Zoology Education in The 21st Century

TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR
HIGHER EDUCATION
CHENNAI 600 005
Report of the Workshop on

'Zoology Education in the 21st Century'
August 2006
Introduction
A curriculum has to be considerably more than an aggregate of

courses. The curriculum should be based upon human needs and
structured to make educational sense to students, creative and intellectual
satisfaction to the teachers and managerial sense to those responsible for
administration. In achieving this the institutions face many problems.
Colleges and universities struggle to incorporate programs and techniques to
satisfy new/fresh demands and hence the curriculum becomes a major
focus of attention.
While restructuring Zoology curricula at undergraduate level we

should consider two things.
a. Retaining essentials of the existing ones and
b. Injecting sufficient modernization reflecting incorporation of

elements of scientific and technological advances witnessed in
the recent time.
The existing syllabi in all universities and colleges are to be screened,

and necessary changes are to be incorporated both in the subjects and in
the syllabus. While doing this we should consider the needs of students who
are likely to take up employment after graduation and also those who would
like to pursue higher studies. At the time of implementation it should bring
in meaningful results.
While framing the curriculum and syllabus, higher secondary syllabus

should be taken as a base. The teachers can also think about the
preparation of standard textbooks in the concerned subjects so that
materials can be made available to the students.
The general objectives of restructuring are
To develop the language skill in students
To give training in a specific skill for students who enter the job
market
To develop in-depth knowledge in the major area of study
To broaden the outlook of the student through interdisciplinary

approach
These are considered during the workshop on "Zoology Education in

the 21st Century" held at Tamilnadu State Council for Higher Education,
Chennai. The outcome of the workshop is circulated to the participants and
the institutions so as to be used as a model in Zoology Education.
TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION,
CHENNAI 600 005
Workshop on Zoology Education in the 21st Century
23rd and 24th February 2006
PROGRAMME
23-2-2006
10.00 a.m. - Registration
10.30 a.m. - Inauguration
Inaugural Address : Thiru. K.S. Sripathi, IAS,

Secretary to Government,
Higher Education Department
Vice-Chairman (i/c) &
Member-Secretary (i/c), TANSCHE
Special Address : Prof. S. Swaminatha Pillai
11.30 a.m. - Tea
11.45 a.m. - Framing the Structure of the Curriculum
1.00 p.m. - Lunch
2.00 p.m. 5.00 p.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups
24-2-2006
10.00 a.m. 11.15 a.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups
11.15 a.m. 11.30 a.m. - Tea
11.30 a.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups
1.00 p.m. - Lunch
2.00 4.00 p.m. - Finalizing the Syllabi and Valediction
Vote of Thanks - Dr. S. Padmavathy,

Research Officer, TANSCHE
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
S. SWAMINATHA PILLAI
COMPETENCIES TO BE DEVELOPED:
Knowing the form and function of a curriculum.

Understanding the need for a curriculum.
Following several steps in developing a curriculum.
Evaluating a curriculum.
Appreciating the role of curriculum in the social process of education.
ABSTRACT:
Curriculum is a contact document between the stakeholders of the

educational process. It fulfils the need for directing, implementing and
satisfying their role performance in the society. Being scientific in its
approach a curriculum specifies all the required conditions for effective
learning and teaching including testing, besides leading to continuous
individual and social development. The philosophical foundations of an
society is the basis for a curriculum; the practical and successful living
is the result of well-developed curriculum. Economy of efforts,
materials, manpower, time and money is achieved in the otherwise
long, unwieldy and indirect process of education.
INTRODUCTION
The long and continuous social process of education is often offered in terms
of specified periods. These periods are identified as stages of education viz., early
childhood to university education. In each stage there may be several parallel forms
or structures like general, special or professional education depending on the needs
of the pursuers of education at that stage. To make them ready and interested in
their direction of learning and teaching, it is required that both the teachers and the
learners should have a clear idea about their plans and activities. This can be set by
them if they are mature enough to draw the plan. Very often there arises a situation
that quantitative expansion like population increase and transfer of persons like
social mobility requiring some sort of uniformity or equality paving way for easy
movement and comfort and confidence. Hence there is a need for a common source
and plan to enable the younger generation to get the required education assuring a
sort of commonly recognized competencies at each stage of human development.
This requirement is fulfilled by what is called curriculum.
WHAT IS A CURRICULUM?
A curriculum seeks to answer questions like What shall I teach or learn?,

Why should I teach or learn?, How will I teach or learn?, What resources do I
have at my disposal?, and How do I know if I have succeeded in my learning or
teaching? Thus a curriculum is a conceptual scheme for joint implementation by
teachers and learners in core, observed and appreciated by parents and users of the
product/ learners in effect and valued and admired by other stakeholders as a result.
It is in fact a changing and living entity in view of its need for continuous
modification as demanded by the members of the society in view of the fast and
dynamic changes around. It is obtained from three sources such as replacing the
familiar environment of family and friends to school and college, moving from the
present scenario to a predicted or even unpredicted future situation and making
the implementers or beneficiaries dependent or independent, or balancing
between individuality and conformity.
A curriculum is in fact a programme of studies or activities (curricular, co-

curricular and extra curricular) and guidance. It can function as a scale of values
providing a set of criteria. Arising from the basic needs and moving on to social,
cultural, individual and traditional needs, the curriculum very often attempts to
fulfil the ideal needs also, such as intellectual, moral, aesthetic and religious needs.
Curriculum is frequently viewed as a school/college/university function for
preserving and transmitting traditional cultures, for the transformation of culture, and
primarily for individual development of the participants.
PRESSURES AND PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Curriculum is developed under economic and social pressures, caused by

knowledge explosion and utilizing research findings. The principles of governing
the development of a curriculum can be stated as follows:
Curriculum should be dynamic enough to accommodate the changes in

social environment; it should be specifically goal-oriented to move towards the
accepted direction causing success; scientific method needs to be adopted in
developing a curriculum to make it reliable and successful; and curriculum has to be
evaluative with a built-in mechanism of evaluation; and however it should be
comprehensive enough to bring in clarity, brevity and surety in its success.
Specifying the objectives in observable terms, describing a variety of alternative

learning experiences, selecting the most appropriate content from the vast store of
human knowledge, organizing and integrating the items into a homogeneous
whole and providing for adequate and accurate measures of evaluation of the
achievement of the state objectives so as to minimize, if not avoid, any loss or
distortion of human development.
STAGES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT:
There are several stages in the development of a curriculum. The following

are the most identifiable and adoptable stages as practiced by the curriculum
developers:
PLANNING: Observing the gaps, if any, between the educational

achievements and the social development there should be a systematic
attempt to identify the new needs of the society by adopting the techniques of
need analysis. Considering the social forces, needs, goals and objectives,
knowledge has to be treated for human development on the philosophical
tenets of the society incorporating the learning process with the selection of
proper instructional procedure decision is to be taken on the proposed
curriculum.
PREPARING: Collecting the available data, identifying the relevant sources,

organizing adequate and suitable manpower, debating several styles of
learning and strategies of teaching, arranging for several materials useful to
cull out specific content from, a curriculum developer has to be prepared for
the process. Following a systemic approach the constituent subsystems need
to be integrated to deal with the collected data yielding the relevant content to
be selected, organized and assessment pattern to be specified.
DESIGNING: Levels, types and structure of educational institutions which are

to adopt the proposed curriculum, precepts and practices of educational
technology, humanistic approach, vocational possibilities and social
reconstruction contribute to the design of a curriculum. Even the concept of
de-schooling or out-of-school or distance or on-line education will have a
bearing process. The popular and prominent curriculum models of Tyler and
Taba offer potentials of the curriculum development.
DEVELOPMENT: Curriculum development considers instructional

development, learning materials and instructional media development besides
strategies of teaching and techniques of testing. It is an integrated process
taking into account all possible educational practices. Three different
diagrammatic approaches are presented in the next section of this paper.
IMPLEMENTATION: The chief implementers of a curriculum are teachers

and learners although other educational managers have assigned roles to
play. Policy-makers, system managers, auxiliary manpower like technicians
and other personnel and evaluators along with users like higher education
system and employment organizations definitely play a secondary role in this
regard.
EVALUATION: After implementing a curriculum it is essential to evaluate the

same for its effectiveness, deficiencies and mishaps. There are several
models of evaluation of a curriculum proposed by experts as in the case of
Stufflebeams model or CIPP model. In any case teacher evaluation of
students followed by an analysis of the latters performance, student
evaluation of students followed by their experiences, materials evaluation of
all concerned and evaluation of the testing techniques adopted and the
examination pattern used form the basis for valid, reliable and acceptable
evaluation of a curriculum.
REVIEW: The after-effects of such evaluation will be the need and the mode
of reviewing the developed and implemented curriculum periodically so as to
make modifications in the relevant aspects of the curriculum. As per the
present conditions the life of a curriculum is not even five years unlike in the
past. Even annual review for making required changes in the curriculum
makes it more dynamic, organizationally difficult though.
IMPROVEMENT: In order to improve a curriculum the process should have

a re-look including restart from the scratch. Tinkering with a curriculum makes
it lopsided and takes its life away. Total revision is always a must. In view of
the fast changes in the social milieu and of the human knowledge and
experience the concept of rolling curriculum will yield better results. Anyway
every five, or better, three years or period of duration of a course offered there
is a need Curriculum improvement or revision or even reconstruction.
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT MODELS:
1. A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEMS APPROACH
CONSIDER TARGET
POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS
AND TOPIC AREA
ESTIMATE
RELEVANT
EXISTING SKILLS
AND KNOWLEDGE
OF LEARNERS
FORMULATE
OBJECTIVES
SELECT
ASSESS AND APPROPRIATE
EVALUATE METHODS
IMPLEMENT
COURSE
Selection of
START learning
experiences
Statement of Organization of
General learning
Goals experiences
Diagnosis of Evaluation
Needs
YES
Satisfac-
Formulation tion
of Objectives
Formulate
detailed
Procedure
Selection of
Content Implement
NO Procedure
Organization END
of Content
FLOWCHART REPRESENTATION OF TABA-TYLER CURRICULUM

DEVELOPMENT MODEL
3. THE COURSE DESIGN PROCESS
Needs Analysis
Population Context
Course aims
Specify Learning Activities

Cognitive Performance
Attitudinal
Specify Content
Knowledge & Task Analysis
Specify Tutorial Strategies

Sequencing, Sign posting activities use
of media formative assessment
Selecting students guide

Study guides Conferencing student
tutor commission
course team commission
Specify assessment format

Tasks delivery
analysis feedback
Development
Materials support systems
implementation plans
Implementation
Start-up support
Management maintenance
Evaluation
Summative assessments staff responses
student responses reporting & dissemination
CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS STRUCTURE:
Structure of Curriculum
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. Aims & Goals
4. Courses of Studies
Paper I
Paper II
Paper III
5. Methodology
6. Materials
7. Media
8. Evaluation
9. Outcome
Structure of Syllabus
1. Linkage
2. Objectives
General
Specific (Competences)
3. Structured Content
4. Materials
5. Methods & Media
6. Testing
F.N.:- Objectives Competencies
Achieve Objectives Demonstrate Competences

Able to ----- Can do / does --------
Learning outcome Performance descriptors
skills indicators
CURRICULUM CHANGES:
National aspirations and needs, cultural change, social change caused by

technological development, economic changes, political variations and changes in
values, the value system in vogue, philosophical, sociological and psychological
approaches tend to make changes in the curriculum. The National Framework for
School Curriculum 2000 has now been revised as the National Framework for
School Curriculum 2005. This is an example of curriculum change due to one or
more of the above contexts affecting the same.
CONCLUSION:
As an MOU between the participants in the curriculum process, any

curriculum is subjected to a variety of pressures, forces and changes. The vital factor
involved is the societal need arising then and there in any modern set-up. Speed on
the one hand and economy on the other hand provide the essential impetus to the
periodical development of different curricula of different stages of education. From a
one-month programme to even a five-year programme several curricula need to be
developed to supply the specifically needed manpower meeting the demands of a
nation.
References
Taba, Hilda (1988) Curriculum Development
Tyler, Robert (1986) Curriculum Development Process
(not available) (1990) The Course Design
PROPOSED MODEL CURRICULUM
B.Sc. Zoology
(Branch Vi)
or/and
B.Sc. Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology
(Branch Vi a)
List of Participants
Dr. Mrs. S. Ezhilarasi Balasubramanian,
Dr.(Mrs.) K. Anbu, Reader, Dept. of Zoology,
S.G.Lecturer in Zoology, Ethiraj College for Women,
Kunthavai Nachiyar Government Arts College No. 70, Ethiraj Salai,Egmore,
(Women), Chennai 600 008.
Thanjavur 613 007.
Mrs. S. Felicia,
Dr. Alice Marcus, Lecturer in Zoology,
HOD of Zoology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women,
Holy Cross College, Peelamedu,
Post Box No.318,Teppakulam, Coimbatore 641 028.
Tiruchirappalli 620 002.
Thiru. B.M. Gulam Mohideen
Prof. T. Ambrose, Lecturer (SG) in Zoology,
Head, P.G. and Research Dept. of Advanced Jamal Mohamed College,
Zoology and Biotechnology, No.7, Race Course Road,
Loyola College, Khaja Nagar,
Nungambakkam, Tiruchirappalli 620 020.
Chennai 600 034.
Dr. P. Kalavathi,
Dr. G. Anbuganapathi, HOD of Zoology,
Principal, Queen Marys College,
Kandaswami Kandars College, Mylapore,
Velur - 638 182. Chennai 600 004.
Namakkal District.
Mrs. S. Mallika,
Dr. N. Anbusaravanan, S.G.Lecturer in Zoology,
Reader in Zoology, PG Dept. of Zoology,
Periyar EVR College, Arulmigu Palani Andavar Arts
Tiruchirappalli- 620 023. College for Women,
Chinnakalayamputhur,
Dr.(Mrs.) S. Angelina Glorita Parimala, Palani 624 615.
Lecturer (SS) in Zoology,
A.D.M. College for Women, Dr. Mary Jeyanthi Arulsingh,
No.1, College Road,Vellipalayam, Reader, Dept. of Advanced Zoology
Nagapattinam 611 001. & Biotechnology,
The Womens Christian College,
Dr. P. Badri Sriman Narayanan, College Road, Nungambakkam
Reader and Head, Chennai 600 006.
Department of Zoology,
Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Mrs. G. Manimekalai,
Pollachi 642 001. HOD of Zoology,
Kandaswami Kandars College,
Dr. S. Baskaran, Velur - 638 182.
Reader in Zoology, Namakkal District.
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,
Sivakasi 626 124. Dr.(Mrs.) D. Maria Anthoniammal,
HOD of Zoology,
Dr. R. Bakthavathasalam, Fatima College,
Reader & HOD of Zoology, Mary Land,
Government Arts College, Madurai 625 018.
Kumbakonam 612 001.
Mrs. Neeratha,
Thiru. T. Chidambaram, HOD of Zoology,
HOD of Zoology, Vellalar College for Women,
Nadar Mahajana Sangam, Erode 638 009.
S.Vellaichamy Nadar College,
Nagamalai, Madurai 625 019.
Prof. R. Ramalingam, Dr.Tmt. C. Sethukarai,
Department of Zoology, HOD of Advanced Zoology & Bio Technology,
Annamalai University, Meenakshi College for Women,
Annamalai Nagar -608 002. Arcot Road,Kodambakkam,
Chennai 600 024.
Dr. G. Ramaswamy,
Reader in Zoology, Dr. T.A. Sethuramalingam,
A.V.C. College, Reader in Zoology,
Mannampandal, St.Xaviers College,
Mayiladuthurai 609 305. Palayamkottai 627 002.
Dr. M. Ramaswamy, Mrs. J.P. Shanthakumari,

Reader in Zoology, HOD of Zoology,
Government Arts College, Bishop Heber College,
Arts College Road, Coimbatore 641 018. Post Box No.615,
Dr. L.S. Ranganathan,
Dean,Faculty of Science, Dr. R. Sugumaran,
Annamalai University, Reader & Head,Dept. of Zoology,
Annamalai Nagar -608 002. Vivekananda College,
Tiruvedagam (West)
Mrs. Rani Renganathan, Near Sholavandan Railway Station,
SG Lecturer in Zoology, 625 217
Sri Meenakshi Government College for
Women, Dr. S.K. Sunder Raj,
Madurai 625 002. Professor & Head,Department of Zoology,
Madras Christian College,
Prof. M. Sankaran, Tambaram,
HOD of Zoology, Chennai 600 059.
Rajah Serfoji Government College,
Thanjavur 613 005. Mrs. V. Usharani,
S.G. Lecturer in Zoology,
Mrs. T.S. Santhakumari, Quaid-E-Milleth College for Women,
HOD of Zoology, Anna Salai,
Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Chennai 600 002.
Post Box No.349,
Tiruchirapalli 620 002. Dr. P. Vivek Raja,
Reader & Head, Dept. of Zoology,
Mrs. Sarah Sathiavathi, Presidency College,
Lecturer (S.S.) in Zoology, Triplicane,
Lady Doak College, Chennai- 600 005.
Madurai 625 002.
Introduction
India, a subcontinent of megadiversity has a rich heritage of fauna and flora

and it is the responsibility of biologists, to understand the biodiversity of all living
organisms available in our country and to identify all of them, study their behaviour,
life cycle, products that could be obtained from them, their interaction on other
organisms and to protect the organisms, which are on the verge of extinction. B.Sc.
Zoology graduate course in various universities and affiliated colleges in India was
offering the basics of diversity of animals under the heading Invertebrata and
Chordata as a major portion with basics of Physiology, Ecology, Genetics, Evolution,
Developmental Biology and Cell Biology till early 60s.
In late 70s due to advancement in scientific knowledge and discovery of new

techniques in biology, rapid development has occurred in special papers in Zoology
such as Molecular Biology, Genetics, Immunology etc. From late 90s, with advances
in Biomolecular biology, teaching of classical Zoology with an emphasis on
morphological characters and breeding behaviour have changed the teaching with
emphasis on biomolecular taxonomy and measures of conserving and improving the
species by modern biotechnological tools. Biology is a living science, in which
changing knowledge continually generates fresh perspectives and fresh opportunities
for productive impacts on our society. The main aim of the revision of the existing
syllabi for B.Sc. Zoology and Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology course is to include
all latest developments in Zoology with a view to make the students to use modern
tools and techniques to understand the subject in depth so as to qualify
himself/herself to teaching, research or technical post.
Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of molecules within cells and of

the interactions between cells that allow construction of multi cellular organisms. The
more we learn about the structure, function and development of different organisms,
the more we recognize that all life processes exhibit remarkable similarities. Molecular
cell biology concentrates on the macromolecules and reactions studied by biochemists,
the processes described by cell biologists and the gene control pathways identified by
molecular biologists and geneticists. The fascinating discovery of the structure of DNA
laid the foundation of modern Bioscience including Biotechnology that is transforming
our lives in one or many ways.
1
Biotechnology based industries such as health care and pharmaceutical, crop
and live stock breeding and use of microorganisms and plants to produce, valuable
new materials to provide tremendous benefits to mankind. Biotechnology is developing
at a phenomenal pace and will increasingly become a necessary part of modern life.
Modern biotechnology involves improved methods for production of antibiotics,
vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, new molecular innovations due to genetic
engineering, raising transgenic plants and animals, gene therapy in humans to
eradicate diseases and biological fuel production.
In view of these modern changes in the subject, it is imperative to include the

term Biotechnology as a suffix to the subject Conventional Zoology and to name the
title of the course as Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology as approved by the
Tamilnadu Government G.O. Ms.No.308, Higher Education Department, Govt. of
Tamilnadu Dt. 7.6.2004 under branch VI-A in universities/colleges affiliated to
universities in Tamilnadu.
Under this circumstance, it is essential to impart both knowledge and practical

skill from all modern branches of Zoology. The present revision of syllabus on Zoology
addresses these issues.
Objectives/Scope
Gives required basic knowledge with sound theoretical information with basic
skill in techniques and applications of biological system and products. It facilitates the
undergraduate zoology students to branch out to various postgraduate programmes
which leads to research in vertical mobility. At the same time it gives opportunity to
the students to choose their career as teachers or to get a job in modern biology
related company or factories. It also provides opportunity to undergraduate students
to become an entrepreneur in biotechnology or bioinformatics related fields. Special
papers in core subjects and optional papers are introduced to provide opportunity to
students to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in the modern techniques. It
makes the graduate a self-dependent person to face the grim realities of life and gives
positive correlation to his knowledge and society requirement.
2
Aims and Goals
1. To acquire adequate knowledge in core and optional subjects of Zoology.

2. To facilitate the student to branch out to various postgraduate programmes
encouraging vertical mobility.
3. To provide self-employment opportunities.
4. To cater the dynamic needs of the students considering their expanding job
opportunities.
5. To design the course to meet the challenges posed by the national level tests for
various administrative and technical posts.
6. To get practical and field experiences in all biology related fields to facilitate the
students to get the job or to become an entrepreneur as soon as they complete
the course.
Allied subjects
B.Sc. Zoology undergraduate students are encouraged to study two allied

papers such as Botany and Chemistry or any other related subjects required for
biologists.
The department of Zoology conducts Zoology Allied subjects with two theory
papers and one practical paper for other undergraduate courses like B.Sc. Botany,
Chemistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology etc.
Course of Studies
Core Subjects
13 papers and four practicals (Practical I to IV).
Optional Subjects
Choose any two papers from 12 papers and one practical (Practical V).
Allied Subjects
Two papers and one practicals.
3
For each of the above area separate syllabi have been prepared and presented.
Core Subjects (Syllabi)

Optional Subjects (Syllabi)
Allied Subjects (Syllabi)
Model question paper for theory and practical.

Model question paper for Theory
Model question paper for Practicals
Internal Valuation: 25 Marks

External Valuation: 75 Marks
Scheme for the entire course (3 years) is given semester wise with number of
papers and contact hours for major subjects, Allied subjects and language classes
I Semester -
II Semester -
III Semester -
IV Semester -
V Semester -
VI Semester -
4
B.Sc., ZOOLOGY
CORE PAPERS
Hours
per Total
No. Title of the Paper Credits
Week Hours
1 Invertebrata-I 5 75 3
2 Invertebrata 2 5 75 3
3 Chordata 5 75 3
4 Cell and Molecular Biology 5 75 3
5 Evolution 5 75 3
6 Genetics 5 75 3
7 Biochemistry and Tools in Biology 5 75 3
8 Developmental Biology 5 75 3
9 Animal Physiology 5 75 3
10 Biophysics, Biostatistics, Bioinformatics 6 90 4
and Computer Application
11 Environmental Biology and Animal 5 75 3
Behaviour
12 Microbiology and Immunology 5 75 3
13 Biotechnology 6 90 4
Total Papers = 13 Total Credits = 41
5
B.Sc., ZOOLOGY
PRACTICALS
Hours
per Total
No. Title of the Practical Credits
Week Hours
1 Practical I. Invertebrata and Chordata 2 60 3

2 Practical II. Cell Biology, Genetics, 2 60 3
Biochemistry, Evolution and
Instrumentation
3 Practical III. Physiology, 3 90 4
Developmental Biology, Biophysics,
Biostatistics and Computer Applications
4 Practical IV. Biotechnology, 3 90 4
Environmental Biology, Microbiology and
Immunology
5 Practical V. Practical for Two Optional 3 90 4
Papers (select them from the list)
Total Practical Papers in Core

and Optional subjects = 5 Total credits = 18
B.Sc., ZOOLOGY
ALLIED PAPERS
Hours
per Total
Week Hours
1 Paper 1 Animal diversity and 4 60 3

organisation
2 Paper 2 General Principles of Zoology 4 60 3
3 Zoology Allied Practicals.* 2 60 3
Theory paper = 2, Practical = 1 Total credits = 9
* Theory paper is conducted in one semester. Practical is conducted in two semesters.
6
B.Sc., ZOOLOGY
OPTIONAL PAERS (CHOOSE ANY TWO PAPERS)
Hours
per Total
Week Hours
1 Aquaculture 5 75 3
2 Vermiculture 5 75 3
3 Human Genetics & Genetic Councelling 5 75 3
4 Sericulture 5 75 3
5 Apiculture 5 75 3
6 Clinical Laboratory Technology 5 75 3
7 Wild life Diversity & Conservation 5 75 3
8 Dairy Farming 5 75 3
9 Poultry Science & Management 5 75 3
10 Public Health and Hygiene 5 75 3
11 Bioinformatics 5 75 3
12 Fishery Biology 5 75 3
Total Papers = 2 Total Credits = 6
7
Question Paper Pattern
Common to all Theory Papers in Zoology
Core, Allied and Optional Papers
Duration 3 hours Max Marks: 75
N.B.: Draw diagrams and formula wherever necessary
Section A
20 X 1 = 20
Answer all questions
Q.1 to Q.20
Multiple choice - 5
True or False - 5
Fill in Blanks - 5
Match the following - 5
Section B
5X5=25
Answer all questions

Answer should be about 400 words
Q.No.21 to 25
Either or pattern One question from each unit
Section C
Answer any three questions not exceeding four pages or 100 words
Answer should be about 1200 words
Q.No.26 to 30
(Open choice pattern)
5 questions one from each unit
Internal Assessment: 25 Marks
1. First Continuous Assessment Test - 5

2. Second Continuous Assessment Test - 5
3. Model Exam - 10
4. Assignment - 5
---
Total - 25 Marks
---
8
Question Paper Pattern: Practicals
Common to all Practicals in Zoology
Lab Experiments - Core, Allied and Optional Practicals
Duration 3 hours Max Marks: 75
Q.1 Major dissection / Major Experiment - 25 Marks

Q.2 Minor dissection a mounting / Minor Experiment - 10 Marks
Q.3 Spotters. A, B, C, D, E, Identification and notes/ 5X4 - 20 Marks
Importance / Application etc.
Q.4 Submission of Field Report - 10 Marks
Q.5 Record - 10 Marks
Total 75 Marks
Internal Assessment = 25 Marks
Test = 10
Lab work,
Assignment
and
Regularity = 15
---
25 Marks
---
9
B.Sc., ZOOLOGY
Overall distribution of papers and credits
Core Papers 13 Nos. 41 Credits

Optional Papers 2 Nos. 6 Credits
Practical (4 core & 1 optional) 5 Nos. 18 Credits
Environmental Studies (Common Paper) 1 No. 4 Credits
Allied I (2-Theory and 1-Practical) (First year) 3 Nos. 9 Credits
Allied II (2-Theory and 1-Practical) (Second year) 3 Nos. 9 Credits
Language 4 Nos. 12 Credits
English 4 Nos. 12 Credits
Grand Total 35 Nos. 111 Credits
10
Distribution of hours in each semester and year
I Year (Semester I)
Hours
No. Paper Credits
per week
1 Core paper 1 5 3
2 Core paper 2 5 3
3 Allied I Paper 1 4 3
4 Language Paper 1 6 3
5 English Paper 1 6 3
6 Practical I 2 -
7 Allied I Practical 2 -
Total hours per week = 30 15
I Year (Semester II)
Hours
No. Paper Credits
per week
1 Core paper 3 5 3
2 Environmental Studies 5 4
(Common Paper)
3 Allied I Paper 2 4 3
6 Practical I 2 3
7 Allied I Practical 2 3
11
II Year (Semester III)
Hours
No. Paper Credits
per week
1 Core paper 4 5 3
2 Core paper 5 5 3
3 Allied II Paper 1 4 3
6 Practical II 2 -
7 Allied II Practical 2 -
II Year (Semester IV)
Hours
No. Paper Credits
per week
1 Core paper 6 5 3
2 Core paper 7 5 3
3 Allied II Paper 2 4 3
6 Practical II 2 3
7 Allied II Practical 2 3
12
III Year (Semester V)
Hours
No. Paper per Credits
week
1 Core paper 8 5 3
2 Core paper 9 5 3
3 Core paper 10 6 4
4 Optional paper I 5 3
5 Practical III 3 -
6 Practical IV 3 -
7 Practical for Optional Practical V 2 -
III Year (Semester VI)
Hours
No. Paper per Credits
week
1 Core paper 11 5 3
2 Core paper 12 6 4
3 Core paper 13 6 4
4 Optional paper II 5 3
5 Practical III 3 4
6 Practical IV 3 4
7 Practical for Optional Practical V 3 4
13
CORE PAPERS
14
1. Dr. P. Vivek Raja, Coordinator
Reader & Head, Dept. of Zoology,
Presidency College,
Triplicane,
Chennai- 600 005.
2. Dr.(Mrs.) K. Anbu,
S.G.Lecturer in Zoology,
Kunthavai Nachiyar Government Arts College (Women),
Thanjavur 613 007.
3. Prof. T. Ambrose,
Head, P.G. and Research Dept. of
Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology,
Loyola College,
Nungambakkam,
Chennai 600 034.
4. Dr.(Mrs.) S. Angelina Glorita Parimala,

Lecturer (SS) in Zoology,
A.D.M. College for Women,
No.1, College Road,Vellipalayam,
Nagapattinam 611 001.
5. Dr. G. Anbuganapathi,
Principal,
Velur - 638 182.
Namakkal District.
6. Dr. S. Baskaran,
Reader in Zoology,
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,
Sivakasi 626 124.
7. Dr. Mrs. S. Ezhilarasi Balasubramanian,

Reader, Dept. of Zoology,
Ethiraj College for Women,
No. 70, Ethiraj Salai,Egmore,
Chennai 600 008.
8. Mrs. S. Felicia,
Lecturer in Zoology,
PSGR Krishnammal College for Women,
Peelamedu,
Coimbatore 641 028.
9. Thiru. B.M. Gulam Mohideen
Lecturer (SG) in Zoology,
Jamal Mohamed College,
No.7, Race Course Road,Khaja Nagar,
15
10. Dr. P. Kalavathi,
HOD of Zoology,
Queen Marys College,
Mylapore,
Chennai 600 004.
11. Mrs. G. Manimekalai,
HOD of Zoology,
Velur - 638 182.
Namakkal District.
12. Dr. Mary Jeyanthi Arulsingh,
Reader, Dept. of Advanced Zoology
& Biotechnology,
The Womens Christian College,
College Road
Nungambakkam
Chennai 600 006.
13. Mrs. Neeratha,
HOD of Zoology,
Vellalar College for Women,
Erode 638 009.
14. Mrs. T.S. Santhakumari,
HOD of Zoology,
Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College,
Post Box No.349,
Tiruchirapalli 620 002.
15. Mrs. Sarah Sathiavathi,
Lecturer (S.S.) in Zoology,
Lady Doak College,
Madurai 625 002.
16. Dr.Tmt. C. Sethukarai,
HOD of Advanced Zoology & Bio Technology,
Meenakshi College for Women,
Arcot Road, Kodambakkam,
Chennai 600 024.
17. Dr. T.A. Sethuramalingam,
Reader in Zoology,
St.Xaviers College,
Palayamkottai 627 002.
18. Dr. S.K. Sunder Raj,
Professor & Head,Department of Zoology,
Madras Christian College,
Tambaram,
Chennai 600 059.
19. Mrs. V. Usharani,
S.G. Lecturer in Zoology,
Quaid-E-Milleth College for Women,
Anna Salai, Chennai 600 002.
16
INVERTEBRATA I & II
Objectives
1. To understand biodiversity, adaptation, organization and taxonomic status of

invertebrates.
2. Explaining the basic aspects of classification, structural and functional details

of the invertebrates.
1. INVERTEBRATA I
Phylum Protozoa to Annelida
Type Study/
Detailed Study: Systematic position, Habit and Habitat, Structure of Body wall,
body cavity, locomotion, digestive system, excretory, system,
nervous system, sense organs, reproductive system, life history,
pathogenecity and parasitic adaptation etc.
Unit I Bionomial nomenclature rules of nomen - clature, outline classification

of invertebrates Protzoa: Classification upto orders and their
characters with suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Paramecium.
Parasitic Protozoans: Entamoeba, Plasmodium Monocystis &
Trypanosoma General Topics: Locomotion and Nutrition in Protozoa,
Protozoan diseases and their control.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Porifera: Classification upto orders and their characters with suitable
Indian examples, Detailed study of Leucosolenia. General Topics:
Histology of sponges, Canal system and Reproduction in sponges,
Affinities.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Coelenterata: Classification upto orders and their characters with
suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Obelia, Aurelia and Sea
anemone General Topics: Coral and Coral reefs Polymorphism in
hydrozoa. Mesenteries in Anthozoa. Ctenophora: Chatacteristic features
and classification Pleurobranchia.
- 15 hrs
17
Unit IV Helminthes: Classification upto orders and their characteristics with
suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Fasciola and Taenia solium.
General Topics: Parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes. Detailed study
of Ascaris. General Topics: Brief account on Nematode parasites. Host
parasitic relationship
- 15 hrs
Unit V Annelida: Classification upto orders and their characteristics with

suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Megascolox, Nereis and
Leech. General Topics: Modes of life in Polychaetes Nephridia and
Coelomoducts in Annelida, Modes of life in polychaeta, Reproduction in
Annelids.
- 15 hrs
Books for Study
1. Barnes, R.D. 1982, Invertebrate Zoology IV Edn. Holt Saunders International

Edn.
2. Barrington, E.J.W, 1979 Invertebrates Structure and function 2nd Edn. ELBS
and Nelson.
3. Kotpal, R.L, S.K.agarwal, R.P.R.Khetarpal 1989 Modern text book of Zoology,
Rastogi Publication.
4. Prasad S.N. 1976. Text Book of Invertebrate Zoology Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.
5. Rajesh Karyakarle & Ajit Damle, 2005. Medical Parasitology Books and Allied
(P) Ltd. Kolkata.
18
2. INVERTEBRATA II
Arthropoda to Echinodermata
Unit I Arthropoda: Classification upto orders and their distinguishing

characters with suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Prawn
- 15 hrs
Unit II Detailed study of Scorpion, centipede and Millipede - 10 hrs
Unit III General topics: Crustacean larvae and their significance. Parasitic
crustaceans, organization and affinities of Peripatus. Mouth parts of
insects, Economic importance of Insects, social life in insects
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Mollusca: Classification upto orders and their distinguishing characters

with suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of Pila, Freshwater mussel
and Sepia. General Topics: Cephalopods are advanced Mollusca,
Economic importance of Mollusca, Torsion in Gastropoda. - 20 hrs
Unit V Echinodermata: Classification upto orders and their distinguishing

characters with suitable Indian examples, Detailed study of starfish and
sea urchins. General Topics: Water vascular system in Echinodermata,
larval forms and their significance, Inter relationship between classes,
Pedicellaria. - 15 hrs
Books for Study
1. Ekambaranatha Ayyar 2. Jordon EL and Verma P.S. (1995),
& T.N. Anantha krishnan 1992 Invertebrate Zoology, S.Chand & Co,
Manual of Zoology Vol I (Invertebrata) New Delhi
Part I & II Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd.
Books for Reference

1. Barnes, R.D. 1982, Invertebrate Zoology IV Edn. Holt Saunders International
Edn.
2. Barrington, E.J.W, 1979 Invertebrates Structure and function 2nd Edn. ELBS
and Nelson.
3. Kotpal, R.L, S.K.agarwal, R.P.R.Khetarpal 1989 Modern text book of Zoology,
Rastogi Publication.
4. Prasad S.N. 1976. Text Book of Invertebrate Zoology Kitab Mahal, Allahabad.
5. Rajesh Karyakarle & Ajit Damle, 2005. Medical Parasitology Books and Allied
(P) Ltd. Kolkata.
19
3. CHORDATA
75 hours
No. of Hours: 5 hr/week
Objective To discuss diversity, adaptations & Organisation and taxonomic status of

Chordates
Unit I PROCHORDATA, AGNATHA & PISCES (15 hrs)
Characteristics and classification of Prochordata, Agnatha and Pisces up to

order level.
Prochordata: Amphioxus and Balanoglossus Organisation &
Affinities, Ascidia Retrogressive metamorphosis
Agnatha : Structure & Affinities of Cyclostomata
Pisces : Scoliodon and Mugil and Dipnoi Organisation
Economic importance
Accessory Respiratory organs
Air bladder
Migration, Parental Care, Electric Organs.
Unit II AMPHIBIA (15 hrs)

Characteristics and Classification of Amphibia up to order level.
Frog: Organization
Parental care in Amphibia
Gymnophiana: Structure and Biological significance
Origin of Amphibia
South Indian Amphibians
Unit III REPTILIA (15 hrs)
Characteristics and Classification of Reptilia up to order level.

Calotes: Organization
Sphenodon: Structure and Affinities
Skulls in Reptiles (Arcades & Fossae)
Identification of Poisonous snakes
Snakes of South India
Poison apparatus, biting mechanism and venom
20
Unit IV AVES & MAMMALIA (18 hrs)
Characteristics & Classification of Aves and Mammalia up to order level
Columba livia: Organization
Flight adaptations in birds
Flightless birds and their distribution
Origin and evolution of birds
Migration in birds
Oryctolagus: Organisation
Prototheria and Methatheria: Structure and Affinities
Dentition in Mammals
Aquatic and flying Mammals
Unit V GENERAL & COMPARATIVE STUDIES (12 hrs)

Origin of Chordates
Fate of aortic arches
Impact of terrestrialisation
Origin of tetrapod limbs
Jaw suspension in vertebrates
Primates and taxonomic position of man
Books for Study
1. Ekambaranatha Ayyar and T.N.Ananthakrishnan, 1995. "A Manual of Zoology".
Vol 2 (Part 1 & 2), S. Viswanathan, Chennai
2. Jordan E.L and P.S. Verma, 2000 "Chordate Zoology" S. Chand, New Delhi.
3. Newman. H.H, 1939, "The Phylum Chordata", Mc Millan, New York.
Books for Reference
1. De Beer G, 1966, "Vertebrate Zoology", Sedgwick & Jackson, London.
2. Young J.Z, 1950, "The Life of Vertebrates", Oxford University Press, London.
Methods & Media
1. Charts
2. Prepared Slides
3. Preparation & Staining of Slides
4. Power point presentations
5. CDs
6. Reference books, e-journals
7. Different channels of TV Animal planet, Discovery, National Geographic.
8. Magazines & Newspapers
21
4. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
75 Hrs
Objectives Illustrating, elucidating and describing the basic structure and functions
of cell as a basic fundamental unit of an organism Exploring the
molecular architecture of biomolecules and their complex interactions.
Unit I Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscope. Cell as the basic
unit of living organism Cell theory Isolation of cellular components
Homogenisation fractionation Centrifugation Fundamentals of
fixation Staining methods.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Plasma Membrane: Ultrastructure Chemical composition and
functions, Endoplasmic reticulum: Morphology, structure types and
functions. Golgi complex: Morphology, Structure, Composition,
Functions Lysosome: Structure, forms, functions and origin.
(15 hrs)
Unit III Mitochandria: Structure, Chemical composition Functions Kreb's

cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Ribosomes: Structure Chemical
composition Functions and Origin.
(15 hrs)
Unit IV Nucleus & Nucleolus: Structure and functions Chromosome: Structure
Giant chromosomes Cell Cycle: Cell division Mitosis & Meiosis Cancer
Cells Cell aging. (15 hrs)
Unit V Nucleic Acids: Molecular structure of DNA & RNA Types of RNA-DNA
replication, Role of RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis, Regulation
of protein synthesis.
(15 hrs)
Books for Study
1. De Robertis E.D.P. & De Robertis E.M.F. (1988) Cell and Molecular Biology.
2. Verma P.S. & Agarwal V.K. (1991) Cytology. S.Chand & Co, New Delhi
3. Swanson C.P.(1990). The Cell 8th Edn. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
4. Hans S.S. (1986) Cell Biology Allen & Unwin.
22
5. EVOLUTION
75 Hrs
Linkage This paper links subjects like Invertebrate, Chordata and Genetics.
Objectives To enable the students: To know the origin of life, diversity of animal life
in earth and the mechanism of their evolution.
Unit I Origin of Life: Oparin-Haldane Theory, Evidences for Evolution from

comparative Anatomy, Biochemistry and Serology. Lamarckism and Neo-
Lamarckism.
Darwinism: Artificial, Natural and Sexual Selection, Neo-Darwinism
Concept Stabilizing, Directional and Diversifying Selection
Experimental evidences, Hardy-Weinberg's Law Behaviour of genes in
natural population.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Micro evolution: Mechanism Transient Polymorphism Industrial

Mechanism, Balanced Polymorphism Sickle Cell Anaemia. Modern
synthetic theory of evolution.
- 15 hrs
Unit III The Geological Records Geological time Survey of Geological periods
Fossils: Lead and Carbon Method, Living fossils Definition and
examples, Mimicry and coloration.
Unit IV Genetic Drift Evolutionary Significance, Species Concept Sub Species

and Sibling Species, Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation, Isolating
Mechanism Types and Examples, Macro evolution Mechanism
Punctuate equilibrium model.
- 15 hrs
Unit V Adaptive Radiation in Mammals, Evolution of Man and Horse Fossil

Record, Distribution of Animals Barriers Continental Drift
Hypothesis, Extinction Types and Causes.
- 15 hrs
23
Books for Study
1. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K., 2002, Concept of Evolution, S.Chand and
Company Limited, New Delhi.
2. Arumugam, N., 2002, Organic Evolution, Saras Publication, Nagercoil.
Books for Reference

1. Minkoff E.C. 1983, Evolutionary biology, Addision Wesley Publishers.
2. Arora, M.P., 2000, Animal Behaviour, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
3. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L. and Valentine, J.W., 1977,
Evolution, W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
4. Stansfield, W.D., 1977, The Science of Evolution, Collier Macmillan, London.
5. Colbert. E.H. 1970, Evolution of the Vertebrates, Wiley Eastern Edn.
Materials
1. Fossils Different type
2. Specimens of living fossils
3. Charts showing comparative anatomy of vertebrates and invertebrates
4. Charts showing geological time scale
5. Book plates on origin of life, Theories of Evolution, Industrial Mechanism,
Evolution of Man and Horse and Polymorphism.
Methods and Media

1. CD's on Fossils, Radiometric dating of fossils, Continental Drift Hypothesis,
Mimicry, Colorations
2. Online teaching of theories of evolution.
3. Viewing topics related to Evolution in TV channels like National Geographic
Channels, Discovery Channel, Animal Planet etc.
4. Visiting Ariyalur for observation of fossils.
5. Observing World Map with reference to distribution of animals, Continental
drift etc.
Testing
1. Identification of biogeographical zones
2. Observation of animals with reference to adaptive coloration and Mimicry
3. Understanding adaptive radiation in nature by field visit
4. Differentiating different types of fossils.
5. Observing evidences for evolution in nature.
24
6. GENETICS
Total: 75 Hrs
Objectives Defining and Explaining the basic principles of heredity and the
mechanism of inheritance.
Explaining the practical application of Genetics
Describing the various genetic disorders in Man and Animals.
Unit I Mendalism Mendel's experiments and Laws of Mendal-Back or Test

cross, Phenotype and Genotype, Dihybrid cross, Tri and Poly hybrid
crosses, Incomplete dominance, Interaction of Genes Complementary
factors, supplementary factors, inhibitory and lethal factors, Multiple
Alleles, in Drosophaila, coat colour in Rabbit and Blood group
inheritance in man.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Linkage in Drosophila Morgan's experiments, theories of linkage,
factors affecting linkage, Crossing over, Types, mechanisms, Cytological
evidence for crossing over, Significance of Crossing over, factors affecting
crossing over. Mapping of Chromosomes, interference and coincidence,
Sex-limited and Sex-influenced inheritance in Drosophila and Man, Sex
determination and cyloplasmic inheritance.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Fine structure of the gene Cistron, recon, muton operon concept,
genetic code, Mutation-Molecular basis of mutation Gene mutation,
chromosomal obberations, mutagens
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Animal breeding, inbreeding, Out breeding heterosis in Hybrid Vigour,

Eugenics, Euphenics and Euthenics, Inborn errors of metabolism and
inherited disorders in Man.
- 15 hrs
Unit V Hardy Weinbergs principle, gene frequency, genetype frequency and

factors affecting gene frequency, DNA as genetic material Bacterial
recombination, conjugation, Transformation, Transduction and
Sexduction - 15 hrs
25
Books for Study
1. Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. (2004) Genetics, S.Chand & co. New Delhi.
2. Dalela R.C., and Verma S.R. 1970, A text book of Genetics, Jaiprakash Nath
and Company, Meerut.
Books for Reference
1. Sinnot E.W, L.C.Dunn and T.Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics (1973) 4th

Edn., Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd,
2. Winchester A.M. Genetics (1967) 3rd Edn. Oxford and IBH Publications
3. Rothwell, N.V. 1979, Human Genetics Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
4. Weaver, R.F. and Hedrick, P.W. 1997, Genetics, W.H.C. Brown Publishers
London
5. Gupta P.K., 2000, Genetics, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
6. Brown, T.A. 1998, Genetics A molecular approach, Champion Hall, London.
Methods and Media
1. Charts
2. Prepared Slides
3. Preparation and Staining slides
4. Power point presentations
5. Reference books and Journals
6. Different Channels of T.V. Animal Planet, Discovery, National Geography.
7. Magazines and News Papers
8. CDs
26
7. BIOCHEMISTRY AND TOOLS IN BIOLOGY
Total: 75 Hrs
Objective Defining and explaining the basic principles of biochemistry and the
instruments useful for biological studies.
Unit I Classification, structure and functions of carbohydrates, proteins and

Lipids. Vitamins - Water soluable and fat soluable vitamins occurrence,
functions and deficiency diseases. Enzymes - Classification, Properties,
Chemical nature and mechanism of enzyme action - Factors affecting
enzyme action - Enzyme kinetics - Enzyme inhibition.
(15 Hrs)
Unit II Metabolic pathways of Carbohydrates Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis,

Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and glueoneogens, protein metabolism
Deamination, Transamination. Lipid metabolism Oxidation of fatty
acids.
(15 Hrs)
Unit III Microscopy Principle - Working Mechanism Uses of light, Phase

contrast, fluorescent and eletron microscope (TEM, SEM),
Photomicrography, Micrometry, and Microdrawing.
(15 Hrs)
Unit IV Radioactivity Isotopes, Autoradiography. Histological techniques

Fixation and Preservation, Blockmaking, embedding, Sectioning, Staining
and Mounting. Histochemical and histo pathological techniques.
(15 Hrs)
Unit V Seperation techniques Chromatography (Paper, TLC), PAGE,

Centrifugation, Analytical techniques Balance, PH meter,
Electrophorosis, Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Biochemical analysis of
carbohydrates, proteins lipids and enzymes.
(15 Hrs)
27
Books for Study
1. N.Gurmani - Research Methodology for Biological Sciences (2006), MJP

Publishers, Chennai.
2. L.Veerakumari - Biochemistry (2004) MJP Publishers, Chennai
3. M.A.Subramanian - Biophysics (2005) MJP Publishers, Chennai.
Books for Reference
1. J.Jayaraman - Lab manuals in Biochemistry, New age International (p) Ltd.,

Mumbai.
2. Plummer - An Introduction to practical biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill,

Bombay.
3. Instrumental methods of Chemical analysis B.K. God Publishing House,

Meerut.
4. Slater - Radiomoliques in Biology, IRL Press Oxford.
5. David Handbook of Histological and Histochemical techniques CBS

Publishers.
6. Barron Chapman and Hall London - Using the Microscopes.
7. W.H. Freeman & Co, - Lodish et al (1999) Molecular cell Biology, New York.
28
8. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Total: 75 Hrs
Objectives 1. Knowing the aims and scope of developmental biology.

2. Understanding the basic concepts in embryology
3. Analyzing the mechanism of Organogenesis.
4. Getting an exposure to the experimental aspects of embryology.
Unit I Theories: Preformation, Epigenetic, Recapitulation and Germplasm

Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, Types of Sperm: Oogenesis Types of
eggs and egg membranes Structure of Spermatozoan and ovum in
mammals.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Fertilization: Acrosomal reaction, Cortical reaction, Physiological and

Biochemical changes, significance Parthenogenesis Types of cleavage
patterns, Planes factors controlling and laws in cleavage Fate maps in
Frog and Chick.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Blastulation and Gastrulation in Amphioscus, Frog and Chick and
Mammal Organogenesis: Development of eye and brain in Frog Chick
embryo 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs Foetal membranes in Chick Types of
Placenta Functions of Placenta.
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Human reproduction; Puberty, Menstrual cycle Menopause, pregnancy

and related problems Parturition lactation Amphibian
metamorphosis: Anatomical and Biochemical changes Regeneration:
Definition, Types.
- 15 hrs
Unit V Double gradient theory Cell lineage Experiments in Sea urchin and
Polychactes Organizer: Concept, Mechanism of Induction, types
Nuclear transplantation Teratogenesis Test tube baby merits and
demerits Infertility causes Cloning Stem Cell Research.
- 15 hrs
29
Books for Study
1. Verma, S. and Agarwal, V.K., 2000, Chordate Embryology, S.Chand & Co., New
Delhi
Books for Reference
1. Balinsky, B.I., 1981, An Introduction to Embryology, Holt Saunders, New York.

2. Berrill, N.J., 1986, Developmental Biology, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
3. Patten, B.M., 1958, Foundations of Embryology, McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Saunders, J.W., 1982 Developmental Biology Patterns and Principles,

Macmillan, New York.
30
9. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Total: 75 Hrs
Objectives Explaining various aspects of physiological activities of animals with

special reference to humans. Describing osmotic and osmotic regulation,
thermo regulation and biological rhythm of different animal groups.
Illustrating different kinds of food, their structure, function and
metabolism.
Unit I Nutrition Nutrients Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates,

proteins and lipids, Role of gastro intestinal hormones in digestion.
Respiration Respiratory pigments Types, Properties and function,
Exchange and transport of gases, Respiratory quotient.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Circulation Composition and Functions of blood, Types of heart,

Cardiac cycle, cardiac rhythm, Pace maker, Origin of heart beat and its
regulation, ECG, Blood pressure, Theories of blood clotting, Excretion
Classification of animals based on excretory products, Ornithine cycle,
mechanism of urine formation and hormonal control. - 15 hrs
Unit III Osmoregulation Osmo-iono-regulation in freshwater, marine and

migratory fishes, Thermoregulation Acclimation, Acclimatisation, heat
death, cold death, physiology of hibernation and aestivation, Biological
rhythm Types, examples and adaptive significance.
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Nerve Physiology Types of neuron, conduction of nerve impulse along a

nerve fibre, Synapres, Synaptic transmission of impulse,
Neurotransmitters, Muscle physiology Types of Muscles, Ultrastructure
and properties, muscle proteins, Theories of muscle contraction Isotonic
and Isometric contraction. - 15 hrs
Unit V Endocrine glands Structure, secretions and functions of pituitary,

thyroid, adrenal, islets of langerhans and gonads, Receptors Photo and
Phono reception in Man.
- 20 hrs
31
Books for Study
1. Verma P.S., Tyagi B.S. and Agarwal V.K. 1995. Animal Physiology, S.Chand &
Co, New Delhi
Books for Reference
1. Goyal & Sastri "Animal Physiology" Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

2. Nagabhushanam "Animal Physiology" Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
3. Jain, P.C. Anantharaman, M.S. Animal Physiology and related Biochemistry "
Vishal Publications, Jalandhar.
4. Prosser C.L. Comparative Animal Physiology" Prentice Hall.
5. Saradha Subramanian, Madavankutty K. Text book of Human Physiology
S.chand and Co. Ltd.
6. Berry A.K. "A text book of Animal Physiology with related Biochemistry" Emkay
Publications, New Delhi.
7. Ambika S. Fundamentals of Biochemistry for medical students published by the
author.
8. Jain J.L. Fundamentals of Biochemistry S.Chandra & Co., Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
9. Murray R.K., Granner, K.D, Maynes P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. "Harper's
Biochemistry, 25th Edition. Mac Graw Hill, New York.
10. Debajyoti Das (2005), Biochemistry Academic Publishers, Kolkata.
11. Veerakumari L. 2005 Biochemistry MJP Publishers, Chennai 5.
12. Prakash S.Lohar (2005) 'Endocrinology-Harmones and Human Health,
M.J.P.Publishers, Chennai 5.
13. Gurumani N. (2006) Research Methodology for Biological Sciences MJP
Publishers, Chennai.
14. Meenakumari S.(2005), Microbial Physiology, MJP Publisher, Chennai.
32
10. BIOPHYSICS, BIOSTATISTICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
90 hrs
Objective To understand the basic principles and applications of biophysics,

biostatistics and computers.
Unit I Scope of Biophysics: Colloids Description, types and properties,

Electrokinetic properties, tyndall effect, surface tension Brownian
movement, filteration, osmosis, dialysis and Absorption,
Instrumentation: Principle and Applications, pH meter, Calorimetry,
Spectrophotometry, Electrical Conductivity, paper chromatography
Electrophoresis.
- 20 hrs
Unit II Data Collection Sources of Primary and secondary data Classification

and Tabulation, Organization of data: Individual, discrete frequency
series Types of variables Derived variables.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Diagramatic Representation of Data Bar diagram, Pie diagram,

Histogram, Frequency polygon, Frequency Curve, Ogive, Pictograph,
Scatter diagram, Measurement of Central tendency Mean, Median and
Mode, students t test, Analysis of Variance, Correlation and Regression.
- 20 hrs
Unit IV Bio informatics: History Definition Scope, Databases: Protein databases

DNA data base, Comparison of sequences FASTA and BLAST Methods
to access and download genome sequences of several organisms from
GENBANK, EMBL and other sources.
- 20 hrs
Unit V Definition of Computer History and Generation of Computer, Basic

components of Computer, Input/ Output devices, CPU Memory and its
types. Brief account on packages MS Word and MS Excel for data
entry. Basic ideas about internet Website, Email Other uses of
Internet.
- 15 hrs
33
Books for Study
1. Das, D. 1996, Biophysical and Biological Chemistry, Academic Publishers,

Kolkata.
2. Subramanian, M.A.2005, Biophysics, Principles and Techniques, M.J.P.
Publishers, Chennai
3. Upadhyay, Upadhyay and Nath, K.1993. Biophysical Chemistry. Himalaya
Publishing House.
4. Gurumani, N. 2004, Introduction to Biostatistics, M.J.P. Publishers, Delhi
5. Ardert T. (2002), Information Technology, Pitman Publishers.
Books for Reference
1. Daniel, M. 1992, Biophysics Biologist, Wiley Internation, New Delhi.

2. Das, D, and Das, A. 2004, Statistics in Biology and Psychology Academic
Publishers, Kolkata.
Biostatistics
1. Ramakrishnan, P. 1996, Biostatistics, Saras Publications, Nagercoil.

2. Sokal, R.J. and Rohlf, S.J. 1981, Introdution to Biostatistics, W.H.Freeman,
London.
Bioinformatics and Computer Applications
1. Lodish H. etal. 2000 Molecular cell Biology, W.H. Freeman & West Company
N.Y.
2. Leon F. and Lean M. (2004) Fundamentals of Computer Science and
Communications Engineering, Lean Tech World.
3. Mittal C. (2003) Fundamentals of Information Technology, Pragathi Prakasam,
Meerut.
34
11. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
75 hrs
Objective To understand the principles and applications of experimental biology

and understanding animal behaviour.
Unit I Scope-Branches of Ecology-Abiotic factors Water, Light, Temperature

and Soil. Biotic factors Animal relationships Symbiosis,
Commensalism, Mutualism, Antagonism, predation, parasitism and
competition. Ecosystem Pond ecosystem Primary production,
Secondary Production, Food Chain Food Web Trophic Levels energy
flow - Ecological Pyramids - Pyramid of Biomass, Number and energy,
Biogeochemical cycles Nitrogen, Carbon and oxygen.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Population Definition Natality, Mortality, Population fluctuation

dispersal, Age pyramid, Population estimation Population equilibrium
Regulation. Wild Life resources Wild life conservation and Management.
Community ecology Types of Communities - characteristics of
community. Stratification Ecotone edge effect Ecological riche
Ecological succession.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Pollution Types, their biological effect and control. Air Pollution, Water
Pollution, Sewage and solid waste disposal and management, Recycling
process Green house effect Ozone layer and its significance, Global
warming, Acid rain, Biomagnification Environmental Impact
Assessment, Biological indicators and their role in environmental
monitoring.
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Animal behaviour, Introduction Definition Stereotype and Acquired

behaviour, Role of nervous system in behaviour and behaviour without
nervous system, Types of behaviour Tropism, Instinctive behaviour
Instinct and intelligence, Learning, Imprinting, Reasoning, Stimulus
Orientation Communication Touch and Visual Communication.
- 15 hrs
35
Unit V Motivation Goal oriented behaviour, Effects of motivation on behaviour
Patterns of motivation Biological, hunger thurst and sequeal drive,
Aggressive, feeding and mating behaviour, Social behaviour insects,
birds and human society, periodicity and Biological clock, Role of
pheromones in behaviour, Mimicry and colouration.
- 15 hrs
Books for Study
1. Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. 2000, Environmental Biology, S.Chand & Co, New
Delhi.
2. Gunadevia H.S. & Hare Govinda Singh, Text book of Animal Behaviour (2000)
Books for Reference
1. Odum, E.P. (1983) Basic Ecology, Saunder's College Publishing New york.
2. Clarke, G.L.(1954) Elements of Ecology, John wiley & Son Inc. New York
London 534 pp.
3. Kotpal, R.L. and N.P.Bali 1986 Concepts of Ecology, Vishal Publications Delhi.
4. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and S.Viswanathan, Principles of Animal Ecology
5. Bandopadhyay, J. India's Environment crisis and response, Nataraj Publishers,
Dehra Dun.
6. Verma and Sharma, Ecology and Animal Behaviour Jaiprakashnath & Co,
Meerut.
7. Batson, P.P.G. and Hindu R.A., eds. Growing Points in Ethology, Cambridge
University Press.
8. Hinde R.A, Animal behaviour (2nd ed) Mc Graw Hill 1970.

9. Manning A, An introduction to Animal Behavi;our Addeson Wesley 1972.
10. Murugesan A.G., Rajakumari. C., (2005) Environmental Science and

Biotechnology, MJP Publishers, Chennai 5.
11. Mohan P. Arova (1992) Animal behaviour 'Himalaya Publishing House'
12. Amita Sarkar 2003, Sexual Behaviour in Animals, Discovery Publishing House,
New Delhi.
13. Ranga (2000), Animal Behaviour, Agrobios, India.
36
12. MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
75 hrs
Objective To understand the basic principles and applications of microbiology and

immunology
Unit I History and Scope of Microbiology; Classification of Microorganisms;

Salient features of Bacteria, Virus, Actinomycetes, Fungi; Structure and
Reproduction of Viruses. (T4 phage and HIV)
Bacterial growth and nutritional requirements; Culture of

microorganisms Types of Culture media, Cultural characteristics of
bacteria, methods of maintenance of culture; Reproduction in Bacteria
Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction.
- 15 hrs
Unit II Diary Microbiology: Pasteurization Milk products Curd, butter and

Cheese
Food Microbiology: Fermented food, Food spoilage, Food Poisoning,
Physio-Chemical methods in food preservation.
Soil Microbiology: Common Soil microbes; symbiotic and asymbiotic
organisms; Physiology of nitrogen fixation.
Water Microbiology: Coliform bacteria and MPN, Estimation of Total
Plate Count, Index, Fecal Strepto cocci.
- 15 hrs
Unit III Study of Common bacterial and viral diseases of man Causative
organisms, mode of transmission, pathogenicity, symptoms & their
preventive measures. Diseases of Gastro Enteric System Cholera,
Typhoid & Viral Hepatitis, Respiratory System Diptheria, Whooping
Cough, Pneumonia, Tuberclosis, Nervous System Meningitis, Leprosy,
Tetanus, Polio and Rabies, Genital System Gonorrhoea and Syphilis,
Viral Cancer and AIDS
- 15 hrs
Unit IV Immune System Types of Immunity Innate and acquired Immunity:

Passive and active; Lymphoid organs Primary and Secondary Organs,
GALT & BALT. Lymphocytes Sub-Population of T&B Cells; Antigen
37
Types structure and functions; Vaccines Preparations and
Immunization; Immunoglobulin Types, Structure and Functions.
- 15 hrs
Unit V Immune Response Acquired Immune Response Humoral Immunity

and Cell Mediated Immunity Complements Componenens Mode of
Activation Classical and Alternate Pathway MHC and HLA Structure
and Functions, Immune Techniques Principles of Precipitation VDRL
slide test, Double Immuno diffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis ELISA,
Radio Immuno Assay.
- 15 hrs
Books for Study
1. Ananthanarayanan, R. & C.K.Jayaram Panicker, 1990. Text Book of

Microbiology, Orient Longman.
2. Chakravarthy A.K. (1996) Immunology, Tata Mc Graw, New Delhi.
Books for Reference
1. Sharma, P.D., 1998, Microbiology, Rastogi Publications.

2. Mani, A., Narayanan, L.M.Selvaraj, A.M., & N.Arumugam (1996)
3. Pelczer, M.J. (2000) Microbiology, Mcgraw Hill Book Company, New Delhi.
4. Meena Kumari, S. 2005, Microbial Physiology, M.J.P.Publishers, Chennai.
5. Vijaya Ramesh, K.2005, Environmental Microbiology, M.J.P.Publishers,
Chennai.
6. Roitt, I. 1987, Essential Immunology, P.G. Publishing Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
7. Kuby, T.(1994) Immunology, P.G.Publishing Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Tizard, I.R. (1995) Immunology An Introduction IV Ed. Saunders College
Publications, Philadelphia.
38
13. BIOTECHNOLOGY
90 Hrs
Objectives
1. Enable understanding of biodiversity as resources that could yield products
useful to man.
2. Enables understanding of Principle behind techniques involved in
Biotechnology.
3. Imparts awareness on Intellectual property rights and safety issues involved in
handling of transgenic organism s.
Unit I Introduction
Origin and Definition Scope and Importance of Biotechnology
Biotechnology in India GATT, IPR, TRIPS recombinant DNA
technology Genetic Engineering Restriction Enzymes Gene cloning
Cloning Vectors Plasmids, Phages, Cosmids Polymerase chain
Reaction CDNA Library Electroporation and Microinjection
15 hrs
Unit II Animal Biotechnology
Animal tissue culture In vitro fertilization embryo transfer in man and
Cattle Transgenic animals, Biotechnology and medicine Hybridoma
Monoclonal anti bodies hormone production Viral Vaccines Edible
and designer Vaccines, interferons Gene Therapy.
20 hrs
Unit III Plant Biotechnology
Plant tissue culture Protoplast culture Disease resistant Plants
Stress tolerant plants Ti-Plasmids Nif genes genetically transformed
Plants Terminator gene technology Plant vectors Phytoremediation
Biosafety Safety issues Ecological, Social, Legal Issues regarding
Handling of transgenic Plants.
15 hrs
Unit IV Industrial Biotechnology
Bioreactors Fermentation process Fermentation Industry Microbial
Enzymes and their application Products of Microbial Fermentation
Biogas Plant structure Biogas Production Biofertilizers
Bioinsecticides Biosensors Biopolymers Application of genetically
engineered bacteria.
20 hrs
39
Unit V Environmental Biotechnology
Renewable Energy Energy and Fuel using Micro organisms Biomass

production through forestry Gene Banks Species conservation Solid
waste management Vermi composting Bioremediation Bio-Teaching.
20 hrs
Books for Study
1. F.C. Dubey - Biotechnology, 2005, U. Satyanarayanan - Ref. Biotechnology,

2005.
Books for Reference
1. Murugesan, A.G. and Raj Kumar, C. - Environmental Science and

Biotechnology, 2005 MJP Publishers Triplicane, Chennai 600 005.
2. Kalaichelvan, P.T. - Microbiology and Biotechnology A Laboratory Manual,
2005 MJP Publishers Triplicane Chennai 5.
3. Lohar P.S., - Biotechnology, 2005 MJP Publishers Triplicane,
Chennai 5.
4. Prema, L.P. - Applied Biotechnology, 2006 MJP Publishers,
Chennai 5.
5. Roitt, I.M., Brostoff and Male Immunology 1994, 1995 2nd, 3rd, 4th Ed. Gower
Medical Publishing.
6. Jogdand, S.N., - Environmental Biotechnology, 1995. Himalaya Publishing
House, Bombay.
7. Pathade, G.P., God, P.K. - Environmental Pollution and Management of waste
waters by Microbial techniques, 2001, ABD Publishers.
8. Subbaram N.R., - Handbook of Indian Patent Law and Practice, 1998,
S.Vishwanathan Publishers, Chennai.
9. Mansi, E.M, - Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2002, Taylor and
Francis Group, USA.
10. Freshney, R.I., - Culture of Animal Cells A Manual of Basic techniques, 2000,
Wiky Liss Publication.
11. Analytical Biochemistry and Separation Techniques A Laboratory Manual for
B.Sc. and M.Sc Students, (2001), Kalaimani Printers, Madurai.
12. Trivedi, P.C. - Plant Biotechnology Recent advances, 2000, Panimar
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
40
13. Narayanasamy S., - Plant Cell and Tissue culture, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
14. Pareck, L.K, - Trends in Plant tissue culture and Biotechnology, 2002, Agrobios,
Jodhpur,
15. Vijaya K., - Environmental Microbiology, Ramesh, 2005, MJP Publishers,
Chennai 5.
41
B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
PRACTICALS
42
PRACTICAL I
INVERTEBRATA & CHORDATA PRACTICALS
Semester: I & II Max. Marks: 75
Category: MC (P) No. of hours: 2h/week
OBJECTIVE To illustrate the organization, relate structures and functions of

Invertebrates & Chordates, and to inculcate surgical skill.
DISSECTIONS
Earthworm: Nervous System
Cockroach: Digestive System 25 Marks
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Pila/Freshwater mussel Digestive system:
Fish/Frog: Arterial System
Venous System
5th Cranial Nerve
Male and Female urinogenital system
MOUNTINGS
Earthworm: Penial setae 10 Marks
Body Setae
Cockroach: Mouth Parts
Salivary Apparatus
Mosquito
House fly Mouth Parts
Honey bee
Fresh water mussel: Pedal ganglion
Pila : Radula
Fish : scales
43
SPOTTERS 5 x 4 = 20 marks
1. Classify giving reasons:
Paramecium, Any one coral, Obelia colony/ Obelia medusa, Ephyra larva,
Penaeus/Palaemon, Asterius, Amphioxus, Salpa/Doliolum, Scoliodon, Testudo,
Columba, livia,
2. Draw labeled sketches:
T.S of Planaria, Fasciola, Taenia, Ascaris, Hirudinaria,

T.S through pharynx of Amphioxus
Rana: Skull, Girdles (pectoral & pelvic)
3. Biological significance:
Gemmule of sponges, Physalia, Peripatus, Limulus, Petromyzon, Ammocetus,

Balanoglossus, Hippocampus, Ichthyophis, Axolotl/ Ambystoma, Chamaeleon,
Pteropus.
4. Relate Structure & Function:
Spicules, scolex (Taenia), Parapodium (Neries) radula (Pila), placoid scales,

electric organ (Narcine/ Torpedo), quill feather, carapace & plastron, sternum,
synsacrum.
5. Descriptive Notes:
Chaetopterus, Glochidium, Lepas/Balanus, Bipinnaria, Echeneis, Exocoetus,

Anguilla, Hyla, Rhacophorus, Draco, Naja/Bangarus, Dentition (Oryctolagus),
Talpa.
FIELD VISIT Report must be submitted along with lab record note book.
10 marks
RECORD of the work done in the laboratory must be submitted 10 marks
Books for Study
1. Ekambaranatha Ayyar and T.N.Ananthakrishnan, 1995, "A Manual of Zoology"

Vol: 2 (part 1 & 2), S. Viswanathan, Chennai.
2. Lal, SS 2004, A Text Book of Practical Zoology: Invertebrate, Rastogi, Meerut.
3. Lal, SS 2004, A Text Book of Practical Zoology: Vertebrate, Rastogi, Meerut.
4. Newman. H.H., 1939, "The Phylum Chordata", McMillan, Newyork.
44
Books for Reference
1. De Beer G, 1966, "Vertebrate Zoology", Sedgwick & Jackson, London.
2. Young J.Z., 1950, "The Life of Vertebrates", Oxford University Press, London.
45
PRACTICALS II
CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BIOCHEMISTRY AND INSTRUMENTATION
Cell Biology
1. Microscopy - Cell Observation

- Cell Measurements
2. Preparation of Cells and tissues

a) Squamous epithelium
b) Striated, Smooth and Cardiac Muscle.
3. Cell division
a) Mitosis Root tips

b) Meiosis Grass hopper testis
4. Cell Counts
a) Total count RBC & WBC Human
b) Differential Count.
Genetics
1. Mendelian ratios observations in peas/ Beads.

2. Collection and culture of Drosophila to observe heritable characters.
3. Mounting polytene chromosomes Dipteran flies
4. Observation of chromosomal variation from permanent slides or pictures
provided.
Biochemistry
1. Estimation of Proteins, carbohydrate and lipids.

2. Qualitative analysis of protein, carbohydrates and lipids.
Instrumentation: Principle and uses of
1. Electrophoresis
2. Chromatography
3. Spectrophotometer/Colorimeter
4. Centrifuges
46
PRACTICAL III
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, BIOSTATISTICS

AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
3 hours
Animal Physiology
1. Estimation of oxygen consumption of fish with reference to body weight.

2. Qualitative analysis of nitrogenous waste products in fish tank water,
frog tank water, bird excreta and mammalian urine.
3. Amylase activity in human saliva in relation to pH.
4. Effects of temperature on ciliary activity of freshwater mussel.
Spotters Sphygmomanometer, Kymograph, Respirometer.
Developmental Biology
1. Observation of egg and sperm of different animals.

2. T.S of Testis and ovary.
3. Observation of different stages of development. Vertebrates or invertebrates (Life
Cycle).
4. Fertilization and early development of invertebrate/ vertebrate. (Polychaetes,
Sea urchin, Frog etc.,)
Spotters Slides and Specimens
Bio Statistics
1. Frequency distribution of the given samples to findout, Arithmatic Mean,

Median, Mode, Range and Standard Deviation for a biological data.
2. Regression and Correlation using any biological data.
Computer Application
1. Computer Components, Usage of computer.

2. Internet and E-mail.
3. Download and study atleast two samples of Genome sequences.
Spotters Parts of computer, Copies of genome sequences, DNA and Proteins
47
PRACTICAL IV
BIOTECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY

AND IMMUNOLOGY
Ecology
1. Estimation of salinity in water sample

2. Estimation of O2 and CO2
3. Identification of Planktons
4. Visit of shore, pond, hills and desert report of fauna.
5. Usage of Sacchis' Disc, Hygrometer, pH meter, rain gauge etc.
6. Report/Method to survey pollution.
Biotechnology
1. Isolation of DNA/RNA
2. Electrophoretic separation of DNA
3. PCR (Demo-through C.D.)
4. Preparation of culture medium.
5. Study of toxicity using embryo culture.
6. Visit to Biotechnology industries.
Immunology
1. Blood grouping Man.

2. Immuno diffusion (Demonstration) - (Optional)
3. Immuno electrophorosis (Demonstration/ From & CD figures) (Optional)
4. Hyper sensitivity test using antigens (optional).
5. Lymphoid organs in any animal.
Microbiology
1. Identification and staining of bacteria.

2. Identification and staining of protozooan parasites
3. Observation of permanent slides and identification of spotters.
4. Simple staining and Gram staining
5. Hanging drop method.
48
B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
ALLIED SUBJECTS
49
B.Sc Zoology Allied Subject
Co-ordinator Thiru. T.Chidambaram,

HOD of Zoology,
MSS Vellaichamy Nadar College,
Nagamalai, Pudukkottai, Madurai.
Members 1. Dr.R.Sugumaran,
HOD of Zoology,
Vivekananda College,
Tiruvedakam West.
2. T.mt.Rani Renganathan,
Selection Grade Lecturer in Zoology,
Sri Meenakshi Govt.
College for Women,
Madurai- 2.
3. Mrs.S.Mallika,
APA College for Women,
Palani.
4. Dr.N.Anbu Saravanan,
Reader in Zoology,
Periyar EVR College,
Trichy.
5. Mrs.T.S.Shanthakumari,
HOD of Zoology,
Seethalakshmi Ramasamy College,
Trichy.
6. Thiru. M.Sankaran,
HOD of Zoology,
R.S. Govt. College,
Thanjavur.
50
Allied Zoology Course
Zoology is offered as allied course to Non-Zoology Major Courses like Botany,

Chemistry and Home Science Major. The aid of offering allied Zoology in to expose
students of other Major subjects to gain comprehensive and basic knowledge in
Zoology. This will help the students to develop themselves in any area of interest in
their future.
The Allied Zoology curriculum will give an exposure to a student in all the
branches of Zoology.
Paper I Animal diversity and organization

Paper II General Principles of Zoology
Two more papers if required, the syllabi can be framed by
the faculty
Linkage: Allied Zoology is offered to Botany, Chemistry and Home Science Major
students.
Competencies to be developed
1. To recognize the diversity of the fauna and to enable the students to identify the
specimem.
2. To enable the students to gain knowledge on the Biology of living organism and
their activities.
3. To expose the non-zoology students to the Frontier areas in Life Science.
4. To exploit the knowledge of Zoology for the benefit of human beings.
51
B.Sc., Allied Zoology
Paper I
Animal Diversity and Organisation
Total hours: 60
Contact hours per week: 4
Objective To acquire a basic knowledge of animal diversity and its organization
Unit I Diversity of Invertebrates I

Principles of taxonomy. Criteria for classification Symmetry and Coelom
Binomial nomenclature. Classification of Protozoa, Coelenterata,
Helminthes and Annelida upto classes with two examples.
Unit II Diversity of Invertebrates II

Classification of Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata upto class
level with examples.
Unit III Diversity of Chordates I

Classification of Prochordata, Pisces and Amphibia upto orders giving
two examples.
Unit IV Diversity of Chordates II

Classification of Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia upto orders giving two
examples.
Unit V Animal organisation

Structure and organization of
(i). Earthworm (ii) Rabbit/Rat (iii) Prawn/Fish
52
Books for Study
1. Ekambaranatha Iyer, - Outlines of Zoology Viswanathan Publication
Books for Reference
1. Ekambaranatha Iyar and T.N.Ananthakrishnian - A Manual of Zoology

Invertebrata Vol I: Viswanathan Publishers.
2. Ekambaranatha Iyar and T.N.Ananthakrishnan, - A Manual of Zoology-

Invertebrata Vol II: Viswanathan Publishors.
3. Ekambaranatha Iyar and T.N.Ananthakrishnan, - A Manual of Zoology:

Chordata Viswanathan Publishers.
4. Jordan E.L. and P.S. Verma - Invertebrate Zoology, S. Chand & Co.
53
B.Sc., Allied Zoology
Paper II
General Principles of Zoology
Total hours: 60
Contact hours per week: 4
Unit I Respiration - Respiratory pigments and transport of gases. Mechanism

of blood clotting. Types of excretory products Ornithine cycle. Structure
of neuron Conduction of nerve impulse, Mechanism of vision and
hearing.
Unit II Carbohydrates Classification, structure, Isomerism Protein and amino

acid classification and structure Fat- Classification and structure.
Biological axidation Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Classification of enzymes, Mechanism of enzyme action.
Unit III Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation and Organogenesis of Frog

Immunological organs responses in humans.
Unit IV DNA as a genetic material Structure and application of DNA Genetic

Code Protein synthesis, Molecular basis of mutation tautamarization
and base analog method.
Unit V Structure, classification and culture of Virus Viral diseases AIDS,

Hepatitis. Bacteriology Structure of bacteria, classification. Bacterial
diseases Recombinant DNA technology, cloning.
Books for Reference
1. N.Arumugam - Physiology Gen.comparative, Sars Publications

2. Hoar S.William - Physiology
3. N.Arumugam - Biochemistry, Saras Publications
4. Ambika Shanmugam - Biochemistry
54
5. N.Arumugam - Microbiology, Saras Publication
6. Michael J Pelezar - Microbiology
7. Verma P.S. & Agarwal - Developmental Biology, Chordata embryology S. Chand
& Co.
8. De Robertis - Cell Biology, Molecular Biology.
9. Lohar P.S. - Biotechnology (2005) M.S.P. Publishers.
55
Zoology
Allied Practicals
Lab I Practical I
Contact hours per week: O2
Dissections
Earthworm-Body setae and Penial setae

Earthworm-Nervous system.
*Frog - Digestive system (Demonstration only)
Reproductive system (Demonstration only)
Frog - Arterial system (Demonstration only)
Fish - Digestive system, mounting scales
Prawn - Appendages and nervous system
Experiments
Qualitative test for ammonia, uric acid and urea

Qualitative test for carbohydrate, protein and fat.
Simple staining of microbes.
Observation of microbes by hanging drop method
Spotters: Invertebrata and Chordata animals covered in theory.
* Field Report of the local fauna.
56
B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
OPTIONAL SUBJECTS
57
Optionals/Elective
1. Aquaculture - Dr.R.Bakthavatchalam,
Govt. College,
Kumbakonam.
2. Vermiculture - Dr.R.Ramalingam,
Annamalai University.
3. Human Genetics & Genetic - Dr.Alice Marcus,

Counselling Holy Cross College,
Trichy.
4. Sericulture - Dr.Badrinath,
5. Apiculture - Dr.Marino Anthoni Ammal,

Fatima College,
Madurai-6.
6. Clinical Lab Technology - Dr.M.Ramaswamy,

Govt. College,
Coimbatore.
7. Wildlife Diversity & - Dr.G.Ramaswamy, (Coordinator)

Conservation AVC College,
Mayiladuthurai.
8. Dairy Farming - Dr.Sukumar,

Vivekananda,
Thiruvedagam.
9. Poultry Science & Management - Dr. G. Ramasamy,

AVC College,
Mayiladuthurai.
10. Public health & hygiene - Dr.G.Ramaswamy,

Mayiladuthurai.
11. Bioinformatics - Dr. G. Ramasamy,

AVC College,
Mayiladuthurai.
12. Fisheries biology - Dr.L.S.Renganathan,

Annamalai University.
58
OPTIONALS
INTRODUCTION
Scope Optional papers give a specialization to the undergraduate Zoology

student to be an entrepreneur or a self-employed youth. He or she is
acquiring a theoretical and practical knowledge of the optional paper to
understand the problems and challenges and prepares them to face it
out with a strong knowledge. Knowledge updation and incorporation of
modern techniques may be introduced immediately to the student only
through the optional paper without disturbing the core papers. The
scope of the optional paper depends on the need of the society and
infrastructures available. Optional papers make the graduate a self-
dependent person to face the grim realities of life and give a positive
correlation to his knowledge and society requirement.
* To facilitate student to branch out to various postgraduate

programmes encouraging vertical mobility.
AIMS and GOALS
1. To acquire adequate knowledge in applied fields of Zoology such as Aquaculture

Vermiculture, Apiculture, Sericulture, Poultry science, Fishery biology,
Clinical lab Techniques, wild-life Biodiversity and conservation, Human
Genetics and Genetic counseling, Public health and Hygiene.
59
1. AQUACULTURE
Total: 75Hrs
OBJECTIVE To acquire the basic knowledge of aquaculture in setting up,

maintenance and management of different culture farms for the
welfare of human beings and to be a self-employed youth.
Unit I History of aquaculture Purpose and importance of aquaculture

Physical and chemical characteristic features of water bodies (Freshwater
brackish water and marine water) Types of culture systems
(Traditional, intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) Levels of
management (Zerolevel, I level, II level and III level) Feeding habits of
cultivable aquaculture species. (15hours)
Unit II Selection criteria for cultivable species Site selection for fish farming
construction of fish and prawn ponds Types of fish ponds (breeding
pond, hatchery unit, brooders pond, nursery pond, stocking pond and
rearing pond) Maintenance and management of different ponds. Feeds
for cultivable species natural, supplementary and artificial feeds.
(15 hours)
Unit III Types of culture Monoculture, monosex-culture & poly culture

Integrated fish farming (paddy cum fish culture, paddy cum prawn
culture and Duck cum pig cum fish culture) Induced breeding in Indian
major carps- Live feed culture (Rotifers and Artemia) Carp culture (Poly
culture/Composite fish culture). (15 hrs)
Unit IV Culture of air breathing fishes (Murret and cat fish) Monosex culture of
tilapia Culture of mullet (Mugil sp)- Sewage fed fish culture culture of
pearl oyster and edible oyster. (15 hrs)
Unit V Culture of marine and freshwater prawns-common fish/diseases

(bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic) Prevention and treatment
Fishing technology (Crafts and gears) Preservation and processing of
fish and prawn Agencies involved in aquaculture.
(15 hrs)
60
Competency
1. Acquire basic knowledge of various aquaculture systems, levels of management

and feeding habits of cultivable species.
2. To have first hand information about the set up and management of different
ponds and feeds of different species.
3. To provide thorough knowledge about various culture farms.
4. To adopt different culture practices and techniques.
5. To have sufficient knowledge regarding prawn culture, common diseases

affecting cultivable species, prevention and treatment of diseases, fishing
technology and preservation and processing of aquaculture products.
Practicals
1. Analysis of water samples Estimation of pH, total hardness, Dissolved

Oxygen, Salinity, Calcium, nitrate, phosphate and silicate.
2. Identification of important cultivable species (available fin fishes and shell
fishes)
3. Analysis of phytoplanktons.
4. Analysis of Zooplanktons.
5. Morphometric and meristic characters of fishes.
6. Gut content analysis of fishes of different feeding habits.
7. Collection and identification of different parasites of fishes/prawns.
8. Induced breeding experiment in any one carp species either in late or in any
hatchery unit.
9. Field visit to any aquaculture unit.
Books for Reference

1. R.Santhanam, N.Sukumaran and Natarajan, - A manual of fresh water
aquaculture, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.
2. B.N.Yadav, - Fish and fisheries, Daya Publishing House, Delhi.
3. Mathew Landan, - Introduction to aquaculture, John Wilay and Sons Inc. 1991.
61
4. V.R.P.Sinha - A compendium of aquaculture Technologies for developing
countries, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 1993.
5. V.G.Jhingran - Fish and fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Corporation,

Delhi, 1991.
6. T.V.R.Pillay - Aquaculture principles and Practices, Fishing New Books,

Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford.
7. Shanmugam, K. - Fishery Biology and Aquaculture, Hindustan Pub.

Corporation, New Delhi, 1990.
8. C.V.Kurian and Sebastein - Prawn and Prawn fisheries of India, Hindustan

Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
9. Elvire Balugul, A. - Aquaculture systems and Practices A selected Review,

Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984.
10. B.N.Yadav - Fish Endocrinology, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, 1995.
62
2. VERMI CULTURE
Total: 75 Hrs
Scope To prepare the students to acquire knowledge in vermiculture and

vermicomposting to get self-employed.
Aim To train and impart knowledge of earthworm, their culture practices,

ecological and economic importance maintenance and management of
vermifarms.
Unit I Earthworms: Classification-morphological and anatomical characteristics

reproduction Biology of composting earthworms Eudrilus lugeniae and
Lampito mauritii.
(15 hours)
Unit II Ecological groups of earthworms-epiglic, endoglic, anlcic, saproplagus
and geoplegus worms, humes form, Less and humus feeders earworm
burrows- earthworm casts An outline of Earthworm importance in
agriculture, fishing, Therapeutics and pollution.
(15 hours)
Unit III Soil Physical, chemical and biological features soil types soil
formation Soil organic matter organic matter decomposition humus
formation.
(15 hours)
Unit IV Organic wastes sources - problems in traditional composting-
vermicomposting definition types small scale and large scale pit
method, heap method, window method, Indoor method Factors
affecting vermicomposting: pH, moisture, temperature, nutritional value
of feed, earthworm species and microbes and earthworms.
(15 hours)
Unit V Application of vermicomposting in agricultural and horticultural

practices Economics of vermiculture NABARD Nationalised Banks.
KUB supports for vermiculture
(15 hours)
63
Practicals
1. Morphological features of composting earthworms Lampito mauritii and Eudrilus

lugenae.
2. Identification of earthworm cocoons and a vermi casts.
3. Dissection of earthworm digestive system.
4. Mounting of body setae, and pineal setae.
5. Vermicomposting-Demonstration of preparation pit method, heap and window
method.
6. Estimation of digestive enzymes anylase
7. Visit to agricultural forms to identify earthworm burrows, vermicomposting
units.
Books for Reference
1. Edwards, C.A. and Bother, 1996 Biology of Earthworm.

2. Lee G - Earth worm ecology.
3. Stevenson - Biology of earthworms.
4. Ismail M.S. - Vermitechnology.
5. Ranganathan, LS - 2006- Vermicomposting technology-from Soil health to
Human Health.
VERMICULTURE
Unit I Acquiring skill of identification of worms. Appreciating their economic

importance.
Unit II Knowledge of earthworm community.
Unit III Appreciation of Geological importance of soil farms and understanding of

soil properties.
Unit IV Skill development regarding vermi composting.
Unit V Application of skill for economic development
64
3. HUMAN GENETICS & GENETIC COUNSELING
Total: 75 hours
Unit I Introduction: The growth of Human Genetics. Human Chromosomes:

Preparation of human Chromosome complement; Banding techniques;
Chromosome painting.
Karyotype preparation; classification; application. Chromosome

mapping: cytological maps; cloning and gene arrangement. Human
genome project; Social ethical and legal implications. Modes of
inheritance: Pedigree charts; construction of pedigree charts for
autosomal dominant and recessive traits, Sex linked recessive traits and
Y linked traits.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Multiple allelic inheritance; ABO blood groups; Rh bllod group and
significance.
Polygenic inheritance: Skin colour in man and Intelligence
Sex determination heterogametic theory; Hy antigens; SRY genes; Sex
Chromatin; Lyon hypothesis.
Sex limited and sex influenced genes.
Chromosome aromalies: Syndromes Down, Klinefelter,
Turner, XYY, Intersex, Cri-du-Chat, Philadelphia.
(15 hrs)
Unit III Common genetic disorders:

Metabolic blocks in phenylalanine metabolism albinism.
Genetic cause, diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders
thalassenia and sickle cell anemia, Haemophilia, Muscular dystrophy,
Diabetes and hypertension.
G6PD and favism Prinaquine sensitivity.
Congenital defects-critical period in fetal development chromosome
anomalies and spontaneoces abortion.
(15 hrs)
65
Unit IV Genes and mental illness: Schizophrenia and psychosis, self-multilation
and Lesch Nyhan syndrome.
Immunogenetics: Antibody diversity; histocompatibteting; HLA genes.
Jerotablity and Environment: Twin studies and impact of environmental
factors on heredity.
DNA polymorphism DNA profiling and applications. Dermatoglyphics
and genetic analysis.
(15 hrs)
Unit V Genetic counseling Determining risk; consanguinity; Teratogen; age 35

threshold; strategies Prenatal diagnosis: Ultrasound scanning;
Amniocentesis; Chronic villus sampling; AFP Test; Triple test; genetic
screening; options available.
Management of genetic disorders: Therapeutic measures; Gene therapy;
alternative reproductive technologies; stem cell therapy.
Cancer and genes; protoncogenes, oncogenes and artioncogenes; BRAC
genes.
(15 hrs)
Books for Study
1. Bharnagar, Kottari and Mehta (1986) Essentials of Human genetics, Orient

Longmans Ltd.
Books for Reference
1. Edlin.G. (1984) Human Genetics, Jones and Bartlett publishers, Boston.

2. Elane Mangae and Mangae (1993), Human genetics. Freeman and company.
3. Ricki.L,.(1994) Human Genetics. WCB Publishers.
4. Sam Singer (1985) Human Genetics, Freeman and Company, New York.
5. Ursula Good enough (1985) Genetics. Holt Reinhart and winstan New York.
66
Practicals
1. With a photocopy of the human chromosome complement, A to G groups are

classified and numbered.
2. Distinguisting a normal male and female karyotypes.
3. Abnormal karyotypes for Down, Turner and Kleinfelter syndrome.
4. Identifying some common Mendelian traits.
5. Collection of data on family history of some common genetic traits and
preparing pedigree charts.
6. ABO and Rh blood grouping for the family and construction of pedigree.
7. Barr body identification with a prepared buccal smear.
8. Photocopies of DNA fingerprinting analysed and interpreted.
9. Variation in Dermatoglyphics in normal population
10. Collection of data and ABOblood groups/taster and non taster genes in human
population and Calculation of gene frequency applying Hardy Weinberg law.
67
4. SERICULTURE
Total: 75 Hours
Unit I History and Economic Importance of Sericulture - Types of Silk worms

Mulbery and Non-mulberry (Tasar, Eri and Muga) - Systematic Position
of Bombyx mori.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Horticulture Cultivation of Mulberry - Environmental conditions for

Mulberry cultivation Soil, Climatic Factors, environmental Factors -
Preparation of Land - Methods of propgation - Planting practices -
Methods of Irrigation Manuring, Mulching Inter cultivation Pruning
Methods - Harvesting - Diseases and Pests of Mulberry Control
methods.
(15 hrs)
Unit III Life cycles of Bombyx mori - Morphology of Silk worm Silk gland -
Rearing House Facilities and rearing equipments - Seed Production
(Grainage) - Feeding of Silk worm, Bed cleaning, spacing .
(15 hrs)
Unit IV Mounting Process ripening - Process of Spinning Harvesting - Cocoon

Composition - Physical and commercial characteristics of Cocoons -
Defective Cocoons - Pathology of silk worm.
(15 hrs)
Unit V Stiffling - Process of Reeling - Finishing and Testing - Reeling appliances

- Bye products of silk reeling and Silk - Marketing
Sericulture as Cottage Industry.
(15 hrs)
Books for Reference
1. Ullal and Narasimhann.M.N. - Handbook of Practical Sericulture

2. Manual of Sericulture, FAO Volume
3. G.Ganga of J.Sulochana Chetty - An Introduction to Sericulture.
68
Practicals
1. Identification of Mulberry and Non-Mulberry Silk worms.

2. Collection of differents types of Mulberry leaves.
3. Spotters on various parts of Mulberry.
4. Insects box preparation of the Life Cycle of Bombyz mori.
5. Identification of eggs, pupa, cocoon and adults.
6. Dissection of Silk gland.
7. Mounting of mouth parts of Silk worm.
8. Dissection of nervous system in Silk worm.
9. Dissection of Reproductive system in Silk worm.
10. Silk worm seeds collection.
11. Spotters Defective cocoons.
12. Spotlers Bye Products of silk worm rearing and Reeling.
13. Field visit to Sericulture house, rearing house, Cocoon markets, reeling and
weaving centres.
69
5. APICULTURE
Total: 75 Hours
Objective Entrepreneur motivation for practicing Apiculture as cottage Industry.
Unit I History - Biology of honey bee classification, species of honey bees -

Social organisation of honey bee colony.
(15 Hrs)
Unit II Bee hive Flora for apiculture - Selection of bees for apiculture, Method
of bee Keeping - Indigenous method Extractions of honey - Drawbacks of
Indigenous method.
(15 Hrs)
Unit III Modern method of apiculture - Appliances for modern method - Advance
of modern method - Diseases of Honey Bee and control measures.
(15 Hrs)
Unit IV Product of bee keeping: Honey Bee wax and Bee Yeman - Honey:
Production, Chemical composition - Economic importance of Honey bee
wax.
(15 Hrs)
Unit V Bee enemies - Bee keeping industry - Recent efforts - Modern method in
employing honey bees for cross pollination in horticultural gardens.
(15 Hrs)
Practicals
1. Identification of workers, Queen and drone in the bee hive.

2. Artificial hive and its parts Identification.
3. Examinations of comb.
4. Enemies and diseases of Honey Bees and their identification.
5. Field trip to Apiculture Farm.
6. Browning is insisted for the collection of data on orchards where honeybees are
used for cross pollination.
70
6. CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Total: 75 Hrs
Unit I Scope of Clinical Laboratory Techniques (CLT) -General Lab apparatus

and general procedures Glass wares used in CLT studies Clearning/
sterlization and disposal of infected materials - Structure and types of
microscope Dissection microscope, compound microscope, Phase
contrast microscope, Fluorescent microscope, Darkfield microscope and
Electron microscope -Clinical Lab instruments Colorimeter,
Electrophoresis apparatus, Haemoglobino meter, Haemocytometer,
Albumiometer and Urinometer - First aid in laboratories.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Trypamosoma and Leishmaria - Life cycle of malarial parasite - Life cycle
of intestinal round worms - Life cycle of Tape worms.
(15 hrs)
Unit III HAEMATOLOGY: Blood collection Procedures Blood Coagulation

anticoogulants - Bleeding Time and Clotting time - Blood cell count of
RBC & WBC - Staining of bloodsmear and different leucocyte count -
Haemoglobin estimation and anaemia - ESR of blood & blood
biochemical estimation of urea, Creatine and Sugar - ABO Bloodgrouping
and Rh. Blood grouping - Cross matching of blood - Blood donation and
blood bank - Basic principles of blood transfusion PARGITOLOGY: life
cycle Amoeba.
(15 hrs)
Unit IV BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY, PROTO-ZOOLOGY & HELMINTHOLOGY:

clinical diagnosis of bacterial diseases such as Tuberculosis, Typhoid,
Cholera, Diphtheria and Pertusis - Clinical diagnosis of viral disease
such as AIDS Jaundice , Measles, Polio, Influenza and Mumps - Clinical
diagnosis of Protozoan disease such as Amoebiasis, Trypanosomiasis,
malaria.
(15 hrs)
71
Unit V ESTIMATION OF STOOL, URINE AND OTHER FLUIDS: Gastric juice
analysis - Liver function test - Examination of stool specimen
microscopic examination for ova. Cyst, occult blood, parasitic
infestation-amoebic dysentry - Examination of urine microscopic
examination for deposits, RBC, casts, pussells estimation sugar,
albumin, bile pigments and Ketone - Examination of seminal fluid-
microscopic observation of motility of sperms sperm counting -
Examination of pus and sputum microscopic examination of normal
and pathological Sputum.
(15 hrs)
Books for Reference
1. KANAI, l.Mukerjee, Medical Laboratory Technolgoy, Vol I, II, III Tata Mr Grand
Hill, Publicising Co., New Delhi.
2. Sonual, K.M. Notes on clinical Lab Techniques, Published by M.K.Gopalan,
Chrompet, Chennai.
3. Ramnick Sood, M.D.Medical Labretory Technology Jaypee Brothers, Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Arumugam N.Microbiology (General and Applied) Saras Reblication Nagarcoil.
5. J.E.Park Benarsides Bharot - Text Book of Proventive medicine Napier Town.
6. Baker P.J.Silverton - Int. to Medical Laboratory Technology.
7. Lynch - Medical Laboratory Technology
8. Moniks Cheesbrough - Medical Laboratory Manual of Tropical countries
9. V.H.Talib - A Hand Book of Medical Laboratory Technology.
10. June H.Cella - Manual of Laboratory Tests.
11. Manual of Basic Techniques
Practical
1. Determination of bleeding time.

2. Determination of Clothing time.
3. Estimation of ESR.
4. Estimation of haemoglobin by Haemoglobinometer.
72
5. Preparation of stained blood smear and identification of different leucocytes.
6. Differential leukocyte count from the stinted blood smear.
7. Blood grouping ABO & Rh system.
8. Qualitative estimation of bite salts in urine.
9. Determination of pH using pH paper.
10. Microscopic examination of urine deposits.
11. Determination of sp. Gravity of urine using urinometer.
12. Qualitative analysis of glucose in urine Benedicts test.
13. Quantitative estimation of protein in urine using Albuminometer.
14. Observation of different microbial culture.
15. Microscopic observation of sperm motility.
16. Sperm Count.
73
7. WILDLIFE DIVERSITY & CONSERVATION
Total: 75 Hrs
Objective To acquire basic knowledge of Wildlife as a renewable natural wealth.

Prepares the students to understand the wildlife fauna and diversity in
order to appreciate, admire and conserve it.
Unit I Wild life definition(s) values of wildlife importance of wildlife

depletion of wildlife - world and Indian Scenario need of wildlife
conservation methods.
(15 hours)
Unit II Wildlife diversity fish diversity Marine, F.Water distribution

Herpetology reptiles major groups Snakes, turtles, crocodiles.
Amphibians frogs, toads and Caecilians distribution and status.
(15 hours)
Unit III Aves: Selected families distribution, status and description. Mammals:
selected orders distribution, status and description.
(15 hours)
Unit IV Zoos, Sanctuaries, National porks: Definition, aims and management-

account of sanctuaries of Tamilnadu - Role of Zoo- Wildlife diseases.
(15 hours)
Unit V Wildlife Management Projects: Tiger Project crocodile - Musk deer

hangul - Elephant-Wildlife census techniques Wildlife Protection Act-
Salient features Forest conservation Act Biodiversity act.
(15 hours)
Reference
1. V.B.Saharia (1976) wildlife in India, Nataraj Publications, Dehradun.

2. Giles (1990), Wildlife Techniques, Oxford publications.
3. Seshadri (1992)- Govt of India.
4. ENVIS.
5. IWPA (1992)- Govt of India.
6. IUCN SSP.
74
Practicals
1. Collection of Pictures of wild animals having anthrophomorphic values.

2. Proverbs and sayings of wildlife
3. Mapping the Sanctuaries, NP and Zoos of TN/India.
4. Identification and description of any ten Marine/F.W. fishes and their economic
value.
5. Identification and description of any ten reptiles, amphibians, birds and
mammals.
6. Wildlife census method Line transect, Point centered, Capture recapture.
7. Collection & Identifications of Wildanimal Scats/faeces.
8. Pug mark making and Foot print tracing
9. Endangered Mammal list and its distribution
10. Study of Vegetation types and assessment of the quality.
11. Observations of the Behaviour of birds and mammals.
12. Field visit to a Sanctuary/National Part and Zoo.
75
8. DAIRY SCIENCE
Total: 75 Hrs
Unit I Dairy breeds & breeding
Scope of Dairy farming
Dairy breeds of India both cows & buffaloes Exotic cow
breeds .
Systems of breeding Hybrid vigour grading pure breeding
merits and demerits of inbreeding and outbreeding.
Anatomy and physiology of mammary glands milk secretion
importance of colostrums.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Feeding and Nutrition:
Structure of digestive system and physiology of digestion
Common cattle feed their nutritive value minerals, feed
additives and silage preparation.
Ration its computation and qualities
Computation of a balanced ration.
(15 hrs)
Unit III Live stock diseases:

Viral diseases rinderpest, Foot and mouth disease and cow
pox.
Bacterial diseases Mastitis, Anthrax, Tuberculosis,
Haemorrhagic septicaemia, Brucellosis.
Metabolic diseases Milk fever and bloot.
A brief account of external and internal parasites.
(15 hrs)
Unit IV Dairy Technology & Marketing:

Milk composition and Nutritive value
Techniques to detect milk adultration
Spoilage of milk
Pasteurization of milk
Preparation of Dahi, Butter and Ghee.
76
Role of co-operative societies in milk production &Marketing.
(15 hrs)
Unit V Farm management
Housing and equipments for dairy cows.
Feeding and Management of pregnant cows and goats.
Feeding and management of young calves.
Technique of producing quality milk
Artificial insemination Semen collection, storage & insemination
Techniques.
(15 hrs)
Books for Study
1. G.C. Banerjee - A Text book of Animal Husbandry Oxford & IBH Publication,
New Delhi.
2. KAR - Hand book of Animal Husbandary, 1990.
3. GH Schmidt; T.D.Van Vleck, - Principles of Dairy Science Surgeet Pvt. Ltd.,

1982.
4. N.S.R. Sasting or C.K.Thamas - Farm Animal Management Vikas Publishing

House P. Ltd., 1976.
5. Dr.A.K.Sachetic - Animal Reproduction and Artificial insemination: NCERT,

1989.
6. M.M.Rai, - Dairy Chemistry and Animal Nutrition Kalrant Publishers, 1985.
Practicals:
1. Analysis of milk specific gravity

2. Qualitative test for developed acidity
3. Testing the quality of milk
4. Estimation of fat in milk
5. Estimation of Total Solids in milk
6. Estimation of S.M.T. in milk
7. Identification of milk breed
77
8. Visit to animal husbandary.
9. Visit to Aavin milk farms.
10. Case study Farm management/model dairy Farm.
78
9. POULTRY SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT
Total: 75 Hrs
Unit I External features of fowls skeletal system digestive system

endocrine system feathers Respiratory system Reproductive system.
Genetics of fowls: Breeds of fowls inheritance of morphological
characters (List of autosomal and sextinked character breeding
methods systems of breeding modern methods of breeding.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Poultry industry in India a survey choosing commercial layers and

broilers Poultry housing The deep litter system cage rearing
poultry methods.
(15 hrs)
Unit III Practical aspects of chick rearing management of growers Management

of layers management of broilers lighting, summer winter
management debeaking.
(15 hrs)
Unit IV Poultry Nutrition: Energy Protein and aminoacids Vitamins essential

organic elements Non-nutrition feed additives feed stuffs for poultry
feed formation.
(15 hrs)
Unit V Diseases: Virus, bacterial, fungal, parasitic disease vaccination

programme.
(15 hrs)
79
10. PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE
Total: 75 Hrs
Unit I Scope of Public Health and Hygiene - Concepts of Health and Disease
History of Public Health in India. Nutrition and Health: Classification of
foods Nutritional deficiencies Vitamin deficiencies Balanced diet
Nutritional requirements of special groups.
(15 Hrs)
Unit II Environment and Health: Water-sources, Pollution, Purification Water
quality standards. Air: Ventilation - Air pollution Noise pollution -
Radiation effects - Solid waste and excreta disposal - Sewage treatment.
(15 Hrs)
Unit III Communicable diseases: 1. Respiratory infections: Measles, Rubella,

Mumps, Diptheria 2. Intestinal infections: Poliomyletis, Cholera, Typhoid,
Amoebiasis 3. Arthropod infections: Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue 4.
Zoonosis: Rabies, Plague, Japanese encephalitis 5. Surface infections:
Tetanus, Leprosy, STD AND AIDS.
(15 Hrs)
Unit IV Non-Communicable Diseases: Coronary Heart Disease Hypertension

Diabetes Obesity Blindness Stroke. Occupational Health Hazards:
Physical, Chemical, Mechanical, Biological and Psychological. Mental
health: Causes of mental ill-health-alcoholism and Drug dependence.
(15 Hrs)
Unit V Health Education: Health planning in India Health programmes in

India WHO Non-governmental Voluntary Health Organizations. First
aid and Nursing: Methods Dressing care Duties Preparations.
(15 Hrs)
80
Books for Study
1. Park and Park, 1995. Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine.
M/S. Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur.
2. Verma S. 1998. Medical Zoology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.
81
11. BIOINFORMATICS
Total: 75 Hrs
Unit I Computer networking LAN, WAN, MODEM and Fiber Optics Networks
Introduction to Internet, WWW, NICNET, ERNET, VSNL, ISDN.
(15 hrs)
Unit II Database Definitions Biological database Primary Database (EMBL,

Genbank, DDBJ) Protein Databases (SWISS PROT, TREMBL, NRL
3D PIR MIPS); - Secondary databases (PROSITE, Pfam, BLOCKS, PRINTS
IDENTIFY) Composite databases (NRDB, OWL MIPSX); - protein
structure databases (PDB, MMDB);
(15 hrs)
Unit III Pair wise alignment Local and global alignment BLAST, FASTA,
Multiple Sequence Analysis (MSA).
(15 hrs)
Unit IV Evolution of Bioinformatics Potentials of Bioinformatics Human

Genome Project Bioinformatics in India Future in Bioinformatics.
(15 hrs)
Unit V Scope of bioinformatics Useful bioinformatics sites Bioinformatics in

Pharmaceutical industry Bioinformatics orientation in IT industry.
(15 hrs)
Books for Reference
1. T.K. Attwood and D.J. Parry Smith, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson

Education Ltd., New Delhi (2004).
2. Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, New
Delhi (2003).
3. S. Sundara Rajan and R. Balaji, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Himalaya
Publishing House New Delhi (2002).
4. Irfan A. Khan and Atiya Khanum, Emerging trends in Bioformatics Ukaaz
Publications, Andhara Pradesh (2002).
82
12. FISHERY BIOLOGY
Total: 75 hrs
Objective To make the students acquire knowledge and get jobs in fisheries and
other selected departments. To make the student acquire a knowledge of
the general aspects of morphology, physiology biochemistry of fishes,
crafts and gears for their capture.
Unit I Fish biology: Introduction, scope and importance- classification up to

orders with South Indian examples South Indian food fishes fresh
water, estuarine and marine fishes
(15 hours)
Unit II FISHERIES freshwater fishery, marine fishery - outline of skill fishers,

crustacean fishery, molluscs (pearl oyster) fishery Age and growth- Age
determination methods: length frequency, scale, bones, length - weight
relationships reproductive cycle and spawning in Mirgal and Rohu.
(15 hours)
Unit III Endocrine system in fishes- Hypophysation and induced breeding

Cryopreservation of gametes. Food and nutritional requirements of
fishes - synthetic feed.
(15 hours)
Unit IV Fishing crafts and gears different types of fishing boats different types
of nets modern fishing vessels principles of harvesting, transport and
marketing.
(15 hours)
Unit V Fish preservation techniques rigormortis chilling, freezing, drying and

salting, smoking, canning Fish by products. Liver oil, fish glue, fish
meal etc Fish diseases: Symptoms and causes of bacterial, Viral, fungal
and protozoan diseases.
(15 hours)
83
Practicals
1. Identification of marine, breeksh and viland fishes (Two insect) South Indian
examples)
2. Identification of commonly available ornemsital fishes.
3. Morphometric clasactevs of fishes.
4. Determinations of fish age with scales otolit (frequency distribution method)
5. Length and weight relationship in freshwater and marine fish.
6. Identification of different crafts and gears
7. Identification of fish barasites and diseases.
8. Study of scales of temporary mounting.
9. Visit of fish farms fisheries related institutions.
Books for Study
1. Jingran U.G. 1968. Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan publishing

company, New Delhi.
2. Shanmugam.K. 1992. Fishery Biology and Aquaculture, Leo pathipegam,
Chennai-83.
3. Yadav 1995. Fish and Fisheries, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
4. Day. F. 1978. Fishes of India, Vol I and II Williams Danison and Sons.
5. Jayaraman K.C. The Fresh water fishes of Indian Region Navendra Publishing
House, Delhi.
6. Robert, R.J.Sed, 1978. Fish Pathology Ballaire Tridele, London.
7. Khma, 1933 An Introduction to Fishes Central Book Dept, Allahabad.
8. Govindan G.K. Fish processing Technology Oxford IBH publishing Co.
84

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TAMIL NADU STATE COUNCIL FOR

Report of the Workshop on

A curriculum has to be considerably more than an aggregate of

While restructuring Zoology curricula at undergraduate level we

a. Retaining essentials of the existing ones and

b. Injecting sufficient modernization reflecting incorporation of

The existing syllabi in all universities and colleges are to be screened,

While framing the curriculum and syllabus, higher secondary syllabus

To develop the language skill in students

To develop in-depth knowledge in the major area of study

To broaden the outlook of the student through interdisciplinary

These are considered during the workshop on "Zoology Education in

Workshop on Zoology Education in the 21st Century

23rd and 24th February 2006

10.00 a.m. - Registration

10.30 a.m. - Inauguration

Inaugural Address : Thiru. K.S. Sripathi, IAS,

11.45 a.m. - Framing the Structure of the Curriculum

1.00 p.m. - Lunch

2.00 p.m. 5.00 p.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups

10.00 a.m. 11.15 a.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups

11.15 a.m. 11.30 a.m. - Tea

11.30 a.m. - Generation of Model Syllabi in groups

1.00 p.m. - Lunch

2.00 4.00 p.m. - Finalizing the Syllabi and Valediction

Vote of Thanks - Dr. S. Padmavathy,

Knowing the form and function of a curriculum.

Curriculum is a contact document between the stakeholders of the

A curriculum seeks to answer questions like What shall I teach or learn?,

A curriculum is in fact a programme of studies or activities (curricular, co-

PRESSURES AND PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Curriculum is developed under economic and social pressures, caused by

Curriculum should be dynamic enough to accommodate the changes in

Specifying the objectives in observable terms, describing a variety of alternative

STAGES OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT:

There are several stages in the development of a curriculum. The following

PLANNING: Observing the gaps, if any, between the educational

PREPARING: Collecting the available data, identifying the relevant sources,

DESIGNING: Levels, types and structure of educational institutions which are

DEVELOPMENT: Curriculum development considers instructional

IMPLEMENTATION: The chief implementers of a curriculum are teachers

EVALUATION: After implementing a curriculum it is essential to evaluate the

IMPROVEMENT: In order to improve a curriculum the process should have

1. A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEMS APPROACH

FLOWCHART REPRESENTATION OF TABA-TYLER CURRICULUM

Specify Learning Activities

Specify Tutorial Strategies

Selecting students guide

Specify assessment format

F.N.:- Objectives Competencies

Achieve Objectives Demonstrate Competences

National aspirations and needs, cultural change, social change caused by

As an MOU between the participants in the curriculum process, any

Dr. M. Ramaswamy, Mrs. J.P. Shanthakumari,

India, a subcontinent of megadiversity has a rich heritage of fauna and flora

In late 70s due to advancement in scientific knowledge and discovery of new

Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of molecules within cells and of

In view of these modern changes in the subject, it is imperative to include the