Measurement and geometry

5
Area and
volume
In 1978, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced a competition to
design a new Parliament House to be built for Australias bicentenary
in 1988. The winning design was submitted by architects Mitchell,
Giurgola and Thorp. The building was constructed in seven years
and was opened on 9 May 1988 by Queen Elizabeth II. The
Parliament House site covers 32 hectares of Capital Hill while the
building itself is 300 metres wide, 300 metres long with a floor area
of 250 000 m2.
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8

n Chapter outline n Wordbank

Proficiency capacity The amount of fluid (liquid or gas) in a container
strands
circumference The perimeter of a circle; a circles outer
5-01 Perimeter U F PS R
boundary
5-02 Metric units for area U F PS R C
5-03 Areas of rectangles, triangles cross-section A slice of a solid, taken across the solid
and parallelograms U PS R rather than along it
5-04 Areas of composite shapes U F PS cubic metre The volume of a cube that measures 1 m by
5-05 Area of a trapezium U PS R 1 m by 1 m
5-06 Areas of kites and rhombuses U PS R
5-07 Parts of a circle U C perpendicular height The height of a shape taken at right
5-08 Circumference of a circle U F PS R angles to its base
5-09 Area of a circle U F PS R pi (p) A special irrational number, approximately 3.1416,
5-10 Metric units for volume U F PS R C used in calculating circular measurements
5-11 Volume of a prism U F PS R C quadrant A quarter of a circle, a sector containing a right
5-12 Volume of a cylinder U F PS R angle
5-13 Volume and capacity U F PS
radius The distance from the centre of a circle to the
circles edge

9780170189538
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

n In this chapter you will:

find perimeters and areas of parallelograms, trapeziums, rhombuses and kites
choose appropriate units of measurement for area and convert from one unit to another
establish the formulas for areas of rectangles, triangles and parallelograms and use these in
problem solving
investigate the line symmetries and the rotational symmetry of circles and of diagrams involving
circles, such as a sector and a circle with a marked chord or tangent
investigate the relationship between features of circles such as circumference, area, radius and
diameter
use formulas to solve problems involving circumference and area
find the perimeter and area of quadrants, semicircles, sectors and composite figures
solve problems involving circles and parts of circles, giving an exact answer in terms of p and
an approximate answer
choose appropriate units of measurement for volume and convert from one unit to another
develop the formulas for volumes of rectangular and triangular prisms and prisms in general
connect volume and capacity and their units of measurement
solve problems involving volume and capacity of right prisms and cylinders

SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 Copy and complete each statement.
StartUp assignment 5
a 20 cm _____ mm b 350 cm _____ m c 2500 m _____ km
MAT08MGWK10038
d 46 mm _____ cm e 4 km _____ m f 5200 m _____ km
g 600 m _____ km h 8200 mm _____ m i 0.4 m _____ mm
2 Find the perimeter of each shape.
a 3 cm b 2.4 c 29 m
m
10 m
3 cm
3 cm

14 m

3 cm 11 m
34 mm
d e f 2 cm
15 mm
15 mm

m
3c

20 mm
7 cm 5 cm

154 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
3 Find the area of each shape.
a 2m b 10 cm c

7m
2m

6 cm
2m

m
16
2m
d 8.2 cm e 3 mm f 5m

3 mm

5m
10.4 cm

5m 5m
12 cm

6m
7 mm
15 m
7 mm

5-01 Perimeter
Summary
The perimeter of a shape is the distance around the shape.
It is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the shape.

Example 1
Find the perimeter of each shape.
a 7c b c
m 6.5 m
18 cm
12 cm
14.6 m
24 cm

Solution
a Perimeter 7 7 12 Adding the three sides of the isosceles triangle.
26 cm
b Perimeter 24 18 24 18 In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
84 cm
c Perimeter 6:5 6:5 14:6 14:6 In a kite, adjacent sides are equal.
42:2 m

9780170189538 155
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Example 2
Find the perimeter of each composite shape.
a b z cm
5m

3m
ym
37 cm
xm

11 cm

6m
8 cm
18 m 46 cm
Solution
a Find the unknown sides first. b Find the unknown sides first.
x369 z 46  11  11 24
y 18  5 13
Perimeter 9 5 3 13 6 18 Perimeter 8 11 37 24 37
54 m 11 8 46
182 cm

Exercise 5-01 Perimeter

See Example 1 1 Find the perimeter of each shape.
a b c
23.1 mm
11.4 cm

21 mm 5.2 cm
d e f
32 cm 11.8 m
12.4 m

47 cm 7.3 m
11.8 m
3.1 km
See Example 2 2 Find the perimeter of each shape.
a b c
m 18
7c cm

8m 13 m
6.3 m 13 cm
d 9 km e 14 cm
6 cm
10 km

4 km 13 cm

16 km 5 cm

156 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
f 6m g 28 mm

14 mm
11 m

37 mm
17 mm
2m 7m

6m

28 mm
8m
h i
m
7c 4m

6 cm 6 cm 13 cm 10 m 5m

15 cm 32 m
3 Find the perimeter of:
a a square of side length 3 cm
b a parallelogram with adjacent sides of length 7 m and 10 m
c an equilateral triangle of side length 5 cm
d an isosceles triangle with equal sides of 9 m and a side of 4 m
4 A square has a perimeter of 24 cm. What is the length of one side? Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D.
A 6 cm B 8 cm C 12 cm D 96 cm
5 A rectangle has a perimeter of 40 m. If its length is 13 m, find its width. Worked solutions

6 A rhombus has a perimeter of 18 m. Find the length of one side. Exercise 5-01

7 A kite has a perimeter of 26 cm. If one of its longer sides is 9 cm, find the length of a shorter side. MAT08MGWS10033

8 Measure the sides of each shape in millimetres and find its perimeter.
a b

9780170189538 157
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

c d

9 A square is cut in half as shown. The two

rectangles have a combined perimeter of 24 cm.
Find the perimeter of the original square.

12 cm 10
10 This composite shape is made up cm
of a rectangle and an equilateral
triangle. Find its perimeter. Select the
correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 22 cm B 44 cm C 54 cm D 64 cm

11 Which of the following lengths is the closest to the perimeter of your classroom? Select the
correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 250 m B 2.5 km C 250 cm D 25 m

5-02 Metric units for area

The area of a shape is the amount of surface covered by the shape. Area is measured in square units.
square centimetre (cm2) square metre (m2)
1 cm 10 mm 1 m 100 cm
1 cm

1 cm2 1 cm 3 1 cm 1 cm 2 1 m2 1 m 3 1 m
1m

1 m2
10 mm 3 10 mm 1 cm 100 cm 3 100 cm
100 mm2 10 000 cm2 1m
2
hectare (ha) square kilometre (km )
1 ha 100 m 3 100 m 1 km 1000 m
10 000 m2 1 km2 1 km 3 1 km
100 m

1 ha
1 km

1000 m 3 1000 m 1 km 2

1 000 000 m2
100 m
1 km2 100 ha
1 km

158 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
A square centimetre is about the area of a fingernail.
A square metre is approximately the area of the floor of a large shower recess.
A hectare is about the area of two rugby league fields, side-by-side.
A square kilometre is about the area of a theme park, like Dreamworld on the Gold Coast.
Note that, while 1 cm 10 mm, 1 cm2 100 mm2 (double the number of 0s), and while
1 m 100 cm, 1 m2 10 000 cm2 (double the number of 0s).

Summary
1 cm2 100 mm2 1 ha 10 000 m2
1 m2 10 000 cm2 1 km2 1 000 000 m2
1 m2 1 000 000 mm2 1 km2 100 ha
1 000 000 1 000 000

100 10 000 10 000 100

km2 ha m2 cm2 mm2

100 10 000 10 000 100

1 000 000 1 000 000

Example 3
Convert:
a 800 mm2 to cm2 b 4.6 m2 to cm2 c 25 000 000 m2 to ha

Solution
a 800 mm2 800 4 100 cm2 cm 2 mm 2
2
8 cm
100

b 4:6 m2 4:6 3 10 000 cm2 10 000

2
46 000 cm
m2 cm 2

c 25 000 000 m2 25 000 000 4 10 000 cm2

ha m2
25 ha

10 000

9780170189538 159
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Exercise 5-02 Metric units for area

1 What units of area would you use when measuring the area of:
a your home? b your pencil case? c a football field?
d the state of NSW? e your body? f a desk top?
See Example 3 2 How many square centimetres in 3.57 m2? Select the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
A 35 700 B 357 C 0.357 D 0.0357

3 Copy and complete each statement.

a 100 mm2 ______ cm2 b 750 mm2 ______ cm2
c 4500 cm2 ______ m2 d 34 000 m2 ______ km2
e 60 000 mm2 ______ m2 f 432 000 cm2 ______ m2
g 950 mm2 ______ m2 h 7600 m2 ______ ha
i 4.8 mm2 ______ cm2 j 30 m2 ______ cm2
k 850 cm2 _____ mm2 l 6.9 km2 ______ m2
m 54 cm2 ______ mm2 n 700 ha ______ m2
o 0.48 m2 ______ cm2 p 0.45 km2 ______ m2
4 How many square metres in one square kilometre? Select the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
A 1000 B 10 000 C 100 000 D 1 000 000

5 A large cattle station in South Australia has an area of 30 028 km2. What is this in hectares?
Worked solutions 6 The Cradle MountainSt Clair National Park in Tasmania has an area of 134 805 ha. What is
Exercise 5-02
this in km2?
MAT08MGWS10034 7 The centre of Sydney is approximately a rectangle bounded by George Street, Circular Quay,
Macquarie and College Streets and Liverpool Street. This rectangle is about 1.75 km by
0.5 km. What is its area in:
a km2? b hectares?

8 Copy and complete each statement.

a 7.600 m2 ______ mm b 0.7 ha ______ cm2
c 8 m2 ______ mm2 d 850 mm2 ______ cm2
e 6.90 ha2 ______ m2 f 15.2 m2 ______ cm2
g 8500 m2 ______ ha h 49 000 000 m2 ______ km2
9 The area of Australia is 7 682 300 km2. Western Australia has an area of 2 526 000 km2. Calculate
to one decimal place the area of Western Australia as a percentage of the area of Australia.
10 Sydney Airport has an area of 881 hectares. Sydney Harbour has an area of about 5500 hectares.
a What is the area of Sydney Airport in square kilometres?
b How many Sydney Airports would fit onto Sydney Harbour? Answer correct to one
decimal place.

160 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Video tutorial
Areas of rectangles, triangles Area formulas for
5-03 triangles and
and parallelograms quadrilaterals

MAT08MGVT00010

Skillsheet
Summary What is area?

MAT08MGSS10021
Area formulas
Homework sheet
Square Rectangle
Area 1

A side2 A length 3 width MAT08MGHS10026

w
A s2 A lw Worksheet

s l Rectangle and triangle

areas
Triangle Parallelogram
A 1 3 base
MAT08MGWK00065
A base
2
3 perpendicular height 3 perpendicular height
h h A bh
A 1 bh
2
b b

Example 4
Find the areas of the following shapes.
a b c

23 mm
7 cm

9 cm

12 cm 31 mm
6 cm
Solution
a A lw Area of a rectangle length 3 width
A 12 3 9
108 cm2
1 1
b A 2 bh Area of a triangle 3 base 3 height
2
1 3637
2
21 mm2
c A bh Area of a parallelogram base 3 height
31 3 23
713 m2

9780170189538 161
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Exercise 5-03 Areas of rectangles, triangles

and parallelograms
See Example 4 1 Find the area of each of these shapes.
a b c

3 cm

6 cm
3m
24 cm
8m 8 cm

d e 13 mm f 6.
1
m
1.5 cm

8.2 mm
2 cm

g h 6.9 km i

17 mm
12.4 km

4 cm
13.6 cm

20 mm

j 3m k l
12 cm
8m
7 cm
4m

m
5

17 m

Worked solutions 2 Find the area of these shapes. Make sure that you change all lengths to the same units first.
Exercise 5-03 a b c 456 m
MAT08MGWS10035
49 cm 86 mm
67.5 cm 1.2 km

3.2 m

d e f
1.1 km
1.2 cm

46 mm 17.4 mm
480 m

2.8 cm

162 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
3 One hectare of land is subdivided into blocks. If the average block measures 20 metres by
25 metres, how many blocks would there be? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 50 B 25 C 40 D 20
2
4 A square has an area of 25 cm . Find the length of one side.
5 A rectangle has an area of 27 m2. If its length is 9 m, find its width.
6 A triangle has an area of 35 cm2. If its base length is 10 cm, what is its perpendicular height?
7 A rectangle has an area of 72 mm2. What could its length and width be?
8 The area of a square is 900 m2. If the area of the square quadrupled, what would be the length Worked solutions
of the new square? Give your answer to one decimal place. Exercise 5-03
9 The area of a triangle can also be found using Herons formula if you know the lengths of all MAT08MGWS10035
three sides a, b and c:
p abc
Area ss  as  bs  c where s half the perimeter
2
Find the area of each triangle using Herons formula, correct to one decimal place.
a b
6 cm 20 m
m
6 cm

6c
m d
m
14 m

m
33

c km
m

13
6 .6 m m
12 k
m
3.6

5 km
4.8 m

Worksheet
5-04 Areas of composite shapes Composite areas

MAT08MGWK10039
Shapes made by combining other simpler shapes are called composite shapes. To find the areas of
Worksheet
composite shapes, suitable dividing lines must be made.
Odd areas

MAT08MGWK10040
Example 5
Puzzle sheet
Find the area of each composite shape Areas 1
a 20 cm b 50 mm MAT08MGPS00043
7 cm
15 cm

20 mm
14 mm

17 mm
8 cm

9780170189538 163
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Solution
a Method 1
Divide the shape into two rectangles, A and B, 20 cm
and find any unknown lengths.

7 cm
x 20  8 12 B

15 cm
Area of shape area of A area of B A x cm
8 3 15 12 3 7
204 cm2

8 cm
Method 2
The area can also be found by subtracting areas. 20 cm
x 20  8 12

7 cm
y 15  7 8

15 cm
Area large rectangle  small rectangle x cm
20 3 15  12 3 8
y cm
204 cm2

8 cm
b Area area of rectangle  area of triangle
1
50 3 20  3 17 3 14
2
1000  119
881 mm2

Exercise 5-04 Areas of composite shapes

See Example 5 1 Find the area of each composite shape.
a 12 m b 3m c
6 mm
10 m

10 m

8 mm

18 m
3m

10 m 8 mm
d 16 m e f 10 cm
10 mm

2 cm
25 mm

10 m
30 mm 4 cm
10 m

16 m

8 cm

50 mm

2 cm
164 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
g 9 cm h 40 cm
4 cm

20 cm
10 cm 10 cm
15 cm

i j k 300 cm

100 cm
km
80 cm 80 cm
.1
14

20 km
8m 18 m

200 cm
14
.1
8m

km

15 m

100 cm
20 km 80 cm 80 cm

300 cm

l m 6m
5m
m
4m
mm
m

2m
8m
32

2m 2m
mm
10

2 What is the area of this shape? Select A, B, C or D. 40 cm Worked solutions

A 820cm2 B 900 cm2 Exercise 5-04
2
C 1000 cm D 1200 cm2
20 cm

10 cm 10 cm MAT08MGWS10036

3 What is the area of the shaded region? 3m 3m

Select A, B, C or D.
2 cm

A 14cm2 B 8 cm2 C 9 cm2 D 12 cm2

1 cm

9780170189538 165
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Mental skills 5A Maths without calculators

Converting fractions and percentages to decimals

To convert a fraction into a decimal, change the denominator to a power of 10. This may
require simplifying the fraction first.
1 Study each example.

a 31 31 3 2 62 0:62 b 18 18 4 2 9 9 3 5 45 0:45
50 50 3 2 100 40 40 4 2 20 20 3 5 100
2 Now convert each fraction into a decimal.
7 15 14
a b c
10 25 200
9 49 12
d e f
20 50 30
To convert a percentage into a decimal, divide by 100 by moving the decimal point two
places to the left.
3 Study each example.
a 18% 0.18 b 70% 0.70 0.7 c 11.4% 0.114 d 2.9% 0.029

4 Now convert each percentage to a decimal.

a 61% b 4% c 90%
d 38% e 27.1% f 0.7%

Investigation: Area of a trapezium

1 Draw two copies of this trapezium onto a sheet of paper. Draw a dotted line, parallel to
the sides labelled a and b, halfway down the height of each trapezium and label the sides
as shown.
a
Side 1
h
2

h
2
Side 2
b
2 Cut out one trapezium and then cut along the dotted line to make two smaller trapeziums.
Join the pieces to make a long parallelogram.
3 By measuring the height and base of the parallelogram to the nearest millimetre, find its area.
4 By comparing the measurements of the parallelogram to the measurements of the
original trapezium, suggest a general formula for finding the area of any trapezium.
Check your answer with your teacher.
5 Cut out the original trapezium and paste it and the parallelogram into your book.

166 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Video tutorial
5-05 Area of a trapezium Area formulas for
triangles and
quadrilaterals

MAT08MGVT00010
Summary
Technology

Area of a trapezium GeoGebra: Area of a

trapezium
A 1 3 sum of lengths of parallel sides 3 perpendicular height MAT08MGTC00009
2
A 1 a bh
2
a

Example 6
Find the area of each trapezium.

20
mm

a 8m b mm
.4
10
7m

16
.2
mm
12 m

Solution
a A 1 a bh b A 1 a bh
2 2
1 8 12 3 7 1 20 16:2 3 10:4
2 2
70 m2 188:24 mm2

Exercise 5-05 Area of a trapezium

1 Find the area of each trapezium. See Example 6

a 15 mm b 28 m c m
16.4
8 mm

8m
30 m

22 mm 8m

44 m

9780170189538 167
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

d e 38 cm f 4 cm

5.2
m
7. 9m

5 cm
m
16 cm
8 cm
mm 21 cm
4.8
g h i

22 cm
12 cm
40 cm

19 cm
40 mm
75 mm

17 cm
15 mm

9 cm

Worked solutions 2 a Find the area of the block of land shown here. 80 m
Exercise 5-05 b Council regulations state that 1 of the land must be
5
MAT08MGWS10037 reserved for gardens. How much land is available for
building?
75 m

130 m

3 Find the area of the trapezoidal shape in

the photo of the exterior of Federation Square,
Melbourne.
1100 mm
m
300 m

900 mm

4 The travel graph shows a

trip made by Sabrina. 8
Km from home

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
What is the shaded area in the graph? Select A, B, C or D.
A 44 units2 B 48 units2 C 42 units2 D 40 units2

168 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
5 A magazine holder has trapezoidal sides as shown.
a Find the area of one of the trapezoidal sides.
b Find the total area of cardboard needed to
build this holder.

28 cm

26 14 cm
cm

m
10 c

6 In the diagram, M is halfway between B and C. B

M
C
Calculate the shaded area. Select A, B, C or D.
A 96 m2 B 132 m2 C 224 m2 D 144 m2
12 m

A D
16 m

Investigation: Area of a kite and a rhombus

1 Draw two copies of the kite and rhombus shown below on a sheet of paper. Draw the
diagonals of length x and y and label them as shown. Notice that they cross at right angles.
For the kite, one diagonal (x) is bisected by the other (y), while for the rhombus, both
diagonals bisect each other.

1
1 1
1
x 2
y
2
x 2
x 2

1
y 1
y 2
2
x x and y are the lengths
of the diagonals

2 Cut out one of your kites and rhombuses and cut along their diagonals to make four
triangles each. Join each set of triangles to make a rectangle.
3 By comparing the measurements of the kite to the measurements of the rectangle formed
from it, suggest a general formula for finding the area of any kite. Check your answer with
your teacher.
4 a What is the definition of a kite?
b Is a rhombus a special type of kite?

9780170189538 169
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

5 By comparing the measurements of the rhombus to the measurements of the rectangle

formed from it, suggest a general formula for finding the area of any rhombus. Check
your answer with your teacher.
6 Cut out the original kite and rhombus and paste all shapes into your book.

Homework sheet

Area 2 5-06 Areas of kites and rhombuses

MAT08MGHS10027

Video tutorial
Summary
Area formulas for
triangles and
quadrilaterals Area of a kite or a rhombus
MAT08MGVT00010 A 1 3 diagonal 3 other diagonal x y
2
y
Worksheet
A 1 xy
Quadrilateral and
2 x
triangle areas

MAT08MGWK00066

Puzzle sheet

Areas of quadrilaterals
and triangles

MAT08MGPS00044 Example 7
Find the area of each shape.
a 52 cm b
10 cm
18 cm

Solution 26 cm

1
a A xy
2
1
3 18 3 52
2
468 cm2

1
b A xy
2
1
3 10 3 26
2
130 cm2

170 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Exercise 5-06 Areas of kites and rhombuses
1 Find the area of each kite. See Example 7

a b c d

10 cm
6.8
3 cm

7 cm

m
7 cm

m
20 m

85 m
m
m

20 cm
2.4

1 cm

2 Find the area of each rhombus. See Example 7

a b A B
8m

15 AC = 10 cm
m
BD = 16 cm
8m

15 D C
m

c d
15 mm

m
56
42 mm
48

e P Q
m

PR = 2.4 m
QS = 1.5 m
S R
3 What area of material in cm2 is needed to build this kite?
Select A, B, C or D.
A 36.8 cm2 B 3680 cm2
920 mm
C 73.6 cm2 D 7360 cm2
mm
800

9780170189538 171
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

4 Find the area of each shape.

a b c
20 mm m m
30

23 mm
10 mm

15 mm
18 mm

d e f

15 mm 12 mm 12 mm
9 mm

20 mm 16 mm
12 mm 15 mm

Worked solutions g h i
Exercise 5-06 22 mm 8 mm
MAT08MGWS10038
19 mm 7 mm
15 mm 15 mm 7 mm 7 mm

12 mm 8 mm

Worksheet

Parts of a circle
5-07 Parts of a circle
MAT08MGWK10041
The circle is a completely round shape. Every point
P
on a circle is the same distance from its centre.
The circle shown has centre O, and points P and Q
are exactly 2 cm from O. This distance, from the
cm

radius
2

centre to the edge of the circle, is called the radius Q 2 cm O

of the circle (plural: radii).

172 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Circle words
There are special words that describe the parts of a circle or the related lines.

Diameter Circumference Arc

An interval running from one The perimeter of a circle Part of the circumference
side of a circle to the other
side and through the circles umference
circ
centre

Sector Quadrant Semicircle

A pizza-slice of a circle cut A sector that is a quarter of a Half a circle
along two radii circle, with angle 90

O O
O

Chord Segment Tangent

An interval joining any two A region cut off by a chord A line outside a circle that
points on a circle touches it at exactly one point

Circle symmetry
A circle can be folded in half in an infinite number of ways,
along any diameter, so it has an innite number of axes of
symmetry.

A circle can also be rotated through any angle size and still
map onto itself, so it has an innite order of rotational
symmetry. The centre of symmetry is the centre of the circle.
centre of
symmetry

9780170189538 173
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Exercise 5-07 Parts of a circle

1 Use a ruler and compasses to construct a circle of:
a radius 4 cm b radius 2.5 cm c radius 56 mm
2 Name the parts of the circle marked by letters in these diagrams.
h

c
f
a g

e
b d

3 Match each of the following words to the correct description below.

circumference radius sector
tangent arc quadrant
segment diameter chord
a the distance from the centre of a circle to its side
b a quarter of a circle
c a line that touches the outside of a circle once
d the distance from one side of a circle to the other side, through the circles centre
e a line segment from one side of the circle to the other side, not through the centre
f part of the circumference of a circle
g the area inside a circle formed by two radii and an arc
h the distance around a circle
i the area inside a circle formed by a chord and an arc
4 An ellipse is a flattened circle. Which of the following is the number of axes of symmetry of
an ellipse? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 1 B 2 C 4 D an infinite number

5 Which of the following is the order of rotational symmetry of an ellipse? Select A, B, C or D.

A 1 B 2 C 4 D infinite number
6 Sketch a diagram of each term.
a diameter b circumference c chord
d sector e tangent f segment
g quadrant h arc i radius
7 Copy each shape below. Then state:
i the number of axes of symmetry in the shape and draw them
ii the order of rotational symmetry of the shape.

174 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
a b c

d e f

8 Using a radius of 4 cm, draw:

a a semicircle
b a quadrant
c a sector whose angle at the centre of the circle is 60
d an arc that is longer than half the circumference of the circle
e a circle with a chord of length 2.5 cm
f a circle with a tangent of length 4 cm.

Technology Circle parts

In this activity you will use GeoGebra to
construct a circle and display all the
circle parts.
1 Click View Grid and click off the Axes.
To construct a large circle, use Circle
with Centre through Point or Circle
with Centre and Radius (suggest radius
of 4 units) or Circle through Three
Points.

2 Click Interval between Two Points and draw a radius and a chord in your circle.
3 Click Insert Text to label the chord and the radius (as shown).

9780170189538 175
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

4 Construct each of the circle parts below on your page and label each one.
centre diameter circumference sector arc
segment semicircle tangent quadrant
5 What are concentric circles? Find out and construct a diagram showing three or more
concentric circles. Remember to clearly label the centre of the circle.

Investigation: Measuring the circumference of a circle

Worksheet

Discovering pi This is an indoor measuring activity to be done in groups of three.

MAT08MGWK10042 You will need: A measuring tape, or some string and a ruler; graph paper; six round objects
such as cans, round cake tins, pipes, money, drums, bottles, and so on.
1 Copy the following results table into your notebook.

Diameter, Circumference, The ratio C

Object d (mm) C (mm) d
a
b
c
d
e
f
2 Measure (in millimetres) to find the diameter and the circumference of six different
objects. Record your results in the table.
3 Calculate the ratio C for each object. Round your answers to two decimal places.
d
4 Draw a graph similar to the one below, showing the diameter and the circumference for
each object. What do you notice about the graph?

1000
900
800
Circumference (mm)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100

0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Diameter (mm)
5 It seems that there is a formula for finding the circumference of a circle.
Copy and complete: C d 3 _________

176 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Technology The circumference and
diameter of a circle
1 Use GeoGebra to construct three different-sized circles. Use Interval between Two Points
to construct the diameter of each circle.

2 Use Distance or Length to calculate each circles circumference and diameter.

length of circumference
3 For each circle, use your calculator to find
length of diameter
4 What do you notice? Discuss this with another student.

Worksheet
5-08 Circumference of a circle A page of circles

MAT08MGWK10043
The circumference of a circle can be found by multiplying its diameter by a special number called
Worksheet
pi (pronounced pie), represented by the Greek letter p. For any circle,
Circumference and
circumference area
p 3:14 . . .
diameter MAT08MGWK10044

Pi is often estimated as 3.14, but a more accurate value can be found on your calculator when you Puzzle sheet

press the key (you may need to press SHIFT first). As a decimal, the digits of p continue Circle crossword
endlessly without any repeats or patterns: MAT08MGPS10015

p 3.141 592 653 589 793

p
so like 2 it is called an irrational number.
This number was named pi by the Swiss mathematician Euler in 1737.
The formula for the circumference of a circle is C p 3 diameter pd.
Because the diameter of a circle is double its radius, the circumference, C, of a circle with radius
r is C p 3 2 3 radius 2pr.

9780170189538 177
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Summary
The circumference (perimeter) of a circle is:
C p 3 diameter C 2 3 p 3 radius d
or
C pd C 2pr r

Example 8
a Estimate the circumference of a circle with
a diameter of 5 cm.
b Calculate the circumference of the circle: 5 cm

i correct to two decimal places

ii in terms of p

Solution
a C pd
p35
 335 p is approximately 3.
15 cm
b i C pd On your calculator enter 5 = .
p35
15:707 963 . . .
 15:71 cm
ii C pd
p35
5p cm

Like writing an answer as a surd in Pythagoras theorem problems, writing an answer in terms of p
is more exact as there is no rounding involved.

Example 9
Calculate the circumference of the circle:
a correct to one decimal place
b in terms of p 4 cm

Solution
a C 2pr b C 2pr
23p34 23p34
25:13274 . . . 8p cm
 25:1 cm

178 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Example 10
Find, correct to two decimal places, the perimeter of:
a b c
9m

135
14 cm

8m

Solution
a Perimeter of quadrant 1
4 of c
1 3 circumference radius radius i rc
u
4

m
1 323p38 8 8

fe r
C 2pr
4

enc
28:566 370 . . .

e
 28:57 cm 8m
From the diagram, a
circumference of 28.57 cm
looks reasonable

rcumferen
b Perimeter of semicircle f ci ce
1 o
1 3 circumference diameter C pd 2
2
1 3 p 3 14 14 14 cm
2
35:991 148 . . .
 35:99 cm
c Perimeter of sector
135
3 circumference radius radius
360
135
3p3932 9 9 C 2pr There are 360 in a circle, but
360 a sector is a fraction of a circle
39:205 75 . . .
 39:21 m

Exercise 5-08 Circumference of a circle

1 Estimate the circumference of each circle. See Example 8

a b c d

d = 4 cm d=8m d = 3 cm d = 6 cm

9780170189538 179
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

2 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the circumference of each circle in question 1.
3 Calculate the circumference of each circle in question 1 in terms of p.
See Example 9 4 Estimate the circumference of each circle.
a b c d

r=6m r = 10 mm r = 7 cm r = 2 mm

5 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the circumference of each circle in question 4.
6 Calculate the circumference of each circle in question 4 in terms of p.
7 A childs inflatable swimming pool has a diameter of 1.4 m. Find its circumference.
8 Tinas bicycle has wheels with a diameter of 60 cm.
a How far does the bicycle move when a wheel turns around once?
b If Tina cycles 900 m to school, how many complete turns does the bicycle wheel make?

Worked solutions 9 The Earth has a radius of 6370 km. Find the distance around the Equator.
Exercise 5-08 10 A 20-cent coin has a radius of 16 mm. Calculate its circumference.
MAT08MGWS10039 11 This tin of tomatoes has a diameter of 75 mm. d = 75 mm
If the label wraps around the tin completely,
how long is the label? Answer correct to the
nearest millimetre.

12 Calculate, correct to 2 decimal places, the circumference of a circle with:

a a diameter of 2 cm b a diameter of 7 cm
c a radius of 3 cm d a radius of 5 cm
13 Which of the following intervals best shows the circumference of this circle? Select A, B, C or D.
A ________________
B ______________________
1 cm
C _____________________________
D _______________________________________________________

180 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
14 Calculate the perimeter of each shape, correct to one decimal place. See Example 10

a b c

m
16
40
3 cm
10 cm

d 40 mm e f

4 cm
65 cm
224
6 cm

g h i

15 mm
7 cm

10 cm

20 cm

j k 10 cm l
95
11 m

20 mm

15 Tape has been placed on all the lines of Worked solutions

this indoor hockey pitch. How much tape was Exercise 5-08
used? Express the answer:
22 m

MAT08MGWS10039
a correct to one decimal place
9m
9m

b in terms of p.

44 m
16 A circle has a circumference of 50.265 cm. Find its diameter, correct to the nearest centimetre.
17 Ali and Billy raced each other around this athletic track. Ali ran along the outside perimeter
while Billy ran along the inside perimeter. After one lap of the track, who ran the longer
distance, and by how much? Answer correct to the nearest metre.

80 m
20 m

Billy
4m

Ali

9780170189538 181
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Mental skills 5B Maths without calculators

Comparing fractions, decimals and percentages

To compare or order fractions, express them with a common denominator first. To compare
or order decimals, express them with the same number of decimal places first.
1 Study each example.
a Which fraction is smaller: 4 or 3?
10 8
Using a common denominator of Using a common denominator of 40
80 (8 3 10) (the LCM of 10 and 8)
4 4 3 8 32 4 4 3 4 16
10 10 3 8 80 10 10 3 4 40
3 3 3 10 30 3 3 3 5 15
8 8 3 10 80 8 8 3 5 40

By comparing numerators: 30 < 32 By comparing numerators: 15 < 16

80 80 40 40

[ 3 is smaller. [ 3 is smaller.
8 8

b Arrange these decimals in ascending order: 0.407, 0.47, 0.047, 0.4.

Express all decimals with three decimal places by inserting zeros at the end where
necessary.
0.407 0.470 0.047 0.400
By comparing digits in the same decimal place, the decimals from smallest to largest
are: 0.047 0.400 0.407 0.470
That is, 0.047, 0.4, 0.407, 0.47
2 Now find the smaller number in each pair.
a 2 and 3 b 1 and 1 c 0.15 and 0.105
3 5 4 3
d 3.826 and 3.68 e 3 and 4 f 5 and 7
7 10 6 8
1 2
g 2.87 and 2.817 h 0.5301 and 0.503 i and
5 9
3 Arrange each set of numbers in ascending order.
a 0.81, 0.082, 0.821 b 3.5, 3.51, 3.55, 3.513 c 2;1;2
3 6 5
d 0.007, 0.07, 0.7, 0.707 e 3; 2 ;1 f 1; 4 ;3
8 10 2 4 10 5

182 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
4 Study this example.
Arrange these numbers in descending order: 68%, 13, 0.6, _ 3.
20 5
To order fractions, decimals and percentages, express them all as percentages first.
As percentages: 68% 68%, 13 65%, 0.6_ 66.66%, 3 60%.
20 5
Largest to smallest, this is 68%, 66.66%, 65%, 60%, that is, 68%, 0.6,_ 13 ; 3
20 5
5 Now arrange each set of numbers in descending order.
a 0.25, 1, 16%, 1 b 27%, 1, 0.4, 0.28 c 0.05, 50%, 6%, 1
6 5 3 8
d 3, 0.639, 55%, 2 e 69%, 0.609, 2, 0.6 f 2, 0.105, 17%, 22.5%
4 5 3 9

Just for the record Never-ending pi!

p 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 884 197 169 399 375 105 820
Ancient civilisations knew about the value of p, estimating it as 3. Over time, the calculations
have improved due to better formulas and technology. Since the first computer, the ENIAC,
was invented in 1949, much progress has been made. In 2010, two Japanese and American
system engineers took 90 days to calculate p to five trillion decimal places.
Number of
Year Person/Country decimal places
1855 Shanks, England 527
1949 ENIAC computer, USA 2037
1973 CDC 7600 computer, France 1 000 000
1988 Kanada, Hitachi S-820 200 000 000
computer, Japan
1989 Chudnovsky brothers, USA 1 000 000 000
1999 Kanada and Takahashi, 206 158 430 000
Hitachi SR8000 computer,
Japan
2002 Kanada, Hitachi SR8000 1 241 100 000 000
computer, Japan
2010 Shigeru Kondo, Alexander 5 trillion
Yee, Japan and USA
??? ??? ???
In 2006, Japanese counsellor Akira Haraguchi memorised p to 100 000 decimal places. It took
him over 16 hours to recite it. He had to stop after three hours as he lost his place, and had to
start from the beginning.
On average, how many digits would Haraguchi have recited per minute?

9780170189538 183
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Investigation: Belt around the Equator

Imagine that we wrapped a giant
belt tightly around the Earth, along
the Equator. This belt would touch
the Earth at all points on its
circumference, assuming the Earth
was a perfect sphere or ball (with
no mountains or valleys).
Now suppose we added one extra
metre to the length of the belt. Then
it would become loose and not touch
the Earth any more. There would be a
small gap between the Earth and the
belt. How wide is this gap?
1 In a group of two to four people,
guess whether you could:
a slip your hand between the belt
and the ground
b crawl under the belt
c sit under the belt
d stand under the belt.
2 If the diameter of the Earth is 12 755 metres, calculate to two decimal places, the
length of the tight belt.
3 Add 1 metre to the length of the tight belt.
4 Calculate the diameter of the longer, looser belt.
5 So what is the length of the gap between the Earth and the loose belt?
6 Check whether your guesses in question 1 were correct.

Investigation: Area by cutting out sectors

Worksheet
You will need: compasses, a ruler, a protractor and a pair of scissors.
Approximating the
area of a circle 1 Draw a circle of radius 10 cm. Use your protractor to divide the circle into 12 sectors,
each with angle size 30.
MAT08MGWK00067

30
10 cm

184 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
2 Cut out all the sectors and arrange them into a shape like a parallelogram.

3 Use a ruler to measure the base and the height of your parallelogram.
4 Now calculate the area of the parallelogram.
5 Which formula gives the better approximation for the area of this circle: A 3 3 r 2,
or A 4 3 r 2?
6 We will now find the actual formula for the area of a circle. A circle of radius r is cut up
into many sectors and rearranged into a parallelogram.

What is the formula for the circumference of this circle?

7 Explain why the length of the parallelogram is pr.
8 What is the formula for the area of this parallelogram?
9 Explain why the area of the circle is pr 2.

Worksheet
5-09 The area of a circle A page of circles

MAT08MGWK10043
The area of a square is calculated by squaring its length. A s 3 s s 2
Worksheet
In a similar way, the area of a circle is calculated by squaring its
Circumference and
radius and multiplying by p. s area

MAT08MGWK10044

s Worksheet

Area ID

Summary MAT08MGWK10045

Homework sheet
The area of a circle is:
Circumference and
A p 3 radius2 area of a circle
r
A pr 2 MAT08MGHS10028

Worksheet

Area and perimeter

investigations

MAT08MGWK10046

9780170189538 185
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Example 11
Puzzle sheet
Calculate the area of this circle:
Circle areas
a correct to 2 decimal places
MAT08MGPS00045 b in terms of p 7.2 m

Technology worksheet
Solution
Excel: Area calculator

MAT08MGCT00012
a A pr 2 On a calculator enter: 7.2 = .
2
p 3 7:2
162:8601 . . .
 162:86 m2 Area is measured in square
2 units, such as m2.
b A pr
p 3 7:22
51:84p m2

Example 12
Video tutorial
Find the area of this circle:
Area of a circle
a correct to one decimal place
MAT08MGVT10008 b in terms of p 13 cm

Solution
a r 1 3 13 6:5 cm The radius is half of the
2
A pr2 diameter

p 3 6:52
132:7322 . . .
 132:7 cm2
b From a,
A p 3 6:52
42:25p cm2

Example 13
Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of each shape.
a b

80 4.2 m

10 mm

186 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Solution
1
a Area of quadrant 3 area of circle
4
1 3 pr 2
4
1
3 p 3 102
4 Area is measured in square
78:5398 . . . units, such as mm2

 78:5 mm2 correct to two decimal places

b Area of sector 80 3 area of circle
360
80 3 p 3 4:22 There are 360 in a circle, but
360 a sector is a fraction of a circle
12:315 043 . . .
 12:3 m2

Example 14
Find, correct to two decimal places, the area of each shaded region.
a b
m
4c

15 mm
8 cm

15 mm

8 cm

Solution
a Area area of square area of semicircle
s 2 1 3 pr 2
2
8 1 3 p 3 42
2
2
89:132 741 . . .
 89.13 cm2 (correct to two decimal places)
b Shaded area area of square  area of circle
s 2  pr 2 Radius: r 1 3 15 7:5 mm
2 2
2
15  p 3 7:5
48:285 413 . . .
 48.29 mm2 (correct to two decimal places)

9780170189538 187
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Exercise 5-09 The area of a circle

See Example 11 1 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the area of each circle.
a b c
12 mm

m
25
0.
3 cm

d e

2.5 cm 33
mm

2 Calculate the area of each circle in question 1 in terms of p.

See Example 12 3 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the area of each circle.
a b c

4.2 cm 7 cm

cm
10

4 Calculate the area of each circle in question 3 in terms of p.

5 A sprinkler on the school playing field sprays water in a circular pattern of radius 13.1 m.
Calculate the area being sprayed.
6 Kevlar is a very strong light plastic. What area of it is needed to make a solid bicycle wheel of
diameter 685.5 mm? Give your answer in square centimetres, correct to two decimal places.
7 A dinner plate has a radius of 14 cm. Calculate its area in terms of p.
8 What is the area of this circle, correct to one decimal place? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 14.5 m2 B 66.5 m2 C 7.2 m2 D 16.6 m2

m
6
4.

Worked solutions 9 The circular floor of a fishpond is to be covered in plastic. Find, correct to one decimal place,
Exercise 5-09
the area of plastic needed if the diameter of the pond is 2.8 m.
MAT08MGWS10040 10 Find the approximate radius of a circular tree trunk whose cross-sectional area is 454.40 cm2.
Give your answer correct to two decimal places.

188 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
11 The area of a DVD is approximately 113 cm2. Which of the following is closest to its See Example 13
diameter? Select A, B, C or D.
A 12 cm B 13 cm C 12.5 cm D 13.1 cm

12 Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of each shape.

a b c

2.6 cm
4 cm 25 mm

d 7 cm e f
120

15 mm

0.3 m
g h i 40 mm
35 mm
140
60

12 m
80

13 What is the area of this shape? Select the See Example 14

closest answer A, B, C or D.
120 cm

A 28 110 cm2 B 22 455 cm2

2
C 62 039 cm D 11 570 cm2

140 cm
14 Find the area of each shaded region, correct to two decimal places. Hint: Where appropriate,
combine two semicircles to make a whole circle.
a b
14.3 m
m
6 cm

14 cm

9780170189538 189
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Worked solutions
c d
Exercise 5-09

MAT08MGWS10040

12 mm
2 cm

9 mm
8 cm

e f

3.2 cm
10 cm

10 cm
15 Each ring-shape or donut-shape shown below is called an annulus, made from two circles that
are concentric (with the same centre) but of different size.
a b

m
5.5
7m

10 m
9m

For each annulus, find, correct to one decimal place, the area of:
i the larger circle
ii the smaller circle
iii the (shaded) annulus
16 The dimensions of a running track are
shown. The ends are circular.

65 m 55 m

90 m

190 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
a Find the combined area of the (dark green) track and the (light green) grassed central area.
b Find the area of the grassed area.
c Find the area of the track.
d It is decided to cover the track with synthetic grass that costs $24.25 per square metre.
How much will the track surface cost?

Skillsheet
5-10 Metric units for volume What is volume?

MAT08MGSS10023
The volume of a solid is the amount of space it occupies. In the metric system, volume is measured Worksheet
in cubic units. Volume
3 3 MAT08MGWK00070
cubic centimetre (cm ) cubic metre (m )
1 cm 10 mm 1 cm3 1 m 100 cm 1 m3
1 cm3 1 cm 3 1 cm 3 1 cm 1 m3 1 m 3 1 m 3 1 m
10 mm 3 10 mm 3 10 mm 100 cm 3 100 cm 3 100 cm
1000 mm3 1 000 000 cm3
1 cm
1m

A cubic centimetre is about the volume of a persons tooth or a medical pill.

A cubic metre is about the volume of two washing machines.
Note that, while 1 cm 10 mm, 1 cm3 1 000 mm3 (triple the number of 0s), and while
1 m 100 cm, 1 m3 1 000 000 cm3 (triple the number of 0s).

Summary
1 cm3 1000 mm3 1 000 000 1000
1 m3 1 000 000 cm3
m3 cm3 cm3

1 000 000 1000

Example 15
Convert:
a 36 cm3 to mm3 b 84 000 000 cm3 to m3 1000

Solution cm3 mm3

3 3
a 36 cm 36 3 1000 mm
36 000 mm3
b 84 000 000 cm3 84 000 000 4 1 000 000 m3 m3 cm3
84 m3
1 000 000

9780170189538 191
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Exercise 5-10 Metric units for volume

1 What unit of volume would you use when measuring the volume of:
a a bedroom? b a backpack? c a mobile phone?
See Example 15 d a concert hall? e your body? f an aeroplane?

Worked solutions 2 A swimming pool has a volume of 38 m3. How many cubic centimetres is this pool? Select the
Exercise 5-10
correct answer A, B, C, or D.
MAT08MGWS10041
A 380 000 B 3 800 000 C 38 000 000 D 380 000 000

3 Copy and complete each statement.

a 5000 cm3 ________mm3 b 1.6 m3 ________cm3
c 2 cm3 ________mm3 d 4 m3 ________mm3
e 6000 cm3 ________m3 f 8.2 m3 ________ cm3
g 0.007 m3 ________mm3 h 9 600 000 mm3 ________m3
i 4000 mm3 ________cm3 j 160 000 cm3 ________m3
k 250 mm3 ________cm3 l 12 cm3 ________mm3
m 0.18 m3 ________cm3 n 200 000 cm3 ________m3
4 The volume of a chest of drawers is 272 000 cm3. Convert this to cubic metres.
5 What is the approximate volume of a brick? Select the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
A 1000 cm2 B 20 cm2 C 1600 cm3 D 2100 cm3

6 How many cubic millimetres in 2.3 m3? Select the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
A 2 300 000 000 B 2300 C 23 000 D 0.0023

7 Match the correct volume (A to G) with each of the items (a to g) listed.

a a bottle of liquid paper A 200 m3
b a box of tissues B 3890 m3
c a glass of water C 1250 cm3
d a bottle of lemonade D 5000 cm3
e a classroom E 20 000 mm3
f a school hall F 250 cm3
g a cereal package G 2200 cm3

8 The volume of a lunchbox is 2460 cm3. Convert this to cubic millimetres.

192 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Skillsheet
5-11 Volume of a prism Solid shapes

MAT08MGSS10022
A cross-section of a solid is a slice of the solid, cut across it, parallel to its end faces, rather than
Skillsheet
along it.
What is volume?
If a solid has the same (uniform) cross-section along its length, and each cross-section is a polygon
(with straight sides, not rounded), then the solid is called a prism. The following solids are all prisms. MAT08MGSS10023

cross-sections Worksheet

Volume

MAT08MGWK00070

Worksheet

Measuring shapes
review

Triangular prism Square prism MAT08MGWK00071

base cross-section

Trapezoidal prism
Prisms take their names from their cross-section. For example, the prism shown above is called a
trapezoidal prism because its cross-sections are all trapeziums.
Because a prism is made up of identical cross-section slices along its length, its volume can be
calculated by multiplying the area of the cross-section by its perpendicular height (the length or
depth of the prism).

Summary
Volume of a prism area of cross-section 3 perpendicular height
Ah

A h

9780170189538 193
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Example 16
a What is the name of this polygon?
b Draw a prism with this polygon as a cross-section.
c What shape are the side faces?
d What is the name of the prism?

Solution
a Pentagon
b

c The side faces are all rectangles.

d This is a pentagonal prism.

Example 17
Video tutorial
Find the volume of each prism.
Volume of a prism
a
MAT08MGVT10009 13 cm 9 cm b c
2 4 cm
2m
A= 3
3 cm

16 cm
m
8m 4c
6 cm

Solution
a A 1 3 9 3 13 Area of shaded triangular cross-section.
2
58:5 cm2
V 58:5 3 16 V Ah, where height h 16 cm.
963 cm3
b A 32 m2 Area of shaded cross-section
V 32 3 8 V Ah, where height h 8.
256 m3

c A 1 3 4 6 3 3 Cross-section is a trapezium.
2
15 cm2
V 15 3 4 V Ah, where height h 4.
60 cm3

194 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Exercise 5-11 Volume of a prism
1 State whether each solid is a prism or not.
a b c

d e f

2 For each prism: See Example 16

i draw its cross-section ii write the name of the prism

a b c

3 Draw each prism named below and shade its base.

a square prism b isosceles triangular prism
c trapezoidal prism d hexagonal prism
4 Find the volume of each prism. See Example 17
2
a b 5m c A = 40.2 cm
A = 62 m2 2.37
12.1 cm
3.4 m

A = 1.725 m2
5 Find the volume of each rectangular prism using the formula V lwh.
a b c
4m
15 cm

17 mm

mm
4m

c m
3 cm 3 4m 30 mm
12

d e f
28 mm

2.3 cm
1.2 m

16.
5c
1.2

m cm
1.2 m 6.8
m

9780170189538 195
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

6 Find the volume of each triangular prism.

a b c

40 mm
5 cm 35 m
m m
6c 22 mm 2.5 m
6 cm

Worked solutions 7 Find the volume of each prism.

Exercise 5-11 a b 12 cm
MAT08MGWS10042 20 mm
25 mm

8 cm
45
mm
cm
8
17 cm

c 20 cm d

6 cm
16 cm

12 cm 4 cm
m
30 c
35 cm
8 Find the volume of this chest of drawers.
Give the answer in m3:
a by calculating the volume in cm3,

85 cm
then converting to m3
b by converting each length to metres first,
then calculating the volume.
Which method is easier?
cm
40
90 cm
9 A square sheet of metal has a side length of 30 cm. 30 cm
Four identical squares of length 4 cm are cut 4 cm 4 cm
away from the corners, as shown. Which of the
4 cm
4 cm

following is the volume of the solid formed

when the remaining shape is folded along the
dotted lines? Select A, B, C or D.
A 1936 cm2
B 2704 cm2
C 64 cm2
3600 cm2
4 cm
4 cm

10 A triangular prism has base length 6 m, height 10 m and 4 cm 4 cm

volume 150 m3. What is its length?
11 A cube has a volume of 343 m3. What is its side length?

196 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
12 Calculate the volume of each prism.
a 12 cm b c
30 m
8 mm

30 m
12 cm
10 cm 10 m

18 mm
10 cm

30 m
m m
5c 30 mm 17
m 10 m

d e Worked solutions
1.5 m
Exercise 5-11
40 mm

MAT08MGWS10042
17 mm
1m
15 mm
mm
40 mm 20 m
4
4m
13 A rectangular garden is 12 metres long and 4 metres wide. It is filled with soil to a depth of 15
centimetres. Calculate the volume of the soil. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 0.72 m3 B 7.2 m3 C 72 m3 D 720 m3

14 A triangular prism has a volume of 36 cm3. What could its length, perpendicular height and
length be?

5-12 Volume of a cylinder

A cylinder is like a circular prism because its cross-sections are all identical circles. Because of
this, we can also apply the prism formula V Ah to calculate the volume of a cylinder.
But for a circle, A pr 2, so:
Volume Ah pr 2 3 h pr 2h

Summary
V p 3 radius2 3 perpendicular height
r
V pr 2 h

9780170189538 197
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Example 18
Find the volume of this cylinder, correct to one decimal place. 5c
m
Solution

12.5 cm
V p 3 52 3 12:5 V pr 2h
981:7477 . . .
 981:7 cm3

Example 19
Calculate the volume of concrete needed to make this pipe, 0.35 m
correct to two decimal places.

1.8 m
0.4 m

Solution
Volume of concrete volume of big cylinder  volume of small cylinder hole
p 3 0:42 3 1:8  p 3 0:35 2 3 1:8
0:212057 . . .
 0:21 m3

Exercise 5-12 Volume of a cylinder

See Example 18 1 What is the volume of this cylinder? Select the 2m
closest answer A, B, C or D.
A 2 m3 B 12 m3 C 3 m3 D 6 m3
1m

2 Find, correct to one decimal place, the volume of each cylinder.

a cm b 25 mm c d 12 c
5.6 m
15 mm

2 cm
14.
11.5
cm

0.7

m
m

1.2

198 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
e .8
cm f 60 mm g 8.6 m
24

40 mm

8.6 m
36.4 cm

3 This metal pipe has an inner diameter of 8.5 cm See Example 19

9.5 cm
8.5 cm
and an outer diameter of 9.5 cm.
a What is the inner radius?
48 cm
b What is the outer radius?
c Calculate, to two decimal places, the volume of metal needed to make the pipe.
4 A manufacturer is experimenting with a new size of can. Which of these options provides the
larger volume?
A A can of radius 3.95 cm and height 11.8 cm
B A can of diameter 8.1 cm and height 15 cm
5 A cylinder has a radius of 5 cm and a volume of 628.32 cm3. Find its height correct to the
nearest centimetre.
6 Find the volume of each solid, correct to two decimal places.
a 8m b c 10 mm d Worked solutions
3 mm

Exercise 5-12

4m
G m
71.9
20 m

R MAT08MGWS10043
1
3m
5 mm

104.2 m
A 16m
I 8m
N
14 mm

e f

60 mm
40 mm 40 mm 300 mm
6.6 m

6m

m 50 mm
6.6
6.6 m
7 A cylinder has a volume of 552.92 m3 and a height of 11 m. Find its radius correct to the
nearest metre.
Worksheet

Volume and capacity

5-13 Volume and capacity MAT08MGWK10047

Homework sheet

Capacity is the amount of fluid (liquid or gas) in a container, measured in millilitres (mL), litres Volume and capacity

(L), kilolitres (kL) and megalitres (ML). MAT08MGHS10029

9780170189538 199
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

A large drop of water is about 1 mL

A teaspoon holds about 5 mL
A tall standard carton of milk holds 1 L
A small rainwater tank holds about 1 kL

A can of drink
holds 375 mL.
375 mL

A can of paint
holds 4 L.

Summary
1 L 1000 mL 1 000 000
1 kL 1000 L
1 ML 1000 kL 1 000 000 L 1000 1000 1000

ML 1 kL 1L 1 mL

1000 1000 1000

1 000 000

1 cm3 contains 1 mL
1 m3 contains 1000 L or 1 kL 1 mL
1 m3 = 1 kL

1 cm3 1 000 000 =

Example 20
Convert:
a 3400 mL to L b 2.9 m3 to L

Solution
a 3400 mL 3400 4 1000 L L mL
3:4 L
b 2:9 m3 2:9 kL 1000
1000
2:9 3 1000 L
2900 L kL L

200 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Example 21
Quiz
Find the capacity of this container in litres. Measuring shapes
and time

12 cm
Solution
MAT08MGQZ00010
V 32 3 8 3 15 V lwh
3840 cm3
Capacity 3840 mL 1 cm3 1 mL cm
5
26 cm
3840 4 1000 L
3:84 L
Capacity 3840 mL or 3.84 L

Exercise 5-13 Volume and capacity

1 State what unit of capacity you would use when measuring:
a a glass of water b a dam c a cars petrol tank
d a bottle of medicine e an office water cooler f an Olympic swimming pool
2 Copy and complete the following. See Example 20
a 5000 mL _________ L b 3.4 kL _________ L
c 1.6 L _____ mL d 4000 cm3 _____ L
e 2980 kL _____ ML f 7.1 ML _____ L
g 875 L _____ kL h 8.2 m3 _____ L
i 0.8 ML _____ kL j 1850 mL _____ L
k 5.4 kL _____ L l 900 000 L _____ m3
m 6 kL _____ L n 3500 mm3 _____ mL
o 1.2 m3 _____ mL
3 What is the capacity of a regular bottle of cough medicine? Select the closest answer A, B, C or D.
A 200 mL B 500 mL C 1500 mL D 2000 mL

4 The internal dimensions of a refrigerator are 150 cm (height), 60 cm (width) and 40 cm See Example 21
(depth). What is the capacity of the refrigerator? Select the closest answer A, B, C or D.
A 350 L B 400 L C 250 L D 300L

5 A rectangular fish tank is 90 cm long and 30 cm wide, and is filled to a depth of 45 cm. Find Worked solutions
the volume of water in: Exercise 5-13
a cm3 b litres MAT08MGWS10044

6 A can of drink has a radius of 3 cm and a height of 15 cm. Find its volume to the nearest
millilitre.
7 A swimming pool is the shape of a rectangular prism 50 m 3 18 m 3 2 m. Find its volume in
litres.

9780170189538 201
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Homework sheet 8 A tank in the shape of a rectangular prism has

Volume and capacity
dimensions as shown on the right.

260 cm
a Find the volume of the tank in cm3. DANGER
MAT08MGHS10029

m
PETROL

0c
b How many litres of petrol would fit in the tank?

45
600 cm
9 Samantha is inviting 18 friends to a party. She calculates that each person will drink 1300 mL
of soft drink.
a How many litres of soft drink must she buy?
b If Samantha intends to buy large 2.5 L bottles of drink, how many bottles must she buy?
10 A gardener orders a cubic metre of topsoil. She wants to spread it in her garden to a depth of
10 cm. If her garden is rectangular, what might be its dimensions?
11 How many litres of rainwater were collected by a tank when 40 mm of rain fell on a roof 12 m
long and 3.6 m wide?
12 A plastic road block barrier is shown on the right. 1m

0.4 m
It is filled with water to weigh it down.
a Find the volume of the barrier.
0.4 m 0.4 m
b How many litres of water would it take to fill the barrier?

1m

m
1.8 m

6
0.
13 The tank on a fuel tanker is in the shape of a cylinder 6 metres long, with a diameter of 2 metres.

6m

2m

a Find, correct to three decimal places, the volume of the tank in cubic metres.
b How many litres of fuel can this tank hold?

Worked solutions 14 A tap leaks 10 mL of water every 50 seconds. How many litres of water will be lost in:
Exercise 5-13 a 1 hour? b 1 day?
MAT08MGWS10044
15 A cylindrical can holds 2 L of pesticide. What could its radius and height be?

202 9780170189538
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Just for the record Warragamba Dam
Warragamba Dam is one of the largest
domestic water supply dams in the world and
the largest in Australia. It provides 80 per cent
of the water supply for four million people in
the Sydney region. The dam wall was built
between 1948 and 1960, across a section of the
Nepean-Hawkesbury river system. The wall is
142 metres high. The lake formed by the dam
holds 2057 gigalitres of water, four times as
much as Sydney Harbour. The lake is called
Lake Burragorang, which is an Aboriginal
name meaning tribe which lives in a valley
where there is plenty of game.
How many litres are there in 2057 gigalitres?

Investigation: Drinking the swimming pool dry

Charlottes mum told her that it was healthy to drink
six full glasses of water each day. Assume that Charlotte
uses a cylindrical glass with a height of 9 cm and a
diameter of 7 cm.
1 Calculate the volume of water Charlotte drinks each
day, in millilitres, correct to four decimal places.
2 How much water will Charlotte drink in a year?
Answer in litres, correct to four decimal places.
3 The familys swimming pool is in the shape of a
cylinder with a diameter of 8.3 metres, and is filled
to a constant depth of 1.2 metres. What is the
amount of water in the pool? Answer in litres,
correct to four decimal places.
4 How long would it take Charlotte to drink
the equivalent of the swimming pool?
Select the closest answer A, B, C or D.
A 3 months B 6 months C 1 year D 3 years

9780170189538 203
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Area and volume

Power plus

1 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the perimeter of each shape.

a 6 cm b c

4 cm
2 cm

300 m
400 m
10 cm

2 cm

200 m
6 cm

2 This diagram shows how the field is marked out for

the shot-put at an athletics event. Calculate, correct
to one decimal place:
a the area of the field 2.2 m 40
b the total length of the lines used.
2.5 m

3 Mathsland has introduced a new 30-cent coin, A A

as shown on the right in the first diagram.
\ABC is an equilateral triangle of length 2 cm,

2 cm
i
and arc AB is shown in the second diagram B
centred at C. 2 cm 60
C B
C
a Find, correct to 3 decimal places, the area of the sector in the second diagram,
marked i. p
b Use Pythagoras theorem to prove that the perpendicular height of \ABC is 3 cm.
c Calculate the area of \ABC correct to 3 decimal places.
d Calculate the area of the shaded segment in the first diagram.
e Hence calculate the area of the 30-cent coin.
4 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the area of each shape.
a b c
R = 14 m
R r = 11 m
1.8 m
cm r
1.4 m

4
6 cm
300
2.7 m 90

204 9780170189538
 Chapter 5 review

n Language of maths
arc cubic metre pi (p) segment Puzzle sheet
base cylinder prism semicircle Area and volume
capacity diameter quadrant square metre find-a-word
chord hectare radius/radii tangent MAT08MGPS10016
circumference perimeter rectangular prism triangular prism
cross-section perpendicular height sector volume
1 Why are there two formulas for the circumference of a circle?
2 What is meant by the perpendicular height of a shape?
3 What is the correct name for a pizza slice of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc?
4 In the formula A 1 xy for the area of a rhombus, what do x and y stand for?
2
5 What name is given to a slice of a solid taken across the solid, rather than along it?
6 What shape could be called a circular prism?

n Topic overview
What new things did you learn in this chapter? Worksheet
How often do you measure items? Give examples of the types of objects measured in your home. Mind map: Area and
List four occupations that rely on being able to measure accurately. volume
Did you have any problems with any section of this topic? If you did, discuss them with your MAT08MGWK10048
teacher or a friend.
Copy and complete this overview, filling in the correct formulas. Add colour or other things to
help you remember the overview. Check your overview with your teacher.
Area
A= A= A= Areas
A= of
A= composite
A= A= shapes

Perimeter
AREA AND VOLUME
Circumference

Volume = area of cross-section height

y
acit
C ap
Prisms
Cylinder
The circle

V=

Parts of a circle

A=

9780170189538 205
 Chapter 5 revision

See Exercise 5-01 1 Find the perimeter of each shape.

19 mm 45 cm 3.2 km
a 7 mm b c
3.2 km
15 mm 6.1 km
12 mm
48 cm
35 cm 3.2 km
23 mm

13 cm

See Exercise 5-02 2 Copy and complete each statement.

a 200 mm2 _____ cm2 b 7 m2 _____ cm2 c 8000 cm2 _____ m2
d 30 km2 _____ m2 e 70 000 cm2 _____ m2 f 770 mm2 _____ cm2
g 700 mm2 _____ m2 h 7.2 ha _____ m2 i 5.8 mm2 _____ cm2
See Exercise 5-03 3 Find the area of each of the following shapes.
23 cm
a b c
15 cm
8.6 mm
9m
12 mm

6.3 m
d e 5.5 m f 33 cm

7 km

12.6 m 47 cm

See Exercise 5-04 4 Find the area of each shape.

a 10 mm b c d 4 cm 4 cm
1.2 m
15 mm

6 cm

8 cm
8 cm
1.5 m

10 cm

3m 3 cm
15 mm

13 cm

20 mm

206 9780170189538
 Chapter 5 revision

5 Find the area of each shape. See Exercise 5-05

2.6 m 63 cm
a b c

54 cm
24
mm

77 cm
5.2 m
m
3c

4m
16.

11
.4
mm

6 Find the area of each shape. See Exercise 5-06

a b c

22 cm
7m mm
m

65
27

7m
48
mm

38 cm

7 Name each part of the circle labelled. See Exercise 5-07

a
f g
d
e
b
c
h

8 For each shape, state: See Exercise 5-07

i the number of axes of symmetry
ii the order of rotational symmetry

a b

c d

9780170189538 207
 Chapter 5 revision

See Exercise 5-08 9 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the circumference of each circle below.
a b c d
28 mm
2 cm
cm
10 14
m
m

See Exercise 5-08 10 Calculate the perimeter of each shape, correct to two decimal places.
a b c d

4 cm
9 cm

6 cm
5 cm

12 cm

See Exercise 5-09 11 Calculate the area of each circle in question 9:

i in terms of p
ii correct to one decimal place
See Exercise 5-09 12 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the area of each shape in question 10.
See Exercise 5-10
13 Copy and complete each statement.
a 8.2 m3 _____ cm3 b 3.4 cm3 _____ mm3
c 2 000 000 cm3 _____ m3 d 1 km3 _____ m3
e 8 m3 _____ mm3 f 45 000 mm3 _____ cm3
See Exercise 5-11 14 Find the volume of each prism.
a b c
7.2 cm 15.1
cm 16 mm
11 mm
10

7.2 cm
.2

m
25 m
10 m
cm

6m

12
m
7m

208 9780170189538
 Chapter 5 revision

d 20 mm e 26 cm

9 cm
40 mm 30 cm

28 cm

15 mm
32 mm

40 mm

15 Find the volume of each solid correct to two decimal places. See Exercise 5-12

a b c
3 mm

18 m

16 mm 70 cm

6.2 m 50 cm
Diameter of circles = 16 cm

16 Copy and complete each statement. See Exercise 5-12

a 3 L _________mL b 2500 mL _________L

c 6.5 kL _________L d 7.2 mm3 _________mL
e 120 mL _________L f 35 cm3 _________L
17 Find the capacity of each shape in litres. See Exercise 5-13

a b c
8m 7 cm
16 cm
1m

m
1

cm
15
A = 380 cm

9780170189538 209