to give a considerable head-
offaith that may be placed in this safeguard. ache to any army desiring to end the status quo.
The first complete plan for the establishment of a The most publicized invasion of a neutral state was
formof perpetual neutrality was embodied in the Treaty Germany's 1914 jaunt through Belgium. Belgium had
of Amiens in 1802. The British had captured the island been forcibly brought to statehood during the period
ofMalta from the French during the Napoleonic wars, 1830-39 by a group of European nations actuated by
andin the territorial adjustment incident to the proposed mutual suspicion, jealousy, and a desire to check the
peace,neither nation was willing to renounce its claims. growing influence of Fran~e on the continent. In creating
A: a compromise, it was decided that Malta was to be a neutral barrier state, one of the aims was the protection
P;lvento the semi-religious order of the Knights of St. of the Germans. The aims in creating neutralized Lux-
John,who had possessed it from the seventeenth century embourg were somewhat similar.
to 1798, when France had seized it from them. A candi:l diplomatic sense of humor must have been
 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-Junt
tickled as the grey outriders of the Duke Albrecht gal- Samoa, since in no other part of that region of the Pacific
loped across the border to meet the troops of a neutral were such to be had. A naval base was indicated for
state fighting to protect France-the country it was de- Samoa-likewise a cable station.
signed to curb! . After some years of commercial relations with the
The Philippine Commonwealth may note thIS state- Samoans, the United States acquired a naval station on
ment in the Treaty of Versailles: "The treaties of April, the island of T utuila at Pago Pago (pronounced Pango
1839, which established the status of Belgium before the Pango--a minor oddity). Germany had also established
war no longer conform to the requirements of t?e situa- commercial relations and was toying with the idea of
tion." This is a high-sounding manner of saymg that annexation. The threesome was complete with Great
when requirements of perpetuity cease to exist, neutrality Britain, for she also had visions of adding this tropical
falls of its own weight.
pearl to the imperial necklace. In the years preceding
The United States h<l<;taken two flyers in the ethereal 1~ the three countries jockeyed for position and com-
realm of haut politique as applied to neutrality. The first mercial privileges, until finally a German and an Ameri-
of these was as a member of the International African can man-of-war faced each other in Pago Pago Bay.
Association, which was recognized as the de facto gov-
Serious international complications threatened, but in
ernment of the Congo Basin. We participated in the ef-
March of 18~ these warships were sunk in a tropical
fort to create a perpetual neutral state of the 900,000
hurricane. This paved the way for a discussion of the
square miles of mid-Africa, now a Belgian colony. Leo-
differences in a more friendly spirit. After some diplo-
pold of Belgium, chai~m~n of the ~ver?~ng executive
matic exchanges, the three nations signed an agreement
committee of the AssocIation, used his posmon to further
stipulating that the islands were to be "perperually
Belgian influence and power in the river area and Belgian
neutral" territory-the subjects of Great Britain, the
control of governmental and private enterprise be~ame
United States, and Germany, to have equal rights of
paramount. The King's perso?al purse was extenSIvely
residence, trade and protection. It was apparently ex-
involved but eventually the projects assumed such magnt-
pedient to make some mention of the Samoans, so it was
tude that Leopold was unable to finance further develop-
announced that they were to receive "freedom, inde-
ment. Forthwith the people of Belgium became share-
pendence, and the right of choosing their own rulers in
holders. The bonds of Belgium became closer and closer
the manner to which they had been accustomed."
until, in 1908, annexation of the Congo Basin was
formally announced as an accomplished fact. After ten years of futile effort to run the islands. on
Although we had been a pa~ to. the perpetual neu- this basis, a bold division was decided upon. The Untted
trality agreement, we made no obJection. Then, as now, States received T utuila, Germany got the rest, and Great
we had no desire to become involved in European contro- Britain was compensated by Germany in another sphere.
verSIes. The Samoans got a little additional civilization, exempli-
The leaders of the Philippine Commonwealth may fied by more missionaries, pants, and the common head
well de~ote some thought to this example of what h:p- . cold. This share of the Samoans should be viewed closely
pens when a foreign power is given extensive opportuntty by the Filipino, since he is interested in schemes of per-
for the development of natural resources of a weaker petual neutrality.
country. It results in the "adoption" of the land-the A new nation, taking out a stack in the poker game of
beneficent power disregarding neutrality covenants when real politik, should keep in mind the character and past
they conflict with expedience or with its "place in the reputation of the players. Those polishe~ gentlemen toy-
sun. " ing with their ships, who are they? TheIr prototypes are
Located in the south Pacific are the Samoan Islands, Bismarck, T allevrand, Metternich, Cavour, and Baron
to most of us a tropical pudding composed of palm Tanaka. The h~useman and interpreter of the rules is
studded atolls, languorous maidens, and seasoned with a Machiavelli.
slight dash of beachcomber, errant missionary, and rentIt- With such playmates, only a grim and polite reali:m.
tance men. Unfortunately for the Samoans, the chancel- backed up by willingness to draw and shoot at ~ny Sign
leries of the world are f~ll of gentlemen devoid of ro- of crookedness, will insure the integrity of the little fel-
mance. Languorous and dusky maidens are. not per- low's stack. He must, like the Swiss, make it a highl~'
mitted in their official lives. The gently-wavmg palm questionable undertaking for anyone to attempt to slip
trees left them unmoved, but they did like the harbors of him one off the bottom of the deck.

x
THE CASUAL OBSERVER sees wars continue to be waged in various parts of the globe.
He sees that when treaties clash with national ambitions aggressor nations do not
hesitate to disregard their treaty obligations. America cannot aUord to relax .bet
vigilence .-PERSHING.
 BOInbardIIlent of the Hartlepools
By CAPTAINW. A. MURLEY,M.C., R.A.

EDITOR'SNOTE: A short account of the bombardment of the In the first months of the War manv efforts had been made
Hartlepools by Colonel L. Robson, CM.G., D.S.a., V.D., ap- to conduct our operations in such ~ way that would cause
peared in the May, 1922, issue of the COASTARTILLERY JOURNAL.
the enemy such losses as would enable us to speak of a real
Because of its importance and absorbing interest to all Coast
Artillerymen it is believed that a more detailed account of the equalization of forces but in vain, the results of our mine lay-
action should be published. Colonel Robson was fire commander ing were unknown while the successes of our submarines did
at the time of the engagement, therefore he was in the very best not weigh much in the scales as the ships that they torpedoed
position to give a detailed description of what actually took place. had no fighting value. On the other hand raids by our
Captain Murley's article is based on Colonel Robson's report, cruisers were much -more likely to bring considerable por-
other official documents and the statements of eyewitnesses.
This article is an adaption from the original which was pub- tions of the English fleet out of their harbors and thus give
lished in the October, 1935, issue of the Royal Artillery Journal. our fleet a favorable chance of intervening if kept in close
To the Editor of this publication we are indebted for permission touch with the cruisers .•.. On December 15, the big
to reprint. cruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Hipper sailed
The outstanding lesson to be learned from this minor action is
the fact that two small batteries, mounting minor caliber arma- under orders to bombard the fortified towns of Scarborough
ment, suffered very slight damage and were able to continue and Hartlepool and to lay mines along the coast for there
firing after being treated to a veritable rain of shells from high- was constant traffic between the east coast ports.
powered naval guns at almost point-blank range, a further proof
(if any be needed) of the efficacy of seacoast batteries. It is highly probable that the decision to attack Hartle-
N the memorable morning of December 16, 1914, pool was influenced by other factors. Incidentally Hattle-

O the ancient towns of Hartlepool and West

Hartlepool were the recipients of some special
and unwelcome attention from a German battle cruiser
pool was the only town selected for bombardment which
could be classed as a "fortified town" and its fortifications
were of a secondary nature as will be pointed out later.
division. It is believed that a brief narrative of the artil- There may have been other motives prompting this
lery action which, although a mere incident of the war, action. At that time there were strong rumors of a Ger-
is of historic interest because it was the only occasion man invasion. That this was not treated lightly is evi-
when enemy ships ventured within the range of our sea- denced by the defensive preparations initiative by Lord
coastbatteries. Also a study of this "hammer and tongs" Kitchener and Lord Fisher; also, about this time Kitchen-
action between forts and ships will be of absorbing inter- er's "first hundred thousand" had completed their train-
est and value to all Coast Artillerymen. ing and were ready for dispatch overseas. It is, therefore,
The old town of Hartlepool is situated on a promon- not unlikely that one of the reasons for the German
tory just north of the wide entrance to the River Tees. demonstration against the east coast was to cause a public
Lack of space prevented expansion of its boundaries and demand that Kitchener's army be kept in England for
resulted in the rapid growth of its younger sister, West home defense. If such was the intention it had quite
Hartlepool. Although closely adjoined the towns are the opposite effect, for one of the most notable results was
entirely separate, each functioning under its municipal the rapid rise in recruiting figures, not only in the bom-
government with its boundaries clearly defined. In 1914 barded areas but throughout the country.
the combined population was approximately 91,000.
DEFENSEARMAMENT
Hartlepool was a busy place, it being the home of a
large fishing fleet, while the advent of the war had The main defenses of the Harclepools consisted of
greatly increased its normal activities which numbered Lighthouse Battery and Heugh Battery. Both were situ-
six docks (including the Victoria Dock), four large tim- ated on the point of the promontory north of the Tees
ber yards, several ship-building plants, three storage River and within IS0 yards of each other, being separated
ranks of the Hartlepool Gas Company and many other only by a pathway which formed the battery boundaries
commercial enterprises. The geographical location of the on the seaward side. Lighthouse Battery on the south
Hartlepools is significant for the reason that the excellent side of this pathway was built in 1855, seven years after
harbor was separated from Heligoland by only 330 nauti- the lighthouse (from which it takes its name) was erected.
cal miles, 12 hours steaming time, which during the For some unexplainable reason the battery was located
winter months could be covered under the cloak of dark- about 25 yards south of the lighthouse, which blanketed
ness. a part of its field of fire on the left front. This dead area
THE OBJECTOF THE BOMBARDMENT was approximately 16 degrees. This circumstance greatly
The northeast coastal towns were the first to receive interfered with the proper functioning of the battery.
the attentions of the enemy. Yarmouth had been bom- The original armament of this battery consisted of four
barded early in November for no apparent reason, char- 64-pounders. These were replaced in If)07 by a single
acterized by Mr. Churchill as a "sillv demonstration." 6-in. breech-loading rifle.
Perhaps an'inkling as to the inner wo~kings of the Ger- Heugh Battery on the north side of the pathway was
man logic may be gleaned from the writings of Admiral built in 1859, and its two 6-in. breech-loading guns were
Scheer in which he states: mounted in 1~. Both batteries were low-sited, being
180 THE eOA,S'l ARTILLERY JOURNAL Afa.r-f/i11e

the southeast was still restricted by the lio-hthouse, onl"

3d. PHASE a hundred . vards distant. The Po~t War DSio-nal Station'
D
at the outbreak of war was a little north of Heugh Bat-
tery, but owing to the restricted view from that position
was moved into the lighthouse itself. The fire COUl-
mander was in telephonic communication with South
Gare Battery and Fortress Headquatters at West Hartle-
pool by telephone through the General Post Office. He
was also in direct communication with the batteries. All
telephone lines within the batteries were supported on
poles.
The infantry defense in the immediate vicinity of the
batteries was provided by two companies of the 18th
Battalion Durham Light Infantry.

NAVAL CRAFT BASED ON HARTLEPOOL

Based on Hartlepool was a division of "E" class de-

stroyers, the Doon, Waveney, Moy, and Test, and
one submarine (~). The two light cruisers, Patrol and
Forward, acted as depot ships to the destroyers and sub-
marine respectively. The destroyers, each with a COUl-
plement of 70, carried four I2-pounder guns and two
18" torpedo tubes. Capable of a speed of 24 knots, the
ships were 225 feet long with a draught of 12 feet. All
were equipped with wireless.
-:90."M. Although the two light cruisers were of the same class
off?'-' they differed slightly in construction, as will be seen
The three phases of the attack. from the following:
"Patrol" "Forward"
approximately 50 feet above mean sea level. With a Displacement 2940 tons 28,0 tons
total of three 6-in. guns the two batteries represented the Length 370 feet 360 feet
Beam 38%" 39"
seaward defense of the Hartlepools. At South Gare Maximum draught 14" 14
(south of the River Tees) and about five miles from Guns 9--4" 9--4"
Hartlepool was a battery of two 4'7-in. quick-firing
guns. These did not open fire during the engagement asa Both ships, with a complement of 268, carried two
thick fog bank hid the hostile cruisers from this battery. 14" torpedo tubes and were capable of a speed of 25
These guns, with a maximum range of only 7,000 yards, knots. All the naval vesselswere berthed in the Victoria
covered the entrance to the River Tees, but throughout Dock.
THE WARNING
the bombardment the hostile cruisers were beyond their
range. The 6-in. guns mounted in Lighthouse and At about midnight on December 15 the Fortress Com-
Heugh Battery had a maximum range of I I ,200 yards. mander received the following message from Fortress
Throughout the entire period of the war the artillery de- Headquarters:
fenses of the Hartlepools were, except for a small sprink-
A special sharp look-out to be kept all along East Coast at
ling of regular troops and reservists, entrusted to the dawn tomorrow, December 16th. Keep fact of special warn-
local territorial unit, the Durham Royal Garrison Artil- ing as secret as possible; only responsible officers making
lery. arrangements to know.
The fire commander's post, located about 500 yards
Beneath this was written:
north of Heugh Battery, was built into the hilSh wall
flanking the inner side of HartlepooI's promenade. Like In connection with above, the Fortress Commander wishes
you to take post from 7:00 t~ 8:)0 A.M. If all quiet at
the batteries, it was low-sited, being little more than 50
latter hour, troops may return to billets.
feet above mean sea level. The view of the sea area to
the south end of the harbor entrance was interrupted by It is noteworthy that the special warning was received
the intervention of the small bluff on which Heugh by Fortress H.Q. direct from War Office. This was un-
Battery was built, and 'also by the lighthouse. As a re- usual, as all previous warnings of the movements of
sult of the representations of the fire commander, the enemy vessels had been received through the Post War
post was moved to the B.C. station of Heugh Battery Signal Station. The special warning was communicated
about two weeks before the bombardment occurred. Al- only to the officers. The following morning, in accord-
though this position gave better observation, the view to ance with the normal daily routine, the detachments took
1936 BOMBARDMENT OF THE HARTLEPOOLS 181
up their manning stations an hour before dawn and the the low wall which formed the boundary between Heugh
guns were prepared for action, both batteries being re- Battery and the broad pathway leading to the promenade.
ported ready by 6:30 A.M. This round which was dead range and only about 25
The four destroyers had left the harbor at 5:00 A.M., yards to the left of the guns as viewed from the seaward
their instructions being to patrol parallel to the coast at a side, killed a sentry and three men of the infantry guard,
distance of about five miles from the harbor entrance. In as well as completely wrecking all telephonic communi-
this they were following their usual daily routine, as the cation within the batteries.
special warning had apparently not reached the com- A second round fell within a few feet of the first,
mander of the naval craft. The Patrol and Forward killing two men of the Durham RG.A. who had rushed
and the submarine were at their berths in the Victoria to the assistance of the infantrymen. Another round
Dock. struck the end house of one of the terraces immediately
THE BOMBARDMENT in rear of Lighthouse Battery, two of the occupants, both
women, being killed ..
The morning of December 16th dawned with a
The Seydlitz, as she steamed slowly north, was im-
heavy sea mist, and at about 4,000 yards to the east a fog
mediately engaged by both guns of Heugh Battery at a
bank completely obscured the view. Visibility south-
range of 4, ISO yards and a bearing of 34 degrees. Fire
wards was a little better, being good up to about 6,000
was opened with high explosive ammunition. The
yards. The sky was overcast. There was a slight breeze
method of ranging was by bracketing on the observation
from the northeast, and, except for a slight rolling swell,
of single rounds. Lighthouse Battery, in accordance with
the sea was calm. The tide would be at its lowest at
the distribution of fire scheme, immediately engaged the
about 8:30 A.M.
rear ship of the three, since known to have been the
At about 8:00 A.M. the Fire Commander received a
battle-cruiser Blucher. The action had now become gen-
message from South Gare Battery:
eral, all three ships pouring broadsides of 11/1, 8/1 and 4"
"Dreadnoughts steaming north."
projectiles on the batteries, the Seydlitz and the centre
This was followed almost immediately by a message
ship, since known to have been the battle-cruiser M oltke,
from the Signal Station:
engaging Heugh Battery while the Blucher engaged
"Three warships coming in at great speed."
Lighthouse Battery.
As the approach of the ships was obscured from the
Fire Commander by the lighthouse, he inquired: That the gun detachment of the shore batteries did
"What nationality?" not suffer complete annihilation from the ships' intensive
"They are our ships; they are flying the White Ensign, fire was due, paradoxical though it may seem, largely to
and have answered our signals," came the reply from the the fact that they were firing at such short range, which
Signal Station. for the bigger guns must have been almost point blank.
In reply to a further query, it was stated that the ships The angle of fall was therefore insufficient to ensure the
appeared to be of the "Indomitable" class. operation of the fuzes, all of which were delay action,
The guns of both batteries had meanwhile been man- and there were consequently many "duds." Two e~
ned. shells, landing on the concrete aprons of the guns of
Almost immediately after this conversation the ships Heugh Battery ricochetted and burst harmlessly in the
wereheard to be firing seaward. parade behind the battery. The range to the target was
"What are they firing at?" enquired the Fire Com- quickly found, and as the shell power of a 6" shell was
mander. obviously insufficient to penetrate the sides of the heavily
"I presume at the enemy," replied the Signal Station. armoured ships, the M.P.J. was raised to the upper-struc-
"Are y,0u sure they are not firing at our own de- tures and the more vital parts where considerable damage
was seen to result.
stroyers?
"I can't see what they are firing at," came the reply. Although the narrow strip of land in front of the bat-
At that moment the leading ship loomed into view out tery and the ground round about was being plowed up
of the mist, and by its color and silhouette the Fire Com- by the enemy projectiles, the detachments served their
mander was definitely able to identify it as being Ger- guns and overcame the confusion of action with com-
man. mendable calm and precision.
That there should have been any doubt as to the The worst thing of all was seeing each ship momen-
ship's nationality was, to say the least, singular, for a tarily lit up by a nasty yellow glare and having to wait
rcterence to a 1914 copy of "Jane's Fighting Ships" for the result. It was only a matter of a few seconds at
shows a disrinct difference between the distinguishing that range. Each salvo a; it arrived was preceded by an
characteristics of the British and German battle-cruisers appalling "onde-de-choc," that curious double report
of that period. which occurs when you are stationed in line with a high
Any lingering doubts were swiftly dispelled when the velocity gun at short or medium range. The shells were
leading ship, later identified as the battle-cruiser Seyd- so low that the wind of each salvo knocked down any
litz, opened fire with her II" guns on Heu~h Battery. men that happened to be on the parapet, and CtpS we;e
The time was then 8:10 A.M. The first round fell beside snatched off heads and whirled away like leaves.
182 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
The two leading ships, about 1,000 yards apart, were The Blucher had meanwhile taken up a stationary p0-
meanwhile steaming slowly northwards, the Seydlitz still sition in line with the lighthouse and the gun of light-
followed by the guns of Heugh Battery. At a bearing house Battery, thus rendering herself immune from that
of about 3 degrees, No. 2 gun came within the blast gun, and she was not engaged again until the guns of
angle of No. 1. The time was now about 8:25 A.M. As Heugh Battery were brought to bear upon her toward
the range was long and observation was difficult, both the end of the action. For the greater part of the action
guns were ordered to change target to the Moltke. which she was therefore able to pour uninterrupted fire on the
up to that time had not been engaged, and fire on her batteries. While the other two ships were engaging
was continued until she too came within the blast angle Heugh Battery, the Blucher was firing black powder-
of No.2 gun. Until this time, the B.c. of Heugh Bat- filled shells on the rocks in front of the battery. This
tery had given no thought to the third ship, the Blucher. attempt at producing a Hsmoke" screen, which, during
He now saw that she was practically stationary and that the war was probably the earliest of the experiments in
she was not being engaged by Lighthouse Battery. Both that direction, was fairly effective and greatly interfered
guns of Heugh Battery were immediately trained on to with the laying of the guns and the observation of fire.
her, fire being opened with armour-piercing ammuni- South Gare Battery was not engaged in the action, as by
tion. This appeared to have little effect, and after firing the time the identity of the ships was established they
19 rounds a change was made to high explosive ammu- were out of range.
nition. Immediately fire was lifted on to her upper- Throughout the action, in the absence of telephonic
structures the Blucher steamed eastwards at high speed, communication, orders and corrections to the guns were
still engaging the battery with her aft guns. passed by megaphone, and this was apparently effective
The other two ships had meanwhile been bombarding in spite of the noise of our guns and the arrival of enemy
both the Hartlepools, the chief objectives apparently be- projectiles. Even had the telephone lines not been shat-
ing the steel works, docks, ship-yards, gasworks, and the tered by the first round from the ships, it is extremely
railway freight and passenger stations. After some fifteen doubtful whether the telephones would have been of any
minutes steady bombardment of these objectives both use. During the latter part of the action the Heugh
ships turned about and steamed in a southeasterly di- Battery Commander fought the guns from a position
rection obliquely across the front of the batteries, again midway between each gun, the Fire Commander passing
opening fire on them with their starboard broadsides. As observations and corrections by megaphone from the B.
the Moltke reentered the field of fire of No. I gun she C. post.
was again engaged by both guns of Heugh Battery until
NAVAL CRAFT ENGAGED
she disappeared into the mist to join the Blucher. A
change of target was then made to the Seydlitz as she After the action it became known that the four de-
followed in the wake of the Moltke and fire on her was stroyers when northward of the batteries observed the
continued until she too disappeared into the mist, the approach of the enemy ships and were immediately en-
last round from the battery being fired at 8:52 A.M. at a gaged by them. As they were apparently unable to get
range of 9,200 yards without reply from the ships. within effective torpedo range of the battle-cruisers and
In engaging the Blucher, the single gun of Lighthouse ~ere therefore quite helpless against such heavily armed
Battery opened with high explosive ammunition, at a and armoured ships, the destroyers spread, all except the
range of about 6,000 yards and a bearing of 52 degrees. Waveney having suffered damage.
The method of ranging was by observation and correction
The Patrol and Forward. with tlre submarine, left their
of single rounds. During the observation and correction
of the first two rounds, which fell short, the range closed berths in the Victoria Dock immediately the presence
to about 4,500 yards. The third round, a direct hit, of the enemy ships became known. Patrol was struck by
carried away a good part of the fore-bridge and disabled. an 11/1shell, apparently an "over" intended f6r the bat-
two 6/1 guns, as well as exploding their deck supply of teries, when she was heading for the harbor exit, and
ammunition and killing nine seamen and wounding later went aground after being engaged by one of the
three. It was extremely unfortUnate that the next round enemy ships. By the time Forward and the submarine
was a misfire, owing to a break in the electrical circuit, reached the harbor exit the action was over and the
and a change was immediately made to percussion firing. enemy vessels had disappeared into the mist.
Some delay was caused by the misfire, and when fire was
continued further corrections were necessary before more CASUALTIES

hits were observed. Further misfires occurred while at The casualties to naval and military personnel were:
the percussion method "owing to the split pin below the
adjustable bushing having jarred loose or broken." The Naval Killed Wounded
break in the electrical circuit was subsequently found to H.M.S. Patrol 4 7
have been caused by the "A" lead becoming detached H.M.S.Doon 3 6
from the gun and cradle contact. This was remedied,
and the last three rounds were fired electrically. Total 7 13
1936 BOMBARDMENT OF THE HARTLEPOOLS 183
Military Killed Wounded countryside beyond. The shipyards and docks suffered
Durham RG.A. 2 extensively.
Royal Engineers 6 • ENEMY CASUALTIES
18th Durham Light Infantry 5 7 According to a report copied from the German press,
the casualties to personnel among the three ships
Total. 7 13 amounted to 80 killed and about 200 wounded. All
All casualties to military personnel were caused out- three ships were damaged, the Blucher more seriously
side the batteries. That there were none inside was than the other two. In his book The German High Sea
Fleet in the Great War, the late Admiral van Scheer,
largely due to the foresight of Colonel Robson, who was
responsible for the erection of a camouflage extension after mentioning that five battle-cruisers (the Seydlitz,
Maltke, Blucher,.v an der Tann and Derfflinger), left
along the top of the wall in rear of the batteries a year or
their base on December 15th for a rendezvous due east
so before the war. This extension, as well as forming a
of Whitby with the object of bombarding that town,
background against which it was difficult to locate the
Scarborough and Harrlepool, writes:
guns from seaward, gave a false impression of the height
of the batteries, which probably accounts for the large The big cruisers then divided into two groups for the bom-
bardment of the coastal towns, the northern section, the
proportion of "overs" from the ships. Nearly all the
"Seydlitz," "Moltke" and "Blucher," making for Hartlepool.
casualtieswere caused when the troops were leaving their An officerof one of the U-boats who had reconnoiteredthe
billets to fall in on parade. Although no shells actually area beforehand rendered good servicein locating the place.
burst inside the batteries there were many fragments Shortly before they were off Hartlepool the cruisers were
collected after the action. attacked by four torpedo-boat destroyers of the "River"
class that ran out to sea and were brought under fire at a
Immediately behind the Lighthouse Battery, according range of about 5 km. The sinking of one destroyer and
to an eye witness' account, a private in the Durham Light heavy damage to another were observed. After firing some
Infantry on sentry duty walked his post throughout the torpedoes without result, they turned away. We gave up
entire action in the approved Buckingham Palace style- pursuing them so as not to lose time for the bombardment.
backwards and forwards, one-two-three-four-about, he The "Seydlitz" opened fire on the Cemetery Battery and
scored several hits so that at last the fire was only returned
went through the whole of the prescribed action. by one IS em. gun and one light gun from the battery.
An officerasked him why he had not taken cover. His The "Moltke" was hit above the water-line, causing much
reply was classic: damage between decks but no loss of life. From the first,
"E-ee! booger! I was th~t there feart 'ad I done nowt the "Blucher" came under a lively fire from the land bat-
teries; she had nine killed and three wounded by one hit
I'd ha' roon aw-a-ay!"
alone. Fifteen em. howitzers and light artillery were used
The youngster's beat was fully exposed, and the open- on land; the "Blucher" was hit six times altogether.
ing salvo had demolished the row of houses in front of This account is inaccurate in some respects, .as al-
which he had to pass continually. though all except Waveney received damage, none of the
Casualties among the civilian population amounted to destroyers were sunk, and all were able to make port.
II2 killed and about 200 wounded. Of these only 23 The Cemetery Battery referred to, about 231z miles north
received their death wounds while in their houses, all of Heugh Battery, had been derelict for many years be-
the others being struck down while in the streets. Among fore the war, and no shells fell in its vicinity during the
the killed were: bombardment. There were no howitzers and light artil-
Men 43 lery used on land-only the three 6" guns.
Women 32 The news of the bombardment was received in Ger-
Children 37 many with great acclamation, the action being considered
of sufficient import to warrant the award of a silver
Damage to property was very extensive. The three medal, specially struck, to each one who took part.
storage tanks of the Hartlepools Gas Company were evi-
dently a tempting target, for all three were struck and THE BOMBARDING VESSELS

swallowed up by huge flames which were visible for The Seydlitz and M altke were two of the most power-
many miles. Direct hits were obtained on many of the ful ships of the German High Sea Fleet. Of immensely
ships in harbor and also on the railway and freight sta- strong construction they were in many respects similar,
tions. One shell, narrowly missing the 8:27 A.M. train the Seydlitz being slightly bigger. Of 25,000 tons dis-
to Leeds as it steamed out of West Hartlepool station, placement, her measurements were: Length, 656 feet;
crashed through the wall of the station platform. Many beam, 93 feet; freeboard (maximum), 33 feet. With a
shells fell in the grounds of the Workhouse, causing complement of a little over 1,100 both ships carried the
damage to buildings but no loss of life among the in- following armament:
mates. In both towns many residential premises were I I" guns 10
completely wrecked. The damage was not confined to 6" guns 12
any particular area, but extended practically the length 24-pounders 12
nd breadth of both towns, and in a few cases to the Their maximum speed was about 26 knots.
184 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-J1in~
The Blucber was an older and smaller ship of 15,500 enemy projectiles, the figures compare very favorably
tons displacement. With a complement of 847, her with the 8 seconds standard time allowed when engaging
armament was: a target under peace conditions.
8" guns _ __ 12 The calm state of the sea made perfect shooting con-
6" guns 8 ditions for us, as did the complete lack of wind. It was
24-pounders __ 16 no virtue that we "hit and hit" at that absurd range,
but the shell-power against heavy armour was hopeless.
According to the German official historian of the war, The damage we did was most surprising.
during the 42 minutes bombardment the three ships fired Lighthouse Battery, despite the good effect obtained
1,150 projectiles. Many grim relics of the action, in the against the Blucher at the beginning of the action, when
shape of shell fuses, base;sand fragments, were exhibited a direct hit, which caused great damage, was registered
in a shop window in West Hartlepool soon after, and by the third round, thereafter fared badly, no less than
were later offered for sale by public auction, the proceeds 14 misfires occurring after this good work. One of theS(:
being devoted to a local war charity organization. A misfires, as already explained, was due to one of the
complete fuse fetched something like $50.00 while the electric leads becoming detached. On changing to per-
less interesting shell fragments ranged from $1.25 up- cussion there was no better result, 13 misfires occurring
wards. dunng the attempts to fire the gun by this method.
A COMPARISON OF SHELL EXPENDITURE All these misfires were due to' the striker becoming de-
centralized. The break in the electric circuit was subse.
Compared with the deluge of fire from the ships, the quently discovered and remedied. But much valuable
number of rounds fired by both the shore batteries during time had been wasted, with the result that, pardy due to
the action totalled only 123, Of these, 108 were fired by the delay caused by the misfires and partly to the Bluch,r
Heugh Battery (47 from No. I gun and 61 from No. placing herself in the dead area formed by the lighthouse,
2), and the remaining 15 from the single gun of Light- only 15 rounds were fired by Lighthouse Battery
house Battery. It is estimated that the 123 rounds were throughout the action. It is probably needless to mention
distributed as follows: that the offending lighthouse was demolished very soon
Seydlitz - - 70 after the action, its place being taken by a temporary
Maltke 20 wooden structure erected at a more appropriate spot away
Blucher 33 from the batteries.
FATE OF THE BOMBARDING SHIPS
The slow rate of fire-an average of one round per
gun per minute for the three guns-was due chiefly to The Blucher, after completing a dockyard re-fit from
three causes: (I) the smoke and dust caused by the the damage she received at Hartlepool, was again ready
striking of the enemy projectiles, which, as already men- for sea in time for the Dogger Bank action on January
tioned, greatly interfered with the laying of the guns and 24, 1915' when, after putting up a good fight and re-
the observation of fire, (2) the single gun of Lighthouse ceiving terrific punishment, she was sunk by the gunfire
Battery being masked by the lighthouse for the greater of our ships. The Seydlitz and Maltke survived until the
part of the action, and (3) the great number of misfires. end of the war, although both were heavily engaged by
which occurred, most of them on the gun of Lighthouse our ships at the Battle of Jutland on May }I, 1916, the
Battery. Although a misfire can seldom be justified, the Seydlitz barely making port after being hit 28 times by
four which occurred between the two guns of Heugh gunfire and once by torpedo, which seems to indicate
Battery during the firing of 108 rounds, reflects, in the that the Germans were confident that their ships were
very difficult circumstances, a very high standard both in sufficiently well armoured to withstand the fire of the
preparation for action and in fire discipline. There is no comparatively puny guns. of the Hartlepool batteries.
record as to whether both guns or only one sustained mis- These two ships, with the Van der T ann and Derfflinf.cr.
fires, but the number of rounds fired by each gun (47 by were part of the High Sea Fleet surrendered to our Grand
No. I and 61 by No.2) points to No. I as being the un- Fleet and escorted to Scapa Flow in 1918, all four ships
lucky gun. During the 42 minutes of the action, the time being later scuttled by their crews.
for each round fired by No. I gun gives an average of 54.7
CONCLUSION
seconds, and for No.2 gun 40.3 seconds. Considering
the delay caused by interference with the laying of the The action at Hartlepool would seem to indicate t~at
guns and range-finders due to the smoke and dust raised in sending three of their largest and most powerful shlps
by the striking of enemy projectiles, and, through the the Germans had either a wholesome respect or a supreme
same cause, the difficulty in observation and correction contempt for the few small guns of the harbor defenses.
of fire, combined with' the fact that there were four Assuming the former to be the case, it was apparentl~r
changes of target and that there was probably delay in considered necessary to send these very valuable, heavil~'
passing orders and corrections through the tremendous armed and armoured ships to accomplish what could have
din caused by the firing of our guns and the striking of been done by much smaIIer and less valuable ships, except
1936 BOMBARDMENT OF THE HARTLEPOOLS 185

that the risk of losing the smaller ships would have been it was later discovered that she had been at Scarborough
much greater. If our comparatively weak defenses were and that the Seydlitz was at Hattlepool. This mistake
held in contempt, the Germans no doubt considered that arose after an examination of the many unexploded II"
their prize ships, with their overwhelming gun superior- shells, for besides a difference in weight of about 1851bs.
ity, could quickly silence the few small guns of the there was also a difference in the number of impressions
shorebatteries. of rifling shown on the rotating bands. A reference to
The bombardment was apparently worked to a time Jane's Fighting Ships showed the guns of the Van der
table divided into three phases of 15 minutes each: Tann as of 45 calibres and those of the other ships as 50
(I) an intensive concentration on the batteries, (2) a calibres, with a difference in weight of projectiles of
bombardment of important objectives, and. (3) a further about 180 lbs. It was therefore assumed that the Van
concentration on the batteries while the ships withdrew. der T ann was one of the three ships, but apparently the
Soon after the action the Hattlepool defences were ammunition originally intended for that ship was also
strengthened by the addition of a monitor carrying two issued to the other ships. Although Admiral Scheer in
I2" guns. This monitor was allotted a definite position' his book pays tribute to the commander of a German
for mooring, and when moored she formed part of the submarine for taking bearings which were of value in
defences and was under the orders of the Fire Com- piloting the ships to Hattlepool, there is now evidence
mander. However, the commander of the monitor was, that each ship carried a skipper of a German trawler who,
in addition, given a roving commission and was able to from past experience when making use of the fishing
put to sea at will. The monitor was often away from her port, was familiar with the approaches.
appointed moorings, therefore the unusual situation of The Durham Heavy Brigade are justly proud of their
a naval vessel being under the orders of an artillery fire distinction of being the only coast defence unit to be
c~mmander did not give rise to any awkward complica- engaged in action during the whole period of the war,
tions. and the manner in which they acquitted themselves on
The reports issued shortly after the action showed the that memorable day was in accordance with best tradi-
Van der T ann as being one of the bombarding ships, but tions of the Royal Regiment of Artillery.

x
• •
ERRATA
The JOURNALexercises all possible precautions to avoid typographical errors, but
in spite of our best efforts, mistakes will occur. On page 22 of the January-February,
1936, issue appears two formula: as follows:

x, -_ 77-'-::-::-7.==-=
6,975,277 cot cp
---=-. --;:- __ n slO
11 J:
• (d \' SlO cp )
I\.
( 1-.00676866 sm 2cp ) -
' -_ 6,975,277 cot cp (d .\ sin cp)
Y ....,..,..-'-:--=-7.=-::-7::"""---;:--" ;!z . 2 sin2 -'-----::---'---
(1-.00676866 sin2cp) 2
They should read:
6,975,277 cot cp
X' = -=-~=-=:-7:C~---O-~--'--;- sin (d.\ sin cp) in yards
(1-.00676866 sin2cp) %

Y' = 6,975,277 cot. cp ,,' 2 sin2 (d.\ sin CP) in yards.

(1-.00676866 sm2cp) 7Z
On the same page, second column the expression
Y = 2,000,000 + +
Yl. Y' should read
Y = 2,000,000 Yl. + +
Y' (when P is south of Lat. 40° 30' N).
It is recommended that the necessary changes be made in all retained copies of
The JOURNAL
Rough on Flies
Rr FIRST LIEUTENA:--:T A. 5. B.o\RO:--: him. That night it rains, and the day's catch is killed'l
Coast Artillery Corps or soon dies of starvation. \Vhen the device requires
emptying, it is only necessary to "Flit" the victims, lift
Nobody cares about the fly: the only question is
off the trap assembly, remove the screen cover and dump
how the devil did he .toaet there?-PETER PLnILEY'S
the corpses. (
LETTERS.
The construction is simple. Any company mechanic
can do the job.
O\V many times have you organization com-

H manders received (or heard about) a communi-

cation similar to one of the following?
"Memorandum to Captain X: the Surgeon, while
If you haven't a concrete base from which to start.
build the block sloping slightly forward, to facilitate \
drainage when washing.
making his sanitary inspection this morning, found twO The corner posts and door jambs should be anchoted
overturned Ay traps near the Company "J" kitchen. to the concrete by means of angle brackets and bolts im-
Other traps were not properly baited. You will reply by bedded in the masonry. Corner posts should be 4" x 4".
indorsement hereon as soon as these deficiencies have Door jambs are made of 1" x 3" backed with I" x 4".
been corrected:'
Or, "The Commanding Officer, on his tour of inspec-
tion, noted several broken or missing covers on the garb-
so that the I" projecti?n acts as the door stop.
Width of doors: 32".
Doors have screen-door spring hinges and handles.
I
age stand of your organization." Space between bottom of doors and concrete Aoor: 14'"
A few skins like these set me to reAecting. Obviously Inside measurement of stand frame should be the
there was need for a fool-proof arrangement for destroy- height of a G.!. can plus two feet. I
ing Aies that would not subject the organization com- If the stand is to hold more than six cans, it is sug_.t
mander to the risk of periodic criticism by higher au- gested that the Ay traps be built in more than one unit.
thority. I made a truly scientific approach to the prob- The light construction, if over-extended, gets rickety
lem, taking into account the habits of Aies, kitchen from handling.
police, garbage-can topS, sanitary inspectors and com- The trap is of the conventional prismatic type, with a
manding officers. close-fitting removable top. During the closed season on
The small post, Kilauea Military Camp, on the island
of Hawaii, where I was stationed, afforded an excellent
Aies the traps are stored and the opening at the top of the 1
stand is covered.

I
proving ground for experimental Ay traps. The trade
I may seem to be over-enthusiastic about a familiar
winds blew from an adjoining cattle ranch straight
through the dining-room doors. At meal times it was housekeeping problem, but both Aies and unsightly
garbage stands are a nuisance and a constant source of
always a scramble to see whether the soldiers or the Aies
would get their food first. The ever increasing swarms annoyance at all posts. The remedy suggested has been I
were a challenge to inventive genius. Flies had to be tried and it works. It is guaranteed to reduce both the
destroyed on a grand scale. Puny methods would not number of Aies in the kitchen and the volume of paper
suffice. work in the orderly room.
The equipment then in use was of the conventional
type. The stands were screened on the front and had
wooden backs and hinged tops; that is, they were sup-
posed to be hinged. Usually the hinges were broken.
Each stand had a daily attendance of four million Aies
by actual count and every Ay that visited the premises
was obsessed with the idea of reaching the garbage cans.
The thought occurred-why not make it easy for them?
Why not combine garbage stand and Ay trap in one as-
sembly that would both kill Aies and save skins.
Having hit on the basic principle the rest was easy.
The accompanying photograph shows the details. The
gatbage is the bait for the trap, and ideal bait it is. Mister
Fly has a nice large opening below the spring-closed
doors throug~_ which he enters. Once inside, he is at-
tracted to the spacious sunniness of the trap directly
above and, presto! you have him just where you want The Baron fly trap.
 The Training of the Antiaircraft
Searchlight Battery
By CAPTAIN ARTHUR B. NICHOLSON, C.A.C.

T
HE "Moonlight Cavalry," officially designated as B-I2 Martin Bomber with a speed of 180 miles an hour.
the Antiaircraft Searchlight Battery, has gener- It soon became evident that the sound locator was not
ally failed to secure the place in the sun (or should only a distinct aid in making the pickup, but that con-
one say moon?) to which its inherent possibilities entitle sistent pickups on high-speed targets were practically
it. The lack of effectiveness sometimes displayed under impossible without constant reference to reliable sound
severe test (for example, multiple-plane attack), has locator data. With high-speed targets this is much more
been largely responsible for this lack of confidence. The important than with the slower targets.
principle responsibility for this condition should be At that time the majority of the personnel were in-
c?arged to a mental attitude or perhaps three of them, sufficiently trained. The only light doing good work
VIZ:
was the one using data from an experienced locator crew.
( I) That the sound locator is fundamentally inade- The others manifested a tendency to go into action ap-
quate, if not almost worthless; proximately on data furnished and then to rely upon
(2) One might as well disregard the locator data after searching. With the slower rypes of planes this could
the initial setting and depend principally upon be done with comparatively satisfactory results, as search-
searching, since the slow moving (90 miles per ing eventually discovered the plane within the general
hour) bomber could not in a reasonable time area of the initial data. With high-speed targets, the
move out of the area of search; crew soon realized that the plane had, within a com-
(3) The defeatist attitude that may be summed up paratively few seconds, moved many degrees from the
as follows: The odds being so heavily against the area searched. With a target traveling a quarter of a
searchlights, it is useless to attempt more than mile in five seconds or less, searching a given area more
the solving of the old problems in the simplest than once was useless.
possible manner.
No better object lesson was needed to cause the light
While these conceptions are not universally accepted crews to rely constantly upon locator data. With a high
they have seriously interfered with progress and develop- state of training this data consistently would be within
ment in antiaircraft searchlight technique and materiel. 3 of the target both in azimuth and elevation, and the
0

Experience gained during the past two years while search should cover only this probable error. Light crews
working with Battery "A," 63d Coast Artillery, against should always be trained to search only in that area, even
single- and multiple-plane attacks (the latter composed though the data error may be more than three deg-rees.
of from four to seventeen planes), has been such as to Bringing the target within the area searched should be
justify taking serious issue with all three assumptions. accomplished by thorough and progressive training of
Because there are only six antiaircraft searchlight bat- the sound locator crew, not by allowing the light crew to
teriesin the Corps, very few Coast Artillery officershave increase the size and speed of the search, to the detriment
the opportunity to serve with this rype of armament, the of later efficiency.
importance of which can hardly be exaggerated consid- The necessity of making long predictions for sound
ering the fact that they are the controlling factor in lag, which may be rendered ineffective by maneuver
defense against night bombardment. To many, a de- during the prediction period, is a weakness of the method
scription of searchlight technique will be nothing- new; and not of the instrument. Since antiaircraft tactics are
however, it is possible that some of the lessons learned based upon engaging the attacking plane while crossing
~uring the past two years may be of value. Furthermore, the decisive zone, even this weakness is less serious than
smce Battery "A," 63d c.A. (AA) is equipped with is generallv supposed; for it should be remembered that
one Duplex Unit, MI927, including comparator and dis- the bomber must fly a straight and level course for a
tant electrical control, and four lights to which data must sufficient period to s~t the sight and release the bomb.
he telephoned and set by hand, it is possible that officers Excellent results can be obtained with the older tvpes
ri. other org-anizations having the older types of equip- of equipment. In its work against the I80-mile-per-hour
IIlent may find something of interest in a description of bomber this organization had one T 4E2 Locator, with
dIe training methods employed. the Acoustic Corrector, MI, and two exponential type
locators, Model 1925. The latter were equipped with
PRESENT SOUND LOCATOR ADEQUATE
improvised Jackson sound lag charts incorporating the ~
Battery "A" first began training against high-speed sound lag time feature and a fig-ure of dead time; also
targets in the spring of 1934, the target plane being a improvised sliding azimuth and elevation scales with the
188 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaY-lIme
corresponding 3 to 1 multiplication feature. One crew Under no circumstances is the foregoing to be construed
obtained excellent results with the exponential horns, in as minimizing the importance of long and thorough
fact they were better than the results obtained with the listener training, which is absolutely essential.
T ~2 Locator. While the present locator (MIAI) is The training of the listener should start with the Bin-
definitely superior to earlier types, with intelligent and aural Trainer M-I. This is a device whereby the sound
careful training excellent results can be obtained with of an airplane in flight, transcribed upon phonograph
the latter. records, is transmitted electrically through trombone type
tubes of variable length to the headset of the listener. By
TRAINING IN FUNDAMENTALS KEY TO SUCCESS
turning a wheel, similar to the control of the sound lo-
In the early stages of training, emphasis should be cator, the listener can vary the lengths of the tubes
placed on method. The personnel should be impressed carrying the sound. By varying the length of the tubes
with the idea that results will take care of themselves a sound wave emanating from the same source can be
once each individual has thoroughly mastered the funda- made to strike the ear drums at different times, thereby
mentals of his job. The battery attempting work against producing the same effect as turning the two horns of
unlighted planes before the fundamentals are fully mas- a sound locator away from the sound source. By rotating
tered is in precisely the same situation as a football team the control wheel in the direction toward which the
that attempts involved trick plays before the members sound has gone, i.e., "following" the sound, the listener
of the team have thoroughly mastered blocking and can bring it back to the centered position. The instru-
tackling. Attempting work against unlighted planes ment is provided with a pointer and scale of reference
with poorly trained personnel will result in discourage- numbers whereby the instructor can check the accuracy
ment and delay in reaching the peak of efficiency, since of the students' centering of the sound. The fact that
the men will forsake all data in desperate attempts to initially many students will not be able to show a satis-
accomplish "lucky" pickups by wild searching. factory degree of accuracy is meaningless.
The most important feature of the device is that the
TRAINING OF LISTENERS
instructor can cause the sound to simulate all the move-
The almost universal conception of "a listener" as a ments, changes of direction and speed of the sound of an
person of rare and exceptional qualifications must be en- approaching, crossing or maneuvering plane, thereby
tirely forgotten. It is believed that this prevalent idea of giving the student an excellent course of basic training.
the listener as a genius born for the work has done great By a second control wheel, the instructor can cause the
harm. A minor result of this false premise is a tendency sound heard by the listener to move from the center to one
to breed "temperament" in the listener who sometimes side in the same manner as the sound of a moving plane
is prone to believe that he is irreplaceable. A second when the sound locator horns are left stationary. To cor-
minor result is the failure to train sufficient reserve rect for this the student should turn his control against
listeners in the belief that only the chosen few have that of the instructor in order to center the sound. By
the necessary qualifications. Out of 125 men given pre- a continuous turning of his control, with gradual chan~
liminary tests and training on the Binaural Trainer, M-l, of speed and occasionally of direction, the instructor can
fully 80 were capable of becoming satisfactory listeners, produce a thoroughly realistic imitation of a "track" of
25 of becoming superior and 20 of becoming excellent an actual plane.
to superior with longer training. With continual practice the accuracy of the student's
Although listeners require the longest time to train, sense of centering, the delicacy of his perception of
and are adversely affected by such factors as lack of changes in speed and direction and the rapidity of his
practice and variations from the peak of physical condi- responses thereto will increase progressively. Only after
tion, almost all men have the requisite natural ability. he has gained the proficiency with the binaural trainer
Since the natural sense of sound direction depends upon should he attempt work with an actual plane. Training
whether or not the sound wave strikes each ear in the an inexperienced listener upon an actual plane, without
same phase (and not upon volume), partial deafness in this basic preliminary training, will result in much futile
one ear has been found to have no adverse effect. Superior floundering and a waste of a pilot's time and gasoline.
ability as a listener requires superior intelligence and If the instrument is not available, valuable basic train-
ability to concentrate, especially when following a ma- ing can be given by utilizing a motor vehicle or a buzzer
neuvering target or one out of many targets. The pos- as a source of sound. Since the effect, in all but the final
session of these qualities is fully as vital to the superior stage of training, is practically the same for the azimuth
performance of the duties in other key positions and and elevation listeners, both can be given this basic
their absence in the listener is not inimical to the ulti- training upon the azimuth horns. This training should
mate efficiency of the battery. progress to include changes in speed and direction of
There has been a tendency to regard the listener as the vehicle (or buzzer) as the student's proficiency de-
being so vitally important that the training of the other velops. In this preliminary training the emphasis often
members of the team mattered very little. This attitude is erroneously placed upon the idea of the testing of the
has had the effect of placing the listener on a pedestaL listener by having the sound source stop at points of
1936 TRAINING OF THE AA SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY 189

known azimuth. Occasional tests of this character are travel will be approximately the same as the travel of
desirable but the emphasis should be upon the progres- the plane.
sivetraining of the listener. (7) The necessity of keeping the period of measure-
Not until after the student has satisfactorily completed ment short, in order to get away from the angular travel
the preliminary training is he ready to start work with error and changing slant range, is the reason why the
actUal planes. Thereafter his development is largely a reading of the sound lag cylinder is only 73 of the trUe
matter of continual practice; by this alone will his fine- sound lag time. This shortening of the measurement
nessand delicacy of perception be sharpened. A greater period is compensated for by gearing which automatically
degree of concentration can be attained if the listener is multiplies the correction by 3,
blindfolded. (8) When the operator matches pointers, he is get-
ting the searchlight ahead of the locator by the amount
TRAINING OF ACOUSTIC CoRRECTOR OPERATORS
of this travel; if everything has been done correctly, the
Enlisted men with the intelligence, discernment, de- light should be very near the plane. If he matches the
cision and discriminating judgment to become good prediction pointer to a faulty measurement a bad miss
acousticcorrector operators are hard to find. Due to lack is sure to result.
of smoothness in tracking by the listeners, corrections Most important of all, a corrector operator should keep
will be more or less erratic: The corrector operator must constantly in mind that he is measuring the travel of a
have the. judgment to disregard the slightly erratic plane, which cannot suddenly jump ahead, stop, or go
measured corrections and apply only correct predictions. backward, and that any measurement which indicates
Good corrector men can smooth out most of the errors such a phenomenon is an error and should be disregarded.
caused by erratic listening. More time and attention Corrections never change suddenly nor much at a time.
must be devoted to their training than to that of any The stop watch man (ordinarily one of the two cor-
other position. Their work, with that of the listeners, rector operators) calls "Ready, Take," in a low tone,
is the keystone of searchlight efficiency. It is believed starting his stop watch at the command "Take." At the
that the ultimate efficiency of a searchlight battery de- expiration of the number of seconds indicated by the
pends to a greater extent upon the judgment exercised by sound lag pointer he calls "Ready, Off." At "Take,"
the battery commander in his selection of acoustic cor- both men press in on the corrector knobs, thereby caus-
rectoroperators than upon any other factor. ing the measuring pointers to rotate through the same
The corrector operator's work is divided into two prin- angle as do the horns during the measuring period.
cipal parts: first, the measuring of the angular travel of When the sound of the plane is faint, due to long
the target during the sound lag period; second, applying range, wind, or other <;auses, or the listeners are inex-
a prediction based thereon. In order to make intelligent perienced, the track will not be uniformly smooth. With
decisions and exercise the discriminating judgment re- a gusty wind and intermittent fading of the sound, a
quired by his work, the corrector operator must have a listener may become uncertain and stop for a moment,
broad, intelligent grasp of the entire problem. Especially or he may suddenly discover that he is behind the plane
he should be thoroughly instructed on the following: and speed up, or worst of all, he may discover that he is
ahead and go backward in order to center the sound.
(I) The reading of the sound lag cylinder indicates the
Listeners must be trained to catch up gradually if behind
SLANT RANGE to the former position of the target, and to slow down gradually if ahead, making every effort
expressed in seconds required by the sound of the plane to produce a smooth track. Interchanging with the cor-
to traverse the distance. rector operators during the training period helps to give
(2) SOUND LAG TIME is merely SLANT them a broad grasp of the locator problem and to realize
RANGE expressed in terms of time. the consequences of uneven tracking.
(3) The SLANT RANGE is the hypotenuse of a If the travel is erroneously measured the result will be
vertical right triangle of which the vertical side is the a pointer reading radically different from the preceding
altitude of the plane and one angle is the angle of ele- one, perhaps even in the opposite sense. To move the
vation of the horns. prediction pointer to match such an indicated measure-
(4) The plane is moving along its course while the ment would be to assume that the plane had suddenly
sound is traveling to the locator. jumped ahead, stopped or gone backward-all obvious
absurdities-and would result in pulling the light far off
(5) His job is to determine how far along its course
the target. The corrector operator must be taught the
the plane moved during the time the sound was traveling
dangers of blind matching of pointers without regard
to the locator.
to the probable accuracY or obvious error. He must
(6) That he is doing this indirectly by measuring know that the position of the measurement pointer does
how far the apparent sound source travels during a given not guarantee the true position of the plane ahead of the
number of seconds. If he takes the measurements briefly J
sound. At best it is the result of a measurement, and
and frequently. the apparent sound source will tag along that measurements are always subject to error. With a
at a fairly constant distance behind the plane, and its smooth track, two or more corrections will show varia-
J
190 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL i\1aJ' -I une

tions. The best measurement is the "center of impact" to his men in the most lucid terms. He must be analYti.
of a group of variations. Becausecorrections never change cal and watchful of the work of his men, particularly of
suddenly it should not be assumed that the correction is the acoustic corrector operators, and tireless in analyzing
changing unless proved by at least two readings. Even their errors and in eXplainingwhat is right or wrong.
then the con:ector operator should be cautious about Upon the approach of the target, he should direct the
giving them full credibility, since variations are more to listeners to its approximate azimuth and elevation and
be expected than bona fide changes. It is better to give thereafter should not interfere during the track, except
them partial weight by moving the prediction pointer to in multiple-plane work or when they have become con-
«split the difference" between the old and the new posi- fused and appear to be deserting the assigned target.
tions. If a third measurement confirms the first two Except in cases of this character nothing but harm is
variations, full weight should be given and the prediction accomplished by attempting to direct the listeners after
pointer moved to the new position. they are on the target. An attempt to comply with such
A change, once started, will continue in accordance instruction distracts the listeners,and usually results in a
with a progressive rate, according to the course of the false centering. Usually admonitions to the listeners
plane. Experience will teach the corrector operator to from the locator commander are solely the result of
recognize this. Once recognized, he must not only give guesses. No matter how opinionated by virtue of ex-
proper weight to the expected variations, but to a certain perience he may be, the guesses are far more likely to be
extent predict them, steering a course between the un- wrong than are the listeners.•
evennesses of successive measurements. He can quickly If the listener is not susceptible to training and in-
detect actual maneuvers of the plane and readjust his struction he should have been eliminated before the end
prediction accordingly. He soon learns that the elevation of the preliminary training. It is doubtful if any listener
correction for an approaching target changes very slight- has an arbitrary error, either right or left. Checks, made
ly, because the decrease in sound lag and consequent by comparing the data sent to the light against the actual
decrease in the measurement period is offset by the position of the light while illuminating the plane, show
increase of angular speed with nearness of the target. that the data was just as frequently wrong to one side as
When the target is low and at close range, the great the other and that the errors narrowed down progressively
increase in angular speed causes the correction to jump to very small limits as the state of training approached
abruptly. the peak. It is impossible to justify the application of an
If the target is coming directly toward the locator the arbitrary correction based upon an error which may
operator should give no credence to possible variations occur in the opposite sense the next time. If the appli-
of the azimuth listener; adding a prediction to the error cation of such a correction does not do harm instead of
in azimuth obviously will cause the light to miss the good, credit must be giyen to good luck and not to good
head-on target. judgment. Under no circumstances should any arbitrary
The operator learns by experience that when the correction be applied except one which is based upon an
listeners first get on target, the correction is always ap- accurately measured error. The temptation to use the
proximately of the same amount, he should apply this arbitrary correction knobs seems to be almost irresistible
correction automatically by the time the listeners are to a locator commander and great effort was devoted to
approximately on target so that if it is necessary to put training commanders to leave them absolutely alone.
the light in action it will be close to the target without Far more harm than good has been done by their use.
waiting for the greater accuracy of a measurement. their removal from the acoustic corrector would be an
When an approaching target passes directly overhead, improvement. It is the mentally lazy non-com who in-
the elevation corrector operator should be taught to sists upon substituting arbitrary corrections based upon
switch automatically his "Up" correction to one 'of the ignorance for the thorough training of his men.
same amount "Below" as soon as the horns commence He must, however, be imbued with the necessity for
their rapid 1800 traverse. The sa~ing of seconds in the most accurate levelling and orienting possible. Since
bringing the light to the approximate -new position of much more accurate orientation can be attained by ori-
the target may be of great value. entir:g upon a star he should be able readily to id~ntify
It is obvious that men with the requisite imagination certalO stars.
and intelligence to fill this position in a superior man- At the approach of the target, having first directed the
ner are rare, but it is necessary to find and train them listeners to its approximate azimuth and elevation, he
if results of a high order are to be obtained. sees that approximate data (carrying the usual corrections
for the normal' case when the listeners are first centered).
THE LOCATOR COMMANDER is sent to the light as soon as the listeners are approxi-
Training is the most important factor in attaining good mately on the target.
results with the .searchlights, therefore the locator com- He should be alert to note the probable course of the
mander should be carefully selected. He must not only plane a,nd apprise his men thereof, to notify the section
have a thorough grasp of his problem and know how to that the target is about to pass directly overhead or tD
solve it, but he must be able to impart this knowledge cause the azimuth listener to cease tracking when th~
1936 TRAINING OF THE AA SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY 191
predicted elevation has reached &:> to 85 degrees, and with one hand on the controller bar and his eyes on the
rotate the horns 180 degrees in azimuth as rapidly as azimuth scale, keeps the light searching about the suc-
possible so as to pick it up, and get his light on the new cessive azimuths transmitted to him by telephone. The
rrack with the least possible delay. He should see that elevation setter functions in a similar manner, moving
the listeners are centered and that one good prediction the drum of the light by any convenient means while
has been applied before the locator is reported "On keeping his eyes on the elevation arc, each operator allow-
Target. " ing free movement to the other. The controller chief
TRAINING OF THE SEARCHLIGHT CREW
occupies his normal position, keeping his vision directed
along the beam, his hands resting lightly on the bar but
It is fundamental that the searchlight crew set and not interfering with the searching and data setting opera-
followthe data sent to it by the sound locator, no matter tions, ready to take over complete control the moment he
how faulty it may be. In .no other way can ultimate sees a flick.
efficiencybe attained. The area of search should be just
THE LIGHT COMMANDER
large enough to cover the probable error of the data; an
amplitude of from five to seven degrees, plus or minus, The light commander should be an instructor. He
should be sufficient after locator training has become must understand the importance of a high degree of
fairly satisfactory. The point of searchlight training accuracy in levelling, orientation and thorough checking
most difficult to attain is a sufficiently slow search. The of electrical connections. He should know that the most
controller operator, or the distant electric control opera- accurate orientation can be accomplished by pointing the
tors, must be made to realize the great speed at which beam at a designated star rather than by the use of the
a distant part of the beam travels when the light is crude sights on the light drum. To save time he should
slowly turned through a small angle. Unless the beam have his light pointed in the approximate direction of the
searches slowly it will sweep across a target so rapidly approaching target before data arrives. He trains his
that the controller operator will miss the flick. controller operator to traverse the light rapidly 180 de-
With the high-speed target and the slow rate of search grees when the target passes overhead. He should be
it is .imperative that the light be referred constantly to thoroughly instructed as to the proper time for going into
its rapidly changing data. The search must include the action, out of action, and changing target, under varying
areaaround the target within limits of from five to seven conditions, and should have a complete grasp of the en-
degrees, in both azimuth and elevation. With distant tire problem in order that he may act more intelligently,
electric control, this is easily accomplished by allowin?; especially in case of "Light Commanders' Action" which
the comparator searchlight pointers to rock back and will be 'the normal con-dition in actual service.
forth, with the center on the constantly moving sound
ARBITRARY CORRECTIONS
locator pointers. With hand control the problem is not
so simple; here the "track" is not "flowing data" but a Experience has indicated that thorough training will
series of successive settings of definite data, therefore eliminate many errors which commonly have been
the light should search the vicinity of each setting before charged to combinations of parallax, non-standard atmos-
jumping to the next. Since the target is moving rapidly pheric conditions and locator inaccuracy. The optimum
and the data stationary, this does not mean that the accuracy of the locator being within plus or minus three
search should extend in rear of the data setting. It is degrees under adverse conditions, obviously its d~ta
advisable to first search forward and then if necessary re- should not be changed unless the change is based upon
turn to the starting point. By searching five to seven accurately measured errors known to be both consistent
degrees ahead of the data and coming b:lck to, but not in and constant. At present only flat corrections can be ap-
rear of it, the area searched will extend both ahead and plied by means of the arbitrary corrector device.
behind the target. Due to the continual and unpredictable variations of
With the hand-controlled light, the controller operator the angular travel error, an attempt, by either locator
should not be required to set azimuths or elevations. operator or platoon commander, to apply worthwhile
Nothing should be permitted to distract his attention un- corrections, based upon accurate measurement of wind or
necessarilyfrom his principal dury-that of searching and other non-standard condition, by means of flat arbitrary
lookin2,"for flicks. In using the distant electric control corrections, is almost hopele~s. Correctio"l. of this kind
the chief operator constantly looks along the beam. He will be good only for a single position and course of the
should never disturb the focus of his eyes by looking at target and will vary constantly and consistentlv with the
lighted dials. The azimuth and elevation control opera- anl!ular travel.
tors, respectivelv, match the pointers and follow the data, Nor is the apnlication of arbitrarv corrections for par-
relinquishing control to the chief operator as soon as the allax justified. The incorporation of a narallax corrector
larter sees a flick. The advantages of this scheme are in the acoustic corrector would be desirable, but to
obvious. encumber the high-speed work of the iocator crew with
An approximation of this method can be adapted to attempts to approximate the variations of the parallax
the hand-controlled light. In this case the azimuth setter, error from zero to slightly more than a degree, by means
192 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
of a chart or other device, is believed to be unwise. into shape suddenly, often barely in time to save the
For these reasons the application of a so-called "trial battery commander from a nervous breakdown.
shot correction" based upon an initial course of the target There can be no resting upon oars once the peak of
plane (with lights on) is highly undesirable. efficiency is reached. A battery, trained to the nth de-
gree, will ordinarily lose 25/~ or more of its efficiency
DEAD TIME
after one month's continuous layoff; principally because
While not applicable when electrical data transmis- of the intangibles which adversely affect the listeners.
sion with the comparator is used, dead time is a highly Keeping up a high state of training after target prac-
important factor with hand control and telephoned data; tice is over by the holding of one drill a week, weather
in certain cases it may amount to more than the sound permitting, will prove far more economical in the end
lag time. The dead time error is seriously aggravated by than attempting to rebuild the organization each year
the fact that, with high-speed targets, the pointers may just before target practice. In addition the satisfaction of
move several degrees while a two or three digit number knowing the battery is constantly ready for off-season
is being transmitted. Experiments, including several calls and can, in a short time, be brought to the peak
flights in the target plane, resulted in the determination for such occasions as tactical inspections, is more than
of nine seconds as the total dead time necessary to place worth the trouble.
the "center of impact" of the data on the I&--mile-per-
THE MULTIPLE-PLANE ATTACK
hour target at altitudes above 10,000 feet. Its application
was accomplished by adding 1'3 its value, or three sec- In the defense of any important rear area objective at-
onds, to the readings of the sound lag cylinder. For low, tack by multiple planes within a narrow sector is to be
fast targets a slightly greater figure probably would be expected as normal. This form of attack throws a great
necessary. overload on the defending searchlights, necessitating the
adoption of specialized counter-measures and types of
PROGRAM OF TRAINING
training of searchlight crews if the attack is to be success-
In bringing a battery composed almost entirely of in- fully combated. The normal targets of the searchlight
experienced men in all the key positions to a fair degree platoon will consist, not of a single plane, but of a large
of efficiency, the total time required depends inversely number attacking simultaneously from different direc-
upon the proportion spent initially in basic training. If tions. Successive attacks will be delivered at short inter-
the first four to six weeks are devoted solely to elementary vals, probably 30 seconds to one minute apart. It is ob-
training, the total time required to attain superior ef- vious that the training of the searchlight battery should
ficiency (high-speed, high-altitude and multiple-plane be directed to meet such an attack once the efficiency
work) will amount to about ten weeks. If the battery of the personnel has been fully developed.
is composed largely of experienced men out of practic~, The specialized training required is almost entirely
the time can be shortened, not by cutting out part of the limited to light and locator commanders. With rapidly
program, but by the difference in the length of time re- changing situations in any part of the area, and ~o~-
quired to improve progressively. stantly varying between different parts of the are~, 1: IS
During the initial stages, the greatest efficiency will be unwise to place complete dependence for the functlOnmg
attained by working with a plane Hying with running of the lights and locators upon a communications system.
lights. Each member performs his own operations to the Further, one commander cannot be expected to handle
best of his ability with complete disregard of results. all siruations and make the split second decisions neces-
The attention of officers and non~ommissioned officers is sary, (especially when several a.re req~ired at the s~me
devoted to supervision and instruction. The plane should time). A separate commander IS reqUired at each light
fly a circular course at an altitude of from 4,000 to 7,000 and locator. It is impossible to get out all the messages
feet, occasionally cutting across the circle and reversing necessary in the time available. Decentralization of con-
the direction of rotation. For better supervision in this trol to the greatest possible extent is the ultimate goal.
preliminary training the light locator sections should be The platoon commander should exercise only general
located within a few hundred yards of each other. supervision, ordering changes of targets when a target
There is no such thing as being "close," or "pretty maneuvers off the usual course, assigning a suitable target
good," when shooting with searchlights. There are no to a light and locator which happens to be disengage~ at
sevens, eights or nines; only bullseyes and misses. A the moment and whose commander appears to be makmg
beam may have been close to the target throughout its a faulty choice, putting lights into action and out. when
course but might as well have been a mile away if it unusual siruations dictate or other reasons make It nec.
fails to make an actual flick. - essary, but otherwise interfering as little as possible. Ex-
No gambling should be done with half-way methods. cept when unusual situation: a:ise, smoother, more effec-
If the training rests upon fundamentals, thoroughly in- tive, more dependable functlOnmg can be expected undel
CilIated, results are bound to follow. Because of the fact the conditions of "Light and Locator Commanders' f:c-
that progress in work against unlighted planes cannot tion," with no interference from the C.P., after the tram-
easily be determined, the battery will appear to whip ing of light and locator commanders has reached the nec
1936 TRAINING OF THE AA SEARCHLIGHT BATTERY 193
essary stage. For this reason, if it is possible to lay only of picking up a succeeding target would be lessened.
.:l part of the telephone net under a given service con- The danger of incurring fatal delay is aggravated by the
dition, it should include the lines from the outposts to lack of a fast traversing mechanism in both light and lo-
the forward lights. In actual service,with properly trained cator. If the first target be tracked too far in azimuth, or
light and locator commanders, communication with c.P. overhead in elevation, an undue length of time is re-
O\"erthe command net can be better spared than can the quired to return to the proper direction for succeeding
outposts' intelligence information. targets.
The locator's work is especially adapted to automatic The rear lights should go into action on their locator
functioning. The locator commander should be trained data in the atrempt to make the original pickup. They
to track a target only until it is picked up by another should pick up targets in the beams of the adjacent for-
light, then to change target without command by re- ward lights but should carry such targets only to the
turning to the search of his sector, or, if no planes should approximate bomb release line; in no case longer than 9
be in that sector, then to any adjacent sector where seconds of continuous illumination. If the forward light
planes are reported or heard. If the target being tracked has, by the end of the go-second period, picked up a
is not picked up by the time it crossesthe forward line of succeeding target, the rear light should drop the first to
lights, the locators should not continue to follow it if relieve the forward light. If the forward light has not
by so doing they risk losing a closely following second picked up a following target the rear light should im-
target. That is, it would be better to give up the first mediately be referred to its own data so that it may aid
rather than risk losing both first and second through a in the pick up. If it is definitely known that there are
desperate attempt to get a late pickup on the first. Prac- no succeeding targets there is no objection to the rear
tically all work of locator commanders is best handled lights' carrying its target beyond the go-second period.
entir~ly without outside control, each searching his own The crux of the operation is in the necessity of the
sector,or picking up other targets if there be no~e in his rear light dropping the first target at the proper time to
own sector. relieve the forward light of the second target in time for
Although it will be best to allow the light commander the next succeeding target to be picked up. Time should
to go into action on his own judgment and initiative, if be kept by the rear light commanders, who should not
desired he may originally go into action upon command be interfered with except in an emergency.
from the c.P. If, however, the command should be de- The go-second period of illumination is sufficient to
layed, he should go into action on an approaching target place effective fire on a target under normal conditions.
when its elevation is about 4°0, or- the range is about This period cannot be shortened to less than one minute
3,000 to 5,000 yards. If the range is too long, the risk of without detriment. If succeeding targets should follow at
losingthe target through inability to see flicks, or because intervals as short as 30 seconds, one minute will be close
of maneuver during the long prediction period, more than to the maximum period of illumination that can be
offsets the slight advantage of the chance long range given each target with only two rings of lights.
pickup. The successful handling of at least three targets, fol-
If tracking a distant crossing target approaching an lowing at intervals of 30 seconds, by one forward and
adjacent light, he should go into action with the nearest one rear light is necessary to demonstrate that the opera-
light, even though the elevation may be quite low. Once tion can be repeated continuously. Once functioning,
pickedup, the forward light passes the target to the rear the system will work for an indefinite number of planes
light, continuing to carry it at least until the rear light attacking in column of single planes at intervals of one
has it definitely in its beam. The forward light then minute or greater, and possibly for somewhat shorter
changes target, provided the succeeding target is then intervals. This is based on results attained in the three
close enough, (3,000-5,000 yards or 40 degrees eleva- advanced practices of Battery "A" held in October 1935.
tion). If the succeeding target has not yet come within The conclusion has been reached as a result of these
range, the forward light should continue to carry the advanced practices that two such attacks within a platoon
first, or it should go out of action until a second target sector, one on each of two routes at the same time, can be
becomes available. These tactics are designed to give handled successfully. Attack on three such routes at the
quick pickups at ranges where they are possible, and to same time, at intervals of one minute or less, must ob-
obviate the service condition of a distant target dodging viously result either in the missing of some of the planes
the beam when the range is too great. on one of the routes, or in reducing the period of il-
The forward lights (and their locators) should not lumination of each target below the minimum, since,
track any target which has not been picked up by then, with the five-light platoon, the center forward light does
past the forward line of lights, if in doing so the chance not have a rear light to which it can pass targets.

WITHOUT WAR, inferior or decaying races would easily choke the growth of healthy,
llUdding elements, and a universal decadence would follow.-vo~ BERNHARDI.
 A Practical Im.provised Radio Truck
By LIEUTENANT E. KEELER,JR., C.A.C.
GEORGE

Front end of huck Body

A
RADIO TRUCK recently devised for use with
the ~th c.A. (AA) Fort Crockett, Texas, has
several unique features that may be of interest to
the service, since no radio truck is provided for use with Be 122 Be J37 B
motorized regiments.
The truck used is a 2;h ton Dodge cargo. The ap-
"Transmitter ReCClivfl:T .Battery
pearance of the vehicle is in no way changed, and it was
necessary to make only one very small hole in the truck
body to run a ground wire to the frame of the chassis.
The arrangement of the interior of the truck is shown Op Clyo.:t.O-r s
on the accompanying sketch. The transmitter and the re- Band"
ceiver of the radio set (S.c.R. 136) are cushioned by
rubber blocks and mounted on a bench attached to the \2 vot\. Bulb TOY' liSh-ting
front of the truck body. The tool chest and the gas .l;i
from truck storo...ge
engine-driven generator are securely anchored to ~he bcLt.te'Y"t
truck body. The antenna, an inside loop arrangement of
420 feet of W-29 wire, is carried on insulators attached I-
0
to the wooden bows. Spark suppressors are used on the
truck and gas engine generator. 0
1i.I- 0
.
~
The truck conversion was easily and ineXpensively ."
c:J C -0
c:J
Q: t:I
made. All materials used were procured locally, without (!)
t;I" ~
I
cost, with the exception of the spark suppressors. The "'t1
C I:J -l -0'
s:
0 c U
method of mounting is compact and neat in appearance. '07
0
-l'> I
If necessary the installation can be removed easily and -t; J::
W
C -..! ~ ~
quickly.. f.:i Q}
c.. Cll c:J

During the six months since the 69th began experi- ~ E

Q..
0)
c::5
-0 E0-
menting with this truck it has had a variety of tests. Its -0 '5
Cb "0 '5
0-
LJJ
.r
~ F?- uJ
use at the Leon Springs Military Reservation while the
regiment maneuvered with the 2nd Division in October,
1935, proved that rough going and cross country work Bszar
had no deleterious effect on the efficient operation of the Interior arrangement of truck.
set.
On March 3, 1916, a two-way transmitting and re- communicating with an airplane by voice. Signals were
ceiving (IC and ICW) test was made between the truck stillclear and distinctwhen the plane reached 3,000 feet
and a fixed station at Fort Crockett. For this test the altitude and was 25 miles away.
fixed station was equipped with a B.C. 127 transmitter This method of using radio equipment now issued to
and B.C. 137 receiver, the antenna was of the 2-wire motorized units has many advantages. With the standard
crow-foot type, 28 feet high, with counterpoise. The equipment thus mounted, one man can operate the radio
radio truck was in motion during the entire test, running section. Inclement weather has no effect on the func-
at a speed of 25 miles per hour between Fort Crockett tioning of the set,when mounted on a truck the effect
and the Municipal Airport, Houston, a distance of about of ground dampness on oscillationis eliminated. The
50 miles. No difficulty was experienced in either sending time necessary for setting up a field antenna is saved.
or receiving while the truck was in motion. The signal The inside antenna has a non-directional effect. Radio
strength as reported by the fixed station at Fort Crockett communication is available at all times on the march,
was R5 until the Airport was reached; then, while the and this brings up to the possibility of convoy control
truck was parked between two hangers the strength was by radio with present radio equipment.
reported as R4. Transmitting on 650 K. C. the radiation To Staff Sergeant Raphael Meyerson, ~th c.A., be-
was 2.5 amperes; on 450 K.C. it was I.l5 amperes. In longs the credit for devising and constructing this system
another two-way test, the set gave excellent results in of mounting radio equipment ..
Em.ergency Methods of Fire Control
Part. V
ByMAJOR JAMES T. CAMPBELL, CA.C

aF battery is able to fire with no more information may be made in the data at any time before they are sent

I than it can get from a single, poorly situated, and out. Hit-bag dispersion, with one 'probable error equal
poorly equipped observing station, that battery can to one per cent, gives the necessary scattering of shots.
go a long way toward meeting emergencies. It will be The methods used will work equally well with either
able to fire before it has had time to set up its normal Case II or Case 1II pointing.
range finding system. It will continue to fire when its In figure I the range and azimuth of any point on the
regularsystem gives poor results or fails completely. The plot are the range and azimuth of that point from the
key men in that battery will have a more comprehensive observing station; to determine its range and azimuth
understanding of the devices employed in standard pro- from the directing point of the battery, relocation is nec-
cedure, and will know how to make modifications if essary. On the r ro ° board, this plot would .have been
necessary. drawn according to readings on the station arm, and the
The question of how much information a single sta- relocation would have been made by reading on the gun
non can furnish is, in itself, a topic big enough for arm. Actually it was plotted on the Cloke board accord-
separatediscussion, but that discussion will have to wait ing to readings on the relocating arm. Relocation was
until we have a better idea of what is needed. When made by the offset method, described briefly as follows:
forced to employ an emergency method of fire control To find the range and azimuth from the directing point,
the best plan is to make a few assumptions and then go G, to any given point, P, bring the fiducial edge of the
ahead. Assume that the station is equipped with the plotting arm to point P, set the rider so that its tip
usual azimuth insttuments, one for the observer and one touches point P, move the oriented platen to the rider,
for the spotter, and a time-interval bell in working con- and read the required data from the relocating arm, op-
dition. If the station has a reasonable height of site, it posite the mark on the platen representing point G.
will be able to furnish the following data: The azimuth of the line from the directing point to
( I) An estimate of the range to the target. the observing station is 5,848 mils; the distance is 447
(2) An estimate of the direction of movement of yards. If the pl0t were made on the 1I0 board, the gun
0

the target, in terms of the angle between the keel-line arm center would be 200 yards forward and 400 yards to
of the ship and the observer-target line. the right of the station arm center when the plot is
(3) An accurate measurement of the azimuth of the viewed as the reader sees it in the figure. On the Cloke
observer-targetline at each time interval. board, viewed from the same relative position, the mark
on the platen representing the directing point is 200
(4) Reasonably accurate measurement of lateral devia-
yards downward and 400 yards to the left of the center
tions, in angular units.
of the platen.
(5) Sensings of range deviations, subject to the fol-
lowingconditions: These preliminary remarks should be sufficient to
orient the reader in the illustrative problem. As soon as
a. Shots not in line with any part of the target can-
the observer identified the target, he gave his estimates
not be sensed for range.
of range and target angle-8,ooo yards, 60 degrees,
b. Shots in line with some part of the target and
coming in frem right to left. On the next time-interval
short can be sensed as short.
bell, the reader reported the azimuth to the plotting
c. Shots in line with the target and over will be
room-r7~ mils. The plotter located the point corres-
lost.
ponding to this aziJ?1uthand the estimated range. (Point
d. Some of the shots that hit the target will be ob- A, figure r). For the purpose of this discussion, the
served as hits, while others will be lost. time intervals are numbered consecutively, for each
The situation selected for the development of the il- twenty seconds, labeling the first observation, time r. A
ustrative problem is one in which the observing station line was dr21wnthrough point A, making an angle of 60
s dose to the guns. The case in which there is a con- degrees with the observer-target line, to represent the
:iderable distance between the guns and the observing reported movement of the target. On time 2, the ob-
ration will be dealt with later. The battery used in this served azimuth was 1778 mils. The armsetter brought
)roblem has four 155 mm. guns; the time interval is the relocating ann to this azimuth and the plotter, using
wenty seconds; the firing interval is twenty seconds; his targ, plotted the point B at this azimuth and ~>n the
lnd the dead time is forty sec0!1ds. Firing data are sent line representing the reported course. Points A and B
a the guns twenty seconds before firing, and corrections established the rate of travel, which was used in predict-
196 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL AfaY-Julle

l I

Figur~ I.

ing the firing data for the salvo fired on time 4' In the two shots in the ranging salvos, and wonders whether
figure, all plotted points are identified by short marks the number should not be increased to four. A lost shor
drawn downward and marked occasio,nally with the would be interpreted as an over, therefore increasing the
number of the bell on which the observation was made. number of shots increases the reliability of the spotter's
All setforward points are identified by short upward reports.
marks, numbered according to the time interval on which It might be difficult to find a satisfactory way to make
the data taken from them were good for firing. The first accurately these first groping corrections. Fortunately,
setforward point is marked C. this is not necessary, and no refinement is justified be-
The range and azimuth of the setforward point, C, yond what can be made by estimate on the plotting board.
from the directing point, was determined by the relocat- The plotting arm is brought up to the setforward point,
ing method previously desctibed. Ballistic corrections as before, but the rider, instead of being set at that point.
were applied to these data, and the resulting firing data is moved along the arm a distance corresponding to the
were sent to the guns immediately after the bell on time desired correction. When the platen is then moved to the
3. A two-gun salvo that was fired on time 4, fell just rider, the range read from the relocating arm includes the
before time 5, and was reported left 3 mils, both short. adjustment correction. With the correction made in this
A correction of right 3 mils, applied to the firing data, way, the relocation is correct and the range correction does
is not exactly equivalent to right 3 mils as viewed from not throw the shot off the observer-targetline. A mark on
the station, but, with a comparatively short distance the plotting board, at the tip of the rider, records the
separating the guns on the station, the difference is correction for use after the bracket is found. In figure I;
negligible. D, E, and F are marks of this kind.
The spotting indicated that the range was short, but The time of flight was about twenty seconds. The
the amount could not be determined. The adjustment interval between the first and second salvos was sixtY
correction therefore would .depend upon the probable seconds, to allow time for the correction that was made
error of the estimated range, and this, in turn, depended after the first shot. It was known beforehand that after
very largely upon the height of the station and the skill each salvo the correction would be increased until the tar-
of the observer. Assume that these things had been get was crossed, and that it would not be necessary to
considered beforehand and that the decision was to in- delay firing while waiting for spotting. The interval
crease the range in increments of 1,000 yards until the between salvos was increased to forty seconds so that nO
target was crossed. Here one sees the necessity for firing unnecessary salvo would be fired after the target had
1936 EMERGENCY METHODS OF FIRE CONTROL-PART V 197
been crossed. It takes a little over twenty seconds to down one fork--or four per cent-from the normal cor-
make a correction, but it takes almost no time to order rection, 300, used in firing the earlier salvos). The fifth
C~aseFiring. salvo was already in the air, but the relay saved the salvo
Salvoswere fired on the data taken from points D and that would have been fired on time 18. The fifth salvo
E. The first of these salvos was spotted right 2, both was reported LLLL, but gave no further information.
short. The second was spotted both lost. Since overs The range officermarked each setforward point on the
couldnot be observed, this salvo indicated that the target plotter's course with a symbol to show what happened
had been crossed. While the guns were laid on the data to the salvo fired on the data taken from that point.
taken from point F, the order to cease firing was given. Above the setforward point for time 13, he drew a short
The salvo that completed the bracket was fired on time horizontal line to show that the salvo fired on that point
9 and spotted on time roo The course was immediately gave a preponderance of overs. Around the point for
shifted so that it would pass about half way between time 14, he drew a triangle to indicate that the range to
points D and E, since these points indicated the data this point appeared to be correct. Above each of the
that gave the bracket. The azimuth observed on time 10 setforward points for times IS, 16, and 17, he drew an
was again set on the board and marked on the new arrow pointing upward to show that these salvos were
course. The azimuth observed on time I I established definitely over. He marked the setforward point for time
the rate of travel along this new course, enabling the 18 with an R to show that this salvo was relaid.
plotter to locate the setforward point for firing on time When the data for time 19 went out to the guns, the
I} range officerknew that it included a down correction of
On time 13 the battery opened fire at the rate of one four per cent or 330 yards. He therefore marked point
2

salvoevery twenty seconds, four shots per salvo. This G on the plotting board, 330 yards short of the setforward
increasein the rate of fire may be questioned; if so it point for time 19, to indicate the data on which that
can be defended. If the battery had not had the good salvo would be fired. He could not use his percentage
luck to get a straddle on the first salvo--it was reported corrector to give him an "improved range," as he would
right I, SLLU-and had been forced to search further in the method given in the preceding article of this series,
forthe range, there would probably have been a waste of because the percentage corrector carried gun ranges while
ammunition. On the other hand, time was passing and he was interested in ranges from the station.
the target was not stationary. It was known that the When the spotting on the sixth salvo, time 19, came
rangewas almost correct, so that there was some chance in-right I, SSSL--he drew a short horizontal line
of hitting. Also, the larger the number of shots, the under point G and decided upon an immediate change
more reliable is the information derived from them. in the direction of the course. He selected the line HI as
Regardlessof whether the increased rate is right or wrong the most likely course.
in ~heory, the results in this particular case justified the As soon as the plotter finished his prediction for time 22,
action. based on the plotted point for time 20, the range officer
After the first salvo (SLLL), the range officerdecided drew a line through the last plotted point (time 20)
to await developments. He made no correction. The parallel to line HI, instructed the plotter to make his
next two salvoswere: predictions along the new line, and ordered a new adjusr-
Salvo 2 Line SSLL ment correction of 267 (down 3,3 per cent) to take care
Salvo 3 Lost LLLL of the displacement of the plotter's new <;:oursefrom the
line HI.
The second salvo justified the decision to wait, but the The next three salvosfell:
third gave a sharp warning. At this point the range
officermight have used the over-short rule to get a range Salvo7 R2 HLLL
correction,but he was more concerned with the direction Salvo 8 RI SLLL
of the course than he was with trifling changes in the Salvo9 RI HLLL
range correction. He knew that if the target slipped out While he kept a record of these salvos on the plotting
of the hitting area so quickly after a straddle and a board, the range officerknew that his recent change in
bracketing salvo, he would have to make a drastic change course and correction had not had time to take effect, so
in range to find it again. To be certain he decided to he took no action on them. Three more salvos:
wait for one more salvo.
Salvo ro L3 SSSL
Salvo 4 Lost LLLL Salvo I I L1 HSSS
This was the signal for action. He gave the command, Salvo 12 L3 SSSL
~elay, and ordered the correction 260. (This correction
Is given in reference numbers and indicates a change of The correction called for by the over-short adjustment
rule, up 1.4 per cent, was ~pplied, making the net cor-
I In reporting sensings the lateral deviation is that of the center

of impact of all shots that are seen; when all are lost the lateral 2A correction of 260 was ordered. Each unit in the reference
deviation is lost. For example: Salvo No.7 was reported RZ- number is equal to one-tenth of one per cent of the range, there-
BLLL - decoded this means Right 2 mils. one hit. three lost. fore, forty units is equal to four per cent. Four per cent of the
U-SSSL means Left 3 mils, three short and one lost. range at this point on the course is approximately 330 yards.
198 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-Juru

Figure 2.

rection 281. The next two salvos were fired before this Figure 2 shows how the actual course of the target
correction could get into the data: compares with that used by the plotter. It also shows
Salvo 13 L3 SSL the course which, together with the ballistic corrections
Salvo 14 LI HSSL that were used by the battery, would have kept the
center of dispersion on the target. This is labeled Bal-
If these salvos are considered together with the three pre-
listic Course. The rows of small circles show the results
ceding the over-short rule calls for up one per cent. This
of adding adjustment corrections to the data read from
checks the change already ordered as closely as might be
the plotter's course. The whole process of adjustment
desired.
was an effort to make these circles lie on the ballistic
Beyond this point the shoot is without incident. The
course.
next four salvos gave five hits, four shorts, and seven
overs. The three salvos after that gave one hit, five On the whole, this battery has done almost as well
shorts, and six.overs. No correction was indicated. The without range finding as it could have done with it. It
last four salvos gave three hits and thirteen shorts. If the found the target by changes in range. When it had
firing had been continued, the range officermight have found the range at two points along the course, reason-
made a change in the direction of the course; he probably ably spaced in time, it was able to work out the rate of
would have made a simple change in the range correc- change of range. That was about all the standard system
tion; he would be justified in doing either. could have furnished.

THE APPLICATION OF THE GOLDEN RULE

*
to international affairs is a worthy goal, but
unfortunately nations are just as self-centered and just as sensitive to opposition as are
individuals that compose them.--CAPTAIN A. T. BEAURGARD, U. S. NAVY.
 Vivisection of the 2Slst C. A.
By MAJOR GEORGE e. McFARLAND, e.A.e.
HENEVER an individual or a team wins a All these schools are conducted outside of drill periods,

W place in the sun, that individual or team is

placed on the operating table and dissected to
find out what "makes the wheels go round." Training
are voluntarily attended, and the attendance is 100~~.
There is a very close liaison between the officers of the
regiment and the Reserve officers in this locality. Week-
methods used by the coaches and trainers are studied in ly luncheons given by the latter are attended by a ma-
an effort to find a better way to build up other teams. jority of the officers of the 251st. Some Reserve officers
Tactics and strategy are analyzed as well as the make-up faithfully attend regimental drills; included in this group
of the individual members of the team. It is only natural are Coast Artillery, Infantry, Field Artillerv, Ordnance
to strive for improvement-usually this can be accom- and Quartermast~r officers.. The problems ~f each com-
plished by an intensive study of the success or failure ponent are thoroughly understood by the others.
of others. The 251st Coast Artillery, having been At intervals of three months there is an inter-battery
awarded the Coast Artillery Association Trophy, is now competition. This covers close order drill, manual of
on the operating table; ether has been administered and arms, dissembling and assembling the service pistol,
,the surgeon is ready to proceed. mal}ing and adjusting packs, display of equipment, and
To all outward appearances the patient looks much the first aid. In the squad drill one squad from each organi-
same as all other patients, except that he is smaller in zation is drilled for five minutes, each squad independ-
stature, which is not his fault. He has used every ently executing each command. All other events have
known tonic in attempts to grow to full size. Soon he two entries per organization, one aN. C. O. and the
expects to gain weight by adding a Headquarters Bat- other a private first class or private. The battery repre-
tery, a Gun Battery and 2nd Battalion Headquarters. sentative in the manual of arms is determined by elimina-
After these additions he will need two machine-gun bat- tion. In the preparation of packs, display of equipment
teriesand.a gun battery to attain full stature; it is hoped and first aid a maximum time of five minutes is allowed.
that the National Guard Bureau can prescribe the proper The entire program requires one hour. This is followed
diet to bring about the desired growth. by dancing or other social entertainment. No man is
I As to personnel, the 251st probably is not much dif- allowed to compete a second time until the entire roster
ferent from any other Coast Artillery Regiment, except of the battery is exhausted and then he cannot enter an
in one particular: there is no recruiting problem; in fact event in which he has competed previously. This type
thereis a Battery "X," composed of applicants for enlist- of competition develops and brings to the surface the
ment who faithfully attend drills and undergo instruc- best qualities in men. After this competition has been
tion without pay, each one hoping there might be a held a few times, each battery has a number of men
vacancy and that he might be selected for enlistment. qualified to act as instructors "in each subject. Interest
This condition results from the untiring effort on the in these competitions is very keen and the competitive
part of officers and men to make the work of this regi- spirit runs at a high pitch.
ment interesting and instructive. On drill nights the noncommissioned officers of each
Three schools are conducted within the regiment; viz: battery get together for supper; the cost of this meal is
kept low, usually from 25 to 30 cents. After mess certain
(I) An officers' school conducted by the Instructor, in
which officers present individual subjects assigned in N. e. O's are called upon for short talks on some military
advance, with no officerexempt. subject. The drill schedule for that night is then out-
(2) An officer-candidateschool conducted by designated lined and all questions settled prior to assembly.
officersof the regiment, open to candidates for com- Every possible contingency was studied and everything
mission. Admission to this school is based on an en-
trance examination which includes algebra, trigonome- possible was done prior to camp. A plot drawn to scale
try, U. S. histcry, and composition. Complete records was made of the camp site; on this each tent was located.
are kept on each student. The course includes class Kitchen sites were selected and piped for gas; field ranges
work and home work; it is difficultenough to require were modified by installing a baffle plate to accommo-
study, energy and determination on the part of the date them to this kind of fuel. Prior to departure each
candidate. Extreme care is taken in the selection of
officers. The candidate must qualify not only in mili-
officer was thoroughly familiar with every detail of the
tary matters, J.,ut also as a promising member of the camp layout and there was no necessity to ask questions
community, ahd equal to the standard of the other offi- after arrival. The gun positions were selected, base lines
cers in the regiment; he must believe in the National surveyed and all arrangements made to emplace the guns
Guard to the extent that he is willing, yes even eager. and be ready to function with the mimimum delay.
to give up many hours in addition to the regular drill
periods. During the armory training period all necessary charts,
(3) The regular extension school course is open to both such as trial shot charts for the guns, fire control charts
officersand enlisted men. for the machine guns and target courses for use of the
200 THE COAST ARTILLERY ]OUfu'\JAL May- flint

Air Corps, were prepared. The trial shot chartS varied observers could be trained and their observations checked.
from the normal, m that the horizontal and vertical pro- This device was designed and built by 2d Lieutenalll
jections were superimposed and mil scales were used in- M .. H. \Vest and proved invaluable in training the record
stead of lines. A correction chan was made for the guns, section.
which tied together the three deviations (lateral-vertical- For the machine guns a plotting board was madt
and range) and gave a correction in altitude. Officers utilizing a I,ooo-yard base line and a Io-second observ.
were thoroughly drilled on hypothetical trial shot and ing interval. By plotting the target for 10 seconds befor~
adjustment problems. The record section was drilled on it entered the field of fire and extending its couts(
a device which operated as follows: through the field, ranges were determined and from
Representation of a sleeve target was painted on a section them lateral and vertical leads for opening fire. After
of cloth stretched on a frame, to which was attached fire was opened adjustment was by tracer. As a result of
roller skates, so that it could be moved easily across the this method only very small adjustments were necessary.
armory floor. A variable "V" with one leg numbered After the record firing was completed two courses were
and the other lettered had a flashlight bulb at the apex. fired (without tracers) using initial leads throughout. i
Two contacts each connected to battery terminal were
placed in rear of the cloth so that when the legs of the
The target was shot down on the second course, and
found to have approximately the same number of holes,
I
"V" touched them an electric circuit was formed and the pr?portionate to the number of rounds fired, as when
light Bashed. By varying positions of the legs of the usmg tracers.
"V" and recording the letters and numbers on the legs, The searchlight battery employed no new or unusual
methods but concentrated on long hours of training for
the listeners, utilizing the gun target plane during day.
time and their own plane at night.
In preparation for and during the summer training
period the regiment had the full cooperation of all offi.
cials of the city and county of Ventura. We attribute I
our success in target practice to the fact that we were pre-
pared; preparedness being the foundation upon which
our military structure is built.
All the personnel fully understand that the regiment
will have keener competition each year. They herehl'
serve notice that they are not content to rest on laureh
already won and that they will go after the coveted
trophy with renewed energy and a determination ro
again be designated as the outstanding Coast Artillery
regiment in the National Guard.

PRESENTATION OF THE TROPHY

In the beautiful setting of the Organ Amphitheater at

the San Diego Exposition grounds, on the afternoon of
April 25, Major General Paul B. Malone, Commanding
the IX Corps Area, officially presented the Coast Artil.
lery Association Trophy to the 25 Ist CA. Prior to this
General Malone had been received with full militar:'
honors and escorted by the 251st to the Amphitheater.
In the receiving parry were General H. H. Morehead
(former Commanding Officer of the 251st and noW
State Adjutant General), Colonel John H. Sherman,
Commanding Officer of the 251st, Mr. Frank G. Belcher.
President of the EXposition, Colonel Hercourt Hervey,
Commandin~ Officer 100th In£., Calif. N. G., Brigadie.r
General Walter P. Story, Commanding the &th Bo-
gade, Calif. N. G., Major Stanley F. Griswold, U.S.
Top: ~fajor General Paul B. ~falone presenting the Coast Artil- A., and many other dignataries of the Army, Navy and
lery Association Trophy to the 251st CA. Left to right-Gen.
Malone; Brig. Gen. H. H. ~forehead, Adjutant General. Cali- the Municipal Government of San Diego.
fornia N.G.; Col. John H. Sherman. Commanding 251st CA.; After the introductory remarks of welcome General
Mr. Sgt. R. H. Neff, 251st CA.; Col. Hercourt Hen'ey. Com-
manding l60th Inf., Calif. K.G.; Brig. Gen. Walter P. Story, Malone, in a memorable address, officially presented the
Commanding 80th Brigade, Calif. ~.G. Trophy to Colonel Sherman. In this he pointed out the
BOTTOM:Escort of General ).falone's car and troops of the 251st
CA. marching to the amphitheater for the presentation. part played by the National Guard in our scheme of
1936 AN ANTIAIRCRAFT DATA TABLE 201

OFFICF..RS OFTHE 25lsT C.A., CAUF, KG.: Front Row, left to right: ~[aj. G. C. ~[cFarland, Instructor; Capt. F. H. Awes: Capt. J.
B. Willey; Capt. C. L. Randall; }.[aj. F. B. Haines: Capt. ~[, A. Herbert: Capt. E. H. Depew; Lt. CO!. J. H. Sherman; CO!. J. T.
Geary, N.G. Officer, 9th C.A.; Brig. Gen. H. H. }.[orehead, A.G., Calif. X.G.: ~laj. J. D. ~lad[ullen. Inspector; ~[aj. Paul Ingebret-
sen; Maj. G. W. Oertly: Capt. C. R. Bauer; ~[aj. E. G. Colby; Capt. H. A. Wood; Capt. R. C. Wueste. Back Row: Maj. L. D.
Farnsworth. Inspector; Capt. C. R. Ogden: Lt. Vivian Rapp; Lt. C. V. Fry; Lt. E. }.[, Kananen; Lt. B. Kearney; Lt. S. L. McIn.
tire; Lt. A. Long; Lt. J. D. Condit; Lt. L. A. ~[ilz: Lt. ]. V. Long: Lt. W. H. 1fcKinley; Lt. V. J. Brustkern: Lt. H. Buehl; Lt.
L. S. Unkrich; Capt. H. J. Lovejoy.

Defense and especially complimented and congratulated personnel of the 25 Ist were seated at one table, as special
the 25Ist on its outstanding performance and general guests of the Chamber. Other guests included repre-
excellence, calling special attention to the fact that the sentatives from the Army, Navy, civic bodies and other
trophy had been won in the keenest kind of competition distinguished civilians. General }.{alone was again the
from the entire Coast Artillery National Guard, an principal speaker of the occasion.
achievement in which each and every member of the
April 25, 1935, will long remain a red letter day in the
regiment could take great pride. He expressed himself annals of the 25Ist CA. It marks the culmination of a
as being proud of the fact that the 25 Ist is a part of his long upward struggle to reach the pinnacle of success
command.
in their avocation on the part of busy men, faced witlr
After the presentation ceremonies the regiment, in the necessity oreaming a livelihood, who have not lost
mass formation, took part in the retreat ceremony of a sight of the necessity for adequate preparedness and arc
Provisional Company of the 30th Infantry now stationed willing to give unstintingly of their time and talents to
in the Exposition grounds. In the evening the officers of the end that this nation may be better prepared to de-
the 25Ist were honored at a stag dinner given by the fe~d its honor and uphold its prestige should the occasion
Chamber of Commerce of San Diego. The entire officer anse.

An Antiaircraft Data Table

By CAPTAIN JOHN E. REIERSON, CA.C

T
HE antiaircraft data table, used in antiaircraft in- predicted future position of the target. Horizontal pro-
struction, is approximately eight feet long, three jections of the target positions also are represented by
feet wide and two and one-half feet high. These blocks.
dimensions give a convenient scale of I inch equals 100 A small pulley wheel is pinned to each corner of the
yards. Pieces of 2" x 4", two and one-half feet long, frame "A," the upper wheels running on the wire and
are attached to the rear legs by large screws. A section the lower on a track. The To blocks are attached to a
is cut from the corners of the table so that the outside metal strip "b" by screws and the assembly is supported
surface of the 2" x 4" is flush with the rear edge of the on the frame by pinning each block to its base. Holes
table top.
are drilled in the bases (metal strips "a" and "c") so as
A heavy wire, representing the course of the target, is to give To any desired position between Tl and Tp, or
attached to the top center of each upright. Any point the To assembly can be removed altogether when discuss-
on this wire may represent a trial shot point. This wire ing position finding by the later types of data computers.
sUpports a frame (see "A" in figure) on which are The positions Tl and To coincide in the latter as there is
target positions, represented by elliptical targets painted no "dead time" and, because of electrical transmission
on blocks, labeled Tl' To, and Tp• Tl is the position of there are no dead time angles. Either end block may
the target at the instant of observation, To is the position represent T p, thus giving courses left to right and right
of the' target at the instant the gun is fired and T p is the to left.
L02 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

wind, is placed at an)' desired point on the table. There

IS a screweye at either front corner of the table repre-
senting an observation station, (O~) also one at the !!Un
representing an 01 station. A point near the end of=>the
wir.e (course of target) is chosen as a trial shot point.
Strings from 01 and O~ represent lines of position to the
above point; their horizontal projections and the altitude
azimuth scales are provided for each station.
A round white cork, threaded on the wire trajectorv,
represents a burst or center of burst. The cork has' a
screweve, on its underside, for the attachment of strinas
A gun position is selected in the front center of the repres~nting hnes of position, their projections and al~i-
table. A heavy wire representing the trajectory and a tude. Graduated metal scales are threaded on the 01T
smaller wire representing a line passing through the and O~T lines of positIOn, making it possible to read
axis of the bore are soldered to the muzzle of a miniature angular deviations of the center of burst.
gun which is free to rotate. Rubber strips, 3/ I 6 inches A target frame is hinged to each upright, The left
wide (cut from an inner tube) are stretched from the frame "8" represents a receding target. A slide in the
carriage to each target position. A pin with aU-shaped upper member of the frame carries, on its underside,
head is used in the TIl block to support the wire repre- two ,labeled screweyes and one labeled pin (T Il) repre-
senting the trajectory. senting each of the three target positions. Weiahted
The targh assembly "A" is moved along the wire by strings passing through the several screweyes and pin
means of a small rope passing through a pulley attached represent the elements of data. If desired, tacks on the
to the lower end of one upright. This rope is given sev- underside of the slide may be used to attach strings to
eral turns around a small drum fastened to the leg just show angular pointing corrections. The slide moves in a
below the other upright. The free ends of this rope are grooved slot thereby demonstrating the changina posi-
fastened to the lower ends of short metal strips attached tions and variation of elements of data. An azimud1 scale
to the rear of each lower corner block, thus concealina the attached to the upright, just below the frame, shows the
• =>
ropes when observll1g the table. As the target frame azimuth of the course. The right frame "0" is similar
moves, the rubber strips stretch or contract and the ele- to the left in construction but shows a tawet comina
. d bb . => =>
ments entering into the computation of firing data are 111 an ru er StripS are used in place of strings. The
correctly represented. upper bases of these frames are araduated in angular
An azimuth scale at the gun shows the azimuth to heights similar to a trajectory char~.
any position of the target. A semicircular scale, gradu- In addition to showing practically all elements of data.
ated from zero, right or left, to 1,600 mils in the center, this t~ble is useful in position finding and gunnery in-
is attached to the lower Tp block; this shows the angle struction.
of approach at Tllo Another azimuth scale, with a mov- Its cost, aside from the table, was but a few cents as it
able pointer representing the direction of the ballistic was made from scrap materials.

/~ "'IRf
( ( R E

/AI.XAlE
'Organization of A. A. Machine Guns
By ?VfA)ORWILLARDW. IRVINE,C.A.C.

Nthe two preceding articles of this series, the ques-

I

I tion has been considered whether machine guns em-

ployed to defend the gun batteries and the search-
light batter)' should be an organic part of these units or
ALTITUDE OF BOMBER 3000fT.

should be included in the machine-gun battalion. In this

;micle other changes in the organization of the machine POSITION OF AIRPUNE ____
(Tunsof an antiaircraft regiment will be considered brieRy
/$'/A~:
b:' discussing two pertinent questions. J
/<3
r~~ 81
:::,
06JE.CTIVE I~" ~I
Is AN INCREASEIN THE FIRE POWER OF THE NfACHINF- 01"104.' I MilE 1335 YOS.

GUN BATTALIONNECESSARy?l
o
The increase in speed of airplanes within the past few
years has reduced the effectiveness of a machine-gun bat-
talion defending an objective against a bombardment at-
tack in the following ways: O. Dlsr",.,cE. , ... YA.R.O~ OF &0""& REL,E-.s.t Ut.4E F"O.()M, Ot..!ECTI'f[ l...ostll.OtfTAJ. O&STA.M{(
THE 00"'& n' ELS)
First: The period of time airplanes are under I1re has v' VELOCITY 0. PL"NE IN Y"ROSP£R sa. L • TIME Of F"u.. IN 5ECON05

been cut in half, reducing in the same proportion 5.ALTiTuDE OF ~JRPL"Nf IN FEET. 9 : 3~ 16 FEE T
t ~.l!!"• '\12. 3000 • 13.6 5ECON05
the number of hits that might be obtained. "-g 1 3Vb
O. VL • 20~::':t>0 • 136 "335 YD~[APPAOlL)
Second: It is more difficult to sec~lre hits on the faster
moving airplanes.
~ Third: Airplanes can drop bombs at a greater dis- The effectiveness of a single battalion of antiaircraft
tance from the objective, which forces part of the machine guns defending a typical rear area objective has
machine-gun defense co move farther away from not kept pace with the increase in speed of aviation,
the objective, thus spreading the same volume of principally because of difficulties of I1re control. These
I1re over a greater area. difficulties are explained, and a solution indicated, in an
The significance of the I1rst two effects is evident; only article emitled: "Notes on Amiaircraft Machine-Gun
the third will be explained. Fire Control" in the May-June, 1935, COAST ARTILLERY
Present tactical teaching locates machine guns 500 to JOURNALby Major General A. H. Sunderland, Chief of
1,000 yards from the objective which they defend/ ap- Coast Artillery, then President of the Coast Artillery
parently on the theory that it is necessary for airplanes to Board. He states that the number of hits made in ma-
I reach the objective before releasing their bombs.3 Ma- chine-gun target practices are few and that antiaircraft
chine guns should defend to an altitude of at least ).<)()() machine gunners fire without a standard sight and by a
~ feet (1,000 yards). An airplane bombing at this altitude method, aptly described as gunner's guesses, which gives
and flying at a speed of 200 miles per hour releases its unsatisfactory results. Progress may be expected, as this
bombs I ,335 yards from the objective as shown in the matter is being given particular attention by the Coast
accompanying figure.4 This being so, some machine guns Artillery Board as evidenced by the following note in the
should be located farther away from the objective than is January-February. 1936, COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL:
now contemplated. This extension of the defense reduces PROJECT No. I04~ANTIAIRCRAFT MACHINE-GUN FIRE
the supporting distance between the 12 fire units (pla- CONTROL MElliODS AND EQUIPMENT.-This test is the
toons of four guns) ~ of the machine-gun battalion, which Board's main effort for the immediate future. All plans
in turn reduces the number of rounds that can be I1red make way for a test next spring to include every scheme
for controlling machine gun fire that appears to present
on a particular formation of attacking airplanes.
any possibilities of being a success. A large part of the
'The antiaircraft machine-gun battalion has 48 caliber .50 ma- personnel of the Board, together with a fair percentage of
chine guns. organized into four batteries of 12 machine guns each. che personnel of the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay,
'Coast Artillery Field MCUlUal, Vol. II, Part One. paragraph will move to Fort Story early in March to attack the problem
162: "Machine guns are located on high ground within 500 to of blending materid and methods, in a search for the mosr
1;,000 yards of the object they are defending." effective means of destroying aerial targets by machine-gun
'CAFM, paragraph 66: "The fact that it is necessary for diving fire.
jombardment and low-flying attack aviation to arrive at the actual
lojective before releasing their bombs and the fact that the range
If the machine guns is short make it necessary that the machine
\Vhen a satisfactory sight and fire control system is

~~E~:r::
;~;~;:~:~:~;~~~;;:;::i~~~;:,
platOons-."
':,:::'i:: .
developed, the antiaircraft machine-gun battalion may
be sufficient for the protection of a rear area objective;
but, in the meantime, other measures of increasing its
effectiveness should be considered.

f
204 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-fM""
CANA MACHINE-GUNBAITALIONMAN 1-IoRE machine gun defense operates 24 hours a day, and.
MACHINEGUNS? therefore, reliefs should be provided. A reli~f is not ph)-
vided for the gun batteries or the searchh!?ht batttty.
An antiaircraft machine-gun battalion has 828 officers All antiaircraft artillery units depend upon timely infor_
and enlisted men and 48 machine guns; an average of
mation of approaching airplanes from aviation, from a
17 men per gun. A machine-gun squad of eight privates ground intelligence service, or other sources. For tbt:
and one corporal mans one machine gun.6 In a rear. area first year at least of any defensive war engaged in by
defense,7 this number is essential only under exceptiOnal this country, it is probable that all antiairc~aft artillt:ry
conditions, for example, when the supply of ammunition will be employed in rear areas, where surpnse by large
is difficult or the machine gun has to be carried some formations of airplanes is unlikely.
distance and go into position quickly. Ordinarily, occu- A machine-gun battery has 187 officers and enlisted
pation of position is deliberate and ammunition supply is men and 12 machine guns. A number of experienced
easy. Under these conditions it is probably practicable for machine-gun battery commanders were consulted as to
nine men to man two machine guns, since two men can the practicability of a battery manning twice as many
fire a machine gun during the short intermittent periods machine guns in rear areas. The consensus was that it
of time when it will be in action against airplanes. could be done and a majority favored the change.
The argument has been advanced that an antiaircraft CONCLUSION: An increase in the fire power of an
antiaircraft machine-gun battalion is desirable. One way
GThe Infantry propose to carry the same machine gun across
country and maintain water and ammunition supply with one less to accomplish this, and the one which appears most
man per squad. The Marine Corps use about 30 less men for a practical, is to man more machine guns with the same
battery armed with the same type and number of machine guns. personnel. The suitable number of machine guns could
7A rear' area is one not normally subject to attack by ground
troops, be determined by field tests.

May I Publish This?

By CAPTAINE. X. NOVITIATE
An author is asked to diffe-
"MAY I publish this?" is a question often asked rentiate between personal
the War Department. The answer is usually
"yes" with a warning that no reference can be ideas or opinions and offi-
made to the War Department's approval. The policy is
liberal; public and private disc~ssion on appropria~: oc-
cial pronouncements.
casions by officersof the Army, III support of the mIhtary
limits the extent to which he may, with propriety, make
policy of the United States as established by law, is not public presentations on political, diplomatic or confi-
only authorized but encouraged by the War Depart-
dential subjects and legal or administrative orders. Fur-
ment. (1)1
thermore, he should not make any statements which
A member of the military service may publish articles might tend to prejudice discipline or to involve high~r
on military subjects that are not prejudicial to discipline authority in controversy. (4) All public reference to po-
and that contain nothing of a secret or confidential na- vate or personal transactions between officers is pro-
ture. (2) 'Papers describing work of a general scienti~c hibited. (5) While official titles are prohibited in con-
or engineering nature may be presented ~efore ~ppropn- nection with commercial enterprises, (5) this does n~t
ate scientific or technical societies or publIshed III appro- mean that an officer is forbidden to use his title in indI-
priate publications, with the prior approval of the re- cating authorship of an article.
sponsible chief of arm or service. (3) By custom, the Although an author has followed regulations ,to the
above rules apply to platform and radio addresses, as well best of his ability, he may still doubt the propriety of
as to published papers, but permission to deliver an ad-
dress is requested but rarely.
publishing his manuscript and find i~ necessary :0 a:k
permission. If the article be of a techmcal nature, It WIll
The general rules outl!ned above a:e subj~ct to certain probably be submitted to a service journal. In such cases
restrictions. An author IS asked to dIfferentIate between the editor, acting for his chief (who is charged by Army
personal ideas or opinions, and official pronouncements. Regulations with the preservation of technical secr~ts
If a member of the Regular Army, his military status (6) and who is responsible for the propriety of mate?al
published in his journal), (7) is generally able to deCIde
'Numbers in parentheses refer to Army Regulations as follows:
(1) Paragraph 6, AR 600-10; (2) Para~raph 8. AR 310-10; whether publication is permissible. In doubtful ~asd,
(3) AR 850-25; (4) Paragraph 5, AR 600-700: (5) Paragraph the manuscript may be referred to the office of a chIef of
2 £1, AR 600-10: (6) Paragraph 4, AR 600-700; (7) Paragraph
10 b, AR 600-700; (8) Paragraph 7, AR 340-15. arm or service, to a board of officers (such as The lnfan-
1936 MAY I PUBLISH THIS? 205
tiT Board) to the commandant of a service school, or to endanger the national security; cause serious injury to the
The Adjutant General. interests or prestige of the nation, an individual, or some
Manuscripts received by The Adjuclllt General are governmental activity; or be of great advantage to a
transmitted to the Assistant Chief of Staff for Military foreign nation. It is evident that documents of this classi-
Intelligence, who directs their return by appropriate in- fication should be held down to the minimum essential
dorsement, after determining the propriety of publica- distribution on the one hand and scrupulously safe-
tion. If a manuscript does not fall witl1in those cate- guarded on the other.
gories that require approval, it is returned with a state- A confidential document, though not as important as
ment to that effect. No attempt is made to pass upon the secret variety, demands more than ordinary care. All
articles submitted by Reserve or National Guard officers papers classified as "secrets" or "confidential," except cor-
unless on active duty or in the federal service. respondence, are now to be accounted for by periodic re-
The foregoing remarks pertain to articles written by turns.
individuals. Official documents are subject to special re- The originator of a document should so phrase it as to
strictions. With respect to secrecy they are classified as permit the lowest possible classification in the scale. He
"secret," "confidential" and "restricted." At times these should also give careful consideration to the probable
terms have been used rather loosely in classifying docu- distribution of a document when assigning a classifi-
ments. T00 many papers were markd" e secret" or "con- cation. It is highly doubtful, for instance, whether any
fidential" that should have had a lower designation or document sent to twenty-odd CCC camps can be kept
none at all. This practice not only slows office procedure a secret. It is also unlikely that any "confidential" paper
but tends to bring about a disregard for the essential sent to every officer in a corps area will long remain so.
safeguards that should be applied. to really secret papers. lt should be remembered that Army Regulations state
According to regulations there are only a few classes that the contents of official communications will not be
of documents that must be marked "secret." These in- revealed except to those officially entitled to receive
clude war plans, defense projects, certain codes and them. (8) The addition of the mark "Restricted," which
ciphers, and papers pertaining to war-time movements of has been adopted to replace "For Official Use Only," is
troops. However, custom, or carelessness, stamps many desig-ned to protect a document from publicity.
a document """ secret or confidentIa . 1" t h at wou Id b e per- The technical details of new weapons and equipment
fectly harmless even if broadcast. The Navy, confronted are particularly difficult to keep secret. The terms
with the same situation, took positive action to correct it "secret," "confidential" and "restricted" are applied to
by requiring the signer of a secret paper to certify that specifications, drawings, and models of technical develop-
he considers it impossible to phrase the document in such ments. The fact that most of our new equipment is
a manner as to permit a classification other than secret. manufactured in private plants or at arsenals where ci-
Our regulations have restricted the authority to issue vilian workmen have access to the plans complicates the
"secret" documents to the higher echelons of the Army. problem of keeping information concerning it from leak-
A completely revised edition of AR 330-1), covering- ing out. Fortunately, the Espionage Act provides penal-
secret, confidential and restricted documents, has recently ties for the illegal disclosure of technical information re-
been issued. It would be well for every officerto familiar- lating to national defense irrespective of its actual classifi-
ize himself with these regulations, for the loss or com- cation as to secrecy, but even this safeguard does not al-
promise of a secret document may be a serious matter ways prevent foreign agents from obtaining it. However,
indeed. This becomes apparent once we realize that a the mere fact that leaks do occur should not engender
document is marked "secret" only when the information carelessness in observing the letter and spirit of the regu-
it contains is of such nature that its disclosure might lations designed to preserve our military secrets.

*
THERE MUST BE A NEW DEAL in Europe before any real armament limitations can take
place and it must be based on economic lines rather than on folk lines or present
nationallines.-COLONR. CHARLES G. 11ETTLER.
War at the County Fair
By CAPTAIN EDWARD F. ADAMS of their heads. No, there'd be no advantage in having it
Infantry automatically cover the face at that special moment.
Each man should resume firing immediately, as fire su-

I
Tis generally acknowledged that certain portions of periority is essential.
our training publications are a bit queer, but we re- "Yes, those tin hats were designed by Brass Hats," (1
fuse to become excited over that fact because we sus- considered his pun rather weak), "and the Brass Hats
pect that an entirely new set of ideas will supplant the in W ashingron write our training manuals. No, they
present ones at the outset of our next war. Nevertheless, seldom test their words of wisdom on their office floor at
I was deeply interested in the reactions of an acquaint- the State, War and Navy Building. Why certainly, if
ance who is positive our War Department is balmy. you can think of something better I'll gladly write the
He is a news reporter by profession. His military Secretary of War and explain your plan in detail."
knowledge was gleaned through two years of ROTC and As we left the grandstand my friend was visibly tense
six months of enlisted service in the Guard; in the latter with the fever of bartle, so as a precaution against shell-
he has risen to the grade of corporal. I recently watched shock I suggested another glass of beer. My first-aid
him instruct his squad in the art of advancing by short treatment was effective, but seeing that he was still wor-
rushes and he made an excellent job of it; in his demon- ried I led him off to visit the othltr Fair exhibits. He was
stration of how to drop to the ground at a run his impact mildly interested in the prize cow, the largest hog in the
with the armory floor shook the entire building. He has county and the champion onion, but he suffered a relapse
placed his training publications on a par with his Bible. when we reached the poultry show and waited for the
A few days ago I met him at the County Fair. He was blue-ribboned hen to settle down and lay het daily egg.
particularly interested in the paraphernalia of a Regular "If she were wearing a helmet" he remarked, ''I'd ex-
Army company which was encamped there to display the pect her to commence firing immediately. Fire superiority
usual models of trenches, wire entanglements and gas- is a necessity."
proof shelters. This company was scheduled to hold a When a man appeared with a portable table bearing
sham battle in front of the grandstand immediately fol- three walunt shells and a pea, and asked us to guess (for
lowing' the afternoon horse races, so I bought my news- fifty cents) under which shell the pea was hidden; my
gathering friend a glass of beer and was in turn invited to friend picked up a shell and asked me if a helmet of that
join him in the press box. shape wouldn't be an improvement.
The horse races were highly entertaining; the battle Later on, in the sanctity of the beer parlor, he at-
was more so. As the troops entered the field in a column tempted to fashion a helmet from a slice of cheese but
of squads, their gleaming bayonets and their steel helmets, was unable to settle upon a satisfactory model. Then he
all neatly cocked at the same saucy angle, drew loud ap- directed the bar-maid to bring a pencil and some paper,
plause. It was evident that the company had spent sev- and with the aid of another glass of beer Volume II,
eral weeks practicing for this particular battle. Each BFM, was amended as follows:
squad and section leader timed his arm signals by his "Being at a halt, quick time, double time, or running;
wrist watch, but the men were so well trained in their to LIE DOWN:
routine that signals were totally unnecessary. Each at- " (I) Raise the right hand above the head and place
tacker knew exactly how many blanks to fire before ris- same firmly on top of the steel helmet.
ing for his short rush. Each knew just how many steps " (2) Advance the left foot, turn it across the front of
to run before dodging onto a new course and then falling the body and kick aside any stones or debris found there.
to the ground to resume fire. "(3) Place the weight on the left foot, pivot 180 de-
The first time they fell to the ground their technique grees to the tight and fall to the ground, landing on the
was beautiful. However, one thing was plainly evident buttocks and breaking the fall with the bayonet scab-
to my press box host; viz, they had never before tried it bard.
while wearing steel helmets. The helmets persisted in "(4) Roll over and regain fire superiority."
rolling off and each attacker, before resuming fire, had EDITOR'S NOTE: The tin hat was copied from that of the British
to crawl forward from where he had fallen in order to re- Tommy. Could it be that our parade ground soldiers failed to.bor-
row the technique of wearing when they appropriated the model?
trieve his tin hat. A few sly warriors attempted to remedy The Tommy soon learned that the length of dangling leather
the situation by tightening their chin straps but the next was not a chin strap but a cranium surcingle. After all, the tin
rush proved this precaution insufficient. The tightened hat is heavy enough to be proof against blowing away, except in
a Florida hurricane, so need not be secured under the whiskers.
hats didn't roll off but the very tightest of them slid as Shortened and fitted snugly behind the bulge (if any) on the back
,far as the wearer's nose. of the skull, the strap does permit the wearer to flop to the ground
without losing the basin. Also,' your good soldier faces to the
My host demanded an explanation and I was foolish front, whence the bullets are supposed to come. With the strap in
enough to attempt one. "No, it's not a game they're reverse, a bullet can hit the helmet a healthy clunk without the
strap cutting the wearer's throat. This is just a practical sugges-
playing; the damned things are supposed to stay on top tion-take it or leave it.
 Forms of Attack That May Be Expected
Against Harbor Defenses and the Key-
note to Their Successful Repulse
By MAJORIRAB. HILL, e.A.e.

E in the Coast Artillery are particularly inter- guide us as to the worth of aircraft in coastal operations,

W ested in the types of attack that may be ex-

pected against fortified harbors, and in the de-
fensive measures that should be adopted to thwart these
for they have as yet played no big part therein. * '*' * We
do know, however, that the conditions under which thev
may have to act in the attack are not always favorable to
J

attacks. The most superficial consideration of the ques- the development of their full capacity. *** If, however,
tion makes it apparent that the defense of harbors is not it could be shown that a fleet and air force combined, un-
a problem to be handled entirely by the Coast Artillery. encumbered with an army and all its paraphenalia, would
COOperationby other arms, particularly the Navy and suffice, not indeed for the capture of the fortress, but for
the Air Corps, is absolutely essential. the fulfilment of the task most commonly involved,
Attacks against seacoasts may be classified as purely namely, the destruction of ships and establishments in
naval, or joint naval and military. Those classed as naval the harbor, the chances of effeCting surprise would be
will, for the most part, be clirected against the elements greatly enhanced, and operations of this nature might be
of a harbor defense. In this discussion we will consider undertaken far more readily. Such an issue might have a
only such a~tacks as might be made against a harbor de- profound effect on naval warfare because attacks of this
fense by any or all of the elements of a modern naval type, even if they failed to destroy the enemy's fleet,
force, to include attacks by naval vessels and aircraft would certainly force him to a radical alteration of his
either jointly or separately. Landing attacks will not be basic strategy."
considered, as it is believed that, except for small detach- With the great increase in recent years of air forces
ments, such attacks wiil not be attempted until the throughout the world, there is no doubt that harbor de-
harbor defense installations have been rendered impotent. fenses will be subjected to air attacks in the next war.
Surprise will be an essential element in this type of at-
The following represent the principal forms of attack
tack and measures for defense against it will devolve prin-
that might be directed against a harbor defense:
cipally upon the antiaircraft elements of the harbor de-
Aircraft attacks on the fortifications; on naval forces fense. Security measures in the form of naval offshore
within the harbor; on important establishmentsin or near
the harbor.. patrols and air patrols will be essential, and the operation
Bombardment by naval vessels of the fortifications; of of all of these components should be bound together by
navalforces within, entering, or leavingthe harbor; of im- an effective system of communications.
portant establishments in or near the harbor. Bombardment by naval vessels, as an independent op-
Mine laying off the entrance to the harbor, or in the eration, probably would be attempted only as a recon-
channel leading into the harbor.
Mine sweeping off the entrance to the harbor or in the naissance, to draw fire from the harbor defense batteries,
channel leading into the harbor, and attempts to destroy thus locating their positions, or as a diversion in con-
nets or other barriers to navigation at the harbor entrance.nection with a larger plan of operations, such as the Ger-
Blocking attacks on the harbor entrance. man bombardments of Hartlepool and Scarborough. If
Torpedo attacks against vesselswithin the harbor. friendly naval forces were within the harbor, or were at-
Small landing raids.
tempting to debouch from the harbor, they would be par-
In the future aircraft attacks launched from airplane ticularly vulnerable to the hostile fire and would be sub-
carriers, undoubtedly will be a most serious menace to jected to heavy losses.
harbor defenses. The hostile fleet can lie out of range of Unless the guns of the hostile ships outranged the shore
the heavy artillery while the batteries and other defense guns, thus allowing the ships to fire from stationary p0-
elements are being subjected to destructive attacks from sitions, such a bombardment would not be attempted,
the air. These attacks might have for their object the neu- due to the limited effect to be expected and the danger
tralization of the defenses preliminary to a more determ- to which the attacking ships would be exposed. At par-
ined attack participated in by naval, air and ground forces ticularly favorable harbors a bombardment might be at-
or any combination of these, or, more probably, the de- tempted by ships moving at high speed behind a smoke
struction of the naval forces and installations in or near the screen; this would require aerial observation to spot the
harbor. ships' fire.
Brigadier General H. Rowan Robinson, e.M.G., D.S. Minelaying operations off harbor entrances were fre-
0., writes as follows regarding aircraft attacks against quentlv resorted to during the World War, bv the Ger-
harbor defenses: "We have but little direct experience to mans off the English coast and bv the British off the
208 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
German and Belgian coasts. This is likely to be the first Surprise attacks offer great possibilities if successful and
operatIon undertaken at the outbreak of war; it is one that provision against them never should be neglected.
requires the coordinated efforts of all defense forces to From a conSideration of the foregoing discussion it will
frustrate. The constant threat is of greater potential value be seen that, in practically every type of attack that may
than the material destruction to be expected. These op- be expected against harbor defenses, the combined effo~
erations can be carried out by small groups of fast-moving of all the elements of the defense forces will be required In
destroyers, working under cover of darkness or a smoke assure the frustration of the hostile operations.
screen. The general mission of a harbor defense is: (I) to deny
Hostile mine sweeping off the entrance to a harbor for the enemy possession of the harbor or any of the naval
the purpose of clearing a passage usually will precede some or commercial facilities connected therewith; (2) to pn:-
other form of attack. Frequently it will be covered by a vent the destruction of, or serious damage to, the pott, the
hostile long range bombardment or possibly an aerial the port utilities, or military or naval establishments
bombardment. Although a difficult operation, particularly therein; (3) to provide an area within the harbor in
if the defense forces are alert, it is nearly always a neces- which naval vessels and merchant shipping will be pro-
sary preliminary to other operations and will be attempted tected against all forms of hostile attack; (4) and to assun:
whenever the necessity demands. safe entry into, and debouchment from, the harbor for
During the World War the British frequently were our fleet.
able to sweep mine fields well within the fields of fire of . In any given section ~f coastline the first class harbors,
the German batteries on the Belgian coast. However, being of the greatest value to the enemy, are the points
timely warning by friendly naval and air patrols will en- on which hostile attacks will naturally be focused. These
able the coast batteries to make mine sweeping a very harbors might be likened to the vital terrain features in a
hazardous operation. land defense system, the possession of which are essential
Very often the entrance to a harbor is so narrow as to to the success of the entire system.
make it vulnerable to a blocking attack. The attempted Being on the frontier, these harbors are subject to at-
blocking of Zeebrugge by the British during the World tack at the beginning of hostilities, especially if the hostile
War is an excellent example: While this type of attack naval forces possess freedom of action. Due to the extent
may be easily frustrated, nevertheless, where the harbor of our coastline it is almost a certainty that some part of it
entrance is favorable, it is always a possibility; and when will not be protected by our naval forces during the early
the need is sufficiently great, it will surely be attempted stages of a war.
by an enterprising enemy. The answer to it is an early In order to insure the possession of all first class harbors,
discovery and sinking of the block ships .. either as naval bases or commercial ports, harbor defenses
Where a harbor entrance is wide and unobstructed, are provided. These should include all defensive measures
torpedo fire into it may be a great danger. At a properly necessary to protect the harbor from hostile attack in any
defended harbor a torpedo and submarine net is always form.
installed at the beginning of hostilities. Where a harbor The principal elements of an effective harbor defense
is occupied unexpectedly or before a net can be con- should include: a naval patrol; a system of submarine
structed, this type of attack becomes a serious threat. mines, both controlled and uncontrolled; suitable anti-
Admiral Jellicoe says of Scapa Flow, before proper de- submarine and torpedo nets at the harbor entrance; an
fenses had been provided, "The greatest anxiety con- aerial observation and patrol force; seacoast artillery of
stantly confronting me was the defenseless nature of the long and medium ranges, both fixed and mobile; an anti-
base at Scapa, which was open to destroyer and submarine aircraft defense system including artillery, machine guns.
attacks." and searchlights; seacoast searchlights of great power;
While these nets normally are constructed and super- and a complete communication system. To this should be
vised by the naval forces, they are usually placed within attached a suitable force of highly mobile troops, com-
the field of fire of shore batteries for protection; this be- posed of both infantry and light artillery to provide a
comes a combined responsibility of the Navy and the beach patrol for the harbor and the contiguous coastline.
Coast Artillery, requiring the coordinated efforts of both. The strength and composition of this mobile force should
Landing raids are usually made by parties of naval per- be sufficient to repel such landing raids as might reason-
sonnel for the purpose of destroying shore batteries or ably be expected. If available, combat aviation should be
other defense elements. In some cases the purpose might held within striking distance.
be to reconnoiter shore dispositions. Such attacks are al- While it may not be possible to provide all first class
ways in the nature of a surprise and may be covered by harbors with a complete system as outlined above, cer-
some other form of attack as a diversion. Proper security tainly the most important ones, particularly naval bases,
measures by the defense, which must include shore pa- should be so provided. Less important harbors, if worth
trols, will usually prevent the successful carrying out of defending at all, should be provided with the main ele-
such attacks. Landing raids have been tried out many ments of such a system.
times in joint maneuvers, but rarelv .. have been successfuL It will be noted that such a defensive system contain'
1936 FORMS OF ArrACK AGAINST HARBOR DEFENSES 209
units from the Navy, Air Corps, and Coast Artillery, system of command. Engaged in the defense of the area
with units from the mobile forces attached. Where these were no less than three commanders, each independent of
latter are not available, Coast Attillery troops may be used the other two." In their defense of the Belgian coast
for beach patrol to the great detriment of the efficient against the numerous attacks of the British, the Germans,
performance of their primary duties. The units enum- in addition to their very complete system of coastal forts,
erated, in order to provide an effective defensive system, had the cooperation of their navy and air forces. In the
should be organized and trained to function as a team German operations against the Baltic Islands, Oesel,
under all conditions of service. Dago, and Moon, the one thing that contributed most to
The functions of the naval forces assigned to a harbor the Russian failure was the total lack of cooperation be-
defense are primarily to provide security, under all con- tween the army, navy, and air forces.
ditions of weather, by locating and reporting the ap- Cooperation may be defined as working together to se-
proach of hostile naval forces. The delaying of hostile cure a common end. The fact that forces have a common
forcesmight be an added function where the naval forces objective will not in itself always cause them to co-
as"igned are of sufficient strength. In addition, the naval operate most effectively. In order to be effective, three
forces will have the mission of providing obstacles to main conditions must obtain. First, the troops or elements
hostile advance in the form of uncontrolled contact mines which are to cooperate must be under the control of a
and submarine and torpedo nets. single commander. Second, the units must be properly
Only observation aviation need be permanently as- trained, not only in the technique of their several arms,
signed to harbor defense duty. There will never be enough but they must be trained to operate together and in con-
combat aviation to provide each harbor defense with an junction with one another under all conditions of service.
effective striking force. Defense of harbors against aerial Third, the organization of the system of command must
attack therefore can best be provided by a strong striking be such as to enable the commander to employ the com-
force of combat aviation located centrally with respect to ponent parts when and where the situation demands.
several harbors. Where a hostile aerial attack is estimated Admiraf Jellicoe in his book, The Crisis of the Naval
to be of a minor nature, or where the harbor in question is War says, "In the matter of organization we must be
out of striking distance of our combat aviation, the de- certain that adequate means are taken to insure that the
fense against aerial attack must be provided by the anti- different arms which must cooperate in war are trained
aircraft units assigned to the harbor defense. Generally to work together under peace conditions."
speaking then, and as far as the individual harbor defenses From a consideration of the foregoing it appears that
themselves are concerned, the Air Corps functions will the keynote of effective harbor defense is cooperation be-
normally be reconnaissance, observation and adjustment of tween the elements composing the defense. The main ele-
artillery fire. ments of the harbor defense, namely, the Navy, the Air
The bulk of the forces in any harbor defense will always Corps, and the Coast Artillery, being normally separate
be Coast Artillery. The main function of this arm will be arms of the service, find no necessity in peace time to co-
to provide the fire power for the defence, both on the operate to any great extent in their training. Yet in time
water and in the air. In addition the Coast Artillery will of war they will inevitably be thrown together in the con-
provide the controlled submarine mine defense, the main summation of a common purpose. Does it not seem that
ground observation over the water and land area in and the effective cooperation desired should be started in time
around the harbor, and, not the least important, the com- of peace, by the definite assignment to the more important
munication system between the various elements of the harbor defenses (for training at least) of units of the dif-
defense. ferent arms concerned? This would enable the harbor de-
The W orId War left us very few records of operations of fense commander to develop his plans for defense along
any importance where harbor defenses were attacked by logical lines and to conduct training that will insure the
naval forces. In the case of Gallipoli, General Von Sand- highest degree of cooperation between the units that must
ers says, "A weakness in the defense, and one which was function as an efficient and harmonious team under the
never eradicated during the campaign, lay in the divided stress of war.

'*
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE for nations to accept internationalism at the expense of nationalism
because the policies of too many countries do not admit of compromise, and each tries
to inflict his own interested point of view on the others.--CAPTAIN A. T. BEAUR-
GARD, U. S. NAVY.
 NEWS AND COMMENT

The Tenth Legion on the percentage of subscribers to the total number of

(A GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT) officers in.the Corps. If we dared to permit anY'pr~fanity
to creep mto the broadcast, we would say- thiS is ~
D URING the past several years subscriptions have
been the motif of one of our favorite theme songs;
hell of a note." Whoever heard of the Coast Artillery
being any place other than the vanguard; but in third
we have sung this in every key from A flat to E minor
place it is and in third place it will stay unless about 100
(perhaps it was mostly flat). On this question editors
non-subscribers can be made to see the error of their way
must be persistent if not something worse. It is a part of
,and agree to separate themselves from three, fifry-nine-
the game and goes with the job. We wonder how many
cent dollars, a mere ttifle compared to what they will
realize how difficult it is to wheedle $3.00 out of some
get in return, not to mention the honor of the Coast
officers whose ancestral home was located close to the
Artillery Corps.
Scottish border. (No, we have not overlooked the Friday
And now for a less sour note. It is desired to give due
night poker game but we will let that pass.) If, like Abou
credit and make grateful acknowledgement to the follow-
Ben Adhem, editors could be permitted the luxury of "a
deep dream of peace" probably it would take the form
ing officers who, since the previous issue of the JOURNAL,
have been instrumental in rounding up the number of
of being overwhelmed by a flood of subscriptions-
new subscribers set after their names:
each accompanied by a slip of paper representing three
depreciated dollars. But peaceful dreams do not furnish Captain J. T. Rugan, De1.N.G 5
Major C s. Doney, CA.C 5
the wherewithal to publish JOURNALS. Editors must go Major A. H. Warren, CA.C " 2
into the highways and byways to find guests for the Lieut. D. P. Ramey, Mo.N.G I
intellectual feast they so painstakingly prepare. On oc- Captain D. T. Rutherford, CA.C .
casion they must resort to dubious methods to coax the Lieut. Co!. Albert Loustalot, CA.C .. , .
reluctant shekels from their hiding places. It is not un- Major V. W. Hall, CAC .
likely that the art of legerdemain originated with the clan. The foregoing figures should be added to the score as
Dunng the past few months the subscription list re- published on page 137 of the March-April issue.
Bects a moderate growth. This has been due almost en- -( of of
tirely to the efforts of a few loyal Coast Artillerymen
who have interested themselves to the extent of makino-
Orchids
, ry
(FOR NON-SUBSCRIBERS ONLY)
personal contacts and solicitations among their friends
and acquaintances. They have gone out of their way,
far and above the call of official duty, to render a real
service to the Association and to the Corps. Some special
T HE question immediately arises as to how non-sub-
scribers can be' expected to see this; they should not
but they will-lots of them, and we hope that it will
mark of distinction should be bestowed upon them. In prick their conscience a little-just enough to heed that
lieu of a more appropriate award we created the mythical still small voice.
"Order of the Illustrious." (No, it was not approved by No one turns deaf ears to words of praise but they are
the War Department, but we believe it should be.) At doubly appreciated when they come unsolicited and
any rate we bestow it, It la franfaise, with a kiss on each without expectation of favor. A recent letter is much too
cheek. Experience has fully demonstrated that one per- good to be interred in the files-therefore we are passing
sonal contact, with a good word for the JOURNAL, is it along with the hope that it will fall under the eyes of
worth more than all the circular letters sent from the some of those who have for the past several years closed
editorial office. Unfortunately this service has been under- their ears to all our entreaties:
taken by only a few. To this small valiant band our hat "Inclosed find my check for $3.00 in payment for my
is off and we salute them with the profound deference subscription to the JOURNAL.The maj:[azine becomes more
readable with each issue and the Coast' Artillery officer who
and respect due the truly great. They are to the Editor is not a subscriber has my sympathy-for he is missing
what the Tenth Legion was to Cesar. The crux of the somet~ing good. I would be quite as frank to tell you if the
screed is that we would like for others to emulate their magazme was poor.
worthy example (Regimental Commanders please note) . CAPTAIN,CA.-RAI."
Perhaps we should be content with what has been accom- This is not faint praise. It was unsolicited and unex-
plished but there can be no standing still, either we go pected. It carries the ring of an honest statement made
forward or backward and our goal is nothing less than straight from the shoulder. We have nothing to offer in
100%. What burns us up is the fact that, considering return except our thanks and grateful appreciation, cou-
only the Regular Army personnel, the Coast Artillery is 'pled with the hope that it will be the means of convincing
in third place (among the service JOURNALS) computed some non-subscriber that he is "missing something good."
1936 NEWS AND COMMENT 211

post wifhin the continental limits of the United States.

The United States Expenses while at Fort Monroe will be kept to a
minimum. With this object in view arrangements have
Coast Artillery been made whereby visiting officers can be accommo-
dated in the famous Camp No. I, where an excellent
Association mess will be in operation to furnish meals at cost. Sleep-
ing accommodations will be provided for a few cents to
defray laundry charges. This will be for men only;
those who desire to bring the female members of the
family will find accommodations at the Horel Chamber-
lin at a very reasonable charge. Full pronouncements and
rThe purpose of the Association shall be to promote a detailed schedule will be published in the next issue of
the efficiency of the Coast Artillery Corps by maintain- the JOURNAL;also at the earliest practicable date notices
ing its standards and traditions, by disseminating pro- will be sent to each chapter. It is anticipated that the
fessional knowledge, by insPiring greater effort to- program will include parades, reviews, artillery demon-
wards the improvement of material and methods of strations consisting of artillery firing with 155 mm. guns
training, and by fostering mutual understanding, re- and antiaircraft artillery firing at towed targets. Oppor-
spect and cooperation among all arms, branches and tunity will be afforded to inspect the Coast Artillery
components of the Regular Army, National Guard, School, barracks, batteries and the numerous other activi-
Organized Reserve and Reserve Officers' Training Corps." ties to be found at Fort Monroe. Ample provision will
be made for recreational activities to include swimming,
OFFICERS tennis, golf, horseback riding, etc. Naturally there will
President be a reception, and the piece de resistance of the meet-
MAJOR GENERAL A. H. SUNDERLAND ing will be a banguet and a dance on the famous roof
garden of the Hotel Chamberlin. It is hoped that the
Vice-President
Secretary of War will be present during a part of the
COLONEL F. H. LINCOLN
time. A special effort will be made to have a number of
Secretary-Treasurer other dignitaries in attendance. More about this later.
LIEUT. COL. E. E. BENNETT No effort is being spared to make the meeting a suc-
Additional Members of the Executive Council cess. A part of Saturday afternoon and Sunday will be
BRIG. GEN. J. J. BYRNE LT. COL. C. M. IRWIN devoted to sightseeing erips to points of historic interest
LT. COL. SANDERFORD JARMAN LT. COL. H. E. PRIDE in nearby Virginia, including Yorktown, Williamsburg,
LT. COL. R. S. ATWOOD MAJOR LERoy LUTES Jamestown, Langley Field and perhaps a fishing trip in
MAJOR JOHN CASWELL the lower waters of Chesapeake Bay. It is sug:gested that
all those interested note the dates on their calendar and
watch for more complete details in the next issue of the
Meeting of the Association
JOURNALor, if preferred, send an inquiry to the Secretarv
of the Association, IllS 17th St. N. W., Wash., D. C.

T HE March-April issue of the JOURNALcarried a

very brief statement to the effect that a conference
and general assembly of the U. S. Coast Artil-
lery Association would be held during the coming sum-
The Hotel Chamberlin will offer special rates to visiting
members of the Association. A thoroughly enjoyable and
instructive visit at this hospitable resort is assured. Plan
mer. Arrangements have now progressed to a point your vacation accordingly.-
where it is possible to elaborate upon this notice. The
l' l' l'
meeting wi.ll be held at Fort Monroe, Virginia, during
the period August 21 to 23 inclusive. General Steele Resigns
A program for the meeting is being worked out under
the direction of Brigadier General Joseph P. Tracy. It is
a little premature to announce complete details at this
U NDER date of March 16, Major General Harry L.
Steele, addressed the following letter to the E~ecu-
tive Council of the Association:
time; however it is sufficient to say that everything pos-
sible will be done for the entertainment, comfort, recre- As I will relinquish the duties of Chief of Coast Artillery
on March 31, 1936, I hereby submit my resignation as Presi-
ation, amusement and professional advancement of visit- dent of the U. S. Coast Artillery Association,. effective on
ing officers. During the period scheduled for the meeting that date. I rep-etfullv take this action believing that the
the 246th c.A. (HD), Va. N. G., will be in camp at way should be cleared for the election of my successor with-
Fort Monroe, also about 75 Reserve officerswill be under- out delay.
going training; thus insuring that the meeting will be The Coast Artillery Associattion has fully demonstrated
its worth in maintaining the standards and traditions of the
well attended. It is hoped that many other members of Corps, in fostering friendly competition and in developing
the Association will find it convenient to enjoy the recre- esprit among the several Coast Artillery components of the
ational advantages offered by the largest Coast Artillery Army. I hope that its activities and sphere of usefulness
212 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
may be further developed and broadened. My approaching c. Errors, deficiencies or irregularities alleged by higher
retirement from active duty will not operate to pwent me
authority.
from taking an active interest in its affairs and development.
d. Communications that allege neglect or dereliction
While General Steele's resignation is deeply regretted, on the part of commIssioned personnel.
his action was in accordance with the practice which has e. Correspondence or proposed correspondence convey_
obtained since the organization of the Association. In ing even a suggestion of censure.
fact the possibility of conditions arising that would render f. Appeals of subordinates from decisions made at this
such action advisable was anticipated by the framers of headquarters. -
the constitution and section 6 provides that: g. Subjects that affect the good name or reputation of
A vacancy occurring among elected officers may be filled an officer or organization.
by the Executive Council for the unexpired portion of the . h. Subjects involving financial or property irregulari-
term.
tles.
On April 10 the Executive Council met and regret- i. Serious accidents involving personnel of the com-
fully accepted the resignation of General Steele. At the mand.
same time Major General Archibald H. Sunderland was
2. The following will be presented to the Command-
unanimously elected President to fill General Steele's
ing General for final action:
unexpired term.
4. Requests and recommendations to be made to high-
Although the Association is only five years old, it
er authority.
now boasts 24 organized chapters scattered throughout
b. Suggested disapprovals.
the United States and has more than 5,000 members
c. Communications that contain even a suspicion of a
enrolled. It has fully demonstrated its worth and is
censure.
rendering a real service to the Corps. General Sunder-
d. Communications that involve the good name of an
land is in full accord with the precepts and principles of
officer or organization.
the Association and he will do everything possible to
e. Reports of financial and property irregularities.
promote its welfare.
., ., ., f. Letters to civil authorities in high positions.
g. Endorsements on efficiency reports .
Command and Staff h. Correspondence concerning war plans.
i. Communications of exceptional information.
O UR excellent schools teach the duties of staff and
command in war, but little is said during those
courses of the peace-time duties- that confront an officer
3, A copy of these instructions will be kept expose~
at all times upon the desk of each staff officer of thIS
headquarters. - FRANK S. CaCHED, Major General,
immediately upon graduation. No War Departmenr
U.S.A., Retired.
regulation has been or can be devised to cover this subject
minutely for, after all, a commander must be left free to
., ., .,
choose his own methods. However, it does seem that How to Keep Posted
some general guide might well be established. Extracted from a letter from one of our satisfied custo-
A new commander is apt to assume that everything is mers.
running smoothly and satisfactorily if too many com- "Being located at the present time in a town which is
plaints and appeals from decisions of his headquarters do quite distant from a city where troop school conferences
not crop up to interfere with his pastimes. Having con- are held I find the JOURNALof much assistance in keep-
fidence in his staff, he is prone to let these officers decide ing me posted on the developments in the Coast Artillery
and in serving as a supplement to my extension school
what matters should be brought to his attention. Such text-books."
a hit-or-miss system may result in either a staff-run or- Very truly yours,
ganization or in the commander being swamped under a 1st Lieut., CA. (AA)
mass of trifling detail which his staff should handle.
With a view to exercising command without infring-
ing on any of the duties or prerogatives of staff officers, How Did They Do It?
I put the provisions of the following memorandum into ~OM the far-off Philippines comes word that Battery
effect. It is the distilled product of many years of ex- Jr "F" of the 59th Coast Artillery turned in the most
perience. I submit it for publication in the hope that stupendous score ever made by any .Coast Artillery organ-
others may find it a useful formula for eliminating mis- ization. Preliminary calculations give it a value of 509.6.
understandings, uncertainty and friction. We hope that a heartlesss Coast Artillery Board will not
MEMORANDUM: For the Staff. whittle this figure down to a size comprehensible to other
I. The following will be brought without delay to the organizations. At present details are lacking as to how
attention of the Commanding General: Battery "F" turned the trick, but we hope to have a full
a. Subjects of importance which require prompt action account for publication in a subsequent issue of the JOUR-
and are not covered by existing policies and instructions. NAL. In the meantime this score is a fine "setlorward
b. Disapprovals returned from higher authority. point" for other batteries to shoot at.
]«)36 NEWS AND COMMENT 213

The Chilean Coast Artillery School The school has been in operation during the past 22
By Commander T. IV. Biggs, Chilean Army years, with an average attendance of fou: officers and 60
enlisted men. The annual program mcludes a two
lfN 1913, Captain John W. Gulick, CA.C, then ser:- months' practical period of exercises a?d tactical p~ob-
1ing as Military Attache to the U. s. En:~assy m lems which involve the firing of major and medlUm
Santiago de Chile, undertoo~ the wor~ of orgamzlOg a,nd caliber seacoast batteries against moving targets, with
conducting the first Officers Course m accordanc~ With
day and night firings .. '.
American standards. His principal efforts were ~irected Other exercises deal With A.A. finng agalOst towed
towards modernizing our fire control system, whIch was aerial targets and Infantry terrain problems.
then so crude as to be practically non-existent. Funds were The School and Coast Artillery in- general greatly ad-
obtained and the necessary instruments and equipment mire the U. S. Coast Artillery JOURNAL,a publication
were purchased in the United States and installed in our of high value which has been a positive guide in all our
batteries. studies, programs, and service regulations.
Our lone American instructor had a very trying and
formidable task with his limited knowledge of the lan- l' l' l'

guage and customs of the service but his untiring efforts Corrected Versus Uncorrected Range
overcame all difficulties, with the result that when he left
for home in 1915 we were able to ~arry ?n his splen?id
11"IKE Banquo's ghost, this subject arises' at intervals to
work. We have continued to seek hIS adVIceon techmcal
L plague us. It seems that it cannot be buried suf-
ficiently deep under the files of the W ar D~partment to
matters and his willingness to help is proof of his unfail-
insure its permanent interment. The questiOn has been
ing interest and goodwill toward his Chilean friends in
argued pro and con for the past decade by .some of ~he
the Coast Artillery. Last year we had the pleasure and
ablest minds in the Coast Artillery, but up It Jumps agam.
good fortune to again welco~e. him, this time as ~ gene:al
This time its resurrection was occasioned by a very in-
officer,and it was most gratlfymg to know that his ments
nocent statement appearing on page 14 of Gunner's In-
had won for him a place of distinction in his country.
struction Pamphlet No. VI (Fixed Artillery) where the
The purpose of the School today is to train offi~e:s and
question was asked "What information is necessary for
enlisted men in the use of all seacoast and antiaircraft
the operation of the (gun) deflectio~ board?" Answe~-
armament; to operate and employ mines ~nd other .de-
"The wind reference number obtalOed from the wmd
fensive elements, both marine and terrestnal (chemIcal
component indicator; the corrected setforward range to
agents included); to practice Infantry tactics, especi~lly
the target obtained from the range percentage corrector
those connected with landing operations in cooperation
and .... " The offending part of the answer was
with the Navy, as well as l.and defense of ?aval bases.
"The corrected setforward range." This was picked up
In addition to these functiOns, the School ISalso charged
during a tactical inspection by a former Coast Artillerr-
with the study of technical matters relati?g to Coast
man whose opinion is entitled to the greatest respect, hIS
Artillery. Its conclusions and recom~endations are sub-
contention being that the "uncorrected range to the tar-
mitted for approval to the Coast Artillery. Department,
get" should be used on the deflection board. When this
whose Chief is the senior officer of the servIce.
was brought to our attention the question was submitt:d
The school year is a full twelve months' period begin- - to the Director of the Artillery Department, Coast ArtIl-
n!ng on the first of April. The following courses are lery School, with th~ request that c?ntact be established
given: with the Coast ArtIllery Board to msure that both the
(a) Battery Commanders' Course for junior lieu- School and the Board were in agreement on this subject.
tenants. The reply received is of sufficient value to justify the pub-
(b) Petty Officers' Selection Course, for promotion to lication of pertinent extracts.
officer rank. Coast ArtilIery Field Manual, Volume I, ~art 2, paragr~ph
(c) First Sergeants' Course, for promotion to petty 88-b ( I) describes the operation of the ulllversal de~ectlon
officer. board and specifies that the "corrected range or elevatlon be
(d) First Corporals' Course, for promotion to 2nd calIed out by the percentage corrector operator." Training
Regulations 435-280 dated November I, 1929, paragraph
class sergeant .. 2o-b states:
(e) First Privates' Course, for promotiOn to 2nd class "The final corrected range should in general be used when
corporal. entering the firing tables to obtaitl the drift."
The first and the last three courses are compulsory for This question has been considered by the Coast Artil-
all concerned, and failure to pass any of them means lery Board on several occa~i~ns. Each time th~re was c?n-
elimination from the service. siderable difference of opiOlon as to the ments of usmg
Superior officers, between the grades of lieutenant com- actual or corrected range for computing deflections, how-
mander and commander must attend a short training ever, the conclusions of the Board may be summed up as
period at the Naval Staff Academy, where they are in- follows:
structed in the principles of high command. a. That in case of slow moving targets, no material error
214 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
will result from taking travel corresponding to firing tables use of a good, soft pencil, drawn horizontally through
time of flight for either map or corrected range. words. A short article stands a much better chance of ac-
b. That as a rule either map or corrected range may be ceptance than a long one. Remember that type is not
used without material error in computing deflection correc-
tions other than for travel. made of rubber. If you write 1,231 words and the page
c. That unless a means of arriving simply and quickly at
holds 956, you may take it for granted that the editor
the true time of flight can be developed an approximate map will cut 275 words to make the article fit a page.
or corrected range (as determined in advance) be used in If you talk about places, furnish maps and be sure each
computing all deflection correction but it cannot be said con- place mentioned in the article is shown on the map. If
clusively that a corrected range would be preferable. photographs are to accompany your article, try to have
d. In C.A.M. No.8, page 83 (f) (I) it is stated that the
them clear-cut and distinct. Sharp contrasts between light
present method of using the corrected range for obtaining
the time of flight and travel is the most practicable and cor- and dark areas always enhance the value of a photograph.
rect method known. The study has indicated definitely that Pictures showing masses of men or material as a blur on
it is desirable to make use of the corrected range in comput- the landscape are of little value. It is much better to have
ing the deflection correction for Case II firing. a close-up view of a small part of the troops participating
From the foregoing discussion it is apparent that gen- in a ceremony than to try to include the entire command
erally speaking there is so little improvement in the data in a 2x3-inch snapshot. The result is almost certain to be
to be gained by the use of corrected range that one would the same as looking through the wrong end of a telescope.
be at liberty to use the actual range if, by so doing, there Do not write on the back of a picture with a hard pencil.
would be a gain in the time required to calculate the The pencil marks are certain to show up on the cuts. It is
firing data or a better time of flight for use in prediction much better to paste a small flap of paper at the bottom
would result. and make all the notations necessary on this. If it is nec-
essary to point out details on the photograph, paste a flap
of transparent paper over the print and make your letters
Give the Editor a Break and lines on that. Drawings should be made in black ink;
How to become an author, in one easy lesson. the bottle of blue ink on the officedesk may be much more
convenient but it will not reproduce photographically.
A CTUALL Y, the title of this squib should be "Give
ft Yourself a Break," for anything you may do to of of of

make things easier for the editor increases the chances When Is a Sector Not a Sector?
for the acceptance of that article you are going to write
for the JOURNAL,the Saturday Evening Post, Woman's
Home Companion, or even Captain Billy's Whiz Bang.
T HE March-April issue of the COAST ARTILLERY
JOURNALcarried a short article under the caption
"Military English as She is Wrote." In this article the
Always remember that the editor thinks he is a busy
author opposed the creation of a stilted military jargon
man, and that his eyesight is not what it used to be. Give
and defended the employment of' plain understandable
him a manuscript that is easy to read. Use a typewriter,
English provided the intent and meaning was clear. This
and find out where that double-space gadget is before you
article brought forth some comments from our readers
start. You already have two strikes on you when you
. (it is indeed a source of satisfaction to know that even
single-space a manuscript.
obscure articles appearing in the JOURNALare read). In
Use plenty of paper. Allow generous margins for mak-
one of these comments an officerof long and distinguished
ing notations, for you may be sure they will be made.
service stated in part as follows:
Your ideas on spelling, capitalization and punctuation
may be entirely correct, and still not agree with those of A facile and accurate use of the English language does
the editor, and he has to keep a uniform style. If you not demand a restrictive use where the intent or meaning is
clear. "Sectors" and "Zones" are only relatively associated
must make interlineations in pencil or ink, write them
with the geometric terminology from which they were bor-
legibly. Very few editors go in for cryptography and rowed. The refusal of one student at the war-time school at
hieroglyphics. Start typing half-way down the first page. Fort Sill to recognize the adopted "sector" because "a sector
Do not send a carbon copy. To do so tells the editor is a slice of pie and only that" of course carried to a point of
absurdity the resistance to restrictive military terminology.
that you have submitted the original elsewhere, and he
is not interested in seconds. Do not write reports. This In our humble opinion the English language is richly
is a magazine-not the commanding officer's desk. Try endowed with words sufficiently descriptive to permit of
to get a little life-a little human interest-into your expressing fine shades of meaning with.out setting up a
copy. military jargon that has little application outside of the
Do not explain why your article was written. If its pur- military profession. The trouble (if trouble there be)
pose is not self-evident you had better do a bit of revising. should be laid at the door of the users of the language
When you have finished wriring your yarn, cut it. It is rather than charged to the paucity of the English vocabu-
a rare literary gem that cannot be improved by drastic lary.
 COAST AR TILLER Y ACTIVITIES

Office of Chief of Coast Artillery

Chief of Coast Artillery
MAJOR GENERAL A. H. SUNDERLAND

Ex~c1ltive
CoLONEL HENRY T. BURGIN

Personnel Section Organization and Training Section

LIEUT. COL. R. T. PENDLETON LIEUT. COL. E. E.BENNETT
LIEUT. CoL. C. M. S. SKENE
Materiel and Finance Section
LIEUT. CoL. ROBERT M. PERKINS
LIEUT. COL. O. L. SPILLER
MAJOR C. W. BUNDY Plans and Projects Section
MAJOR B. L. MILBURN CoLONEL G. A. WILDRICK.

News Letter from ffThe Gypsy Artillery"

(62d Coast Artillery (AA).)
COLONEL FRANK K. FERGUSSON, Commanding

By CaptainA. C. Spaulding

HE breaking of records by the 62nd c.A. (AA)

T
Coast Artillery Corps, but, so far as can be determined,
is a matter of routine. The 35 officers and 850 did something that has never been done in the United
soldiers of the Gypsy regiment appear to have no States Army. Other organizations have reported that
respect for any kind of records and notification that they every man qualified as pistol or rifle marksman or better,
have broken another should excite no comment. but from the meager records available it appears that
However, something which even the modest 62nd ad- their claims were disproved when re-qualification was
mits is a bit out of the ordinary recently occurred when ordered.
Battery "C" submitted a report on the qualification of To Captain Lathrop R. Bullene, bartery commander,
gunners during the 1935-1936 indoor training period. and to 1st Sergeant Lemuel Presley, his right bower, be-
Without vain boasts or fanfare of trumpets that organi- longs the credit for bringing his battery to this high
zation has broken the record of the 62nd, and we believe state of training; not only in the qualification of expert
of the Coast Artillery, by attaining the unbelievable-a gunners, but, also in target practice. At Aberdeen
perfect score in the qualification of Expert Gunners. Proving Grounds, in September 1935, Battery "C" fired
On March 23, when the final report was submitted, its antiaircraft guns against targets towed by fast air-
the strength of Battery "C" was I 16 enlisted men, pres- planes (not on diagonal courses) and attained the re-
ent and absent; of this number 106 were present for markable score of I5I.2-not quite enough to win the
dury. The repott showed that 116 men had successfully Knox trophy but enough to give other Coast Artillery
passed all the examinations and were qualified as expert organizations something to shoot at. (Never mind the
gunners. So far as is known, this is the first time that dangling preposition.)
such a remarkable feat has been accomplished. The ex- Battery "C" not only excels in antiaircraft artillery
amination was conducted bv officersfrom other batteries, work, b~t it is more than holding its own in other activ~-
naturally their own batterie~ would suffer by comparison; ties. For example it was runner-up for championship in
so there can be no implication of chicanery or boon- the post basketball league, and in plain, old-fashioned
doggling. "soldiering" it has proved that its men can deliver the
In achieving this remarkable result, Battery "C" not goods. Fott Totten mounts an "orderly-bucking" guard
only crashed through to its "place in the sun'" in the and the soldier selected as orderly for the Commanding
216 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
Officer is the snappiest, nattiest, best turned out member assembled at the Officers' Club for a discussion of train-
of the Guard. During the first 24 days of March, Bat- ing activities of Coast Artillery Reserve officers.
tery HC," in competition against nine other crack organi- On May 9th, by special invitation of the New York
~ations, landed the much-coveted orderly selection 19 Police Department, a detachment of motor vehicles from
tImes. the regiment participated in the New York Safety Pa-
Battery "c" has a long, honorable and enviable history. rade as a featured part of the Bayside display. As usual
It was organized in 1812 as "Smith's Company, Second when the Gypsies roll, they were the hit of the parade.
Regiment of United States Artillery." Its progenitors The detachment consisted of a searchlight with sound
have participated in every war in which the United locator, a station wagon, a prime mover with a 3" anti-
States has engaged from the Revolution to the present. aircraft gun, a 2)1z ton Federal truck on which was
With such a glorious history, it is only natural that the mounted a caliber .50 antiaircraft machine gun, and a
battery should add new laurels to those garnered by the QMC Cargo truck displaying large signs provided by
gallant soldiers who have filled its ranks since the begin- the Police Department proclaiming the friendship of the
ning of United States history. New York Police for the "Queens Own."
And now to other things. The outdoor training sea- On May 9th the annual reunion of members of the
son has everything at Fort Totten going full speed. Gar- old 58th Artillery of World War fame was held at Fort
rison reviews, battalion and regimental parades, daily in- Totten, with about 150 in attendance. The afternoon
fantry and artillery drill are being taken in stride. The was spent in sports and "do you remember." At 6:00
Inspector General has just finished the annual inspection P.M. an elaborate dinner was served in the mess hall of
of the post and awarded-for the second consecutive the Service Battery. The 58th had in its ranks sev~ral
time, mind you-the highest commendation given a post organizations which served at Fort Totten during the
in the Second Coast Artillery District. Not one skin early p_artof the World War; the return oJ the veterans
concerning the training and appearance of the Gypsies! to their old station was a joyous occasion. During the
The construction and renovation of barracks and dinner Colonel Fergusson delivered an address of wel-
quarters is progressing in a satisfactory manner; the work come.
is being done by WP A personnel under the supervision Memorial Day at Fort Totten is a gala occasion when
of officers and noncommissioned officers of the 62nd. The the regiment entertains its civilian friends. No special
gun emplacements near the Old Fort are being de- ceremony is held at the post, but detachments from the
molished and the terrain graded to provide space for new regiment participate in ceremonies in various cities on
quarters. The Quartermaster Stable is being- remodeled Long Island. This Memorial Day will see the 62nd
into a barracks for the Quartermaster Detachment. Fire Coast Artillery Band leading a parade in Flushing. The
control stations formerly used for seacoast artillery have Fort Totten Drum and Bugle Corps, with a platoon
been demolished and the material salvaged. A new in- from one of the batteries, will head another spectacular
cinerator and a new sewage disposal plant are being con- parade in Bayside. A platoon will go to College Point.
structed. New construction and improvements to old Another platoon will go to Manhasset, and the annual
building-s will place the motor park in excellent shape. celebration at Forest Hills will be participated in by a
The old Quartermaster Barracks is being- remodeled into picked detachment. More than thirty applications were
apartments for noncommissioned officers. Noncom- received from Long Island cities for troops from the 62nd
missioned staff quarters are being renovated and equipped to spend Memorial Day with them.
with electric ranges for cooking. All officers' quarters On June 14th the Flag Day Celebration of the Ameri-
have been thoroughly overhauled. Headquarters building can Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars of Queens
has been equipped with a new lighting system. Even County will be held on the Fort Totten parade ground.
the parade g-round came in for its share of attention and This is one of the most spectacular features of the Fort
with the aid of a steam roller loaned by the City of New Totten summer season. Dozens of bands, drum and
York it has been brought into perfect condition. bugle corps and marching org-anizations representing
In combat training, the Gypsies are carrying on as veterans' organizations compete for prizes. It is estimated
usual. Daily motor convoys keep the drivers at the that there will be more than 5,000 visitors to witness
hig-hest peak of efficiency. Miniature combat set-ups, these exercises, in which more than 1,000 participate.
with distances reduced to fit the parade ground, are a The selection of the outstanding soldier of the 62nd
daily feature of artillery dtill and keep 2,'l1ncrews and Coast Artillery, to whom will be presented the John H.
messag-ecenter personn~l on the alert. Close order drill, Tyson Gold Medal for 1936, has been under way for the
with the band in attendance, provides a fit opening for past two months. Each year this much sought after pri~e
the usual busy day. As this goes to press there are only is presented to the "best private in the 62nd Coast Artil-
15 members of the regiment on sick report and only two lery" by the Woman's Relief Corps, Auxiliary to the
in arrest or confinement. Grand Army of the Republic, Department of New York.
On May 2nd there was a demonstration and display of in honor of John H. Tyson, who claims to be the "only
antiaircraft equipment witnessed by more than 50 re- surviving private of the Union Army:' The comp<:-
serve officers as guests of the regiment. Later the visitors tition for this medal is keen and the soldier who wins It
 15/)6 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 217

I
I
r
The Gypsy i\1otorcycle Squad.

is marked for quick promotion; with it goes the admi- vision of the Motorcycle Squad of the New York Police
I ration of all his comrades.
Does all of the foregoing take up a lot of time? Cer-
Department. He must learn to control traffic as it is con-
trolled by this most efficient of traffic organizations, and
tainly it does, but the Gypsies do not slight combat to lead the fast-moving juggernauts of the Gypsies
I training for less serious things-side issues are taken "in through any kind of traffic under any and all conditions.
\ stride" and are not permitted to interfere with more seri- \Vhen the New York P?lice Department says the rider
ous matters. A few of these may be mentioned. The is ready for duty he is issued his equipment, including
track team is appearing in many New York City compe- spectacular "full dress" oudit, and he then becomes a
titions against schools and colleges and is making quite member of that exclusive unit-the Motorcycle Squad.
a name for itself. The Fort Totten baseball team is ~vfembers of this squad are in great demand in New
entered in the fastest semi-pro league on Long Island and York City and nearby counties to participate in parades
, is in third place. The tennis squad is swinging into its and other similar affairs. There is hardly a parade along
season and has not lost a match to date. Ballroom danc- upper Fifth Avenue in which these white-belted riders do
, ing is taught at the YMCA. not appear. Whenever the motor equipment of the Gypsy
Artillery takes a part in any demonstration or function,
THE NfOTORCYCLE SQUAD the Hashing white gloves of the Nfotorcycle Police are to
While the innate modesty of the 62nd forbids the be seen controlling the Army traffic and smoothing out
I claim that its spectacular squad of motorcycle riders is civilian traffic tangles. They have earned many glowing
the best in the world, it does contend that it is the only letters of commendation from public officials of the City
organization of its kind in the United States Army and of New York.
! tha~ it is the absolute "tops" in military police organi- The less spectacular part of their duties find them two
zations. or three hundred yards ahead of the fast moving motor
In addition to the exacting duties required of the mem- columns, taking charge of cross streets and cross roads-
bers of this squad in the carrying of messages and the preventing possible accidents between Army and civilian
performance of military police duties in civilian com- motor vehicles. Their efficient performance of duty is
munities near Fort Totten, they act as traffic police when known and respected by all Long Island residents who
detachments of the fast-moving motor vehicles of the have seen them in action.
Gypsies sally forth from Fort Totten for a roll down
Long Island and return. In addition, they act as motor-
, cycle police in controlling the two-mile-long motor col- Fort Monroe News Letter
umn when the regiment travels as a unit-which it does
quite often-through the congested traffic areas of metro- BRIGADIER GENERAL Jos. P. TRACY, U. S. Army,
politan New York. Commanding
It is the outstanding unit of an outstanding regiment, By Major O. B. Bucher, C.A.C.
and the one unanswerable argument to those who con-
~end that motorcycles can be dispensed with in motor-
Ized units. Each member of the squad is specially se-
W ITH deep regret the garrison witnessed the de-
parture of Colonel and Mrs. Russell P. Reeder on
lected. His training starts under the supervision of Staff April 1st, en route to Cincinnati where the Colonel will
Sergeant Werner Boehme, who is in charge of the Squad. spend his retirement leave. We hope the Reeders will
One of the basic principles is, "there will be no clowning, soon return to their beautiful new home in Phoebus.
and trick riding is for rodeos only." After Staff Sergeant Honorable George H. Dern, Secretary of War, ac-
Boehme pronounces a rider ready for duty, Captain O. companied by Mrs. Dern and Nliss Betty Dern were the

I A. Nelson, M.T.O .. gives him a test that leaves nothing

' to the ima2;ination. If the rider passes this test he has only
progressed- two steps along the hard road which leads to
entrance into the ranks of the Motorcvcle Police. He
overnight guests of General and Mrs. Tracy
19th. The following morning the Secretary
part)' boarded the U. S. Engineer boat Falcon
throu<Th
on April
and his
for a trip
~ the inland waterway to Florida. The guard of
.,
mUst then take a course of instruction ~nder the super- hO!1or composed of units from the 51st Coast Artillery,
218 THE COAST ARTILLERY ]OUfu'\TAL JUay- June

under command of Major R. E. Hill, was complimented activities on June 12th when the R.O.T.C units arrive;
by the Secretary for its splendid appearance. from that time until September 5th the performance wil1
The machine-gun tests, conducted by Battery "C," be continuous, terminating with the encampment of 74
2d Coast Anillery, under the supervision of the Coast officers from the 917th CA. (AA). The first class of
Anillery Board, have been completed. The return of Cadets, U.S.NLA., are scheduled to arrive on AU£\1s[ .1
the battery to its home station the latter pan of April 17th. The annual visit of the Cadets has become ~the
was a welcome event to the entire garrison.
Early in May the Coast Anillery School established
high light of the summer social season of the Peninsula
and is eagerly anticipated by the entire garrison. The
Cadets are very appreciative guests, and judging by their
I
a camp at Fon Story where the student officers will re-
attendance at the swimming pool, the Beach Club and f
main until after the battle practice on June 5th.
The 51st Coast Artillery, manning 155 mm. guns, and
social functions, they enjoy the time spent at Monroe.
The Bachelor's Club of the USMA Class of 1935 lost
I
the 52d Coast Artillery, manning railway guns and mor- another member on April 13th, when Lieutenant John
tars, moved to Story during the early part of May pre-
paratory to firing the battle practice for the student offi-
'Nforgan was m:mied to Miss 'Nfargaret Haupt of Sham- I
okin, Pennsylvania. After a honeymoon in the moun-
cers. Upon completion of the School firing both regi- tains of Virginia the happy couple arrived the latter pan
ments will :emain at Fort Story to conduct their annual of April to make their home in the 100 Building. It is
target practices. rumored that several more vacancies in the Club are ex-
The curtain \vill be rung up on summer training pected in the near future.

Corregidor News Letter

BRIGADIER GENERAL JOHN WI. GULICK, Commanding

59th Coast Artillery 91st Coast Artillery (PS)

COLONEL PAUL D. BUNKER LIEUTENANT COLONEL CLAIR W. BAIRD
60th Coast Artillery (AA) 92d Coast Artillery (PS)
COLONEL ALLEN KIMBERLY MAJOR REINOLD MELBERG

By LIEUTENANT COLONEL OSCAR WARNER

dence of 22 months the Department (exclusive of

M
AJOR GENERAL LUCIUS HOLBROOK as- In

sumed command of the Philippine Department leave) is required.

on February 12. Early in March he paid an
TARGET PRACTICE
official visit to Corregidor and inspected the entire harbor
defense and all of the installations including Forts The arrival of February ushered in the beginning of
Hughes, Drum and Frank. He expressed himself as be- the target practice season. The opening gun was fired by
ing much pleased with the general appearance of the post Battery "F," 91st CA. while the curtain was rung down
and the high state of training and efficiency of the per- on March 2nd, by Battery "A" of the 92nd CA. Seven
sonnel. During his visit a review of the entire garrison of the seacoast practices were fired at high-speed targets
was staged on the "top side" parade ground. and some remarkable scores resulted. Battery "F" of the
Shortly after his arrival the department commander an- 59th CA. (HD), Captain Victor Schmidt command-
nounced a change in policy effecting extensions beyond
the normal two-year tour of foreign service. l.Jnder the
new policy no extensions will be approved except for the
most cogent reasons. Within recent years extensions of
the foreign service tour in the far east have become quite
popular, many desiring to extend in order to take termi-
nal leave at a favorable time of the year or to regulate
their arrival in the United States so that children would
not lose too much time out of school or any number of
other personal reasons. The announcement of the new
policy brought consternation to many. At a recent "over
the hump parry" at the Army and Navy Club only two ---. -

expressed themselves as desiring to return to the States .....

" ~;'
without an extension, therefore the necessity for revamp-
ing plans to visit China, Japan, Indo-China or a return HO~IEWARO BOUND!

to the States via the Suez route is quite evident. A resi- "Corregidor is passed."
1936 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 219
lng, made the phenomenal score of 509.6. An account of high-speed target at speeds in excess of 22 miles per hour.
thispractice will be made the subject of a separate article. At least four of the firings were designated "advanced
The nearest approach to that record-breaking score was practices." The organizations designated to fire these
392.0 made by Battery "A" of the 59th c.A., Captain were:
L. D. Vichules commanding. All the other batteries of B~ttery "F," 59th C.A.
the regiment made exceptionally fine scores but naturally Battery "E," 59th C.A.
they could not hope to equal such phenomenal shooting Battery "C," 91st C.A. (PS)
as was done by Batteries "A" and "F," however, the Battery "B," 92d C.A. (PS)
tentatively calculated average of all seven firing batteries
One of the unusual features of the advanced practice
is 227, Notice has been received that the 59th was
fired by Battery "E," 59th, required the shifting of the
awarded the U. S. Coast Artillery Association trophy
gun crew from one turret to the other in the middle of
for the target year 1935 based on the highest percentage
the practice, no time out being allowed for this shift.
ofbatteries rated excellent. Last year the trophy was won
After allowing a reasonable length of time for the prep-
with an average score of approximately 132. With the
aration of service target practice reports a five-day war
averagefor 1936 almost twice this score it looks as if the
condition period was prescribed. Destroyers from the
59th is due to receive the 1936 award. Time will tell and
Asiatic fleet and airplanes from the 4th Composite Group
there is no way of knowing what the record will look like
cooperated and staged a number of simulated attacks
when it emerges from the critical analysis of the Coast against Corregidor. These attacks were varied both as to
Artillery Board, however, an improvement of 72 % in the time and formation and added realism to the show.
scorefrom 1935 to 1936 is in itself an outstanding accom- Valuable instruction and training resulted which would
plishment. have been impossible without the cooperation of the
The Navy cooperated in a wholehearted manner by Navy and the Air Corps. War plans were given a thor-
furnishing destroyers from the Asiatic fleet to tow the ough test.

Panama Canal Department News Letter

Department Artillery Officer
CoLONEL LEWIS TURTLE, CA.C
Fort Amador Fort Sherman
COLONEL EARLE D' A. PEARCE CoLONEL WILLIAM M. CoLVIN
4th CA. (AA). 1st CA.
Fort Randolph
CoLONEL JAMES S. DUSENBURY
1st CA.

By Lieutenant Colonel W. C. Foote, C.A.C.

S
INCE the last appearance of a Panama News Let- against landing parties and raids. Probably the most
ter, the dry season has come and is now about valuable feature of this training was the cooperation
over. The Department Commander's Trophy furnished by the commander of the Special Service
Competition, Sector and Department maneuvers, and Squadron, Rear Admiral G. J. Meyers, U.S.N., who
Sector and Department baseball championships have detailed the destroyer Manley to make a few runs at
been fought and decided. A new target practice season night with darkened ship in order to test the ability of
hasopened, and (for antiaircraft batteries) will be com- the harbor defenses to locate, illuminate and track high-
pleted, Deo valente and Air Corps equipment surviving. speed targets.
Battery "G" fired its regular service practice with the
MANEUVERS
14-inch railway guns on February 18, during the harbor
The Atlantic Sector has no definitely prescribed man- defense phase.
atver period; in lieu of this the Sector Commander puts For the second phase of the Sector Maneuvers, the 4th
all troops through quarterly tests,' appropriate to the C.A. operated as infantry for four days and three nights.
arm and state of training. This system will be followed The Department maneuvers were strictly Coast Artil-
throughout the Department beginning with the new lery training. The 1st Coast Artillery, Colonel Colvin
training year. commanding, was moved to Fort Amador by rail on
The first phase of the Pacific Sector maneuvers for the March 13. For the duration of the maneuvers the harbor
Harbor Defenses of Balboa (4th Coast Artillery) con- defense battalion of the 1st CA. was attached to the 4th
sisted of five days concentrated training on the harbor CA. and the antiaircraft battalion of the 4th C.A. was
defense materiel, including provision for dose protection attached to the 1st CA. making the 1st an antiaircraft
220 THE COAST ARTILLERY ]OCRNAL ,'fay- JUllt
department training directive in which it was stated that
the Coast Artillery ... "must be expert at its guns, fire
control and observation equipment, and with mines. AU
equipment must be kept in prime condition. No other r
training will take precedence over these requirements. It
must be prepared to defend its batteries against attack bv
infantrv"-most welcome news for the true Coast Artii-
lervma'n.

DEPARnIEl-:T Cm.I},IAl-:DER'S TROPHY CO},IPETITIOK

The competition was narrowed down to four batteries

--one from the harbor defense and antiaircraft battalions
of each regiment. The I st CA. was represented by Bat-
tery "A" (AA) and Battery "C" (I2-inch guns); the
4th CA. by Battery "B" (AA) and Battery "0"
(mines). All honors were won by the First. Captain
Arthur E. Wilson commands Batterv "C" and 1st Lieu-
tenant Paul B. Nelson commands B~ttery "A," the win-
ning organizations, from Forts Sherman and Randolph
respectively. However, it should be noted that the anti-
aircraft batteries were tested only in administration, in-
fantr:' and similar subjects, no planes being available for "
the conduct of either a preliminary or record antiaircraft
gun shoot. In the case of the harbor defense batteries,
Batter:' "D" fired its annual record practice with 155 mm.
guns, and Battery "C" fired an ex-caliber practice as their
tests of Coast Artillery training. Battery "0," Captain
Walbridge commanding, obtained the remarkably high
score of 166. I.
At the Department review trophies were presented b\'
Top: How Fort Randolph welcomes a new bride. Lieut. and ~lrs. the. Assistant Secretary of War to all winning organi-
P. \V. Guiney. 1st CA., being escorted to their quarters, under
the saie conduct of Colonel James S. Dusenbury, 1st CA. zations.
BOTTO~[: SeilOra Amador presenting the Amador Cup to Colonel
Earl D'A. Pearce at a post review at Fort Amador. DEPARnlENT S},IALL AR},IS CO},IPETlTION

regiment and the 4th a harbor defense regiment. Harbor The 1936 Department small arms competition opened,
boats and airplanes of the 19th Composite Wing repre- at Fort Clayton on April 13th. Firing was completed on
sented enemy forces attacking at night and at dawn; April 18th, enabling all Atlantic side entrants to return
hours calculated to make an enemy doubly obnoxious on the Mine Planter Graham that afternoon. One officer
and thereby arouse the fighting spirit of an otherwise and two enlisted men were entered in the pistol matches
peaceful garrison. On March 28th Amador was host to from both Coast Artillery regiments. In the riRe matches,
the 14th Infantry, but the best accommodations we could the 4th was represented bv one officer and six enlisted
give our guests was a camp site on the golf course. men; the 1st was not represented.
On April 2nd a Department review was held Olt AI- Major Harry R. Pierce, 4th CA., won a silver medal
brook Field in honor of the Assistant Secretary of War, in the pistol matches and Corporal Joseph B. Royal. Bat-
Mr. Woodring. The President of Panama and most of tery "I," 4th CA., a bronze medal in the riRe matches.
the diplomatic corps were present. The Coast Artillery
ATHLETICS
troops formed a brigade commanded by Colonel Earle
D'A. Pearce and presented an appearance second to none. The Sector baseball leagues completed their schedules
Immediately after the review the Atlantic Side troops in February. On each side of the Isthmus the Coast
entrained for their home station and the 1936 Depart- Artillery dominated the baseball situation, Fort Sherman
ment maneuvers became history. From our point of view, winning the Atlantic Sector championship and Fort
the most significant event was the statement, at the Amador the Pacific Sector championship. For the De-
critique of the Department Commander, !vraior General partment championship series, the Atlantic Sector en-
Lytle Brown, that, except for close order drills sufficient tered an "all-star" team selected from the Atlantic Side
for ceremonies and for the infantry training required for posts. The Amador team represented the Pacific sector.
the close-in and immediate defense of their positions, the The series went to five games, the Amador team, weak-
Coast Artillerv / troops would confine their trainin<T to ened bv iniuries to two of its star players, finally emerg-
::>
their own normal functions. This was confirmed in the ing second best.
1936 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 221
This ~'ear the Panama Canal Deparrmenr Golf Cham- The garrison at Amador is lookino- forward to the ar-
pIOnship matches will be played on the Amador course. Y
rival of the Fleet for its three weeks visit (1-. fay 8-27)'
fhis should place Amador in an excellenr position ro this is an important event and things happen '\~hen the
clean up, both in the officer and enlisted men's groups. fleet is in."
The handsome prizes offered are a decided incenrive ro SHER~IA~ AND RAKDOLPH NOTES
e:1ter. The Adanric Sector recendy/ concluded its Golf
Championship series and represenratives from the several A special allotment of funds permitted repainting the
postS in the Pacific Sector are now "fighting it our." exteriors of most of the buildings at Sherman, o-ready
improving the appearance of this beautiful, but is~lated,
A~IADOR NOTES tropical post.
On February 15, 1936, Mrs. Amador (Senora Maria On January 22, Lieutenant P. W. Guiney returned
de Ia Ossa viuda de Amador), widow of the late Dr. from leave in the U. S. with his bride and resumed his
Amador Guerrero, the first presi- duties at Randolph. Mrs. Guiney is an Army girl. the
denr of the Republic of Panama daughter of Major Joseph H. Hickey, U.S.A. Retired.
and the person for whom Fort The bride and groom were met at the entrance to the
Amador is named, presenred a reservation by a one-mule powered buckboard, the bugle
beautiful silver loving cup ro corps and a Battalion of the 1St CA. Afterbeingescorted
the 4th CA. This is a roving around the post, they were safely deposited at their
trophy ro be presenred each year 9uarters.
ro the battery making the best Colonel Dusenbury relin9uishes command of Fort
artillery record. Randolph in August to go to Organized Reserve dut)' at
At a review on 1vfarch 10th Lansing, 1vfichig:ll1. Major Coburn L. Berry returns to
this cup was presented by Col- the U. S. from Randolph in July, B:mancas bound.
onel Pearce ro Battery "I" as the Captain Arthur E. \\lilson leaves Fort Sherm:ll1 this
winning battery for 1935, This summer to go to the 6ISt at Sheridan. Lieutenant T. B.
battery won third place in the McNair has already left Sherman to go to Fort Hancock.
Knox Trophy Award (1935) and The Mine Planter Graham has returned after several
The Amador cup.
was t Ile on Iy orgal11zatlon
'" In t Ile months' absence in Hampton Roads for repairs, during
Panama Canal Department rated "Excellent" on its 1935 which its commanding officer, Lieutenant Virgil Kimm,
service practice. 1vfajor J~mes L. Craig, who com- found time to capture a $100 prize in an advertising
manded the battery when it fired an air-controlled long puzzle contest. More power to him.
range advanced practice, received the cup from Colonel The 2nd Battalion, I Ith Engineers, put in a heavy
Pearce and in turn passed it over ro Captain Jack Gam- month of road and trail work on the Adantic side much
ber, the present battery commander. It remains to be seen to the JOY of the Coast Artillery. Their labors are much
if "I" Battery can retain it for the 1936 season. apprecia~ed as they will make i't easier to get to some of
The Amador Officers' Club, as reorganized, is proving the antiaircraft positions and oudying stations.
most successful. Monthly dances, with an orchestra from
FINALE
the regimental band, are a regular and attractive feature.
A special affair was the Monte Carlo party where all The Coast Artillery on both sides of the Isthmus are
Artillerymen, their wives and guests, had a chance to test concentrating on their annual service target practices.
the laws of probability. hoping to get them finished before Jupiter Pluvius a~ain
The Miramar Club is making a bid for Army and goes into action in a big way. The (AA) searchlight
Navy trade by offering membership without dues and by batteries are concentrating on their preliminary and rec-
staging parties for the Services. ord searchlight practices while the skies are clear. It is
It is now possible to travel in comfort on the causeway regretable that no towed target missions, suitable for
to the Fortified Islands. The Department Engineer has firing, have been Hown since last October, though it is
resurfaced the road from the Mine Dock to Flamenco fervently hoped :F,d expected that this condition will
while the Post Quartermaster has resurfaced and extended shordy be remedied. We would like to have some really
the road from the Mine Dock ro Amador and the post f?st bombers ro tow targets for the anti3ircraft gun prac-
utility area. tices.

BATTLES WILL BE FAR LESS BLOODY if soldiers have had many bloodless battles or
field exercises.-WISCONSIN NATIONAL GUARD REVIEW.
 Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade
News Letter
BRIGADE CoMMANDER, BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT S. ABERNETHY

CHIEF OF STAFF, CoLONEL BENJAMIN H. L WILLIAMS, e.A.e.

S-l, LIEUTENANT COLONEL E. S. DESOBRY, A. G. D. S-3, LIEUTENANT COLONEL RALPH E. HAINES, e.A.e.
S-2, MAJoR W. F. LAFRENZ, e.A.e. S-4, LIEUTENANT COLONEL B. S. DUBOIS, e.A.e.

Harbor Defenses of Honolulu. Harbor Defenses of Pearl Harbor

16th e.A. 15th e.A.
CoLONEL G. 1. WERTENBAKER, Commanding CoLONEL EARL BISCOE, Commanding

Sixty-Fourth Coast Artillery

CoLONEL WILDS G. PEACE, Commanding

By Lieutenant William M. Vestal

GENERALMOSESARRIVES TARGETPRACTICESCORES(ApPROXIMATE)

M
AJOR GENERAL ANDREW MOSES, the GUN BATTERIES (CAMERA OBSERVATION)

new commander of the Hawaiian Division, ar- Battery "B" Advanced Practices. Score omitted.
rived on March II, 1936. Headquarters, "A" Score Average
and "C" Batteries, 16th Coast Artillery, furnished the
guard of honor when General Moses officially called on
Battery "e"
1st
2nd
Day
Day
(Stereoscopic)
( Stereoscopic)
90}
81 70
3rd Night ........................ 40
the Commanding General of the Hawaiian Department.
The excellent appearance of the Guard was commented
Battery "F" 1st
2nd
Night
Day
........................
( Stereoscopic)
llZ}
148 109
3rd Day (Stereoscopic) 68
upon by General Moses, although the ceremonies were
Battery "G" 1st Day ( Stereoscopic)
attended by intermittent showers. 2nd Night ......................... 95}
81 74
At a luncheon given on Army Day (April 6th) by the 3rd Day (Stereoscopic) 47
Honolulu Chamber of Commerce in the beautiful new Battery "K" 1st Day ( Stereoscopic) 174}
Roof Garden of the Young Hotel, General Moses recalled Znd Day (Stereoscopic) 50 105
3rd Night ........................ 85
his previous service in Hawaii and expressed his pleasure
in again being able to serve in the Pearl of the Pacific.
The Coast Artillery Brigade extends a sincere Aloha
Battery "L" 1st
2nd
3rd
Day
Day
Night
( Stereoscopic)
(Stereoscopic)
.........................
3i}
75
75

to him.
The 64th Coast Artillery will wind up its tratntng
TARGETPRACTICE,64TH C. A. season with searchlight target practices using the new
The last unit of the 64th Coast Artillery (AA) re- GMC Searchlight units Model 1934, manned by Bat-
turned to Fort Shafter from the target practice range at teries "A" and "E", and machine-gun practices con-
Waiamanalo on April 4, During the six weeks en- ducted by Battery "I" and a composite battery composed
campment all gun batteries completed annual target of the machine-gun sections of each gun battery. The
practices. Battery "B" fired two advanced practices, one searchlight practices will be held in July and August in
at a diving target (altitude of plane above YX)O feet), the vicinity of Pearl Harbor, the batteries camping at
and the other a low altitude practice (altitude of plane Fott Weaver, while the machine-gun practices will be
below 2,000 feet). These practices constituted a service conducted during September.
test for the T8E3 Sperry director. Due to the fact that
TARGET PRACTICE, HARBOR DEFENSES OF HONOLULU
all gun batteries were present at Waiamanalo, the lessons
learned from these advanced practices provided excellent Four batteries of the Harbor Defenses of Honolulu
training for officers and men. In the other batteries one fired their annual seacoast target practice on March 25th
day practice was fired using a stereoscopic height finder, and 26th, with the following scores:
and one day and night practice each were fired using alti- Battery "D", 55th CA 80.1
meters for determination of the height of target. With all Battery "E", 55th CA 93.3
batteries training together it was possible to conserve the Battery "F', 55th CA 112.8
Battery "D". 16th c.A. 106.0
flying missions; also whenever anyone battery was con-
ducting its preliminary or service practices, the other bat- This completes the firings for the year with the excep-
teries were able to obtain valuable instruction. The result- tion of Battery "A," 16th C. A. which will fire two ex-
ing scores were as follows: caliber practi~eswith 155 mm. GPF's.
 1936 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES
AR}'[Y DAY EXHIBIT

On Army Day a military exhibit depicting the activi-

ties of the Hawaiian Depanment was displayed in the
• Capitol grounds. The exhibit of Battery "B," 55th
CA. brought fonh much favorable comment because of
itS completeness and excellence of appearance. Concise
and attractive signs labeled the principal pans of the gun
and its large family of accessories. One of the exhibits
which occasioned much praise was a model mobile plot-
ting car with standard equipment, telephones and acces-
sories inclosed in neat cabinets. Battery Langdon in service practice.

ATHLETICS
The regular target-practice season for the year 1936 is
Lieutenant Gilbert N. Adams, who for three years has over. Battery "A," command~d by Captain Granger
been head coach of the King's Post cagers, deserves much Anderson, fired Battery Langdon (12" BC) with a re-
credit for piloting the Kam team to the Sector-Navy sulting score of 132.8. Battery "B," commanded by
league championship. To this team belongs the distinc- Captain Clarence Rothgeb, fired 155 GPF s with a score
tion of winning founeen consecutive games. In the of 87. During the past month the post has been honored
Hawaiian Department tide series Kam disposed of the by visits from Major General George Van Horn Mose-
3rd Engineers, Hawaiian Division Champs of Schofield ley, commanding the 4th Corps Area, and Rear Admiral
Barracks, in two straight games by very comfortable Ernest J. King, Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics, U. S.
margins. This was the first time in four years that a Navy. Both of these dignataries were received with ap-
Sector team had won the Depanment Basketball trophy, propriate military honors.
and the first time in the same number of years that a The garrison has been saddened by the untimely death
Coast Artillery post represented the Sector in the play- of Major George W. Hovey. Our deepest sympathy to
off. the bereaved family.
The padded-glove tossers representing the Sector came Great credit is due Corporal Jack Chancey for pro-
through with two more championships than they won ducing two outstanding boxers who successfully went
in 1935, The featherweight tide going to "Jimmie" through the Southern Golden Gloves Championships at
Josephs of Kam, the lightweight tide to "Don" Rogers Nashville, Tennessee, and gave excellent accounts of
of Fort Shafter, the light-heavyweight tide to "Red" themselves in the finals held in Chicago. It was there
Farmer of Fort Ruger, and the heavyweight crown to that Barney Brock, a fistic luminary of the first order,
"Tex" MacDonald of Fort Ruger-not a bad harvest received the only setback of his career. He has since
for the Hawaiian Separate Coast Anillery Brigade. purchased his discharge from the service and has won his
first four encounters as a professional.

Fort Barrancas Notes

Notes from Fort MacArthur
COLONEL ROBERT ARTHUR, Commanding
LIEUTENANTCOLONEL HOMER R. OLDFIELD,

O LD timers at Fort Barrancas undoubtedly will be

interested in knowing some of the changes affect-
Commanding

By Captain John W. Davis, C.A .C.

ing the general appearance of the post. The Post Ex-
change has constructed an attractive gasoline filling sta- lfN the previous issue of the COAST ARTILLERYJOURNAL
tion near the north end of the main road. Just south II it was announced that the 63d c.A. (AA) had the
of the Post Exchange a new Post Office building is second highest average score, based on the results of
~apidly nearing completion. A fill, with a brick retain- target practice, for the year 1935. This year the 63rd is
Ing wall, has improved the appearance of the ground in determined not to be surpassed. Other organizations
the vicinity of the saluting battery. Many trees and please note that we are after the trophy.
shrubs have been set out while the area around the flag- The 63rd continues to maintain the most cordial re-
pole came in for some special attention; it is now one of lations and the closest possible contact with Reserve
the beauty spots of the post. regiments of Southern California. In order that the
Continuing efforts combined with earnest pleading greatest number of Reserve officers may receive valuable
and a number of small fires resulting from chimney training it is our practice to make the monthly overnight
sparks finally have made available sufficient funds to re- marches on week-ends, thus enabling Reserve officers to
place nearly all of the old shingle roofs with fireproof panicipate in this valuable field training. During one
ll1aterial. Other improvements are contemplated as soon overnight march in January, forty officers of the 975th
as additional funds can be made available. C.A. (AA) accompanied the regiment to March Field.
224 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
In February another large group accompanied us on the beach club and bathhouse. It is hoped that the latter
march to the same place. In April, 35 members of the will be finished before the outdoor bathing season opens.
976th CA. (AA) were attached to the regiment for Fort Hancock has one of the best bathing beaches to be
the march to San Clemente and return. This is excellent found along the Atlantic Coast and a new beach house
training for the Reserves and further cements the "re- will be a great convenience. Other improvements con-
lations cordiale" existing between the several components sist of widening the main road from the Post Hospital to
of the Army. the south guard house. Some obsolete structures will be
As a result of the recently authorized increase in the demolished and the material salvaged; also, about ten
enlisted personnel, Headquarters Battery of the 3rd CA. miles of the Fort Hancock railroad will be repaired.
is no longer in a caretaking status but is able to man and The Mine Planter "Ord" is in dry dock undergoing
fire seacoastbatteries. The 3rd e.A. (which has not fired extensive repairs. This has resulted in curtailing water
a record practice for many years) will, on June 3, move transportation between the post and New York City,
the 14-inch railway guns to Carlsbad and fire a target necessitating the use of motor transportation for the ship-
practice. Thirt:y-one rounds have been allotted for this ment of supplies from the Army Base in Brooklyn. The
purpose. A large group of Reserve officers from the sinking of the harbor boat Barnett made necessary the
624th e.A. (RY) will accompany Headquarters Battery use of the Ordnance on the Fort Slocum run. As soon as
for their two weeks active duty training. repairs to the "Ord" have been completed this boat will
With the influx of recruits and the resulting increased be used by the mine command for submarine-mine train-
strength of all organizations, athletic competitions have ing which will terminate in mine practice.
assumed a position of major importance. The handsome The garrison at Fort Hancock will be called upon to
Athletic Supremacy Trophy presented to the post by the handle an unusually heavy summer training schedule.
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, to be awarded an- This will include training of units from all of the civilian
nually to the organization having the highest athletic components beginning with the 261st e.A. (HD) Del.
rating, provides an added incentive for the development N. G. on June 13, Other units to be trained at Fort
of individuals and teams. This is a rotating trophy held Hancock are: the 619th e.A. (HD) from New York
by a battery for one year or as long as it can maintain City, Colonel George Johnston commanding, during the
athletic supremacy. Headquarters Battery, 6jrd C.A. period July 19 to August 1.
was the initial winner for the year 1935, The same Personnel from the 514th e.A.-Res. will be in charge
organization is in the lead for the 1936 award, having of the training of the e.M.Te. enrollees during the
topped the list for both basketball and bowling; in the period July 30 to August 29, It is expected that approxi-
inter-battery league without the loss of a single game. mately 175 members of the e.M.Te. will be at Han-
Boxing has been introduced to the post and the opening cock during this period. As an innovation, about 40
fistic encounters were held on April 8. Former world's newly commissioned second lieutenants, Coast Artillety
champion James J. Jeffries was in attendance and con- Reserve,will be ordered to Fort Hancock for a two-weeks
sented to referee one of the bouts. period of active duty training. In addition to this we are
-( -( -( expecting to receive at least eight of the Coast Artillety
Reserve second lieutenants who will be placed on active
Notes from the Harbor Defenses of Sandy Hook duty for one year beginning July 1. R.O.TC. units
COLONEL L. B. MAGRUDER, C.A.C., Commanding
from the University of Delaware and Fordham Uni-
versity will assemble at Hancock for a period of six
By Lieutenant Colonel S. B. Dennis weeks training beginning on June 12. Major Donald L.
A.CTIVITIES at Fort Hancock, the guardian of New Dutton, P.M.S.&T., Univ. of Delaware, will be the
ft York Harbor, keep up their fast tempo. The normal Executive officerfor the R.O.T.e. .
garrison duties are sufficient to keep all fully occupied It is understood that the Shrewsbury River, which
but additional duties add interest and zest to what other- bounds the Fort Hancock reservation on the west, will
wise might become a humdrum existence. Army Day, be deepened. This River has long been a haven for
April 6, was appropriately observed. The following day yachtsmen and during the summer season its waters are
a review of the troops was held in honor of Major Gen- well filled with small pleasure craft. The improvements
eral Stanley H. Ford who visited the post to inspect the to this waterway will provide additional inducements t.o
motor repair shops and the model e.e.e. Camp. sportsmen to visit the northern part of New Jersey and It
The return of good weather has resulted in reestablish- may increase the influx of visitors to Fort Hancock. The
ing the regular parades. Also more favorable weather wo~k will be done under the supervision of the U. S.
conditions have enabled the utilities officer, Captain W. Engineers.
E. Shallene, to speed up the work on construction proi- Regular monthly dances and dinner parties continue to
ects. Among the numerous improvements to be made hold the center of the social stage. Several rooms in the
on the post none will be more welcome than the com- dub house have been renovated and new furniture in-
pletion of the nine-hole golf course and the combined stalled.
 THE FOREIGN MILITARY PRESS
Ret.jeu'ed by Major Alexander L. P.Johnson, Infantry

CANADA: Canadian Defence Quarterly, January, November 1, 1935, consists of ten army corps totaling
1936. 24 infantry divisions, two cavalry divisions and one sepa-
THE MEMELCRISIS,by An Observer. rate .caval.ryprigade. The entire force is grouped in three
When the World War and the collapse of T sarist armies WIth headquarters at Berlin, Cassel and Dresden,
R~ssia restored to Lithuania her long-lost independence, respectively. Army corps consist of two or three di-
Memel, pre-war Germany's Baltic seaport, became the visions. The composition of motorized-mechanized forces
new republic's outlet to the sea. In view of its predomi- is still to be determined. Corps headquarters are located
nantly German character, the allied powers conferred at Konigsberg, Stettin, Berlin, Dresden, Stuttgart,
upon Memel a status similar to that of Danzig. This Munster, Munich, Breslau, Cassel and Hamburg.
arrangement, like many other features of the Treaty of
Versailles, seemed sound enough in theory but proved Revue Military Franfaise, February, 1936.
most troublesome in practice. Subsequent developments EMPLOYMENT OF DOGSIN THE JAPANESE ARMY-
further aggravated the situation. Military Intelligence.
It is symptomatic of post-war Europe that Lithuania The Japanese general staff, patterning after Germany,
protested vociferously against Poland's seizure of Vilna, is planning to use dogs in war. Present plans contemplate
claimed by the Lithuanians as part of their patrimony, the use of dogs for infantry liaison only. Pure-blooded
although they had no scruple in doing the same thing in German sheep dogs are preferred for this purpose. These
Memel. It is never difficult to see the other fellow's vio- animals are trained at the infantry school at Chiba. The
lation of treaty obligations. course requires about nine months. The results so far
Lithuania mollified the indignant League of Nations obtained indicate that it has passed beyond the experi-
by conferring upon Memel a formal constitution of local mental stage. During the Manchurian campaign the
autonomy, but this system of government proved a fail- Japanese employed a number of these trained dogs with
ure. Cooperation between the Lithuanian governor and conspicuous success. They are convinced that these ani-
the Diet, which had 24 German members out of a total mals are valuable auxiliaries on the battlefield.
of 29, was impossible. On the other hand, Lithuanians,
like other liberated nations of post-war Europe, have little GERMANY: Militar-Wochenblatt, December 25, 1935-
patience with obstreperous minorities that insist upon
THE NEW RANKANDPROMOTION
REGULATIONS
OF
their traditional rights and prerogatives. The Lithuanian
government imprisoned five German members of the THESOVIET ARMY,by No. 4°'
Diet. This simple expedient prevented a constitutional Regulations recently promulgated by the Soviet gov-
quorum, thereby giving the governor a free hand in the ernment recognize military rank and titles discarded at
administration of the province. the inauguration of the Bolshevik regime. Although
Hitlerite Germany, conveniently ignoring its own they still avoid such "capitalistic, bourgeois" terms as "of-
treatment of Jews, promptly demanded justice for the ficer" and "general," officersof the Red army may never-
oppressed Germans in Lithuania. In order to take the theless use a real military handle to their names and dis-
wind out of the German sails, the Lithuanian govern- play the corresponding insignia of rank. This concession
ment called a general election in September, 1935. AI- apparently fulfills a wish of long standing, and the "of-
though held in an atmosphere surcharged with excite- ficers" promptly voiced their profound gratitude and
ment, the elections passed off without serious complica- pledged their loyal support to the Soviet re~im~. It g:oes
lions. The Germans again carried 24 seats, which is in to show that even the staunchest <:ommumst IS not 11~-
proportion to the size of its population in the province of ,.un~ to t?e appeal ~f those trappmgs of rank that dIs-
Memel. The successof the Germans silenced the charge/ tmgulsh him from hiS fellows.
o.foppression and, for the time being, alleviated the tyn- The"n~w regulations ~ivide the corps of "m!l!tary
SlOnbetween the two interested countries. But it did not leaders mto two categones: commanders and milItary
solvethe problem permanently. The danger still remains superiors. Commanders. are military leaders in actual
and bodes ill for the future. In the opinion of the re- command of troops, whIle the other group embraces all
viewer, it is highly probably that Memel will invite a~d sur:dry classes of personnel of the servicesor on sp~-
Hitler's next act of nullification. cIal assignment away from troops. The lowest grade IS
.... _ "lieutenant" instead of the traditional equivalent em-
FRANCE: Revue Mtlttatre Franfa!~e, January~ 1936. ployed by the Tsarist army. Perhaps it symbolizes the
THE NEW GERMANARMy-MIlItary IntellIgence. break with the past as well as the internarional character
The new German army, which came into being on of Communism. This rank is attained upon graduation
226 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-June
from the military academy. Service in grade is for three seniors in the line is most undesirable. It places a premi-
years, as is that of first lieutenant. Captains and majors um on staff duty to the detriment of troop officers at the
serve four years in their respective grades. The major, front. Under any circumstances, promotion by selection
after a total of fourteen years of service, becomes eligible should be applied with caution. Even in war it is justified
for promotion to the grade of colonel. The lieutenant only in the case of officerswho have conspicuously proved
colonel is omitted. That is one way of liquidating an themselves fit for high command.
embarrassing grade. Colonels must serve eight years be- High commanders and general staff officers should
fore they can be promoted to higher rank. never lose sight of the physical and mental strain of
Promotion is by seniority upon qualification for the front-line troops, and of the psychological effect upon
next higher grade. The People's Commissar for War has them of the life of comparative safety and ease they be-
the discrerionary power to depart from the rule of hold in rear areas. It is, therefore, of great importance
seniority in exceptional cases. Military commanders of that commanders, general staff officers and other com-
higher rank are labeled by their respective commands. mand-post personnel visit the front line at frequent inter-
Promotion to these grades is by selection. Officers who vals. These visits should not, however, become a burden
fail to qualify for promotion may serve two additional to the troops. Visitors must always guard against expos-
years, but upon a second failure they are ttansferred to ing themselves to hostile observation. That invariably in-
the reserve or to some other vocation. Demotion in grade vites hostile artillery fire, and as a rule it comes down after
may be decreed by the commissar of war except in the the visitors have departed, leaving the troops to pay the
case of division and higher commanders. These require price. High commanders should be liberal with praise and
the action of the highest Soviet authority. Military rank chary with criticism. Troops are highly sensitive to both.
adheres to the possessor for life unless terminated by
sentence of court. Inactive officers may wear their uni- Berliner Monatschefte, January, 1936.
form without rank insignia. When they use their mili-
MOBILIZATION OF EUROPEANPOWERSIN 1914, by Ed-
tary title it must bear the qualifying label "at disposal"
". )) ward Czegka.
or In reserve.
Unique in its field, the Berliner Monatscheftc, edited
Militar- Wochenblatt, January II, 1936. by Dr. Alfred von Wegerer, is primarily devoted to re-
searching the causes and events leading to the W orId
YOUTHFULGENERALSTAFFOFFICERSIN WAR, CoM- War. The question of German war guilt supplied the
MANDERS ANDTRooPs, by General' von Reinicke, inspiration that brought this periodical into existence
a.D. thirteen years ago. Its contributors represent the entire
Battlefield attrition necessitated mass production of civilized world.
general staff officers. Occasional errors in the selections This number begins the publication of a series of mon-
were inevitable, yet, on the whole, these hastily trained ographs on the mobilization of European powers in 1914.
general staff officers acquitted themselves creditably. The The first instalment, by Edward Czegka, State Archivist
strenuous nature of general staff duty necessarily put a of Austria, deals with the mobilization of Serbia and
premium on youth. Although the majority of these Montenegro. After a brief summary of the strength and
youthful officers were modest, tactful individuals, there organization of the military establishments of these coun-
are instances of inordinate ambition and desire to get into tries and of their war plans, the author traces the now
the limelight. more or less well known events leading to the order of
It is imperative that capable, vigorous and alert regi- general mobilization and concentration of the man-power
mental commanders be given an opportunity to reach of these two nations. The study is based upon original.
high command at an early age. The revolution of 1918 documents and other source material. Thus, Russian
clearly demonstratecl that superannuated officers are of documents disclose the fact that on June 30, 1914, a few
little value in positions of great responsibility even in the days after the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir,
zone of the interior. Tsar Nicholas approved the shipment of 120,000 rifles
Division commanders should be young, vigorous and and 120,000,000 rounds of rifle ammunition that had
active. They must have stamina to endure the hardships been requested by the Serbian government during the
of strenuous service. They must remain in close touch previous winter. On July 3, in anticipation of war, the
with their troops. It is not enough to send out general Serb minister of war, General Stefanovic, without consult-
staff officers; that practice will soon destroy the prestige ing the Premier, ordered 50% of the officers stationed in
of a general officer. southern Serbia to repGrt to their mobilization stations.
General staff officers must cultivate courtesv and di- When the Austro-Hungarian minister presented the
plomacy in dealing with officersand troops. O~erbearing ultimatum of his government to the Serbian foreign office
conduct will produce friction and destroy morale. It will on July 23, the Serbian general staff had already taken
fan the antipathy usually felt by the rank and file against preliminary steps preparatory to a general mobilizati?n.
the brass hats who fight the war on maps. For this rea- This was ordered two days later, in fact before the Serbian
son selective promotion of general staff officers over their government handed its reply to the Austrian minister,
1936 THE FOREIGN MILITARY PRESS 227
which indicate: that Serbia did not expect Austria-Hun- HUNGARY: Pesti Naplo, February, 1935.
gary to accept It. FLAMESIN THE FAR EAST, by Major Kalman R~tz,
Serbia mobilized a quarter of a million men against M.P.
Austria-Hungary. An additional 150,000 men provided
security on the Bulgarian and Albanian frontiers, and Much has been written in recent years about the im-
rook charge of the training of replacements. Montenegro minence of a Russo-Japanese war. Activities of Japanese
mobilized 60,000 men but only 40,000 were effectively troops on the Asiatic mainland furnished much of the
armed and equipped for field service. material for this war talk. The press of the world vigor-
ously condemned Japan for her aggressive imperialism
but somehow it overlooked similar activities on the part
Artilleristische Rundschau, February, 1936.
of Soviet Russia. As far as territorial expansion is con-
THE NEW ITALIANTRENCHMORTAR,by M. Bl. cerned, the Soviets did almost as well as Japan.
The Italian infantry received a new trench mortar While the Japanese gathered up Manchuria and Inner
capable of effective fire against masked targets at ranges Mongolia, the Bolsheviki absorbed Sinkiang (or Chinese
from 100 to 150 meters. The weapon is light and highly Turkestan) the westernmost province of China which
mobile. With trained personnel it can fire 25 rounds per embraces 1,426,000 square kilometers and boasts a popu-
minute. Each infantry battalion now includes a trench lation of about a quarter of a million, mostly Mongols,
mortar platoon equipped with three of these guns. Chinese and mixed Turk-Tartar tribes. This acquisition
is of vast economical, political and strategical importance.
GREAT BRITAIN: Journal of the Royal United Service It places Soviet Russia on the borders of Tibet where the
Institution, May, 1935. ruling powers are definitely sympathetic, in marked con-
trast to the Anglophile leanings of the late Dalai Lama.
JAPANANDTHE MANDATEDISLANDS.(Navy Notes).
Although clashes frequently occur between Japanese
The London Times quotes an article published in the and Soviet troops along the troubled frontiers of the Far
Japanese Nichi Nichi by Admiral Suyetsugu, late com- East, war between these countries is unlikely in the near
mander in chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, in sub- furure. Such a war would necessitate the employment of
stance as follows: large bodies of troops on an extremely difficult country
The mandated islands are Japan's first line of marine and at a considerable distance from the homeland and
defense ... As long as Japan is able to hold these isles natural bases. The objectives are not commensurate with
her national safety is secured. Although constituting a the sacrifices that would have to be made. Indeed, such
protection to Japan, the islands are too remote to threaten a war would be suicidal to both Russia and Japan. Only
any power. On the otner hand, should they be seized Great Britain and the United States would profit from
or occupied by some enemy nation, Japan herself would the discomfiture of their potential enemies.
be at once opened to any hostile fleet based on these
A Russo-Japanese conflict would inevitably have serious
islands. By the same tok.en, these scraps of land would
repercussions in Europe. It would weaken the French
furnish excellent air bases for an enemy's air squadrons.
system of alliances and correspondingly enhance the
Thus it appears that these islands are made to order for
power and prestige of the German-Polish entente.
Japan; unless she holds them, the Pacific equilibrium
goes by the board. Such is the Japanese point of view, as
expressed by Admiral Suyetsugu. JUGOSLAVIA: Voyne Vestnik, August-September,
Now it makes little difference what nation holds the 1933,
mandate for these one-time German island possessions in THE CHARACTER ANDMORAL WORTH OF OFFICERS,
the northern Pacific, if that mandate is merely employed by General George Radosavlyevitch.
for purposes of peaceful administration. However, when Jugoslavia, like most European countries, selects army
these islands are transformed into the first line of Japanese officers for advanced staff and command training by
defense in direct contravention of the stipulated terms means of competitive examinations. This method may
of the mandate, then, in the humble opinion of this re- have some advantages over the system that flourishes
viewer, they become a threat indeed and. one to be con- here, and no doubt a great many officers would favor its
sidered. For instance, the Marshall Islands, part of the adoption as the only hope of their ever making the
mandated possessions, are within 1,000 miles of Hawaii. Leavenworth list. There is, however, another side to the
The reef-enclosed lagoons of the Marshall and Caroline picture, and the author's views on the subject merit con-
Islands afford ideal bases for aircraft and could be used as sideration. Competitive examinations for general staff
refueling points for naval craft. school selections will give the coveted opportunity to
Despite the late Admiral Suyetsugu's pronouncement, those who take the time to prepare themselves for the
the equilibrium of the Pacific cannot be maintained, un- ordeal. Unfortunately, the officer who conscientiously
less the mandate over these islands is transferred to some attends to his duties has little or no spare time for book
uninterested power which can administer them without learning. This simply means that an officer can make
selnsh motive. the grade only by neglecting his regular job. It does not
228 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-funt
mean that the best and most desirable officerswill get the listed personnel."
detail. The author rates the Air Corps as the second best in
The competitive system of selecting officers is funda- the world, and has high praise for its materiel. In his
mentally wrong because it over-emphasizes scholastic per- opinion, the United States Army, with the National
formance. Qualities of character and will-power are far Guard and Organized Reserve, can readily expand inti)
more important than the acquisition of mere theoretical a formidable fighting machine.
knowledge.
Apparently no attempt is being made anywhere to Memorial de Artilleria, February, 1936.
grade officers on a basis of character and moral worth, EMPLOYMENT OF MODERN TANKS IN THE RED ARMY ,
because it is thought that opportunities to observe them by Major Francisco Marinas.
are lacking. Although the problem presents serious dif-
ficulties, it is not impossible to solve. It should not be Soviet military writers believe that the modern tank
difficult to classify those who give evidence of positive or and airplane can smash the enemy's front; hence these
negative qualities. Similarly it should be an easy matter arms play an important part in the Red plan of attack.
to identify those above and below the average. Strength They use three types of tanks, each of which has a dis-
of character, frankness, will-power, discipline, devotion to tinct function and mission.
.duty, courage, ambition, initiative, independence of Partial blindness is the tank's greatest weakness, and
thought, zeal, perseverance, punctuality, dependability, the hostile artillery its most effective foe. These two fac-
sincerity, thoughtfulness, conscientiousness, pride, mod- tors emphasize the importance of prompt neutralization
esty, patriotism, loyalty, are aspects of character that of enemy batteries. On the other hand, Russians believe
might well be considered and recorded. The determina- that a battery of field artillery protected by a mine field
tion of these should not, however, be left to the judgment can offer effective resistance to a tank company. They
of a single individual who may lack the necessary ability believe that 200 mines (10 tons) will cover a front of ode
to judge, or who may be actuated by prejudices. The kilometer. Accordingly, Russian estimates as to the num-
task should be entrusted to special boards. Although the ber of tanks required for an attack run high. They think
result may still fall short of the ideal, it will in the long that a front of six to eight kilometers will require two
run produce satisfactory results at least to the extent of battalions of heavy tanks, one of medium tanks and three
preventing a weak character from reaching the top. The of light tanks.
modesty of the general's expectations may justify his Concentrated action, both in time and space, is essen-
faith in boards. tial to the success of an aerial attack. Soviet experts be-
lieve that one bombardment squadron is necessary to de-
SPAIN: Revista de Estudios Militares, December, 1935. stroy a battalion of field artillery in position or a regiment
of infantry in route column. The success of any attack
DIVERSE NOTES ON THE UNITED STATES ARMY, bv depends upon careful coordination; hence each wave
Major Jose Vidal. . must start on a prearranged time schedule. Contrary to
The Spanish military attache in Washington presents views generally held, Soviet experts still believe in artil-
an interesting estimate of the United States army and of lery preparation to neutralize hostile centers of resistance.
the state of our national defense. He finds that the army If Soviet military writers have their way, the Red in-
enjoys a fine reputation throughout the country. The fantry regiment will become a miniature army. They
efficiency of officers is well attested by the frequency or advocate the inclusion in the regimental organization of
assignments to important civil functions. Good organiza- a reconnaissance company with armored cars and tanks.
tion and a splendid esprit de corps contribute materially and armored--car company, a chemical-warfare company
to the state of efficiencv. The remoteness of army posts and a motorized antitank battery. They believe that the
from centers of population enables the army to devote its infantry battalion should include armored cars with ma-
time to training, and at the same time helps to keep it chine guns, a tank company, and a motorized battery
free from contamination by subversive propaganda. "The consisting of antitank, antiaircraft and trench-mortar pla-
state of discipline is perfect," Major Vidal observes, "yet toons. They advocate motorization of the infantry regi-
it is not merely a form of outward discipline, but one me~t and would have all motor transportation carry pro-
that results from the mutual respect of officers and en- tectlve armor.

THE FACT REMAINS that for the next quarter century, at least, this country would
enter a war with the material of the 1918 standards.-MAJoR RAY~fOND MARSH.
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
r COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES
IL
Any individual, whether or not he is a member of the service, is invited to submit constructive sugges-
tions relating to problems under study by the Coast Artillery Board, or to present any new problems that
properly may be considered by the Board. Communications should be addressed to the President, Coast
Artillery Board, Fort Monroe, Virginia.

THE COAST ARTILLERY BOARD

LIEUT.CoL. FREDM. GREEN,CA.C, President
MAJORC E. COTTER,CAC MAJORE. T. CONWAY,CAC
MAJORG. B. WELCH,Ord. Dept. CAPTAINL. L. DAVIS,CA.C
MAJORA F. ENGLEHART, CA.C CAPTAINWALTERJ. WOLFE,CA.C

SECTION I SECTION II
Projects Completed Since Last Issue of the Projects Under Consideration
Journal PROJECTNo. 953 - RADIO-CONTROLLED HIGH-SPEED
PROJECTNo. I04o--BLANKETS, WOOLEN, aD., M TARGET.-Due to lack of personnel, and the pressure of
I934.-This project has been closed by authority of the other duties, all work on this project was suspended
War Department. It is the present policy to employ the during the past two months. It is hoped to resume this
Coast Artillery Board, in so far as practicable, on projects work in May, and an endeavor will be made to construct
pertaining primarily to Coast Artillery problems. a new control mechanism with gyroscopic course-stabi-
PROJECTNo. I052-COAST ARTILLERYMH.lORAN- lizer in time to take advantage of good weather for actual
DUMNo. I6.-The manuscript of this publication has tests of the improved equipment.
been completed, and submitted to the Chief of Coast PROJECTNo. I038--STORAGE OF RUBBER-JACKETED
Artillery for action. It is hoped that its contents may SUBMARINEMINE CABLE.-This project is a "hardy
prove helpful to battery officers by presenting a digest perennial," which extends over a period of five years.
of the experiences of others in their own service practices. No startling conclusions can be drawn from any of the
Bismarck said that most people had to learn from their reports received so far.
own mistakes; he attributed his success to his practice of PR.OJECTNo. I03r-DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM,
learning from the mistakes of others. During 1935 a con- T-II.-In brief, this system may be described as an
siderable number of novel schemes were tried; those adaptation to seacoast fire-control problem of the same
which have not been described in the JOURNALhave been system of data transmission as is used with antiaircraft
outlined in the official memorandum. guns. All tests of this materiel at Fort Monroe have
PROJECTNo. I06I-OPTICAL FACEPIECE,E29RI9.- been completed; these included tests of accuracy of trans-
The object of this test was to determine whether large, mission, followed by use during subcaliber firing, and
single-curvature lenses, without magnifying power, would finally by test during the firing of service charges. Mean-
be advantageous for use with the optical gas mask, the while, another data transmission system of the same
diaphragm mask, and the service mask. Tests showed type has been installed for service t~st at Fort Hancock,
that the proposed arrangement provided a more com- N. J. The Board is awaiting the outcome of the Forl
fortable facepiece, and more than twice as great a field of Hancock tests before preparing its final report upon this
vision, except when used with optical instruments. When data transmitting system. In general, it may be expected
~sed with the majority of existing optical fire-control that data transmitters will be found as advantageous for
Instruments, however, the eye-distance was unsatisfac- the use of seacoast armament as they have been for anti-
tory; accordingly, the Board' recommended a change in aircraft guns.
the inclination of the lenses, both to reduce the distance PROTECTNo. lO46--ANTIAIRCRAFTMACHINE-GuN
between the observer's eye and the eye-piece of the in- FIRE CONTROL,I936.-These tests, held at Fort Story,
strument, and to afford a more comfortable angle for extended over a period of more tha:1 six weeks. Excep-
I continued close observation. It was the opinion of the tional difficulties from rainy and foggy weather, bad
Board that in its present form the Optical Facepiece flying conditions, and the occasional loss of important
E29RI9 is less satisfactory for use with optical instru- targets were encountered, but the data that has been
tnents than is the Facepiece E6~o, but that with certain secured promise to be of considerable value.
changes, which were recommended, the E29RI9 could The scope of the tests was fairly extensive. There were
be made the more suitable pattern. not only the routine day and night firings at a towed
230 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-Jum.
sleeve, but also a considerable number cf additional and PROJECTNo. I056--S0UND-POWEREDTELEPHONES,
unusual tests, such as tracking on targ( ts diving out of -The sets provided for test are being used at every op-
the sun, on high-speed maneuvering ..argets, on unil- portunity and under every variety of circumstances. The
luminated low-flying planes (seen partly through sil- Board is naturally reluctant to complicate the service com.
houetting against the sky, and partly by the flame of the munication equipment by the addition of any new t:ypt
airplane motor exhaust), on diving targets at dusk, and of telephone, and especially one that appears less ruggol
on targets illuminated only by miniature searchlights and more subject to derangement from rough handling
designed for use in beach defense. Several patterns of than is the usual local-battery type. The probable duJ::l.
caliber .50 guns were tested, three patterns of tripods bility of the sound-powered telephone is being scru-
were used with them, and certain experimental lots of tinized with especial care. However, there are obviolU
ammunirion were tried. Firing was held using individual advantages to the use of a telephone not dependent upon
control, with computing sights, and using central control the periodical field supply of a really fresh battery, and
by flexible shafring; with the latter, the angular leads these advantages will not be sacrificed unless they prove
normally were determined by instruments devised and to be accompanied by other more serious drawbacks.
constructed by Coast Artillery Board personnel. All in PROJECTNo. I057-ExPERIMENTAL FLANNELSHIRTS.
all, it is fair to say that as a result of these tests, a con- -These shirts were described in the January-February
siderable amount of useful information has been secured. issue. Certain officers and enlisted men were detailed
Evaluation of the data will require at least a month; to wear them for a six-month period, ending June I,
analysis has not yet progressed far enough to justify the 1936. At the end of that time the shirts will be examined
drawing of conclusions. for condition, appearance, and fit; also the wearers' opin-
PROJECTNo. 1048-DEVICE FOR GREASINGGUNS ions of their comfort and wearing qualities, as compared
(BROWN). - This project has been held in abeyance, with shirts of the present issue type, will be of much
awaiting the arrival of warm weather, when grease can be value to the Board in preparing its report.
expected to flow more freely. PROJECTNo. 10S8--SpoTTER, T S.-This device was
PROJECTNo. I049"-"FIELD JACKETs.-The test of described in the COASTARTILLERY JOURNALfor January-
these garments (described in the March-April JOURNAL) February, 1936. Ammunition for test purposes has been
has been completed, and the report of the Board is in secured, and at the time of writing these notes, the troops
preparation. As to the utility of this type of garment for which have executed the firings under Project I046 have
field wear, there can be no question. Just where it would just returned from Fort Story. Their next task will be to
fit into the soldier's wardrobe is a more debatable ques- execute antiaircraft gun firings for the Coast Artillery
tion: should it be addative to present allowances, or sub- School; incident to this some tests on the T-S Spotter will
stituted for some article? The field jacket is warmer than be conducted.
the blouse, but affords less protection than the overcoat or PROJECTNo. I059"-"DEPRESSIONANGLE INDICATOR,
mackinaw. While the men are agreed on its excellence 1936.-This equipment was described in the preceding
as a working garment, the field jacket, as its name im- issue of the COASTARTILLERY JOURNAL.With the com-
plies, is not well adapted for what the British call a ing of more favorable weather, and as soon as the neces-
"walking-out uniform." sary cooperation from the Air Corps, Harbor Defenses,
PROJECTNo. IOSl - TIME-INTERVALApPARATUS, and harbor boat service can be obtained, tests of this
EE-8S-T S.-This equipment, described in the previous equipment will be initiated.
issue of the JOURNAL,is undergoing tests at every oppor- PROJECTNo. 1063-RADIO SET,SCR-194-T3.-These
tunity. By summer, fairly extensive data on its operation sets are compact, easily portable radio telephone units,
should have been collected. It is hoped that before long which employ ultra high frequencies, ranging from 28 to
this problem (an acute one for more than ten years), 65 megacycles. This equipment is intended for ranges
may have been settled definitely. up to about five miles. The entire set, complete with
PROJECTNo. I054-TELEPHONE Box, EE-91-Tr.- batteries and a collapsible antenna rod over 13 feet long,
Some of the accessory equipment, required for complet- weighs less than 25 pounds, and (collapsed) measures
ing this test, was received in damaged condition. These only 16 x 9 x 6 inches over all. A 9~-foot antenna for
components have been turned in to the Signal Corps for vehicular use accompanies the set.
overhaul. As soon as this materiel has been returned, the To date, the operation of this set has proved satisfac-
Board will proceed with its tests. The tests so far com- tory, but the tests have just begun. One of the princi-
pleted indicate certain very satisfactory characteristics. pal problems is to determine the most useful applications
PROJECTNo. IOSS-PAINT PRIMERSFOR SEACOAST of this set to Coast Artillery needs. A variety of purposes
MATERIEL.-The armament selected for test, and to might be served: to link up OP's, listening posts, and
which paint was applied over each of the subject primers, searchlights in the antiaircraft regiment; for emergency
as yet has shown no signs of deteriorated surface. It communication with distant altimetric, spotting, or base
would be premature to venture any opinion as to the end stations; for command purposes within the mobile
relative merits of the various priming coats now under battalion or regiment; during reconnaissance; for convoy
test. control; during work on the water incident to the plant-
1936 COA~T ARTILLERY ORDERS 231
109 of submarine mines. Doubtless others can be sug- These prisms absorb light and thus reduce visibility. The
uested. The problem arises as to how extensively these T 3 glass omits the prisms, thus increasing the amount of
~ts could be used for the purposes indicated without light transmitted, but the image seen is inverted. This
mutual interference, and especially when operating in project is for the purpose of investigating and reporting
the vicinity of Field Artillery and Infantry units, ofwhich upon the relarive value of these two glasses.
the former are to use frequencies from 28 to 52 mega-
cycles, and the latter from 52 to 65 megacycles. As to SECTION III
the value of these sets for peace-time purposes in Coast Miscellaneous
Artillery work, no one who has seen their operarion can Four sample lots of lithographic ink, prepared by the
remain in doubt. Government Printing Office at the request of the Chief
PROJECTNo. I064-NIGHT GLASSES, T2 AND T3,- of Ordnance, were recently tested. This is for the
The Binocular T 2 and the Binocular T 3 are both 8-power purpose of marking antiaircraft machine-gun bullets for
fidd glasses with 56 mm. objecrives. Both admit a large identification of hits on aerial towed targets. The inks
amount of light with a correspondingly clear vision. were furnished in red, orange, green, and blue; all were
They are designed for use at an antiaircraft searchlight found to be satisfactory, and recommendations are being
control station to facilitate picking up the target. The made that they be standardized for issue to Coast Artil-
T2 glass provides an erect image by the use of prisms. lery troops.

COAST -ARTILLERY ORDERS

(Covering the Period March 1 to April 30, 1936)

Colonel W. T. Carpenter, from War De- Lieutenant Colonel P. H. Herman, from Major R. W. Argo, from instructor. C.A.
partment General Staff, to Panama, sailing Org. Res. 3d Corps Area, Ft. Monroe, to School, Ft. Monroe, to Assistant P. M. S.
New York, August 14. 10th, Ft. Adams, August 1. & T., University of Delaware, Newark, Au-
Colonel J. S. Dusenbury, from Panama, Lieutenant Colonel J. L. Homer, from gust 1.
to Org. Res. 6th Corps Area, Lansing, student, Army Industrial Collelle. Washing- Major M. G. Armstrong, from instructor,
Mich. ton, to office Chief of Coast Artillery. R. 1. N. G., Providence, to 61st, Ft. Sheri-
Colonel R. P. Reeder, from Ft. Monroe, Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Hood, from in- dan.
to his home and await retirement. Previous structor, C.&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, Major C. L. Berry, from Panama, to
orders revoked. to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. Asst. P.M.S.&T., Univ. of Minnesota, Min-
Colonel W. E. Shedd, Jr., from instruc- Lieutenant Colonel O. H. Longino, to neapolis.
tor, C.A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Coast Ar- member of General Staff Corps with troops, Major A. H. Campbell, from student,
tillery Board, Ft. Monroe, July 1. Panama, July 27. C.&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to Org.
Colonel H. F. Spurgin, from 51st, Ft. Lieutenant Colonel J. D. McCain, from Res. 3d Corps Area, Ft. Monroe.
Monroe, to 2d, Ft. Monroe, May 9. the Philippines. to 62d. Ft. Totten. Major J. T. Campbell, from instructor,
Colonel A. H. Sunderland, appointed Lieutenant Colonel \V. R. Nichols, from C.A. School, Ft. Monroe, to 2d, Ft. Mon-
Chiefof Coast Artillery with rank of Major instructor, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leaven- roe. July 1.
General, April 1. worth. to 3d, C.A. District, Ft. Monroe, Major W. M. Cravens, from Org. Res.
Colonel G. L. Wertenbaker. from Hawaii, July 31. 2d Corps Area, Wilmington, to Hawaii,
to Hq. Eighth Corps Area, Ft. Sam Hous- Lieutenant Colonel R. T. Pendleton, from sailing New York, Aug. 14.
ton. office Chief of Coast Artillery, to instructor, Major Nelson Dingley, III, from stu-
Lieutenant Colonel K. F. Baldwin, from C.A. School, Ft. Monroe, August 1. dent, C.&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to
student.Army War College, \Vashington, to Lieutenant Colonel R. N. Perley. from Asst. P.M.S.&T. Va. Polytechnic Institute,
Asst. P. M. S. & T., Gniversity of Kansas, Panama, to Inspector General's Department, Blacksburg.
Lawrence. 1st Corps Area, Boston. Major F. G. Epling, from Panama, to
Lieutenant Colonel E. E. Bennett, from Lieutenant Colonel E. K. Smith, from instructor, Air Corps Tactical School,
officeChief of Coast Artillery, to 62d, Ft. Athens High School, Athens, Ga., to Pan- Maxwell Field, Ala.
Totten, September 1. ama. sailing Xew York. July 3. Major W. D. Evans, from student, C. &
Lieutenant Colonel K. T. Blood. from Lieutenant Colonel J. P. Smith. from \Var G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to Georgia
student. Army \Var College, to Hawaii, sail- Department General Staff, \Vashington, to School of Technology. Atlanta.
Ing Xew York. August 14. Hawaii. sailing New York, August 14. ~fajor L. D. Farnsworth, from instructor,
Lieutenant Colonel B. N. Booth, retired Lieutenant Colonel J. S. Smylie, from Ore. X.G .. to 62d. Ft. Totten.
physical disability, April 30. First Corps Area. Boston, to Panama. sail- ~fajor E. H. Freeland, from Org. Res.
Lieutenant Colonel J. H. Cunningham, ing Xew York. November 12. 4th C.A. District, to Panama, sailing ~ew
from General Staff Corps, \Vashington. to Lieutenant Colonel T. A. Terry, from York, June 2.
the Philippines, sailing Xew York, Septem- \Var Department General Staff, \Yashing- Major P. H. French, from Assistant
ber 16. ton. to the Philippines, sailing Xew York. P.~f.S.&T .. Georgia School of Technology,
Lieutenant Colonel Frank Drake, from September 16. to 2d. Ft. Monroe.
General Staff Corps. 7th Corps Area. to Lieutenant Colonel C. M. Thiele, from ~fajor J. H. Harrington, from Finance
.~sst. P.M.S.&T., University of San Fran- \Yar Department General Staff, \Vashing- Department, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas, Sept.
CISCO. ton, to 63d, Ft. ~facArthur. 1.
Lientenant Colonel F. P. Hardaway, Lieutenant Colonel E. \V. Turner, from Major H. N. Herrick, from the Philip-
~rom student, Army \Var College, \Vash- Org. Res. Third Corps Area, Pittsburgh, pines, to student, Air Corps Tactical
lIIgton.to Hawaii, sailing :!\ew York, Au- to the Philippines, sailing New York, June School, Maxwell Field, Aug. 25.
gust 14. 2. ~fajor C. \V. Higgins, from student, C.
232 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL MaY-Iu.
&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth. to As- Captain D. D. 3.fartin. from the Philip- First Lieutenant C. H. Fernstrom, fl"Olll
sistant P.~LS.&T .• University of Cincinnati.pines. to Assistant P.~LS.&T., ~Hchigan 6th, Ft. \Vinfield Scott, to student, c.A,
~fajor R. E. Hill, from 51st. Ft. ~fon- State College. East Lansing. School, Ft. :?\fonroe.August 25.
roe, to Agric. and ~{ech. College of Texas, Captain W. J. 1fcCarthy, from Panama, . First Lieutenant R. D. Glassburn. frOlll
Mav 30. to 14th. Ft. Worden. Panama. to 13th, Ft. Barrancas.
:t.fajor H. B. Holmes. Jr .• from student, Captain G. \Y. Palmer, from student. First Lieutenant A. D. Gough, from 6th,
Army \Var College. \Vashington. to office, CA. School. Ft. 1fonroe. to Hawaii, sail- Ft. Baker, to student. CA. School. Ft. 1fOQ.
Chief of Coast Artillery. ing Xew York .. -\ugust 1. roe. August 25.
Major IV. IV. Irvine. from student •. -\rmy Captain R. B. Pape. from Japanese lan- First Lieutenant L 11. Guyer. to SUper-
\Var College, 'Washington, to 6th, Ft. Win- gua~e detail. to 63d. Ft. Mac.-\rthur. intendent, V'. S. :?\filitary .-\cademy. West
field Scott. Captain W. H. Papenfoth, from Oakland Point, July 1. Previous orders amended.
Major IV. F. Lafrenz, from Hawaii, to Public High Schools, to 69th, Ft. Crockett. First Lieutenant R. F. Haggerty (OD).
Assistant P.~LS.&T., University of San June 24. from \Vatertown .~rsenal, to student. Ord-
Francisco. Captain J. H. Rousseau. Jr .. from Cni- nance School, \Vatertown Arsenal.
~fajor R. M. Levy, from 4th Corps .-\rea, versitv of Alabama. to 2d. Ft. ~ronroe .. -\u- First Lieutenant W. H. Harris. from 52d,
Atlanta, to Adjutant General's Department, gust i. . Ft. Hancock, to student, CA. School. Ft.
\Vashington, D. C, August 1. Captain C E. Shepherd. from 52d. Ft. :?\fonroe.August 25.
Major P. P. Lowry, from 3d. CA. Dis- Hancock. to student, CA. School. Ft. ~fon- First Lieutenant E. F. Heidland, to Ha-
trict. Org. Res., to instructor, CA. School, roe. August 25. waii, sailing August 1. Previous orders
Ft. lfonroe, Mav 1. Captain X. B. Simmonds. to 11th, Ft. H. amended.
Major H. C~ Mabbott, from student. G. \Vright. Previous orders amended. First Lieutenant J. J. Holst. from 13th,
C&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth. to Ha- Captain J. H. Smith, from student. C& Ft. Barrancas. to Panama, sailing Kew
waii, sailing New York, August 14. G.S. School. Ft. Leavenworth. to P.11.S.& York. June 2.
Major J. G. Murphy, from student, C & T .. Reno High School, Reno. First Lieutenant Joseph Horridge, from
G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to Assistant Captain IV. H. Steward. promoted ~fa- Ordnance Department. Raritan Arsenal,
P.M.S.&T., Fordham University. jar. February 1. ~fetuchen. to U. S. Military Academy, West
Major A. V. Rinearson, Jr., from Ha- Cantain A. P. Sullivan. from student. Point. Previous orders revoked.
waii, to P.M.S.&T., Athens High School. C&.G.S. School. Ft. Leavenworth. to Org. First Lieutenant M. M. Irvine, from 63d,
Athens, Ga. Res .. 4th Corps Area. Columbia, S. C Ft. MacArthur, to student. CA. School,
Major J. L. Scott, transferred to Finance Captain E. W. Timberlake, from student. Ft. Monroe, August 25.
Department, March 21. C&G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to 61st, First Lieutenant R. K. Kauffman, from
Major C J. Smith, from P.M.S.&T., Ft. Sheridan. the Philippines, to student. CA. School, Ft.
Reno High School. to Hawaii, sailing San Captain C F. Tischbein. from student, Monroe, August 25.
Francisco. September 5. CA. School. Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, sail- First Lieutenant A. A. Koscielniak, from
Major L. H. Thompson. from instructor, ing Kew York. August 1. 51st. Ft. Monroe, to student, C.A. School,
Georgia N.G .. to 3d, Ft. :MacArthur. Captain D. C Tredennick. from Assistant Ft. Monroe, August 25.
Major W. H. \Varren, from student. C & P.~LS.&T .. University of Pittsburgh. to First Lieutenant A. M. Lazar, from 62d,
G.S. School. Ft. Leavenworth. to office 52d. Ft. Hancock. Tuly 23. Ft. Totten. to student, CA. School, Ft.
Chief of Coast Artillery, Washington, D. C Captain Vem \Valbridge, from Panama, Monroe, August 20.
Major Ellsworth Young, from Panama, to ('lst. Ft. Sheridan. First Lieutenant O. J. Levin, retired for
to 52d. Ft. Hancock. Captain A. E. \Vilson. from Panama, to the convenience of the Government, May
Captain C M. Badger, from student. 61st. Ft. Sheridan. 31.
C&.G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth. to Ha- Captain N. D. Young, from 61st. Ft. First Lieutenant H. duB. Lewis, from
waii, sailing New York. October 27. Sheridan. to 3d. Ft. Rosecrans. 14th. Ft. \Vorden, to Ordnance Department,
Captain H. C Barnes, Jr., from student, First Lieutenant G. N. Adams. to 3d, Ft. student, Ordnance School, Watertown Ar-
C&.G.S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to the Stevens. Previous orders amended. senal.
Philippines, sailing New York, September First Lieutenant C K. Allen. from stu- First Lieutenant J. R. Lovell, from Ha-
16. nent. Ordnance School. Aberdeen Proving' waii, to student, CA. School, Ft. Monroe,
Captain K. C. Bonney, from 52d. Ft. Han- Ground. to \Vatertown Arsenal, Tune 30. August 25.
cock, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas. First Lieutenant R. L. Anderson. from First Lieutenant W. L. McCulla, from
Cantain IV. R. Carlson, from 11th. Ft. student, CA. School. to 51st. Ft. Monroe. Watertown Arsenal, to student, Ordnance
R. G. Wright, to Assistant P.M.S.&T., First Lieutenant T. T. Barber. from stu- School, Aberdeen Proving Ground.
University of Alabama, University, July 20. dent. CA. School. Ft. :Monroe. to Hawaii, First Lieutenant W. F. McKee, from stu-
Captain A. K. Chambers. from Hawaii. sailing- Kew York. September 5. dent, CA. School. Ft. Monroe, to the Philip-
to 3d. Ft. Stevens. First Lieutenant C R. Bard. to Superin- pines, sailing Kew York, September 16.
Captain G. A. Chester. from student. CA. tendent. U. S. I\fiIitan' Academy. \Vest First Lieutenant H. R. McKenzie. from
School. Ft. Monroe. to student, advanced Point, July 1. Previous orders amended. student, Quartermaster Corps School, Phila-
technical course. CA. School. August 25. First Lieutenant A. H. Bender. to the delphia. to Assistant Quartermaster. Army
Captain IV. L. Claxton. retired with rank Philippines. sailing New York. June 2. Pre- Medical Center, Washington, June 30.
of Major. upon his own application. ~farch vious orders amended. First Lieutenant -M. J. McKinney. to the
31. First Lieutenant F. A. Bogart. from 52d. Philippines, sailing New York, June 2. Pre-
Captain L. D. Flory. from student. C & Ft. Hancock. to student. CA. School, Ft. vious orders amended.
G. S. School. Ft. Leavenworth. to Hawaii. ~fonroe, August 25. First Lieutenant E. G. Mitchell, from
sailing Kew York. August 14. First Lieutenant L. A. Bosworth. from \Vatertown Arsenal. to student. Ordnance
Captain J. H. Fonvielle. from student. \Vatertown Arsenal, to student. Ordnance School. Aberdeen Proving Ground.
CA. School. Ft. ~fonroe. to 69th, Fort School. Aberdeen Proving Ground. First Lieutenant B. L. Paige, from Ha-
Crockett. First Lieutenant R. G. Butler, Jr., trans- waii. to Superintendent, U. S. Military
Captain G. A. Ford. from 69th. Tyler, ferred to Ordnance Department, March 5. Academy. \Vest Point, July 1. Previous
Texas. to Panama, sailing Kew York. Au- First LieutenantW. A. Call. from \Vater- orders amended.
gust 14. town Arsenal. to student. Ordnance School. First Lieutenant H. C Parks, from stu-
Captain J. F. Gamber. from Panama, to Aberdeen Proving Ground. dent, C A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Panama,
student, CA. School. Ft. ~fonroe, August First Lieutenant E. IV. Chamberlin. from sailing New York. August 14.
25. student. CA. School. to student advanced First Lieutenant C L. Partin, from stu-
Captain H. P. Gard. from student, CA. technical course, C.A. School. Ft. Monroe, dent, CA. School, to 2d, Ft. Monroe.
School, to 2d Ft. ~fonroe. Ammst 25. First Lieutenant P. F. Passarella, from
Captain J. L. Goff. from 14th, Ft. Wor- First Lieutenant IV. V. Davis. from ('2d. 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright, to student, CA.
den. to 52d. Ft. Hancock. Ft. Totten. to student. CA. School. Ft. School, Ft. Monroe, August 25.
Captain}. I. Hincke. from "G. S. Military ~fonroe, August 25. First Lieutenant C L. Peterson, trans-
Academy. West Point. to Hawaii, sailing First Lieutenant F. \V. Ebev. from the ferred to Corps of Engineers. February 14.
New York. August 14. Philippines. to 11th. Ft. H. G. Wright. First Lieutenant ~L G. Pohl, from stu-
Captain Armand Hopkins. from student, First Lieutenant D. D. Edison. from Ha- dent. C.A. School, to 2d. Ft. Monroe.
C A. School, to 51st. Ft. Monroe. waii, to 14th. Ft. \Vorden. First Lieutenant G. F. Powell, from 6th.
Captain R. H. Krueger, to the Philip- First Lieutenant Paul Elias. from student, Ft. Winfield Scott, to student. CA. School.
pines, sailing New York, June 2. Previous CA. School. Ft. 1fonroe. to Hawaii. sail- Ft. Monroe, August 25.
orders amended. ing XeV\'York. August 14. First Lieutenant K. E. Rasmussen, from
1936 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS 233
student, CA. School, Ft. Monroe. to lan- First Lieutenant L. T. Vickers, from Ha- Second Lieutenant D. B. Ronth, to the
guage detail, Tokyo, Japan, sailing New waii, to 14th. Ft. Worden. Philippines. sailing New York, September
York, September 16. First Lieutenant D. B. Webber. from 16. Previous orders amended.
First Lieutenant M. B. Raymond. from 61st, Ft. Sheridan, to U. S. Military Acade- Second Lieutenant R. B. Warren, from
Panama, to 62d, Ft. Totten. mv. \Yest Point. Coast Artillery Corps to Corps of Engi-
First Lieutenant J. F. Rodenhauser (aD), 'First Lieutenant K. J. Woodbury, from neers, }'Iarch 5.
from Aberdeen Proving Ground, to \Yater- student, CA. School, Ft. Monroe, to the Second Lieutenant G. J. 'Weitzel, to the
town Arsenal. Philippines, sailing New York, September Philippines, sailing New York, June 2. Pre-
First Lieutenant L. G. Ross, from stu- 16. vious orders amended.
dent, CA. School, Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, Second Lieutenant J. O. Baker, from 14th, Master Sergeant John Brewer, 3d, Ft.
sailing New York, August 14. Ft. Worden, to student, Ordnance Depart- MacArthur, retired, March 31.
First Lieutenant J. A. Sawyer, from Ha- ment, Watertown Arsenal. Master Sergeant 'V. E. Tarpey, 62d, Ft.
waii, to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. Second Lieutenant K. 1. Curtis, from Air Totten, retired. April 30.
First Lieutenant Peter Schmick, from Corps Primary Flying School. Randolph Master Sergeant, G. R. Taylor, 11th, Ft.
<i3d,Ft. MacArthur, to student, CA. School. Field, to 63d, Ft. MacArthur. H. G. Wright, retired, April 30.
Ft. Monroe, August 25. Second Lieutenant H. C Donnelly, from First Sergeant Hector Buckley, 9th, Ft.
First Lieutenant R. E. Schukraft, from Panama, to aide, Brig. Gen. P. P. Bishop. Banks, retired, April 30.
52d, Ft. Hancock, to Sigual Corps, Ft. Mon- Ft. McPherson. First Sergeant Will Harper, 13th, Ft.
mouth, May 30. Second Lieutenant R. W. Hain, from Barrancas, retired, March 31.
First Lieutenant M. L. Skinner, from stu- Panama, to 62d, Ft. Totten. First Sergeant 1. C. Hopkins, C.A.
dent, C A. School, Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, Second Lieutenant H. R. Hale, from 51st, School Detachment, retired, March 31.
sailing New York, August 14. Ft. Monroe, to Air Corps training center, First Sergeant J. J. Howard, 62d, Ft.
Randolph Field, July 1. Totten. retired, April 30.
First Lieutenant W. F. Spurgin, from Second Lieutenant F. M. Humphries,
10th. Ft. Adams, to student, C.A. School, from Watertown Arsenal, to student, Or- First Sergeant Joe Kirkpatrick, 14th, Ft.
Ft. Monroe, August 25. dnance School, Aberdeen Proving Ground. Worden, retired, March 31.
First Lieutenant A. P. Taber, from 14th, Second Lieutenant E. H. Kibler, Jr., from First Sergearit C L. Stout, 59th, Ft.
Ft. Worden, to student, CA. School, Ft. Panama, to 7th, Ft. Hancock. Mills, retired, April 30.
Monroe, August 25. Second Lieutenant F. M. McGoldrick, Sergeant W. M. Clapp, 61st, Ft. Sheridan,
First Lieutenant L. K. Tarrant, from stu- from 52d, Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, sailing retired, March 31.
dent, CA. School, to 51st, Ft. Monroe. New York, August 14. Sergeant Adolph Hirschfield, 5th, Ft.
First Lieutenant H. N. Toftoy, from stu- Second Lieutenant P. S. Peca, to the Hamilton, retired, April 30.
dent, CA. School, Ii't. Monroe, to Panama, Philippines, sailing New York, June 2. Pre- Sergeant Lawrence Reilly, 41st, Ft.
sailing New York, August 14. vious orders amended. Kamehameha, retired. March 31.

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 BOOK REVIEWS

GEOGRAPHIC DISARMAMENT: A STUDY OF However, if conditions arise, whether internal or ex-

REGIONAL DEMILITARIZATION, By Major ternal, to disturb this mental state that engenders the
General J. H. Marshall-Cornwall, C.B.E., D.S.O., feeling of security, then the adjacent states may be ex-
M.C. Oxford University Press. $5.00. pected to take such steps as each feels is necessary for
its own safety, regardless of the treaties or agreements
Review~d by Major Gordon W~lch. D.D. that may have been signed. Thus on March 7th, whether
due to the pressure of internal affairs t? fe~lings of out-
Forced to live on a spherical earth, from which there is raged national honor, or, as stated, to VIOlatIonsby o~her
no escape, and pressed by a population increase that always signatories of the Locarno agreements, Chancellor HItler
seems just a little ahead of the available food supply, moved troops into the Rhineland, which under these
men have frequently seen no way to solve the problem agreements constituted a demilitarized buffer region be-
of obtaining the bare necessities of life except by hitting tween France and Germany. As the diplomats moved and
somebody. The somebody is nearly always a stranger, counter-moved following this German action, the news
someone who speaks a different language, who eats dif- dispatches carried a report to the effect that Turkey pro-
ferent food, or worships a different God. But men have posed to remilitarize the Dardanelles if Germany were
not generally actually wanted war, and they are usually allowed to reoccupy the Rhineland without opposition.
ready to try many expedients to avoid it, and thus to In times marked by sudden crises like these, it is not
prolong the periods of peace in which they prove and easy to understand the forces that play back and forth on
develop their particular corner of the earth. each day's events. For those who seek such an under-
One of these expedients has been the "zonal frontier," standing, especially of the possibilities connected with
or buffer region, between possibly hostile groups. Some- this particular method of maintaining peace, and of the
times these insulating zones were simply areas into which motives, methods, mistakes, and successes of the states-
each was afraid to go unless he meant war; sometimes men who apply them, General Marshall-Cornwall has
they were forced upon a vanquished State by the victor; assembled and analyzed the necessary background of his-
and sometimes they were more formally agreed upon as torical facts. He traces the conception of a "zonal fron-
places into which each promised not to send armed men. tier" from the almost involuntary use of neutral zones
This practice, whatever the details of the arrangement by pre-historic tribes to the highly technical treaties of
and however arrived at, is known, in the modern language Locarno and Lausanne.
of international relations, as "regional demilitarization." Fr0!TIthis study, certain principles stand out as essential
In the security which such regional demilitarization has to the successful employment of regional demilitarization
sometimes afforded, nations, large and small, have been as a device for maintaining peace. First, the agreements
better able to relax, and to go about their ordinary busi- constituting such zones. should be mutually arrived at. If
ness without spending too much of their time and energy their terms are forced by one upon the other, then at the
in watching the frontier. first auspicious occasion they are likely to be violated.
Security, however, as pointed out by Major General Second, they should offer advantage to each of the ad-
Marshall-Cornwall, distinguished author of this recent jacent states. This is the most ordinary rule of contracts;
study of geographic disarmament, " ... is a mental state, it is the "for value received" clause. Third, the boundaries
not so much based on deductive reasoning as inspired of the zone should be accurately delimited and, where
by faith and confidence, and induced by psychological practicable, marked on the ground. Lastly, the agree-
convictions rather than by physical factors. We sleep more ments should require an approximately equal degree of
securely in a country cottage surrounded by a garden self-sacrifice or self-denial on the part of each such state.
than if that cottage gave directly onto the main road. The This condition is especially difficult of achievement be-
garden wall may be totally ineffective as an obstacle; pos- cause of the different conditions that may exist on either
sibly we do not even lock the gate at night, but we are side of the boundary. Among such differences are physi-
surrounded by a zone of space, and that zone, though it cal geographic characteristics, location of centers of popu-
cannot physically guarantee security, yet psychologically lation, amount of mineral and other natural resources near
imparts it. Transpose the garden wall into a national the boundary, character of the adjacent rail and road
frontier and the same effect is produced. National secur- nets, and many others. A technical evaluation of these
ity is engendered. We have replaced the 'razor's edge' of factors appears to be essential, however, to a proper bal-
sharp contact by a blunter insulating zone. In the future, ancing of the servitudes imposed upon the agreeing states.
we must think of frontiers, not as lines, but as zones, Viewed in the light of the four principles thus deduced,
which, in effect, they really are." recent events become more understandable. For example.
1936 BOOK REVIEWS 235

New- Type Testing for Gunners"Examinations

Harbor Defense Regiments, Coast Art1'Oery
Save time, trouble and expense. Examine an the best pedagogic practices of civilian educa-
entire battery in the time usually required to tional institutions.
ex~e. one man, and at th~ same time insure No longer is it necessary for National Guard
urufotffilty, exactness and farmess. Examining Boards to make trips to distant or-
The examination, when completed, consti- ganizations-a few minutes work at regimental
tutes a permanent record and removes all doubt headquarters and the job is done.
as to the soldier's qualifications for addittonal For a more detailed description of this meth-
compensation. It also furnishes an index to the od of conducting examinations, please refer to
quality of instruction being imparted in any the article beginning on page 53 of the January-
organization. These examinations conform to February, 1936, issue of the JOURNAL.

PRICES POSTPAID
SECOND CLASS GUNNERS' ExAMINATION FIRST CLASS GUNNERS' ExAMINATION
1 to 100 IDe each 1 to 100 7c each
101 to 500 9c each 101 to 500 6c each
Over 500 7y,;c each Over 500 5c each

ORDER FROM

The Coast Artillery Journal

1115 17th Street, N.W. WASHINGTON, D. C.

THIS IS NOT A PAID ADVERTISEMENT

it can be seen that, in the Rhineland, they were fulfilled GENERALSHIP, ITS DISEASES AND THEIR
in hardly a single particular. In fact, " .. '. France un- CURE, By Major General J. F. C. Fuller. 100 pages.
fortunately places so little reliance in the efficacy of the $1.00.
Lacarno guarantee that in the ten years that have elapsed
In this compact volume, General Fuller has mercilessly
sincethe signature of that instrument she has spent some-
exposed the diseased state of generalship in modern armies
thing like £50,000,000 in fortifying her eastern frontier, and points out that senior officersshould share the dangers
and, in addition, has persuaded Belgium to spend another and sacrifices of their men just as officersin the Navy do.
£12,000,000 in prolonging that line to the northeast."
A sense of equality of sacrifice is an essential cement in
The question of what to do about it is, of course, not any fighting force. The mere presence of a senior officer
answered. " ... No single process can be regarded as will often prove to be the deciding factor in inspiring the
an infallible prophylaxis against the occurrence of hostili- men with confidence and the moral stamina which so
ties.... Geographic disarmament, like other forms of many times has snatched victory from almost certain de-
armament limitation, is not an end in itself but a method feat.
of achieving it. Let us not be too ambitious about our The action of Grant at Fort Donelson illusttates this
objective. It will perhaps never be humanly possible to point. "He was not on the battlefield when his army was
eliminate war absolutely from international relations, just attacked, and upon returning to it, he found it half-
as one can never discount altogether the possibility of routed; how did he act? ... In his ordinary quiet voice
accidents in coal mining, chemical factories, or railway he said "Gentlemen, the position must be retaken
.... " " What did he then do? Did he sit down
travel. But by careful legislation, by the establishment
and write an operation order? NO! he galloped down
of practical and appropriate rules, and by loyally observ-
the line shouting to his men: "Fill your cartridge boxes
ing them, we can reduce the risk of war to a minimum, quick, and get into line; the enemy is trying to escape,
instead of being perpetually haunted by its spectre." and he must not be permitted to do so ... " 'This, as
Based upon his own background of experience and psy- he says himself, 'acted like a charm, The men only
chology, the reader will naturally form his own opinion wanted someone to give them a command.''' "On yet
as to the soundness of these conclusions. another occasion, when supervising an attack, he dis-
236 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-/u",
mounted and sat down on a fallen tree to write a mes.
sage. 'While thus engaged a shell exploded directly in
front of him. He looked up from the paper an instant,
An Ideal and then, without the slightest change of countenance,
went on writing the message. Some of the Fifth Wiscon-
Present for
son wounded were being carried past him at the time,
the Boy and Major E. R. Jones of that regiment says: ... that
one of his men made the remark: 'Ulysses don't scan:
worth a d -- n.' It is such generals who can lead men,

HERE'S REAL FUN who can win victories and not merely machine them out."
Much has been written on the question of leadership.
In its final analysis the most important factors entering
Plus Actual Pistol Training into this God-given quality are personality and example.
By special arrangement with the manufacturer we As an illustration of this the author cites the action of
offer you the famous bull's-eye pistol, the most
accurate and inexpensive training pistol ever manu- Lee at Spotsylvania when the Union troops broke through
factured. the apex of the Confederate works. Of this instance Gen-
Through the simple medium of a No. 33 heavy
rubber band, the bull's-eye pistol drives a No.6 eral Gordon wrote. "Lee looked a very God of war. Calm-
chilled shot with uncanny accuracy and speed. It's ly and grandly, he rode to a point near the center of my
an easy matter to "kill" the celluloid birds (see
cut) at twenty to twenty-five feet. Especially effec- line and turned his horse's head to the front, evidently
tive on flies or other small insects at slightly closer resolved to lead in person the desperate charge, and drive
ranges. Hancock back or perish in the effort. I knew what he
Use this inexpensive bull's-eye pistol to keep your
trigger finger in trim. Yon will get real fun plus meant ... I resolved to arrest him in his effort, and
actual pistol training. Order a bull's-eye pistol set thus save to the Confederacy the life of its great leader.
today. The box contains three toy birds, extra No.
33 rubber bands, a supply of shot, and small die for I was at the center of that line when General Lee rode to
stamping bull's-eye targets. And the cost is only it. With uncovered head, he turned his face towards Han-
$2.50 postpaid.
cock's advancing column. Instantly I spurred my horse
The Coast Artillery Journal across old Traveller's (Lee's favorite charger) front, and
111517th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C . grasping his bridle in my hand, I checked him. Then, in
-••I=:========================================~. • a voice which I hoped might reach the ears of my men
and command their attention, I called out, 'General Lee,
you shall not lead my men in a charge. No man can do
Infantry Drill Regulations that, sir. Another is here for that purpose. These men
With Rifle Marksmanship.
Customs of the Service. Courtesies
Interior Guard Duty
ana
Military Disci line. behind you are Georgians, Virginians and Carolinians.
They have never failed you on any field. They will not
The subject matter of the text is based on official
fail you here. Will you, boys?' " The response came like
documents of the War Department. This has been a mighty anthem that must have stirred his emotions as
entirely rewritten and especially illustrated to meet no other music could have done ... "No, no, no; we'll
the particular requirements of those for whom it i.
intended. not fail him." ... I shouted to General Lee, "You
CONTENTS must go to the rear." The echo, "General Lee to the rear,
General Lee to the rear!" rolled back with tremendous
Instruction Dismounted The Infantry Pack
Without Arms Shelter Tent Drill emphasis from the throats of my men.
Close Order Drill Rifle Marksmanship "When in the W odd War did the men in the battle
The Squad
Platoon Nomenclature, Care and front order one of our generals back, let alone the general-
To Include { Oompan:r Cleaning of Rifles
Battalion in-chief? Never! No general-in-chief was to be found
Range Practice
Dismounted Ceremonies there, sometimes, perhaps, a brigadier, but as far as I
Drill and Combat Military Discipline,
Signals Courtesies and Cus- have been able to ascertain, never a corps or a divisional
Extended Order Drill toms of the Service commander."
The Squad Interior Guard Duty
To Include { Platoon The author of this admirable work then takes up a dis-
Company
cussion of age and the physical condition of leaders,
This book provides the service with an essential
which has been lacking for a long time. Fully il- pointing out that with advancing age comes a reluctance
lustrated. to share the hardships and deprivations of war. Instinc-
In convenient Field Manual m.ze~" x 7%". tively a General shuns discomfort. He keeps himself aloof
Strictly up to date and in accord with the latest
training literature of the War Department. and apart, well to the rear, protected, waited upon and
Prie, 5(}cpw copy ptutpaid. catered to. No longer is he able to sleep under dripping
In lata of 10 to 24--10% diIcount, f.o.b. Wash. hedges and his digestion suffers irreparably from dining
In lots 01. 25 or more--2O% diecount. f.o.b. Wash. on hard-tack served by the light of the stars. After the
age of 50 or thereabouts, he is unable to endure the rigors
THESE ARE HOT PAID ADVERTISEMEIITS
 /936 BOOK REVIEW'S 237

•
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These binders are a great convenience, if not an actual
necessity in all headquarters and battery offices.

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It protects the manuals cut) is especially designed
and makes it possible to for filing training regula-
I keep them in a permanent tions and other similar
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In lots of 10 or more In lots of 10 or more
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The Coast Artillery Journal

IIt'==========================================I.
1115 17th STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C.

of a strenuous campaign or to work hours upon end un- A MODERN MILITARY DICTIONARY. By Colo-
der the stress and strain of battle often without sleep. nel Max B. Garber, U. S. Army. Washington, D.
As a result he delegates many of his duties to his staff, c.: Published by the Author, 1936. 332 pages. $2.50
while to his men he becomes a myth, if not something cloth; $2'75 leather.
r worse. Age alone is not the yardstick by which the ability We confess to a secret admiration for the courage and
of a General can be measured but it is a factor which stamina of any person who writes a dictionary. It is no
should not be ignored. War demands almost super-human light task; the author of this work spent fourteen years
effort and the maximum exertion. The knowledge that in its compilation.
the General has been seen at the point of greatest danger It has been asserted that our military language is in a
i personally directing the activities of his men or looking state of confusion, that there is a plethora of unnecessary
after their welfare and comfort is the foundation upon terms and at the same time a paucity of really useful and
'
which morale is built. necessary words. On the other hand, it is claimed that
The conclusion is evident. The better equipped phy- our difficulties lie not in the inadequacy of our military
language, but in the looseness with which it is used and
sically, mentally and morally the leader is the greater the
the haziness of understanding.
chances of success. In nine cases out of ten the man with
Language is determined by usage, properly by good
t the physical stamina and driving force to carry him
through periods of excessive activity will beat the man in
usage, but frequently by general usage, even when it is
bad. Dictionaries serve to crystallize and standardize
t whom these qualities have been dulled by the ravages of
good usage. The lexicographer is not called upon to create
cimeaided by easy living. General Fuller emphasizes the new terms. His proper function is to set forth good usage
\ advantage of youth in a commander. He charts 100 great as he finds it.
I Generals showing their ages at the time of their greatest The author of A 1110dern Military Dictionary has
I achievements. The book is a masterly presentation of understood his mission, and has stuck to it. He has made
~und ideas which might well be given consideration in a praiseworthy and successful effort to find the meanings

I
~mes of peace and certainly should not be overlooked in of terms as understood by our best authorities, and to
times of war. express them in clear and simple English. Although the
238 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL May-lu1'lt
work is largely devoted to our current military idiom, it
An Independent, Illustrated National :Monthly includes many ancient terms, not in current use, but of
Magazine for all :Members of the Military nlue to the military student. Common terms of civil
Profession and Their Families. usage that have a special military meaning or imporranu,
are included, as well as important foreign terms. Not
even slang is neglected.

Our leIDY
The succinct technical and historical sketches of im-
portant branches and weapons which appear throughout
the text are accurate and well written.
This dictionary, notable for its large and readable print,
contains approximately 10,000 terms. It is doubtful if
the vocabulary of the most erudite military scholar com-
Registered U. S. Patent Office
prises half that number. Accordingly this work can ex-
EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES: tend the horizon of any soldier.-C. L.
160 JAY STREET, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
MERCHANT SHIPS, 1936. Compiled and edited by
"This magazine is for the United States Army as a whole.
It Will not cater to either the officers or the enlisted men
Lieutenant E. C. Talbot-Booth, R.N.R. Sampson,
as a class, nor will it favor anyone division or arm. It Lew, Marston & Co., Ltd., London. Price $10'50'
maintaills that a well-trained, well-quartered, well-fed and
well-paid Army is our best guarantee for peace; that the A compilation of the data contained in this book repre-
profession of arms is an honorable one, and that our Army
deserves more consideration from the public than it re- sents a stupendous amount of work. It contains a vast
ceives."-Publisher's Declaration of Policy from the First store of condensed, concise information pertaining to the
Issue. merchant ships of 24 nations of the world, arranged in a
Subscription Rate: $3 for One Year (12 issues) convenient form for ready refereonce. The data, among
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the name, flag of registry, tonnage, dimensions, machin-
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL ery, fuel capacity, builders, kind of cargo carried, the
~115 Seventeenth Street, N.W. WASHINGTON, D. C. personnel complement of both passengers and crew and
other pertinent data. This book is to the merchant marine
• •• service what Jane's Fighting Ships is to the Navy or
• Jane's All the World's Aircraft is to the Air Corps. The
Reserve Officers' work has been produced as a compendium of information
for the marine service. It answers all questions concern-
Identification Badge ing the history of merchant ships including change 01
(Official Badge of the Officers' Reserve Corps) name and change of registry. Also there are a number 01
.rPA_ ~ I~ pages showing the flag and the funnel marking of all the
5 YEARS ''''0'' ~ I principal maritime lines, done in colors. The book is a
veritable storehouse of information that cannot be ob-
*~YEAR~ t~~j tained elsewhere under one cover.

•rr:: YiA~ I tl,."" ..-~j THE WESTERN MILITARY FRONTIER: 1815'

1846. By Henry Putney Beers. Published by the Uni.
versity of Pennsylvania, 1935, 227 pages. Price $2.00.
B __~
[ZOYEARS
We often read about the westward march of our civili.
zation across the continent, usually thinking of itin term~
of the hardships, trials and triumphs of the heroic se~'
NON-TARNISHABLE WHITE METAL
tlers. But few know (or recall) that the infant Amen-
BADGE, equipped with one service bar; either
can Army was the pathfinder across the prairies, the
enameled lettering on silverbackground or silver
lettering on red enameled background (the mountains and the rivers of the great West. In Tht
latter for those officersholding a certificateof Western Military Frontier: 1815-1846, by Henry Pu~.
capacity) $1.25 postpaid. ney Beers, the part the Army played in the western mI-
SINGLE BARS, representing 5, 10, 15, or 20 gration is clearly and concisely presented. Altho?gr
years; either silver or red enameledbackground, this book was originally written as a Ph.D. dissertatIOn
25c each. its style differs from the usual laborious and weigh~
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theses; it is both scholarlv and readable.
THE COAST ARTIllERY JOURNAL The theme is the military frontier with its line oj
1115 17th Street, N.W. WASHINGTON, D. C. military posts from the Great Lakes to the Red Rive~.
The author deals with a part of American history that 1!
• THESE ARE HOT PAID ADVERTISE.EIITS
1936 BOOK REVIE\,\'S 239
not often stressed, the period between the \Var of 1812 ••1=====================.
and the Mexican \Var. He opens the subject with an
admirable introductor~l chapter on 'The Army in the
West, 1783-1815'" Dr. Beers has carefully and thought-
COAST
full~' selected historicall~' interesting material and has
presented it in an original. straightforward st~,le. He has
delved into little known historical faCts usually ignored
ARTILLERY
bv most historians; these facts enliven the whole context
of the narrative.
wfuch interesting data is given on the development
RING
and growth of the American Army during the period
of 1783-1846. As horses greatly impressed the Indians
it was necessary to institute Cavalrv in the Army, this
Corps being an outgrowth of the Drag-oons. Owing to
bck of funds Chaplains were dismissed in 182 I and the
Army was compelled to get along without ord::Jined
members of the cloth until ISiS; during this period serv-
ices were conducted by any religiously inclined officer or
soldier.
The young Army was the real pIOneer: it was the
van~uard to clear the way a'1d protect the settler; it was
a means of stabilizing the community life; it was a pre-
server of peace on the frontier and a peace-maker between
the warrin~ India'1 tribes; it was the school in which a
certain type of statesmanship was developed, such as
the making and carrving out of treaties. Among the
soldier-statesmen of that period are found the names of
Generals Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, The Coast Artillery Association
Zacbry Taylor, Winfield Scott and many' others who has approved this ring, but it may be
worn by any Coast Artilleryman,
bter became prominent. The \Vestern frontier was the whether or not he is a member of
training ground for manv of the generals who served in the Association. The design, as
the Civil War. The tactics of open warfare and of rapid shown in the illustration, has been
worked out with great care. The
movement influenced ~reatly the strategy of that war, other side is equally attractive, de-
especially in the raids of the Cavalrv, striking as they picting a fort and the shield of the
United States superimposed on a
did at unexpected times and places. crossed saber and rifle above the
letters U.S.A.
The development of the West is due in a large part to
the Army engineers who surveyed the land, improved Gold Overlay
the rivers, built roads and defined boundaries. Dr. Beers To keep the cost within reach of
all, the manufacturer has worked
discusses in detail the whole Indian situation and ex- out a plan whereby the outside of 0
plains the methods used by the United St'ltes Govern- the ring is 10k. gold over a sterling
silver inlay; in appearance this is
ment in dealing with them. It was during this oeriod exactly like the solid gold ring and
(1811:\-1846) that the Army with its many duties ob- will wear equally as well.
tained valuable experience and training. The author has 10k
Solid Sterlinv Gold
appended a fine biblio~Taphv :md index which enhance Men'. Rinv. Gold Silver Overlay
Plain, no stone $23.00 $ 9.50 $16.00
the value of his work. Upon finishing this volume, the Ruby ..•.... 29.30 11.50 22.30
Sapphire .... 31.50 13.50 24.50
reader has the desire to seek further information about Topaz .....• 31.50 13.50 24.50
Garnet 31.60 14.00 24.60
the service of the Army to our country.-B.B.T. Amethyst 32.00 14.50 25.00
Tourmaline 34.75 17.00 27.75
Emerald 28.50 13.50 21.50
Black Onyx.. 26.50 9.50 19.00
PROBLEME DES LUFTKRIEGES (Problems of the Blood Slone .. 27.00 10.00 19.50

War in the Air), by Oberleutnant Georg W. Feuch- The same design furnished in
ter, a.O. Potsdam: Ludwig Voggenreiter Verlag, 19i6. miniature for ladies.
63 pages; 8 illustrations. 1.80 Marks. PRICES o~ ApPLICATIO~.

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This pocket-sized pamphlet discusses, in highlv con- THE COAST ARTILLERY
densed form, views of experts on tactics of the air, the JOURN AL
probable development of aviation, and some of the prob-
1115 Seventeenth Street, N.W.
lems that aerial warfare will present in a future war.- Washington, D. C.

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The Soldier's Handbook Death! Then What?
Special Coast Artillery Edition
i By CAPTAIN J. H. DOHERTY, F.D.

A storehouse of information necessary for all No one expects to die, but some day you will.
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Outlines of the World's Coast Artillery

Military .History (A Manual of Coast Artillery complete
in one volume)
By COLONEL WILLIAM A. MITCHELL An up-to-date, comprehensive and thorough
Professor of Military Art at West Point training manual and reference text, including
under one cover everything pertaining to
* *
From 1500 B.C. to 1918 A.D.
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recent antiaircraft artillery materiel is fully
From Thothmes III to Pershing. described.
* * 728 PAGES ABOUT 400 ILLUSTRATIONS
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Company Administra- Courts-Martial Practical

tion and Personnel Guide
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By c. M. VIRTUE
A RELIABLE AND PRACTICAL GUIDE
Indispensable in Battery Offices and FOR COURTS-MARTIAL PROCEDURE
other offices of record. Especially valuable to trial judge
A ready reference with complete index. Com- advocates and defense counsel.
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