Balon2 Code

EGG-CDAP-5379
July 1981
ZIRCALOY CLADDING SHAPE AT FAILURE (BALON2).
D. L. Hagrman
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

Operated by the U.S. Department of Energy
I---
K N
This is an informal report intended for use as a preliminary or working document
Prepared for the

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Under DOE Contract No. DE-ACO7-761D01570
FIN No. A6050
n EI31L Idaho
E~i~GIdaho. Inc.
FORM EG&G-398
(Rev. 11-79)
INTERIM REPORT
Accession No.
Report No. EGG-CDAP-5379
Contract Program or Project Title: Fuel Behavior Model Development
Subject of this Document: Zircaloy Cladding Shape at Failure (BALON2)
Type of Document: Status Report
Author(s): D. L. Hagrman
Date of Docume nt: July 1981
Responsible NRC Individual and NRC Office or Division: G. P. Marino, NRC-RES
This document was prepared primarily for preliminary or internal use. It has not received
full review and approval. Since there may be substantive changes, this document should
not be considered final.
EG&G Idaho, Inc.

Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415
Prepared for the

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Washington, D.C.
Under DOE Contract No. DE-AC07-76ID01570
NRC FIN No. A6050
INTERIM REPORT
ABSTRACT
The derivation and some implications of a simple true stress cladding

failure criterion are presented in this report. An associated model, BALON2,
which uses the true stress failure criterion to calculate cladding shape at
failure is described, and the results of a sensitivity study to determine
the important parameters affecting cladding shape are included. Recently
proposed licensing standards for LOCA analysis are compared with the BALON2
model predictions and are shown to be inconsistent when the pressure differ-
ential across the cladding varies.
jt
SUMMARY
The main progress represented by this report is the use of local

stress to predict cladding failure. The large scatter inherent in
engineeringstress or engineering strain expressions has been eliminated as
have numerous limitations and special correlations for such effects as
heating rate, circumferential temperature gradients, etc., which are
necessary when improper failure criteria are employed. The failure stress
is only a function of temperature and oxygen content once cold work and
irradiation damage are annealed.
Although the failure criterion is simplified by the use of true

stress, the calculation of cladding shape at failure is made fairly complex
by the interaction of deformation, cladding temperatures and local stress.
BALON2, a model for cladding deformation which deals with these interactions is
developed and demonstrated. The model shows that circumferential
temperature gradients tend to decrease circumferential strain at failure,
and that slow heating rates cause both large circumferential strains at
failure and small circumferential temperature gradients because they allow
time for removal of circumferential temperature gradients. The rate of
change of the pressure differential across the cladding is shown to have an
effect on the cladding shape. BALON2 model predictions are compared to recently
proposed liscensing standards for LOCA analysis. Results of this
comparison suggest that the standards may be inadequate because they do not
consider several of the parameters that affect cladding shape.
ii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................. i
SUMMARY ..............................................................
INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1
THE FAILURE CRITERION ............... ................................ 2
A MODEL FOR CALCULATING CLADDING SHAPE ............................... 17
Calculation of Local Stress in the Cladding ..................... 19
Check for Sufficiently Small Time Step Size ..................... 25
Update of Cladding Temperatures ................................. 29
Calculation of Strain Component Increments ...................... 32
Estimation of Cladding Dimensions at the End of the Time

Step ............................................................ 34
PARAMETRIC STUDIES AND COMPARISON WITH DATA .......................... 40
CONCLUSIONS ...................................................... 63
REFERENCES ........................................................... 64
APPENDIX A--EQUATION OF STATE FOR ZIRCALOY CLADDING PLASTIC

DEFORMATION ..................................................... A-1
APPENDIX B--BALLOON CODE LISTING AND EXAMPLE OUTPUT .................. B-1
APPENDIX C--DERIVATION OF KRAMER AND DEITRICH'S EXPRESSION

FOR STRESS ...................................................... C-l
APPENDIX D--DERIVATION OF MODEL FOR BENDING .......................... D-1
FIGURES
1. Local tangential stress at failure versus temperature

assuming a circular cross section at failure .................... 12
2. Sequence of model calculations .................................. 18
d2
3. Effect of *z d 2 term ....................................... 24
0
iii
AP d~r
4. Effect of term . .....................................
hc~yl de2 2
0-
5. Effect of relative deformation of all segments of the cladding

circumference ................................................... 35
6. Use of circular cross section and bending models to determine

cladding mid-wall radii ......................................... 38
7. Effect of heating rate on total circumferential elongation ...... 41
8. Hot node true and failure stresses for a heater heating rate
of 4 K/s. ....................................................... 42
9. Hot node true and failure stresses for a heater heating rate
of 40 K/s . ...................................................... 43
10. Model calculations for the effect of varying pressurization
rates ........................................................... 46
11. Tests by Busby and Marsh showing the effect of increasing
pressurization rates on total circumferential elongation ........ 47
12. Total circumferential elongation versus circumferential
temperature variation at burst and heating rate .................. 48
13. Comparison of MRBT data with constant pressure model
calculations .................................................... 53
14. MRBT correlations compared with constant pressure and increasing
pressure model calculations ..................................... 55
15. MRBT correlations for 0 K/s compared with 0 K/s data with
increasing internal pressure from Busby and Marsh ............... 56
16. Model calculations versus measured elongation for MRBT Test

SR-37 ........................................................... 57
C-1. Schematic illustration of the position vector, r, and two bases

vectors tangent to the deformed surface element ................. C-3
C-2. Schematic illustration of typical orientations of vectors normal
to the zo = constant and eo = constant edges ................ C-5
C-3. Forces acting on an element of deformed cladding surface ........ C-l0
0-1. Cladding configuration assumed for bending model ................ D-2
iv
TABLES
1. Summary of Multirod Burst Test Data ............................. 4
2. Summary of Data from the Hobson-Rittenhouse Tests ............... 6
3. Summary of Data from the Chung-Kassner Tests ................... 7.
4. Summary of Data from the Bauer et al. Tests ..................... 8
B-1. Listing of the BALON[2 Code ................................... B-3
B-2. BALON2 Code Driver Program ..................................... B-21
B-3. Example Output .................................................. B-24
V
INTRODUCTION
A key consideration in assessing the severity of postulated light

water reactor accidents is the post-accident configuration of fuel
cladding. Events which could lead to final configurations that restrict
coolant flow are more hazardous than scenarios which lead to more easily
cooled reactor core geometries. An analysis of data provided by the U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Cormmission's research program has provided a simple
failure criterion and a concise computer subcode which have had success in
reducing the uncertainty of predictions of posttest cladding shapes. The
criterion and associated subcode, BALON2, are described in this report. In
addition, the results of a sensitivity study to determine the important
parameters affecting cladding shape and a comparison with detailed
measurements of cladding shape at burst are presented.
Predictions for cladding shape at rupture have traditionally been

based on correlations of total circumferential elongation (the difference
between circumference and initial circumference divided by the initial
circumference) versus burst temperature. These correlations display major
trends like the minimum elongation found in the alpha plus beta region
(1090 to 1255 K burst temperatures) but there is at least a fifty percent
uncertainty associated with this approach. Efforts to improve the
correlations by adding more variables, like heating rate or circumferential
temperature variation at failure, have had very little success.
As experiments improved, it became obvious that a significant part of

the problem with correlations for the circumference of cladding at failure
is the fact that failure is a local event occurring at one part of the
circumference while the circumferential elongation is a global quantity
made up of the sum of local elongations at all locations around the
circumference. The logical approach, then, was to look for a simple local
failure criterion. The success of this effort encouraged development of a
computer code to sum all the local elongations as a function of time to
obtain a total circumferential elongation at the moment of failure. Early
experience with the code has shown it to be successful at explaining much
of the previously confusing scatter in total circumferential elongation
data.
I
THE FAILURE CRITERION
Arguments are presented in this section which demonstrate that

zircaloy cladding failure can be predicted by comparing the tangential
component of true or local stress with a failure stress which is a function
of cladding temperature, irradiation and cold work. Heating rate and
strain rate do not affect this criterion. The failure stress as a function
of temperature is given by the following expressions.
For cladding temperatures between or equal to 300 and 750 K,
aeF = 1.36 KA (la)
For cladding temperatures between 750 and 1050 K,a
0aF = 46.861429 KA exp 10

T21.9901087 (lb)
For cladding temperatures between or equal to 1050 and 2100 K
7 7
aOeF = . KA (lc)
where
aeF tangential component of true stress at burst (Pa)
KA strength coefficient used to describe the plastic

deformation of annealed cladding (Pa). Correlations for
the strength coefficient are given in Appendix A
T = cladding temperature (K).
a. Several significant figures are used in this expression in order to

minimize discontinuities at 750 and 1050 K.
2
P
For cold worked or irradiated cladding the failure stress is increased by

four tenths of the increase of the strength coefficient due to irradiation
and cold work.
Equation (1) is estimated to have a standard error of 0.2 times the

failure stress. The error and the error estimate are discussed later in
this section.
The failure criterion given by Equation (1) is based on data from

tests which reported initial cladding dimensions, temperature at failure,
pressure at failure, wall thickness at the failed region and some means of
estimating the axial and azimuthal radii of curvature at the burst region.
In all cases the wall thickness measurements were accurate to no better
than ten percent and the azmimuthal radii of curvature were obtained from
circumference measurements by assuming a circular cladding cross section.
The assumption that the cross section was circular at the moment of burst
may be suspected of introducing some systematic error in the failure
stress, but cross sections observed close to ruptures (where the shape has
not been changed by the rupture tear) are circular.
The most useful data have been produced by the Multirod Burst Test
Program sponsored by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. All of these
tests used internal heaters and an external steam environment. Heating
rates varied from 0 to 28 K/s. Estimated burst temperatures, burst
pressures and burst strains (average circumferential strain) have been
1 2
published for a number of single rod tests. ' Also, calibrated
photographs of cross sections through the burst regions of some of the
tests have been published.2-5 These cross sections were used to
determine wall thickness at burst. The axial radius of curvature at burst
was estimated from side view photographs of the Durst tubes.6-8 The
Multirod Burst Test Program data from tests for which complete data are
available are summarized in Table 1.
3
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MULTIROD BURST TEST DATA
Wall Ax ia1
Burst Differential Average Thickness Radius of
Te st Temperature Pressure at Circumferential as Burst Curvature
No. (K) Burst (MPa) Strain (m/m) (mm) (cm)
1 17 4a 6.000a 0.20a 2.1c
PS-IO 0.07 9 c
PS-17 10 5 1 a 12.130a 0. 2 5 a 0.176c 1. 2 c
1444a 0.11 1d
PS-18 0.77 2a 0.2 4 a 0.99
1232a 2.590a 0.28a
PS-19 0.07 9 c 0.6c
SR-23 13 50 a 0. 9 6 0 a 0. 3 5a 0.16 4 e 1 .1h
SR-25 13 6 5 a 0.960a 0.78a
0.316b O.077e
O.1I09b 0.6i
SR-34 1039b
1048b 5. 8 2 0 b 0.073f 1.6c
3.1c
SR-35 1033b 4. 4 7 0 b 0.29 0b
0.231b 0.26 3f
SR-37 1 3 . 56 0 b 3.7c
1030b 0. 19 9 b
SR-41
1046b 9. 76 5 b
7.6201b
0.27 4 b 2.7c
SR-43 0.29 0 b 0. 17 9 b 3.5c
a. Reference 1 pages 18 and 19.
b. Reference 2 pages 7 and 31.
c. From photographs sent by R. H. Chapman, ORNL.
d. Reference 3 page 35.
e. Reference 4 pages 120 and 121.
f. Reference 5 page 26.
g. Reference 6 page 19.
h. Reference 7 page 22.
i. Reference 8.page 17.
4
Data from tests by Hobson and Rittenhouse9 were also employed. The
Hobson-Rittenhouse tests were conducted with a radiant heating furnace and
BWR cladding in an argon environment. Heating rates from 5.6 to 56 K/s
were used. Table 2 is a summary of the data that were used from the tests
by Hobson and Rittenhouse. Burst temperatures, wall thickness
measurements, and the average circumferential strains were obtained from
figures in Reference 9. Burst pressures were obtained by private
communication from R. H. Chapman, and axial radii of curvature were
estimated from cladding samples sent by D. 0. Hobson.
Table 3 is a summary of data obtained from tests by H. M. Chung and

10
T. F. Kassner which were used in the development of Equation 1. The
burst temperature, differential pressure at burst, average circumferential
strain and axial radius of curvature were obtained from Reference 10. The
wall thickness at burst was obtained from photographs of cross sections
obtained from Chung. An important feature of these tests is that the tests
in Table 3 have an internal mandrel which applied an unknown axial stress
to the cladding.
None of the data discussed so far were obtained from irradiated

cladding or at temperatures below 1000 K. The only available low
temperature data with irradiated cladding were obtained from studies by
A. A. Bauer, L. M. Lowry, W. J. Gallagher, A. J. Markworth and
J. S. PerrinI1112,13 on spent fuel cladding obtained from the
H. B. Robinson reactor. The data from this project which were used to
develop Equation (1) are presented in Table 4. Tests M12-16, M12-4 and
M12-15 were conducted on as-received cladding while tests D9-7, D9-8, D9-13
and D9-14 were conducted on cladding which had been annealed. Wall
thicknesses adjacent to the burst were obtained from unpublished
photographs similar to Figure 7 of Reference 11. The axial radii of
curvature in these tests is unknown.
Two sources of in-reactor data were employed. One is the irradiation

effects test IE-S conducted in the Power Burst Facility. 14,15 The
measured rod internal gas pressure in this test was reported (page 12 of
5
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM THE HOBSON-RITTENHOUSE TESTS
Wal 1 Axial
Te st Temperature Pressure at Circumferential at Burst Curvature
No. (k) Burst (MPa) Strain (m/m) (mm) (cm)
35 1061 6.170 0.63 0.25 2.9
34 1081 7.584 0.58 0.23 1.8
40 1111 4.654 0.79 0.18 1.8
18 1145 4.826 1.25 0.18 3.0
18 1158 4.205 0.57 0.20 2.5
19 1160 4.895 0.51 0.23 1.8
21 1171 3.102 0.30 0.18 1.7
8 1179 3.826 0.22 0.20 1.3
16 1195 3.999 0.42 0.25 1.7
5 1196 3.757 0.44 0.20 1.0
26a 1205 3.068 0.27 0.28 1.8
27 1213 2.241 0.55 0.15 1.1
15 1214 2.275 0.41 0.18 1.1
37 1215 2.344 0.40 0.18 1.4
26 1220 3.033 0.53 0.13 1.5
9 1235 1.448 0.43 0.20 2.7
28 1253 1.413 0.85 0.18 2.8
11 1299 1.434 0.68 0.25 1.5
32 1302 0.745 0.93 0.25 2.1
29 1432 0.676 0.92 0.23 2.5
36 1440 0.827 0.50 0.23 1.5
4 1412 0.689 1.11 0.20 2.5
36a 1487 0.662 0.74 0.25 1.5
6
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM THE CHUNG-KASSNER TESTS
Wall Axial
Test Temperature Pressure at Circumferential at Burst Curvature
No. (K) Burst (MPa) Strain (m/m) (mm) (cm)
AS-40 1089 5.302 1.01 0.39 2.9

AS-36 1310 0.558 1.11 0.26 2.9
AS-9 1329 1.282 1.24 0.12 3.2
AS-5 1348 1.334 1.02 0.42 1.6
7
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM THE BAUER ET AL. TESTS
Wal 1
Burst a Burst Average ThicKnesn
Test Tempe rat u re Strengtha Circumrfrential at Burst
No. (K) (MPa) Strain (m/m) (mm)
M12-16 477 749.4 0.026 0.57
M12-4 644 659.1 0.052 0.60
M12-15 644 684.6 0.028 0.61
D9 -7 644 356.4 0.212 0.45
D9-8 644 350.9 0.204 0.46
09-13 644 372.3 0.225 0.51
D9-14 644 367.5 0.292 0.48
a. From Reference 12, pages 3 and 7.
b. From photographs sent by A. A. Bauer and L. W. Lowry of Battelle

Columbus Laboratories.
8
Reference 15) to be 5.2 MPa in excess of the coolant pressure and the
cladding temperature was estimated from microstructure studies to be near
1100 K. The average circumferential elongation (engineering strain) was
reported to be 0.25 (page 16 of Reference 15). The wall thickness at burst
was estimated to be 0.09 mm using Figure 5 of the post-irradiation
examination results report15 and the axial radius of curvature was
estimated to be approximately four times the rod diameter from the
photograph on page 91 of Reference 15.
The second source of in-reactor data is a series of tests in the FR2

reactor in Germany.16 Complete data from three tests were presented
(A2.3, B1.2 and 81.3) but two of the cladding cross sections had burst
edges rolled in--evidence of contact with the shroud. For that reason,
only data from test BI.2 were used. The average circumferentail
elongation, axial radius of curvature, burst pressure, burst temperature
and wall thickness at burst (0.249, 1.5 cm, 4.52 MPa, 1188 K and 0.16 mm,
respectively) were taken from Reference 16. The coolant pressure was
assumed to be the typical value of 0.3 MPa given on page 2 of the reference.
One out-of-pile test result from Germany17 was used in developing

the failure criterion. The test was performed in air (0.1 MPa pressure)
with an internal heater. The burst temperature, internal gas pressure at
burst, average circumferential elongation and wall thickness at burst
(1114 K, 7.1 MPa, 0.37 mm, and 0.215 mm, respectively) were taken from
Figure 13 of Reference 17. The axial radius of curvature was estimated to
be approximately three times the cladding radius at burst by inspection of
X-ray photographs of similar tests just prior to burst.
The development of Equation (1) was preceded by attempts to use

average circumferential elongation, engineering hoop stress and wall
thinning versus burst temperature as failure criteria, but these criteria
all exhibited unacceptable scatter when the data base just discussed was
used to test them. Local stress versus burst temperature not only showed
less scatter, but those data that exhibited scatter could be explained by a
careful examination of experiment details.
9
Local stresses at failure were estimated from the data just presented
and the equilibrium equation for a membrane element at the time of
18
failure
aZF +eF F
r 2)
r8 F
where
P. difference between gas pressure and coolant pressure at

r
failure (Pa)
"ZF = axial stress at failure (Pa)
"eF = tangential stress at failure (Pa)
rz = axial radius of curvature at failure (m)
ra
8 circumferential radius of curvature at failure (m)
tF cladding thickness at burst (m).
Two approximations are needed to deduce an estimate of aeB from

Equation (2) and the data. The first approximation is that the cross
section perpendicular to the cladding axis is approximately circular, or
re undeformed radius circumference at burst

undeformed circumference 3)
(
This approximation is necessary because the shape at the moment the burst
tear begins is unknown.
10
The second approximation is needed to estimate the axial stress,
aZF" The maximum axial stress is limited by a physical consideration.
It must have been less than aeF for failure to occur along an axial
line. Since rZ is typically several times re, the first term of
Equation (2) is small as long as aZF is less than aeF so a crude
approximation is acceptable. The maximum value of aZF (GeF) is
therefore used to estimate the contribution of the first term. This
approximation tends to underpredict a eF while the assumption of
Equation (3) tends to overpredict aeF because Equation (3) ignores
the reduction of r due to local bulges in the plane perpendicular to
the cladding axis.
The expression for tangential stress at failure obtained from

Equation (2) with the two approximations just discussed is
PF 1 1
eF :t I 1. (4)
r re
Figure 1 is a plot of the local tangential failure stress obtained

from Equation (4) and the data. Approximate heating rates during burst are
indicated to show that there is no systematic variation with heating rate.
Comparison of the burst stresses obtained from Hobson's tests with both
Chapman's tests and the two in-reactor data show there is no significant
effect of oxide films or alpha layers on the burst stress, at least at the
heating rates used in these tests. The most probable interpretation of
this observation is the suggestion that the relatively thin oxide and alpha
layers are cracked before the burst stress of the underlying beta layers is
achieved.
Most of the burst stresses shown in Figure 1 form a locus which looks
very similar to a plot of the strength coefficient for plastic deformation
of zircaloy.a The exceptions are not scattered randomly. They all lie
a. The strength coefficient is discussed in Appendix A.
II
350 I I
I 0 P
Test PS-10
o Chapman 28K/s in steam

300 J- * Chapman 9K/s in steam
* Chapman 4K/s in steam
Test IE-19 * Chapman 0K/s in steam
0
cO U * Chung 115K/s in vacuum
0 Test 18 * Chung 5K/s in vacuum
250 o Hobson 55K/s in argon
00 ( Hobson 28K/s in argon
Hobson 14K/s in argon
* Hobson 6K/s in argon
0 Wiehr in air
4-
o PBF in reactor
200 V Karb i n reactor.
a
U1
U)
U,
150 1 a
mo m Test 26
CO
100 0
V3
ATest AS-9
CS
A Test AS-5
50
0
03A
G
a 0
0
! I
0 1 I
10( 00 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Burst temperature (K)
Figure 1. Local tangential stress at failure versus temperature

assuming a circular cross section at failure.
12
above the main collection of points. Closer inspection indicates that the
tests which yielded unusually high tangential burst stresses had features
which caused the assumptions used in calculating tangential burst stress to
be questionable. These features are discussed, on a test by test basis, in
the next several paragraphs. The exceptional data are individually labeled
in Figure 1.
For rod IE-19 of the PBF Test IE-5 the maximum temperature of the
cladding burst region was determined by metallography to be approximately
1100 K. Postirradiation examination results show the maximum
temperature of the fracture area was less than the maximum cladding
temperature at other azimuthal locations in the axial plane of the
fracture. The interpretation given to this information in the
postirradiation examination results report is that 1100 K was also the
burst temperature because no increase could have occurred on the protruding
fracture tips after the rod burst. This conclusion may be slightly
overstated. The test results report (see Figure 13 of Reference 19) shows
that the adjacent 45 degree thermocouple which also protruded experienced a
50 K temperature rise after the initial temperature increase. Therefore a
more realistic estimate of the burst temperature of the cladding in
rod IE-19 is 1000 to 1050 K.
Test PS-10 from Chapman's studies was performed with a heater which
has an unusually large circumferential variation in temperature.20 In
this case very local ballooning is likely, and Equation (4) is probably a
poor approximation for the circumferential radius of curvature near the
time of burst. Because of the questionable validity of Equation (4) for
this test and because of the large difference between the calculated burst
stress of this test and several other data obtained at similar burst
temperatures, this test was omitted from the failure analysis.
Test 18 from the Hobson-Rittenhouse series burst at a thermocouple

temperature of 1145 K, yet had an average circumferential strain
characteristic of temperatures in the alpha phase. Moreover, the axial
13
profile of this test is almost triangular (see Figure 4 of Reference 9).
In all probability the axial radius of curvature given in Table 2
(estimated from the bottom half of the sample) is much too large. The test
was therefore eliminated from the data base.
Test 26 from the Hobson-Rittenhouse series is the only sample in the

entire test series which did not exhibit approximate mirror symmetry of
wall thickness about a plane through the burst area and the cladding
centerline. In this test, one half of the cross section is essentially
undeformed and one half is uniformly thin. Thus, both the axial and
circumferential radii of curvature estimated for this test are
questionable. Therefore the test was removed from the data base.
Tests AS-9 and AS-5 by Chung are the most difficult of all the data
shown in Figure 1 to understand. It is probable that the constraining
mandrel used in these tests caused a large axial stress which perturbed the
test. Moreover, test AS-36 which differed only in heating rate from AS-5
and AS-9 does not differ from the Hobson or Chapman tests which burst at
similar temperatures. Tests AS-5 and AS-9 were removed from the data base
solely because they differ markedly from the two tests by Chapman which
were conducted in steam with an internal heater--two features which are
believed to make Chapman's test more representative of in-reactor cladding
failure.
The remaining data shown in Figure 1 were used to find the tangential
burst stress at failure above 1000 K. The failure stress derived from the
data was divided by the strength coefficient obtained from the correlation
given in Appendix A and the quotients were averaged. For the alpha phase
data with burst temperatures above 1000 K, the average quotient is
7.48 0.91; for the alpha plus beta region, it is 7.54 1.03; and for
the beta phase, it is 8.14 1.84. Since there is no significant
variation of the quotient, the average obtained for the entire temperature
range above 1000 K, 7.70 1.29, was used in Equation (1).
14
The estimated uncertainty of _+0.2 times the predicted failure stress
is slightly larger than the fractional standard errora of the preliminary
fit (+0.17) because of the additional error associated with possible
variations in shape. The additional factor of 0.03 is the author's
intuitive judgement.
Equations (3) and (4) b were also used with the low temperature data
of Table 4 to estimate low temperature failure stresses. In this case the
ratios of failure stress to strength coefficient obtained were much smaller
than those of the high temperature data. A ratio of 0.84 0.03 was
found for the annealed cladding and 0.80 0.06 was found for the
irradiated cladding. These ratios were not used for the failure stress
correlation because the axial radii of curvature needed to accurately
calculate the failure stresses were not known (infinity was assumed).
Instead, the measured failure strains were used with the equation of state
for zircaloy plastic deformation (Appendix A), an assumed strain rate
sensitivity exponent of zero, and typical anisotropy coefficients c to
calculate failure stresses consistent with the equation of state and the
measured strain. This approximation is more reasonable than estimating
axial radii of curvature at low temperature because (a) the unknown strain
rate at failure is unimportant at low temperature and (b) the stress-strain
curve at low temperature is very flat so that small uncertainties in stress
are equivalent to large uncertainties in strain. The factor of 1.36 for
a. The standard error of the preliminary fit was estimated with the expres-
sion [ .7 strengthcoefficient - l)2/(number of measurements - 1)0.5.
b. The axial radius of curvature was assumed to be three times the

circumferential radii of annealed cladding and infinite for the irradiated
cladding.
c. The irradiated cladding was assumed to be isotropic when effective

stress and strains were calculated but the annealed cladding was assumed to
have typical anisotropy coefficients.
15
annealed cladding and an increase of burst strength equal to four tenths of
the increase in the strength coefficient due to cold work or irradiation in
Equation (la) reproduce the failure strains listed in Table 4.
Equation (lb) is simply an assumption contrived to extrapolate between the
two regions where data are available without producing unreasonable
predictions for failure strain in the temperature range where it is used.
15
A MODEL FOR CALCULATING CLADDING SHAPE
Equation (1) is sufficient to provide a complete description of both

the time of cladding failure and the shape of failed cladding if they are
used with an equation of state for zircaloy plastic deformation and a model
which determines cladding shape as a function of temperature and pressure
histories. A suitable equation of state is available as part of the MATPRO
materials properties package and is discussed briefly in Appendix A. More
detailed descriptions are available in Reference 21. This section
describes a large deformation model, BALON2, which determines cladding
snape at failure using the MATPRO equation of state and the failure
criterion given by Equation (1). The model has been programmed as a
FORTRAN IV computer code. Input/output information and a listing of the
BALON2 code are provided in Appendix B.
Time step increments are used to model the deformation of cladding.

Figure 2 illustrates the sequence of the calculations. First, local
stresses are calculated using given pressures, temperatures, midwall radii
and wall thicknesses. Then, the given time step size is checked to see if
it is short enough to, prevent significant change in the local stresses
during the time step. If the given step is too long, it is divided into
several snorter steps. For some options, cladding temperatures are
recalculated to account for effects of the deformation during the previous
time step on cladding temperature. The effects of annealing are also
considered for these options.
Next, requested start-of-step information is printed and all nodes are

checked for failure. If failure has occurred, final shape information is
printed and the calculation is complete.
If cladding failure has not occurred, the description of the cladding

texture (anisotropy constants) is updated and the effective strain prior to
deformation is calculated. This initial effective strain is used to
calculate strain component increments, and the increments are used to
17
INPUT COOLANT A14D ROD PRESSURES, FUEL TEMPERATURE, CLADDING SIIAPE, TIME STEP SIZE
4,
-3 CALCULATE LOCAL CLADDING STRESS
DIVIDE TIME STEP IF NECESSARY
UPDATE CLADDING TEMPERATURES
ANNEALING ANTD OXIDATION

.ODEL
PRINT START OF STEP INFORUMATION
.... FAILED PRINT FINAL SHAPE

o
TEST FOR CLADDING FAILURE
INFORMATION
4-"NOT FAILED
r UPDATE TEXTURE AND CALCULATE EFF. STRAIN
CALCULATE STRAIN COI1PONJENT I IICREIEHTS

4
I - -- FIND NEW DIMENSIONS
PRINT END-OF-STEP INFORMATION
I -
- - ~YES --- RETURN
IS GIVEN TIME STEP COMPLETE? --
Figure 2. Sequence of model calculations.

calculate new dimensions at the end of the time step under the assumption
that local stress and temperatures are constant during the time step.
Requested end-of-step information is printed and a check is made to see if
deformation for all of the given time step has been calculated. If it has,
control is returned to the driving program and the next time step is
considered. If it has not, the remaining part of the given time step is
input and the process beginning with the calculation of local stress is
repeated. The following sections describe details of the calculations
mentioned in Figure 2.
Calculation of Local Stress in the Cladding
The internal rod gas pressure, the external coolant pressure, cladding
shape, forces from the fuel pellets and forces from the spacer grids all
contribute to local cladding stresses. It is assumed in this model that
the cladding experiences only an axial constraint force from the grids or
fuel stack. The constraint force is an input parameter.
The effect of pressure and shape changes is discussed in more detail

below. First, a thin-wall approximation is used to find the principal
stress components in a right circular cylinder. The thin wall
approximation is based on the expressions for tangential and radial stress
in a thick walled cylinder.22 The expressions used for the thick walled
cylinder are
Pi c2 r2 r2o\--- 2
(c2 ~ c2b2
P ~i _P (c2b2 + b2)
a e : b2 c2 (5)
= c2
i c~2) + Poc~
r
2 2 (6)
rr : 2 b~
-c 2
i9
where
aee = tangential component of stress
a rr radial component of stress
P0 pressure of fluid outside the cylinder
P. pressure of fluid inside the cylinder
c inner radius of the cylinder
= outer radius of the cylinder.
The thin-wall expression used for the radial stress is obtained by replacing
1r2 by its average value across the wall of the cylinder,
r
b
bc 1L dr (7)
c
Thus,
P b + P. c
-0
arr b + c (8)
In order to derive a thin wall expression for aae that is

compatable with the perturbation theory to be introduced shortly for a
noncylindrical shape, the variables
hcyI = b-c (9)
20
and
a b- 2+ c (10)
are substituted into Equation (5) and the resultant equation is expressed
in powers of wall thickness, h 1 .
r cy -
r2 -gecyll
r2
Pi a2 [1 + a-2] - h0 yl [a(l + a - a3] + higher powers of
o =2 a hcyl
-Po ja2 [1 +ra-1+ hcyl [a(l + a - ra-j]+ higher powers of hcyl
2 ahcyl (11)
The quantity in Equation (11) is again replaced by its average value over
the wall of tIe cylinder [see Equation (7)] to obtain
~(P 0i a-cy 1
Pe1 P.P)- Pi +P 0 (12)
to order (h.y1 )0 The second term is frequently dropped but is kept in

this case in order to have zero effective stressa for isotropic cladding
with P. = P
1 0
The expression used for the axial stress, azz, is the net axial
force for a closed cylindrical tube divided by the cross sectional area of
cladding:
a. The effective stress is given by Equation (25).
21
= Pc2 b2
1c _rP0b +F z
ITP (13)
0zzzz
-2 (c2 - b2
b2)
where
azz axial component of stress
Fz additional axial force applied by any constraints.
When the snape of the cladding departs from a right circular cylinder,
the stresses change significantly. A perturbation theory developed by
Kramer and Deitrich 2 3 is used to approximate the effect of shape on
stress. The derivation of the expression for the effect of shape change on
stress is summarized in Appendix C. It is shown that to first order in 1
the azz and arr components do not change while the aee component changes by
1 AP6 a APh6 P a26 zza26 (14)

61h 2 h + (14)
cyl h cyl 3 X
where
a6 change in ae due to departure of the cladding shape

from a rightOecircular cylinder
AP = p.
1 - P0
local perturbation of the cladding midwall radius

(radius - average radius)
h local perturbation of the cladding wall thickness (wall

thickness - average wall thickness)
a = average radius
22
coordinates that material particle occupied before deformation
exponent of the average true axial strain component of the

cylinder, exp(Ez).
The four terms of the right hand side of Equation (14) can be given
sound physical interpretations. The first two terms represent the effect
of local changes in radius and wall thickness, while the second two terms
are the contributions due to local changes in the radii of curvature.
Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of the effect of the fourth term

of Equation (14) on a ballooned section of cladding. In the center region
the hoop stress is reduced because
o which is equal to
az-- 32r)
0 0
is negative. The curvature of the cladding allows azz to exert a force

on the oulged section which pulls with the force exerted by a66
against the internal pressure, P.i At the ends of the bulged region
az20
is In this region a zz exerts a force which pulls with the

positive.
internal pressure against the restraining force exerted by ae6" A
larger 8ee is thus required to hold the internal pressure at the
ends of the ballooned regions. The fourth term of Equation (14) is thus
the term which describes the axial propagation of ballooned regions.
23
ee DECREASED
0@( INCREASED
P.
d2
Figure 3. Effect of 0
zz 26term.
G d ter2
dz 0
24
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the effect of the third term
of Equation (15) on a ballooned section of cladding. In the bulged section,
a (which is equal to a3r
is negative. The small local radius of curvature allows the force exerted
by aea to act at a relatively acute angle to Pi and thus counter
the force exerted by Pi with a smaller a e" At the ends of the
local bulge,
a2a 6 is positive (a26 fr

0 for a circle)
a0
0
In this region, ee acts more nearly at right angles to Pi. and a
large ae is required to have a sufficiently large force to oppose
the normal force exerted by P.i The third term of Equation (14) is thus
the term which tends to propagate local bulges around the circumference to
form a circular cross section.
Since all four terms of Equation (14) act simultaneously, determining

which term will dominate for a given deformation is difficult. The problem
is complicated further by the interactions between heat sources, heat
sinks, cladding shape, cladding temperatures and cladding strength.
Check for Sufficiently Small Time Step Size
Once the local stress is known, it is possible to test the given time
step to see if it is sufficiently small to prevent significant change in
the local stress during the time step. The test begins with a comparison
of the tangential stress at each node with the cladding strength
coefficient times the strain raised to the strain hardening exponent. If
,,ICREASED
Pi
G ee DECREASED
Pi
BULGED SIDE
OF CLADDING
2
Figure 4. Effect of AP 2 r term.
hcyl De2
0
26
the tangential stress is less than this product, the given time step size
is adopted. For tangential stresses greater than the product, the maximum
allowed time step interval is determined with the relation
1
K m 1e
=
At: 10 (15)
a ee )
where
At = maximum allowed time step interval
K cladding strength coefficient
m = cladding strain rate sensitivity exponent
n cladding strain hardening exponent
ee tangential component of strain at start of step.
Equation (15) results from a Taylor series approximation used with the
MATPRO equation of state for zircaloy plastic deformation and the
requirement that the strain increment be limited to no more than 0.01. Tne
form of the equation of state used is
m
1 )]m
n + I)10-3 (G)m At + cl
Ef : ( (16)
m K
where
= effective strain at the end of the time interval
27
Ei effective strain at the start of the time interval
S
= effective stress during the time interval
and the other variables have been defined previously. Using the Taylor
series approximation for a small time interval, Equation (16) can be
rewritten as
10- 3 (G m at
Si [ + (fn + min)
(n + (17)
L Ci m
Solution of Equation (17) for at yields
at l0 3 (( f - e i) . (18)
Substitution of f- i = 0.01 and approximation of the effective

stress and strain with the tangential components converts Equation (18) to
Equation (15), the expression used for calculating the maximum allowed time
interval, at.a If the given time step is greater than at, it is
replaced by at and the given time step less at is resubmitted as a
subsequent given time step when the calculation with at is complete.
a. For temperatures in the alpha and beta phase region, the at given by
Equation (15) is increased by a factor of five because experience showed
too many time steps were being used without this adjustment.
28
Update of Cladding Temperatures
After the time step size is determined, the cladding temperature can
be calculated. There are several options that can be used to calculate the
cladding temperature:
1. Assume constant fuel surface heat flux
2. Assume constant fuel surface temperature
3. Interpolate cladding temperatures from tables of measured values
4. Assume cladding temperatures are constant for the length of the

given time step [which can be much longer than the time step
determined with Equation (18)].
In the FORTRAN listing of BALON2 in Appendix B, the input MODE variable is

used to select one of these options. A value of 0 for MODE causes a
constant fuel surface heat flux assumption to be used while MODE 1 causes
use of a constant fuel surface temperature assumption. If MODE = 2,
temperatures and pressures are interpolated from tables of data that are
read in at the start of a problem. If MODE = 3, the input temperatures are
used for the duration of the input time step. The MODE = 0 and MODE 1
options will be discussed in more detail in the remainder of this section.
The equation used to calculate cladding surface temperatures for the

constant fuel-surface heat flux assumption (MODE = 0) is
hst q rf + hr T F1 'hst-h]
Tc c 0 exp ph/
C-
Tc=T
et)K+ q r-f+ h shsrcl
rcl - exp (7hC (19)
29
where
TC cladding temperature after time interval At
TCO cladding temperature at the start of the time interval

c0
hs cladding surface heat transfer coefficient
p = cladding density
Cp
P cladding specific heat capacity
h = cladding wall thickness
q = fuel surface heat flux
rf : fuel surface radius
rcl = cladding midwall thickness
T = steam temperature.
Equation (19) is derived by equating the rate-of heat loss from the
fuel surface to the rate energy is retained in the cladding plus the rate
of meat loss from the cladding surface to steam:
q rf = [cp ph dTc + hs (Tc - Ts)] rcl . (20)
Solution of this equation for the time-dependent cladding temperature with

all other quantities assumed constant yields Equation (19). Radiative heat
transfer from fuel to cladding or cladding to shroud is not considered in
this formulation.
30
The equation used to calculate cladding surface temperatures for the
constant fuel surface temperature assumption (MODE = 1) is
C ph
Tc hg Tf + hsTs + At Tc + e Tf + Tc) + T Tf
+ eso (Tco +T)(T'0s+ T 2)Tshh

cohl 9 + hS + t
Pp (21)
+ efa (Tf + +Tsh) (T + T 2h)]

2
Tco) (T2 + T2 ) + esa Tco
where
hg = gas gap heat transfer coefficient
Tf fuel or heater element surface temperature
ef effective emissivity of the combined fuel and cladding

inner surfaces
= Stefan's constant
5.67*10-8 w/m2 . K4
e effective emissivity of the combined cladding outer and

shroud inner surfaces
T sh - shroud surface temperature.
This equation is derived with an energy balance like Equation (20) but with
the different assumption that fuel surface temperature rather than fuel
heat flux is approximately constant during the given time step [note that
the given time step size may have been reduced considerably due to the
limit set by Equation (15) to arrive at At, the time step size used in
Equations (19) and (21)].
31
Equation (21) is derived by equating the rate at which heat is
supplied to the cladding by convection and radiation to the rate that
energy is retained in the cladding plus the rates of heat loss to
surrounding steam by convection and a shroud by radiative heat exchange:
(Tc - Tct )
hg9(Tf - Tc) + ef (Tf 4 _Tci
4 C pph At0
+ hs (Tc -Ts)+ es Tc4 - Tsh4) (22)
Next, the approximations
Tf 4 - Tc 4 ;(Tf - Tc) (Tf + Tco) (T 2 + Tco 2 ) (23)
and
T4 - Tsh 4 ,(Tc- Tsh) (Tc + (24)

T sh2)( Tc + Tsh 2 )
are employed to convert Equation (24) to a linear equation. The resultant

expression is solved for Tc .
Equations (19) and (21) have both been included because they bracket
the usual behavior of a ballooned fuel rod where the heat flux decreases
and fuel surface temperature increases as the gas gap resistance increases.
Calculation of Strain Component Increments
With stress, an acceptable time step size, and cladding temperature

known, calculation of strain component increments is possible. The
effective stress which is needed for the equation of state for zircaloy
plastic deformation is calculated with the equation
32
= (aeew - az) 2 + AS(
A2S - arr)2 + A3S here
(arr aee)2l2
-
(25)
AIS
where
effective stress
AIS, A2S, A3S = coefficients of anisotropy (provided by the MATPRO

model CANISO).
The effective strain at the end of a time step interval is obtained

with the integral form of the equation of state for plastic deformation
used in the MATPRO package,a Equation (16). Finally strain component
increments during the time step are obtained from the Prandtl-Reuss flow
rule 1 8 :
d ee =e [oee (AlE + A3E) - azzAlE - arrA3 E] (26)
dzz -ae [-Cye6AlE + zz (A2E + AlE) - arA2E] (27)
d e [-ae A3E
rrrr Cye ee -a ~zz A2E + arr
r (A3E + A2E)] (28)
where
true strain increments in the e, z and r

deZZ, directions, respectively.
dE
r r
a. This form of the equation of state is used by the CSTRNI model.
33
f 1
AIE, A2E, A3E = coefficients of anisotropy (provided by the MATPRO

model CANISO in the FORTRAN program of Appendix B).
Estimation of Cladding Dimensions at the End of the Time Step
Equations (26) to (28) are sufficient to calculate cladding

circumference, wall thickness and length change but not the cladding
midwall radii. Figure 5 illustrates one of the two additional global
considerations required to find the radii--the effect of the relative
deformations of all parts of the cladding circumference. The top cross
section in Figure 5 represents the deformation of the most rapidly
deforming segment of the cladding circumference as it probably happens.
There is some tangential component to the displacement and the stiffer,
less rapidly deforming segments merely move outword with minimal increase
in circumference. The middle cross section of the figure illustrates a
pure radial displacement which would be expected by symmetry if all
segments were equally stiff. The radial displacement is frequently assumed
for simplicity18,23 and was tried during the development of this model.
The assumption was found to be invalid and abandoned in favor of the
approximation shown at the bottom of the figure, namely that the tangential
component of the cladding displacement is sufficient to maintain a nearly
circular cross section. The key observations in favor of the circular
cross section assumption are (a) the third term of the local stress
expression, Equation (14), causes cross sections to tend to be circular
(see Figure 4) and (b) the circular cross section assumption is more
consistent with the circular cross section assumption made during the
derivation of the failure stress. Calculations using the radial
displacement assumption did not match data unless the failure stress was
reduced by a factor of 0.6. This was not believed to be realistic.
34
/
N
4?!
Figure 5. Effect of relative deformation of all

segments of the cladding circumference.
35
The second global consideration required before one can predict the
midwall radii of the deforming cladding is the effect of bending due to
different changes in cladding length as the ballooning proceeds. The
expression used for bending at the K-th axial node through the J and - th
2
circumferential nodes is
dX r {exp [eee(K,J)] + exp [cee (KJ +
(oKJ +[)j- de (KJ) ez (K,J + - E (K,]
L
[de e(KJ) + e2, + NkJI(9
2 (29)
where
dX decrease in the midwall radius of the surface element at

the K-th axial and J-th circumferential node caused by the
incremental strains dezz and dEee
ZBEND = average length contributing to the bending
r0 radius of the undeformed cladding.
The derivation of this equation is given in Appendix D.
An important limitation of the bending model is the assumption that

length changes at each node around the circumference are independent of
local stresses caused by length changes at neighboring nodes. The
assunption causes the calculation of unrealistically large variations of
36
bending displacements from node to node around the cladding circumference.
Experience with the model has shown that this undesireable feature is
avoided by averaging the midwall radius of each circumferential node with
its two neighbors when the bending model is used.
Because of the highly simplified nature of the bending model that

results in Equation (29), the model is used only up to the time the
deforming cladding contacts the fuel (typically "1% circumferential
elongation). The model thus serves to estimate the most important effect
of bending, the local heating due to fuel-cladding contact, but is not used
for large strains where the approximations made in the derivation of
Equation (29) do not justify use of the model.
Figure 6 illustrates the way that the circular cross section and
bending models are combined to determine cladding midwall radii prior to
cladding heater contact. The smaller circle represents the fuel and the
larger circle represents the deformed cladding. After the radius of each
node is increased by a factor equal to the exponent of the tangential
strain increment for the node, the bending is calculated with
Equation (29). The minimum radi~us, C1M, at each axial position is then
identified. The displacement distance, D-C, is the average radius of the
cladding (circumference calculated from Eee values divided by 27r)
minus Cii. Once AR, the average radius, and DC are known the midwall radius
at an angle e to the minimum radius is given by
: R - sin 2 a 2)1/2- cos e DC (30)
The expression is derived by using the Pythagorean theorem on a right

triangle whose hypotenuse is the line DR and one leg of which is the
constructed line CR sin e.
37
/
D C
Figure 6. Use of circular cross section and bending

models to determine cladding midwall radii.
38
Once contact between the fuel and cladding has occurred at some
orientation, the bending model is inactive. The cladding and fuel are
assumed to remain tangent at their initial point of contact.
With midwall radii calculated for each node, the remainder of the
cladding shape information can be calculated using the definition and
values of axial and radial strain.
h : h exp ( rr)
(31)
AZ= AZo exp ( zz) (32)
where
h initial cladding thickness

0
AZ length of a given axial node
Az initial length of the given axial node.

0
39
PARAMETRIC STUDIES AND COMPARISON WITH DATA
This section presents several illustrations of the use of the BALON2

model to understand how various parameters contribute to cladding shape at
failure. The main conclusion is that the parameters traditionally used to
describe cladding shape interact. That is, burst temperature, heating
rates, pressure history, circumferential temperature variations and axial
temperature variations affect cladding shape at failure and each of these
parameters can affect the others. A second conclusion is that the
relatively simple concept of failure caused by true stress exceeding a
failure stress (which is primarily a function of temperature) is the most
useful guide to understanding cladding shape at failure.
Figure 7 shows the model-predicted effect of variations in the linear

heating rate of an internal heater. For the nine analyses shown, a
constant pressure difference of 14.5 MPa was assumed. (The figure could
look quite different with a different pressure difference.) The heater was
assumed to have a 1% axial and a 1% circumferential hot spot. The large
number shown next to each analysis is the cladding burst temperature and
the small number is the circumferential temperature variation at failure.
As shown in Figure 7, the total circumferential elongation decreases

significantly with increasing heating rate. However, the decrease may not
be directly due to the heating rate because the increasing heating rate
causes increased burst temperature and circumferential temperature
variation which also contribute to reduced elongation. The increased burst
temperature lowers the failure stress so that less deformation is required
to reach the failure stress. The circumferential temperature variation
tends to localize the strain at one part of the circumference.
The effect of heating rate is more clearly understood when attempts at

correlating elongation with heating rate are abandoned in favor of plots of
the true and failure stresses at the hot node versus time. Figures 8 and 9
40
0.6
0.5
A
25
997 46
A1020
C
0 0.4 58
ZA 43
(75
A 134
" 0.3 A04
C ~~1074 10A
1078 127
4E 1089
U
_ 0.2
0.1
0 I I I
0 20 40 60 80 100
Heater heating rate (K/S)
Figure 7. Effect of heating rate on total circumferential elongation.
41
Base heater temperature (K)
940 944 948 952 956

.4
failure stress
c .3
0
4--J
Ln
~true stress
85 86 87 88 89
Figure 8. Hot node true and failure stresses for a heater heating rate of 4 K/s.
42
Base heater temperature (K)
920 960 1000 1040 1080

.4
0 failure stress
.3
4IJ
.2
U-
true stress
.I I I
8 9 10 11 12
Time (S)
Figure 9. Hot node true and failure stresses for a heater heating rate
of 40 K/s.
43
show these stresses for analyses using 4 K/s and 40 K/s heating rates,
respectively. The two figures use equal stress and time scales but begin
at much different times.'
For the 4 K/s heating rate shown in Figure 8, the failure stress is
nearly constant and the true stress increases over a period of several
seconds to intersect the failure stress. Burst occurs in the mid 900 K
temperature range where the failure stress is high because the'cladding
temperature remains in that range for the several seconds required for
deformation to increase the local stress to the failure stress.
With the 40 K/s heating rate shown in Figure 9, the failure stress has
a significant negative slope because of the rapid heating rate.a
Deformation begins in the 900 K temperature range but is not sufficiently
rapid to raise the local stress to the failure stress until a temperature
near 1040 K is attained. At that temperature, the failure stress is
significantly reduced so less deformation is required to raise the local
stress to failure.
Close inspection of Figures 8 and 9 reveals a secondary effect of the

heating rate. For equal temperatures the failure stress in Figure 9 is
higner than that of Figure 8 and the deformation (rate of true stress
increase) is lower in Figure 9 than that of Figure 8. Both differences are
caused by the presence of some residual cold work strength in the cladding
with the rapid heating rate.
a. The nonlinear portion of the failure stress curve near 10 seconds is

caused by the nonlinear increase in cladding temperature as deformation
begins and the cladding bends into the heater at the hot node. This
decrease was not visable in Figure 8 because it occurred prior to
85 seconds.
44
If a rapid heatup rate can reduce the failure stress and thus require
less deformation for failure, it is logical to expect a rapid internal gas
pressurization rate (or a rapid decrease in external pressure) to increase
local stress to failure with relatively little deformation. This effect is
interesting because it has been ignored in most analyses of cladding burst
shape and because the small gas volume near the expanding region of a full
length fuel rod could lead to large deformations by causing lowered
internal gas pressure as the rod deforms. The decreasing internal pressure
would require more extensive deformation than a constant pressure test to
increase the local stress to the failure stress.
Calculations for the effect of varying pressurization rates are shown

in Figure 10. In the six analyses shown, temperature was increased at
100 K/s from 600 K to 1073 K and stopped while internal pressure was ramped
at the rate shown in the figure. The decrease in circumferential
elongation from 0.9 to 0.4 as the pressurization rate is increased from
0.1 MPa/s to 2 MPa/s shows that cladding shape is sensitive to pressure
history.
Figure 11 shows the same trend using data reported by Busby and
Marsh.24 In four testsa with temperature held constant at 922 K and
pressure increased at 0.09, 0.17 and 0.81 MPa/s, the calculated trend is
confirmed.
Another important parameter for determining the cladding shape is the

circumferential temperature variation, If the cladding has a hot spot, the
deformation will be localized at the hot spot and the total circumferential
elongation will be small. Figure 12 shows data from Chapman2 and
Wiehr25 as well as lines representing a number of model calculations for
heater heating rates of 4 K/s and 30 K/s. All of the bursts occurred in
a. Samples 8, 9, 24, and 23.
45
1.0
I i i
.8
to
00
44
A
.6
.4 1-
E
U
44
0 .2
0
0 .4 .8 1.2 1.6 2
Internal pressure increase rate (MPa/s)
Figure 10. Model calculations for the effect of varying pressurization rates.
46
1.0
.. 8
44
-2 .6
44
U
L. 0
44
0
--. 2
.4.2 .6 . .
0 I I I I
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
Approximate internal pressure increase rate (MP/s)
Figure 11. Tests by Busby and March showing the effect of increasing
pressurization rates on total circumferential elongation.
47
1.0
o Wiehr Jahreskollequim 1977
* Chapman ORNL/NUREG/TM-245
0.8
4.)
a
0.6
.)-
tS.- * U
E 0.4 -.30 K/s
U
S.-
a M
.
0.2
-~I I II!
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Circumferential temperature variation at burst (K)
Figure 12. Total circumferential elonqation versus circumferential

temperature variation at burst and heating rate.
48
the high temperature alpha phase.a The data show considerable scatter
because varying internal pressures and heating rates were used, but the
trend of decreasing circumferential elongation with increasing
circumferential temperature variation at burst is observable.
The calculations are from analyses with a constant pressure difference

of 14.5 MPa and 1% axial and circumferential temperature variation (10 K)
of the heater temperature. The calculated results not only agree with the
trend of the data but also illustrate how heating rate and cladding
circumferential temperature variation at burst can be coupled in the alpha
phase of Zircaloy (temperature less than 1090 K). The left end of each
line represents analyses with high temperature steam and hot shroud (825 K)
while the right end represents low temperature steam and cool shroud
(600 K). For the 30 K/s heating rate, cladding bendingb and the cladding
mass result in a temperature variation of at least 50 K. The cladding hot
spot bends into the internal heat source and fails before the heat flux
from the colder side of the heater (which must cross a wide gas gap) can
raise the cladding temperature close to the hot-side temperature. For the
4 K/s heating rate, the hot spot does not fail before the cold side of the
cladding can be heated across the gas gap. The circumferential variation
of the cladding in the 4 K/s test is thus closer to the 10 K difference of
the neater. Since the calculation shows both large elongations and small
temperature variations are associated with slow heating rates, it is not
possible to decide whether the slow heating rate or the small temperature
variation is the main cause of the large elongations.
a. 950 to 1090 K.
b. The bending is caused by Zircaloy anisotrophy in the alpha phase which

in turn causes a reduction in length which is proportional to the amount of
deformation.
49
The final parameter mentioned at the beginning of this section is
axial temperature variation. The mechanism for the effect of axial
temperature variation was discussed during the interpretation of
Equation (14) where it was noted that a positive
d2r
term reduces the hoop stress. The reduced stress allows greater
deformation to occur before the failure stress is attained. Since
increasing axial temperature variations cause increasing values of
d2r
2
dZ
increasing elongation with increasing axial temperature variation is

expected.
Calculations of this effectare not shown because the simplified

treatment of cladding bending used in the model assumes that the hot
azimuthal node remains in contact with fuel at each axial node. This in
turn causes
d2 r
2
dZ
to be zero for the hot azimuthal node and no effect is calculated. The
expected relation between total circumferential elongation and axial
temperature variation at failure was observed with an earlier version of
the model which assumed radial displacement of the cladding. Since
post-rupture shapes exhibit some displacement from the fuel surface, a
moderate increase in elongation with increasing axial temperature gradients
should be expected even though calculations with the model described here
do not predict the trend.
50
It is useful to compare the results of the parametric study just
discussed with recently proposed liscensing standards for determining
26
cladding deformation for loss of coolant accident analysis. The standards
propose using a temperature versus engineering hoop stress and heating rate
correlation devised by R. H. Chapman for a best estimate of burst time
20.4 S 8,510,000 S
TR = 3960 - 1 + H - 100 (1 + H) + 2790 S (33)
where
TR rupture temperature (C)
S engineering hoop stress (Kpsi)
H = 0 if the heating rate is less than 0
= 1 if the heating rate is greater than 280 C/s
ratio of the heating rate to 28 0 C/s if the heating rate is

0
in tahe range 0 to 28 C/s.
Once the burst temperature is determined from Equation (33), it is used

with correlations for total circumferential elongation versus burst
temperature. One correlation is supposed to bound the data for heating
0
rates less than or equal to 10 C/s, and another is for heating rates
0
greater than or equal to 25 C/s.
The parametric study discussed at the beginning of this section has

already shown that burst temperature is only one of five parameters
affecting burst shape. For large circumferential temperature variations,
fast heating rates, small local axial temperature variations and increasing
differential pressure across the cladding, the elongation correlations of
Reference 26 significantly overestimate the circumferential elongation at
failure calculated with the model. On the other hand, if circumferential
temperature variations are small, heating rates are low or negative, local
51
axial (pellet-to-pellet) temperature variations are large and the gas
volume near the ballooning region is small, the correlations of
Reference 26 will underestimate the elongation at failure calculated with
the model. The arbitrary selection of burst temperature and fast or slow
heating rates as shape parameters is restrictive and may not produce
meaningful results. The model indicates that more reliable results could
be expected by specifying approximate pressure-time and temperature-time
tables with assumed typical temperature variations in the heat source. In
case of concern about particular problems, more detailed analysis with the
model could always be used to confirm the approximate results from the
tables because the tables would be based on true stress-true strain
considerations.
The procedure just recommended would eliminate the need for

Equation (33) and the attendent problems of determining which of a
continuously varying series of heating rates to use. However, the fact
that Equation (33) is based on excellent data from the Multirod Burst Test
(MRBT) program makes comparison useful. Figure 13 is a comparison of the
MRBT correlation for heating rates faster than 28 0
C/s, the MRBT data for
heating rates of 28C/s26 and several model analyses 4ssuming constant
pressure (therefore constant engineering stress) and a heater heating rate
of 30'C/s. The model essentially reproduces the correlation as well as the
data. The main discrepancy is a trend by the model to predict higher
failure temperatures than the data. The probable reason for this
discrepancy is the fact that the data report the hottest thermocouple
reading, not necessarily the hottest region of the cladding. In the alpha
phase region where the cladding bends into the heater at the hot spot, the
model calculations show a highly localized hot spot at the point of
contact. In the high temperature beta phase region where bending does not
occur, the trend does not occur.
All of the MR8T data were taken with nearly constant pressure
differentials across the cladding. Since in-reactor tests can involve
changing cladding differential pressures due to changing coolant pressure
52
1450
1400 o * MRBT Data
1350 A Constant Pressure Runs 30 K/s
1300
A
1250 - A
1200 A
1150 A
LZ
E 1100 _ MRBT correlation

- 10as reported in NUREG 630
1050 A
100095
950
900 I I
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Engineering Hoop Stress (MPa)
Figure 13. Comparison of MRBT data with constant pressure model calculations.
or increasing rod volume, several ramped pressure runs were compared with
the MRBT correlations. Figure 14 illustrates the results. The three curves
are the calculations using Equation (33) for heating rates of 28 K/s,
14 K/s and 0 K/s. The triangles represent the results of the constant
pressure runs at the various heatup rates that were used to generate
Figure 7. These results are in agreement with the MRBT correlation*a
The squares represent the results of analyses with pressure ramped at
1 MPa/s and temperature ramped to a fixed value, then held constant. These
burst points are significantly above and to the right of the 0 K/s line
calculated for burst by the MRBT correlation.
Figure 15 compares the 0 K/s MRBT correlation to the 0 K/s data from
Busby and Marsh. 24 The data fall above and to the right of the
correlation line and the distance from the line increases as the
pressurization rate (shown in MPa/s next to each result) increases.
Interpretation of this trend is a direct application of the true stress
failure criterion. Since failure occurs when the true stress equals the
failure stress, the tests with higher pressurization rates achieve the
failure stress with higher pressure and less deformation than tests with
lower pressurization rates.
Figure 16 is an example of the most complete analysis attempted to

date with the model for cladding shape at failure. MRBT test SR-37 2 was
selected from a number of well documented tests. The information reported
includes temperature versus time data from three groups of four
thermocouples placed 90 degrees apart at distances of 18.7, 23.7, and
69.7 cm above the bottom of an internal heater. These data were used to
input cladding temperatures for an analysis with the model. In addition,
a. The main disagreement is that the models predict no limit to the effect
of heating rate at 28C/s. Since few data are available with internal heat
sources and heating rates greater than 280 C/s, it is suggested that removal
of the 280 C/s limit based on the model results would improve the
correlation of Equation (33).
54
d4
1450
1400
A Constant pressure runs
1350 10 P =I MPa/s runs
1300
1250
Lr
1200
L
1150
I-E
1100 A, 100 K/s

75 K/s A
- 50 K/s
1050 - A 30 K/s
20 K/s A
1000 _ / K/_
950 _ 0 K/s 4 K/s'
900 I
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Figure 14. MRBT correlations compared with constant pressure and increasing pressure model calculations.
1450
1400
1350
.06
1300 - 0O.48
0.06
1250
1200 -
0.06 0.43
LO
IlLn
E 1100 -
-0.06 o.41
1050 -
1000
950
0.17 0.09 0.17 0.81
,00 0
900 I
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Figure 15. MRBT correlation for 0 K/s compared with 0 K/s data with increasing
internal pressure from Busby and Marsh.
0
1.02
00
E) t-
1.00 -0 * g00 00 0.00
0
o o0 e
_U
0.98 I I
TC~ TC
.5
* ORNL DATA
A MODEL PREDICTIONS
A
.4.
C
0
0
.3
.2
E
S0 A
"i
0A
o.
0 A A-L -
.1
0AAA A A A 0.A 0 0
A A
0 AAA AA AAA AAAAAAAA A
0 I I I
0 .I .2 .3 .4
Distance from bottom of heated zone (iM)
Figure 16. . Model calculations versus measured elongatlon for'MRBT Test SR-37.
57
heater temperature variations obtained during a preliminary infrared scan
of one quadrant of the heater surface were reported. The top graph in
Figure 16 is a reproduction of the ratio of local-to-average temperature
obtained from this scan. The lower graph of the figure shows measured
total circumferential elongation and the calculated elongation for the
lower 40 cm of the 100 cm specimen.
The reasonable agreement shown between the model calculation and

experiment results for the full 40 cm was obtained only after
Equation (A-18) was added to the MATPRO equation of state for Zircaloy
cladding plastic deformation. Comparison of the shape of the upper and
lower curves shows that local maximums and minimums of the heater
temperature profile are reproduced by both the measured and calculated
elongations. Where differences exist, they can be explained by the
difference between the cladding temperatures measured by the thermocouples
and the heater temperature profile measured in the infrared scan. An
outline of the method used to interpolate the thermocouple measurements is
required in order to assess these differences.
Since the model uses sixteen circumferential and sixteen axial nodes,
some means of interpolating the data of the twelve thermocouples was
required. Temperatures of circumferential nodes not at the azimuthal angle
of the thermocouples were obtained by averaging the temperatures at the
azimuthal angle of the thermocouples for each axial location. Thus, even
at the elevations of the thermocouples, a hot spot falling between the
thermocouples would not be entered into the table of temperatures required
for this analysis. A missing hot spot is the most likely explanation for
the over-prediction of elongation at the location of the 18.7 cm elevation.
Temperatures at axial nodes without thermocouples were obtained with a

combination of interpolation of thermocouple data and heat balance
estimates. The effect of steam heating is estimated for this unheated
shroud test by estimating the heat transfered from the cladding to the
steam with the equation
58
dTs (Z)
hs[Tc (Z) - Ts (Z)] 2rr = msteam Cpsteam dZ (34)
where
hS
5 cladding surface heat transfer coefficient
Tc(Z) - cladding temperature at elevation Z
Ts(Z) = steam temperature at elevation Z
r = cladding outside diameter
msteam mass flow rate of steam
C specific heat per unit mass of steam.

Psteam
Since the cladding is far more massive than the steam, it is assumed that
the steam temperature varies much more than the cladding temperature.
Equation (34) with T c(Z) assumed constant leads to the following
expression for Tsteam (Z) in terms of the inlet steam temperature,
Tsteam (0), and the average cladding temperature, Tc.
Tc
T
c-
Ts (Z)
T (0)= exp
( 2irr hs Z
msteam psteam
(35)
Equating the heat flux from the heater at one elevation to the heat
lost to steam plus the energy used to raise the cladding temperature at
that elevation shows
+ C hp dt
dTc(Z)
hg LTf(Z) - Tc(Z)] = hs [Tc(Z) - Ts(Z)] (36)
59
where
h gas gap heat transfer coefficient

g
Tf (Z) fuel or heater surface temperature at elevation Z
Cp specific heat per unit mass of cladding
h cladding wall thickness
= cladding density
t = time.
Substitution of Equation (35) into Equation (36) leads to the approximate

expression
h
S[Tc - Ts (0)] exp + Cphs
h dTc
dt-
Tc(Z) = Tf(Z) - (37)
g g
The first term of Equation (37) shows that the change in cladding
temperature with axial position is proportional to the change in heater
temperature while the second term represents the effect of steam heating
and the third is not a function of Z. The infrared heater scan provides
the data necessary for an approximate evaluation of the effect of heater
temperature variations. The data necessary to use the second term to
evalutate the effect of steam heating are given by Champman. The
expression used to estimate cladding temperatures at position Z from a
thermocouple measurement at z 0 is
60
Tc(Z) Tc(Z ) + Th(Z) 0
Th(Zo)
1 Th Th
T
h
0
9
[Tc(Zo) - Ts(Z)] exp I(m2nrhsZ
L
r
steam steam
- exp
steam steam
(38)
where
Th - average heater temperature.
If there are thermocouples both upstream and downstream from a

particular Z, a weighted average of the temperatures calculated from the
two thermocouples is used. The weighting factor for each thermocouple is
proportional to the distance to the other thermocouple
z- z
f u
d Zd -Zu
Zd - Z
f -
u Zd Zu
where
weighting factor for temperature from downstream

thermocouple
f weighting factor for temperature from upstream thermocouple

u
z position of upstream thermocouple

u
zd = position of downstream thermocouple.
The principal reason for differences between the shape of the heater
temperature profile and the circumferential elongation calculated using the
model is the fact that thermocouple measurements did not exactly reproduce
61
the heater temperature profile. The thermocouple at 23.7 cm measured
significantly lower temperatures than those at 18.7 cm during test SR-37,
in spite of the fact that the infrared scan shows nearly equal peaks at
these two points. An obvious explanation for this difference is the fact
that the infrared scan sampled only one quadrant of the heater's
circumference. The temperature variation on the other quadrants could have
been quite different. In spite of this possible difference, the fact that
the general features of the shape of the infrared trace and the measured
elongation are the same leaves little doubt that the heater temperature
profile is an important parameter for this cold-shroud test.
62
CONCLUSIONS
The principal conclusion from this study is that local or true stress
can be used to provide a mechanistic approach to calculating Zircaloy
cladding shape at failure. The large scatter inherent in engineering
stress or engineering strain expressions has been explained and the need
for numerous limitations and special correlations for such effects as
heating rate, circumferential termperature gradients, etc., has been
eliminated. The correlation for true stress at failure coupled with a
mechanical model, BALON2, which calculates local stress reproduces special
correlations which have been derived for burst temperature versus burst
pressure (engineering stress), total circumferential elongation versus
circumferential temperature variation at failure and total circumferential
elongation versus heating rate. In addition, other correlations such as
total circumferential elongation versus rate of change of pressure
differential across the cladding have been demonstrated with model
calculations.
There is consistent agreement with experimental data where such data

are available. The model has also provided a reasonable means of
extrapolating limited data. For example, the model suggests that the
arbitrary use of 28C/s heating rate data to describe faster heating rates
is incorrect. Tne trends observed from OC/s to 28 0 C/s should be continued
to at least 100 0 C/s.
63
REFERENCES
1. R. H. Chapman, Multirod Burst Test Program Quarterly Progress Report
for April--June j9//, UKNL/NURlG/)M-1Jb, December 1977.
2. R. H. Chapman, J. L. Crowley, A. W. Longest and E. G. Sewell, Effect

of Creep Time and Heating Rate on Deformation of Zircaloy-4 Tu-u-
Tested in Steam with Internal Heaters, ORNL/NUREG/TM-245 and
NUREG/CR-0345, October 1978.
for April--June 1976, ORNL/NUREG/TM-74, January 1977.
4. R. H. Chapman, Multirod Burst Test Program Progress Report for

July--December 1977, ORNL/NUREG/TM-200, June 1978.
5. R. H. Chapman, Multirod Burst Test Program Progress Report for

January--March 1978, ORNL/NUREG/TM-217 and NUREG/CR-0225, August 1978.

for January--March 1976, ORNL/NUREG/TM-36, September 1976.

for October--December 1976, ORNL/NUREG/TM-95, April 1977.

for January--March 1977, ORNL/NUREG/TM-108, May 1977.
9. D. 0. Hobson and P. L. Rittenhouse, Deformation and Rupture Behavior

of Light-Water Reactor Fuel Cladding, ORNL-4727, October 1971.
10. H. M. Chung and T. F. Kassner, Deformation Characteristics of Zicaloy

Cladding in Vacuum and Steam Under Transient-heating Conditions:
Summary Report, ANL-77-31 and NUREG/CR-0344, July 1978.
11. A. A. 3auer, L. M. Lowry and J. S. Perrin, Evaluating Strength and

Ductility of Irradiated Zircaloy: Quarterly Progress Report for
January through March 1976, BMI-NUREG-1948, March 1976.
12. A. A. Bauer, W. J. Gallagher, L. M. Lowry and A. J. Markworth,

Evaluating Strength and Ductility of Irradiated Zircaloy. Quarterly
Progress Report July through September 1977, BMI-NUREG-1985,
October 1977.
13. A. A. Bauer, W. J. Gallagher, L. M. Lowry and A. J. Markworth,

Evaluating Strength and Ductility of Irradiated Zircaloy. Quarterly
Progress Report October through December 1977, BMI-1992 and
NUREG/CR-O026, January 1978.
64
14. D. W. Croucher, Behavior of Defective PWR Fuel Rods During Power Ramp
and Film Boiling Operation, TREE-126/ and NUREG/CR-O283, February 19/9.
15. T. F. Cook, S. A. Ploger and R. R. Hobbins, Postirradiation

Examination Results for the Irradiatin Effects Test IE-5,
TREE-NUREG-1201, March 1978.
16. E. H. Karb, "Results of the FR-2 Nuclear Tests on the Behavior of

Zircaloy Clad fuel Rods," Paper Presented at the 6th NRC Water Reactor
Safety Research Information Meeting, Gaithersburg, MD,
November 7, 1978.
17. K. Wiehr, H. Schmidt, Out-of-Pile Versuche zum Aufblahvorgang von

Zirkaloy-Hullen Ergenbnisse aus Vorversuchen mit verkurzten
Brennstabsimulatoren, KfK 2345, October 1977.
18. L. J. Siefken, M. P. Bohn, S. 0. Peck, J. A. Dearien, FRAP-T5: A

Computer Code for the Transient Analysis of Oxide Fuel Rods, TREE-1280
NUREG-CR-0840, June 1979.
19. D. W. Croucher, T. R. Yackle, C. M. Allison and S. A. Ploger,

Irradiation Effects Test Series IE 5 Test Results Report,
TREE-NUREG-1130, January 1978.

for October--Decemoer 19/b, UKNL/NURL6/1I9-IU, May 19/b.
21. D. L. Hagrman, G. A. Reymann and R. E. Mason, MATPRO-VERSION 11

Revision 1. A Handbook of Materials Properties for Use in the
Analysis of Light Water Reactor Fuel Rod Behavior, NUREG/CR-0497
TREE-1280, Rev. 1, February 1980.
22. S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd edition,

New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970, p. 70.
23. J. M. Kramer and L. W. Deitrich, Cladding Failure by Local Plastic

Instability, ANL-77-95, December 1977.
24. C. C. Busby and K. B. Marsh, High Temperature Deformation and Burst

Characteristics of Recrystallized Zircaloy-4 Tubing, WAPD-TM-900,
January 1970.
25. K. Wiehr et al., Jahreskolloquim 1977 des Projekts Nukleare Sicherheit.
26. D. A. Powers and R. 0. Meyer, Cladding Swelling and Rupture Models for
LOCA Analysis, NUREG-0630, April 1980.
65
APPENDIX A
EQUATION OF STATE FOR ZIRCALOY CLADDING PLASTIC DEFORMATION
The equation of state for Zircaloy cladding plastic deformation is

taken from the MATPRO handbook of materials properties (Reference 21 of the
main text). All strain or stress components are assumed to be true
straina or true stress.b The basic equation used to relate stress and
plastic strain is
a KEn L I (A-1)
where
=Y true effective stress (Pa)
= true effective plastic strain (unitless)
rate of change of true effective plastic strain (s-
K,n,m parameters which describe the metallurgical state of the

cladding. These parameters will be discussed in detail
below.
a. True strain equals the change in length divided by the length at the
instant of change integrated from the original to the final length.
b. True stress equals the force per unit cross sectional area determined
at the instant of measurement of the force.
A-I
Equation (16) of the main text, the integrated form of the equation of
state, is obtained by integrating Equation (A-I) over a time interval At,
assuming that a, K, n, and m are constant over the interval. The
equation is repeated here as Equation (A-2) and is used in the CSTRNI model
of MATPRO:
n+m
1 n mml
n + I) 10-3 at + MTi
gf M (A-2)
where
Sf true effective strain at the end of a time interval

(unitless)
S. true effective strain at the start of a time interval

(unitless)
At = duration of the time interval (s).
Effective stress for use with the equation of state is obtained from stress
components and Equation (25) of the main text
2
a = [AlS (a, - 02) + A2 S (a2 - a 2 + A3S (a3 - al1 1/2
(A-3)
where
01,02,a3 = principal axis stress components (Pa)
AIS,A2S,A3S coefficients of anisotropy provided by the CANISO

subcode of the MATPRO package.
A-2
Once effective stress is known and Equation (A-2) has been used to find the
end-of-step effective strain the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule,
Equations (26) tnrough (28) of the main text, are used to find the strain
components. The Prandtl-Reuss equations are
dE
d d1 [a, (AIE + A3E)
L - AIE - A3E]
a3E
(A-4)
1[01Ga 2 Al
d2 [-al AIE + a2 (A2E + AIE) - a3 A2E] (A-5)
de3 _d [-al A3E - a2 A2E + a3 (A3E + A2E)] (A-6)
where
AIE,A2E,A3E = coefficients of anisotropy provided by the CANISO

subcode of the MATPRO package.
As mentioned in conjunction with Equations (A-3) through (A-6),

coefficients of anisotropy are provided by the CANISO model. The
information required by this model is the temperature, the three prinicpal
components of plastic strain during a time interval, three constants
related to the cladding basal pole distribution at the start of the time
interval, and three constants related to the deformation history of the
cladding prior to the time interval. For each time step, the CANISO model
updates the six constants required and provides the six coefficients of
anisotropy required by Equations (A-3) through (A-6). Initial (no plastic
deformation) values of the constants related to the basal pole distribution
and deformation history constants will be discussed in conjunction with the
following summary.
A-3
For undeformed cladding with a,, 02' and a3 of
Equations (A-3) through (A-6) taken to be the axial, circumferential, and
radial components of stress, the expressions used to find the stress
anisotropy constants from the basal pole distribution are
AlS = (1.5 fr - 0.5) g (T) + 0.5 (A-7)
A2S = (1.5 f - 0.5) g (T) + 0.5 (A-8)
A3S = (1.5 f - 0.5) g (T) + 0.5 (A-9)
where
g(T) a function which is 1.0 for temperatures below 1090 K,

0 for temperatures above 1255 K and found by linear
interpolation for temperatures between 1090 and 1255 K
fr5fz'fe average of the squared cosine between the c axis

of grains in the cladding and the radial, axial and
tangential reference directions, respectively, weighted
by the volume fraction of grains at each orientation.
These averages can he obtained from a pole figure and
the CTXTUR model of the MATRPRO package or the typical
values of f r = 0.66, fz = 0.06 and f, = 0.28
can be used.
The change of the factors f r' %, and fz of Equations (A-7)

through (A-9) due to deformation is modeled with the following correlations:
dfr = de3 (-1.505 + T 0.00895) (A-10)
A-4
df z = dE 1 (-1.505 + T 0.00895) (A-ll)
df = de2 (-1.505 + T 0.00895) (A-12)
where
df r dfz dfe change in fr, fz, and fe due to
deformation
T = 644 K for temperature less than 644 K, the

temperature when it is between 644 K and 1090 K and
1090 K when the temperature is above 1090 K
and the numbering convention of z = 1, e = 2 and r = 3 has been assumed

for strain components.
The strain anisotropy coefficients AlE, A2E, and A3E are given by
Equations (A-7) through (A-12) with AlS, A2S, and A3S replaced by AlE, A2E,
and A3E when the cladding temperature is below 650 K. However, limited
data at temperatures above 800 K have suggested initial strain anisotropy
coefficients of 0.5 (the isotropic values). The description of high
temperature strain isotropy thus requires a separate set of values for f,
set initially at the isotropic values and changed during each time step by
an amount given by Equations (A-10) through (A-12). The expressions for
AIE, A2E, and A3E which are used to model this rather complex switching
from texture dependent to deformation dependent strain anisotropy are
AIS + [(1.5 f.- 0.5)g(T) + 0.5] exp (T72-)55(\-3/

AI
AlE = -
[p e (r
exp (482 5) + 1 5A (-3
-1
A-5
A2S + [(1.5 0.5)g(T) + 0.5] exp
A2S +- [(1. 25~~)
A2E = (A-14)
ep(izi)
exp+ + 1
A3S + [(1.5 fe' - 0.5)g(T) + 0.5] exp

A3E = (A-15)
exp (T 15) +1
where
f ,fI fi deformation dependent parameters set equal to 1/3 at

r' z' 6
zero deformation and changed like the parameters for
fr' fz' and f6 in Equations (A-10) through
(A-12).
Effects of cladding temperature, cold work, irradiation, in-reactor

annealing and oxidation on mechanical properties are expressed as changes
in the strength coefficient, K; the strain hardening exponent, n; and tne
strain rate sensitivity exponent, m, of Equations (A-1) and (A-2). For
fully annealed Zircaloy cladding the temperature and sometimes strain rate
or strain dependent values of m, n, and K are as shown below.
Values of the Strain Rate Sensitivity Exponent, ma

1.
For temperature, T, less than 730 K,
m = 0.02. ( A-1 6a)
a. Eignt to ten significant figures are used in these expressions to

minimize discontinuities, not to imply accuracy.
A-6
For temperature between 730 and 900 K,
m =2.063172161 x 10 + T [-7.704552983 x 10-2
+ T (9.504343067 x 10.5 + T (-3.860960716 x 10-8))]. (A-16b)
m = -6.47 x 10-2 + T 2.203 x 10 4. (A-16c)
For temperature between 1090 K and 1172.5 K,
m -6.47 x 10-2 + T 2.203 x 10-4
-3
0 for e > 6.34 x 10' /s
or
+ 6.7 x 10 2 [T-0901 in 6.34 x103]
for ; < 6.34 x 10-3/s (A-16d)
A-7
For temperature between 1172.5 K and 1255 K
m = -6.47 x 10 2 + T 2.203 x 10
O~-3/
0 for > 6.34 x 10 /s
or
+ 6.78 x 10-2 [1255-T.r In[6.34 x 10-3]
for' < 6.34 x 10- 3 /s (A-16e)
For temperature greater than or equal to 1255 K,
m = -6.47 x 10-2 + T 2.203 x 10- 4. (A-16f)
2. Values of the Strain Hardening Exponent, n The strain hardening

exponent for strains larger than n/(1 + m), the ultimate strain,
is given by the following equations,
For temperature, T, less than 1099.0722,
n =-9.490 x 10-2 + T (1.165 x 10-3
+ T (-1.992 x 10-6 + T 9.588 x 1010)). (A-17a).
For temperature between 1099.0722 and 1600 K,
n = -0.22655119 + 2.5 x 10-4 T. (A-17b)
A-8
For temperatures above 1600 K,
n = 0.17344880 (A-17c)
When the strain is less than n/(l + m) the strain hardening

exponent is modified a to a larger value than the one given by
Equations (A-17a) through (A-17c). The expression used to modify
n for strains less than n/(1 + m) is
[ANL or 1
n' = the smaller of [n2/[(I + m) C] I (A-18)
where
0.17 for temperatures <730 K
ANL = 0.056 temperature -11.218 for temperatures in

the range 730-780 K
0.95 for temperatures >780 K

I
n = the number given by Equations (A-17a) to (A-17c)
n' the revised number to be used with Equation (A-1)

or (A-2) in place of n.
a. This modification is not found in the MATPRO-11 Rev. 1 package of

February 1980. The modification is proposed for future MATPRO revisions as
a result of studies with the ballooning code.
A-9
3. Values of the Strength Coefficient, K
For temperature, T, less than 750 K,
105
K = 1.17628 x 109 + T [4.54859 x
+ T (-3.28185 x 103 + T 1.72752)]. (A-19a)
K = 2.522488 x 106 exp(2.8500027 x 106(A19b)
For temperature between 1090 K and 1255 K,
K = 1.841376039 x 108 - T 1.4345448 x 105. (A-19c)
For temperature between 1255 K and 2100 K,
x 104
K = 4.330 x 107 + T [-6.685
+ T (3.7579 x 101 - T 7.33 x 10-3)]. (A-19d)
The changes in form of Equations (A-16a) through (A-19d) in various

temperature ranges are caused by changes in the physical mechanism of the
plastic deformation. At 700 to 900 K, the deformation becomes
significantly strain rate dependent, the strength of the material begins to
decrease rapidly with temperature and strain hardening becomes relatively
unimportant. This change is generally attributed to thermal creep at high
temperature, but the specific deformation system change has not been
identified. The 1090 to 1255 K region is the alpha plus beta phase region
for Zircaloy and the region above 1255 K is the beta phase region for this
material.
A-10
The change in the strain hardening exponent due to irradiation and
cold working of cladding is described by multiplying the value of the n
given in Equations (A-17a) through(17c) by
R = [0.847 exp (-39.2 C) + 0.153 + C (-9.16 x 10-2 + 0.229 C)]
ep13(A-20)
3.73 x 107 + 2 x 108 C
where
R = strain hardening exponent for irradiated and cold worked

material divided by the expression in Equations (A-17a)
through (A-17c)
C = effective cold-work for strain hardening exponent

(unitless ratio of areas). Changes in the effective cold
work as a function of time and temperature are modeled
with the CANEAL model of MATPRO
effective fast neutron fluence (neutrons >1.0 Mev/m )2
Changes in the effective fast neutron fluence are modeled

with the CANEAL model of MATPRO.
The change in the strength coefficient due to irradiation and cold

working of the cladding is modeled with the expression
DK = 0.546 C K + 5.54 x 10-18 0
where
DK strength coefficient for irradiated and cold worked

Zircaloy minus the expression in Equations (A-19a) through
(A-19d).
A-11
The strain rate sensitivity exponent does not change as a function of
irradiation or cold work.
Additional expressions for the change in m, n, and K due to oxidation

of the Zircaloy are available in MATPRO, but they are not recommended for
the current ballooning model because the extension of the model to treat
multi-layered cladding (the oxide layers, the oxygen stabilized alpha
layers and the beta layer) has not been completed.
A-12
APPENDIX B
BALON2 CODE LISTING AND EXAMPLE OUTPUT
Table B-1 is a listing of the BALON2 code which has been discussed
throughout this report. Table B-2 is an example of a driver program
designed to provide input data to the subroutine. Table B-3 presents
example output data.
The data shown are the result of an analysis with a heater heating
rate of 50 K/s starting at 600 K. Thirty-one calls to BALLOON with a given
time step of 0.3 s were calculated to burst the cladding. The burst
occurred during the seventy-fourth substep of the thirty-first call when
the total time elapsed was 9.046 s. The last substep was 5 x 10-4 s long.
Several matrices of information are provided. In these matrices, the

sixteen axial nodes are listed across the page in two groups of eight
columns and the sixteen azimuthal nodes are listed in rows. The first
matrix shows temperatures at the nodes at failure. Inspection of the
matrix shows the hot node at the eighth axial and fourth azimuthal position
of the cladding burst at 1073.5 K. An azimuthal temperature variation of
87.7 K is indicated at the eighth axial node. Even at the first axial
node, where the heater's circumferential temperature variation was input as
zero, there is a 61.3 K azimuthal temperature variation because of the
varying gap thickness.
The second matrix shows local tangential stress components'during the

last time step. The next four matrices show the effective cold work and
fast neutron fluences calculated with the MATPRO CANEAL model for cladding
annealing. Approximately two thirds of the initial 0.5 cold work for
strength remains while the cold work for strain hardening has essentially
been annealed to zero. Fast neutron fluences remain at their initial
values of zero.
B-I
The next group of output data shows details of calculated cladding
shape for each of sixteen nodes 5 x 10-3 meters apart. The average
radius in meters, the average wall thickness in meters, the value of a
contact indicator and the total circumferential elongation (engineering or
average strain) at the axial node is given. The fact that the contact
switch is equal to one means the cladding has contacted the heating
element. Details of the shape at each axial node are provided by printing
midwall radii, wall thickness and axial lengths for each of the sixteen
azimuthal nodes (J = 1 through 16) at each axial node. As expected, the
minimum midwall radius occurs at the hot azimuthal node, J = 4.
B-2
TABLE B-I. LISTING OF THE BALON2 CODE
. S'UBROUTINE 8ALON2(HTNTBULKTCLITFLIQRFROHOFTEMPQLST'E!MP,
* P,.SRPFLUeFKBL..,Z'ALNvKFL.GMODENPRI'NT GMIX,-GTMP'F,.
: TIMET, TUTPV ELZTWALLRADSTR4NCSTRNA'S TRNS IRNL#CTEMP
TH CflS-Tc,S..-K-A-lL--
C 'H.:ALON2
B S0UBROUTI LNE'- OMPU-TlES,: NON, S YMM ETR IC C LADD ING D.EFORMAT I ON.
---C--- KF ATIL -A.--OPUP 11 AIURE-4T-E4 "
C 0 NO FA,ILURE.
-C 1 FA IL URE
C CHSTRS - OUTPUT MAXIMUM HOOP STRESS IN THE NODE
NG- THE-C-UR-Ri .F-LT--CL--(LP&-4
SCONSID0E-R--O-URI. -__S_
C KNTCT - OUTP'UT F-UEL- - C'LA-DD:ING CONTACT INDEX

C 0. NO' C7ONTACT"
C -11 C:ONTACT DUE_ TO B1OW-ING
C CIIRC.UMF'ERfENT:IALi NOD:E J AT MIDPOI:NT OF TI)ME
C - -TEP TS:TP:-(D"EGREEES F).* NODES. K AND J AR'E
C DIETERMINED- BYt B'ALOON tINITIAtLIZING R:OUT INE
-C---T-RO1 Kp -4-O--U,
i 1-PU4--fFF-EC-T IV-E--P)E -. AST -Tn'-
C KJ":-AT' END OF TIME: STEP (U.NTTLESS) .. ... "
C STRNR(KJ) OUTPUT RADIAL. COMPONENT OF TRUE PLASTIC STRAIN
C,
C-- - STRI-N-A-( - :)-=- - AT-PUiT-
NODE" K!J
-:A XI At:- A"T
-.C EIND
-OM PI( O8F 'T'IME
ON:E I4T- OF-T-R STEP (CUNITLE-S.)
U-E- P4.-AS T- LC---S-T-RA- N-...
C AT NODE Ko.J AT END OF T'I.MfE: STEP (-UNITL-ESS)
SC CAATST'RNC(KJ) OUT.PUT. T:ANGENTIAL COMPOIKENT
NODE.K,J AT -E'ND OF TIME OF ST TRUE NPLASTIC STRAIN;:.
(UNITLES.) ..
C 'ATINODE. K"KJ:; AT E-N:D OF TIME STEP; (INCHES)
C J
TWALL(KJ) OUTPUT' WALL THIC!KNfESS AT NODE KJ AT"
C END: OF T-IMlEL.STEP (INCHES)
C
C DE LZ K;j }4-" U4-IT--44XI-At-U-ENG-T.H-0f--N-N oE--AT K " ATT
.END OF TIME STEP (INCHES).
C V OU:TPUT G'AS VOLUME ODF SWELLING NODE AT. END
C 0 FT 1TIME-: STEP ([I NC HES
:Of .3)
C TSTP * OUTPUT TIME STEP SIZE OF .LAST INTERNAL TIME STEP (S)
C TIMET a OUTPUT TIME AT END OF TIME STEP
C
C HTNC - INPUT CLADDING SURFACT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
C. (.BTU S *( F T * *2*F))
C TBULK INPUT BULK COOLANT TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F)
e-T-C
-- - IA ' .-- IPU-T-C-L-&-DM):4NG--A-VE-R-AGE---T-E-M PE-R-&R-E--WHE N--B-a&O N
C IS, F.IRST CALLED (DEGREES F). USED ONLY
C WHEN KFLG . 0
C TFLI - INPUT FUEL SURFACE TEMPERATURE WHEN BALOON IS
C f I-R-T---C E-7- (--DEGREES F).* USED CNLt-Y-
C
C WHEN.K.FLG 0.- -
C, 0 ININPUT RO:D HE-AT. FLUX (BTUi(S*(FT*2))). USED
ONLY -WHEN -MODE .O AND KFLG a 0a
...f.PUT--THf--R4G4-6OS---F-UEL PELL E,T (.IN.
)-
C ., RO . . = INPU.TINIT:IAL.- (UNDEFORMED) CLADDING OUTSIDE
B-3
TABLE B-i. (CONTINUED)
C R.ADI4US. (IN)
H.0 jrI, NP.UT INITIAL fUN-DEFOR'ME D) CLADDING WALL THICKNES.S (IN)
FT'EMP(KPJ) u INP'UT FU;EL SURFA'CETEMPRIATUR E AT NODE KJ AT
C ONL Y WHENI M-OD E = I AND 0KFLG 1
C QL((Kv) "INPUT RO'D HEAT FLUX AT NODE Kj ('BTUI(S*(FT**2) )o
C STEMP(K, J) IINPUT SHROUD SURFACE TEMPER:ATURE AT NODE KJ AT
- C---- M DPU I-NT-O:F--T I-I E---ST EP--S-T P--OEER f-ES--F)-.-US--._.
C USED ONLY WHEN MODE = 0 AND KFLG = 1
C PC I,
INPUlT CO'OLANT PRESSURE (PSI)
C PS
-C----R4P INPUT.FUEL fRMLY
a-- I-NPU-UNI;F- ROD ---PRESSURE (PSI) .D-I[N-G-I-DPL--& ;'CE
E-X-P-AN DE---C-L-A
C RADIUS: WHEN BALOON IS FIRST CALLED (IN).
C USED ONLY WHEN KFLG EQUALS 0'
-C
C-.. CF:LUX
F*-
.. -- INPUT
I.fPAJ T---A FAST NEUTRON
0 04D~-1-10NA L--A-TI-A L--f(NEEUTRONS/t(M**2)*S)
FLUX C-f-APP-IE---TO-- k-A-B-B-IN-G
C BY CO'ONS;TR,AINTS (POUNDS)
C KBALN INPU.T FR'AT T INDEX OF BALLOONING NODE
. C----- ZBA --ONLY'
N PU I-WHEN; .MODE it --1-A:P.-T:-NH
L-EN G-TH-OFF -I-NC*-HES-)-----U-ES-ED----
C " ONLY WH'EN KF LG E0UA.LS 0
C KFLG = INPUT INITIALIZATION FLAG
C 0 "C.AUSES BALOON TO INITILIZE ITSELF
-- C- -- - ----- i--1-N0 -- 14IN IIArt.-Z-A-TI1014- ----- _
C MODE IN,PUT SWITCH WHIC"H, DETERMINES METHOD OF
C FINDING CL.A-DDING TEMPERATURES AND ANNEALING
C CA-USES CLADDING TEMPERATURES TO BE
C C-A-L-C-U{-AT E-D--U I NG-ONS-T-ANT--S4JWF-ACE
C HEAT FLUX ASSUMPTION
C 1 CAUSES CLADDING TEMPERATURES TO BE
-C
C CAL E-
T-TEM ULATED USING
R-A-T U--U,-AS-S CONSTANT FUEL SURFACE
SUMP-T-I-OHl------
C 2 CAUSES CLADDING TE.MPERATURES AND PRESSURES
C TO,BE TAKEN FROM A TABLE READ IN DURING
C INITIALIZATION
c C-A USE-S-CL:-A-DD I-NG--T-Ef *-EER-A4-UR E-S---.T-
3 .---- E---
C CONSTANT DURING THE ENTIRE FRAP - T TIME
C STEP* UNLIKE MODES 0 TO 2 CLADDING
C ANNEALING IS NOT CONSIDERED INTERNALLY
SI-N -- T41 i-M-0 DE-
C NPRINT * INPUT SWITCH WHICH DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF
C INFORMATION PRINTED FROM WITHIN THE SUBROUTINE
C 0 NO PRINT OUT UNLESS THE TIME STEP FROM
-F&-T----W-A -S-D-I-V-I-OE-D-I-N-T-0--MDR+--T-H-1*N- -
C 300 SUB-STEPS
C 1 PRINTS SUB-STEP NUMBER
C SUBSTEP DURATION' (S)
C---A-V-ER-A-GE -Mi )DWA-L-L-R1UJ-S--A--TEAC-H
C AXIAL SUB-NODE (M)
C AVERAGE WALL THICKNESS AT EACH
C AXIAL SUB-NODE (M)
SC -*--E--.-Of
*-T--C --K
C CLADDING FAILURE LOCATION
B-4
TABLE B-I. (CONTINUED)
C CtLADD ING TANGENTIAL STRE$S S

C 2 AT FÀItLUREE (PA)
C IN ADDITION TO" THE, INF'OR-MATI.ON PR I NTED
_ - _ _.._ __E- I--V-
1-, t -O5-f--Th-FO-fL-O-W 1-*
1SOfIN-T-
C .AkRGUMENTS ARE PRINTED FOR EACH TIME
C C'TEMP(K.,J) IN KE-LVINS
C STRESF(K, J) IN N/(M,**2)
-C- R,Af-(-K-4,-4N---ME--TÈ R-S--
C TWfALL(KpJ) IN METERS
C DE:LZ(KJ) IN METERS
C 3 IN ADDITION TO THE INFORMATION PRINTED
C' AkR":GUMENTS'. ARE PRINTED FO:R EACH TIME
C S:TEP
C C- ~~----:-C--K-- - CWNF'(K, J)
K-,---J-F----_______
C 4 "I-N' AD;D:T',OiN TO THE; INFORMATION PRJINTED
C W;HEN NPR.INT - 3'..VALUES OF THE FOLLOWING
C ARGUMENTS ARE PRINTED FOR EACH TIME
C PFN.CN(KJ) I-N NEUTRONS/(M'**2)
C FNCK(K,,J) :IN NEUTRONS/(M**2)
C
* GMI--(
GMIX(L ) I-Nf}-NN--T-H--~P-t Of, THE h--LUSO----NL-Y---F-O
INPUT MOLE FRACTIONSUN-I-ItESS- GAS COMPONENTS --
M-ODE--
C EQUAL: .TO. I
C L 1.IS HELIUM
C L 2 US- ARGON
C-- ' 3 --SA :RYP-T"ON-
C L- = IS XENON.
C L 5 IS HYDROGEN
C L " 6 IS NITROGEN
-C -L =----t-S---GX YGE-4 ___
C L " 8 IS CARBON M9NOXIDE

C L 9 IS CARBON DIOXIDE
C L 10 IS WATER. VAPOR
1
-C- .GT-M PF - 1-"U-T--GA P--GA-S--T- KP-E -R-A T UR E-4-0-EGR E-E-S-f 4---
C TIMET - INPUT TIME AT START OF TIME STEP.. USED
C ONLY WITH CLADDING TEMPERATURE AND
C TIME TABLE OF MODE - 2 (S),
C TSSTP - IN"P-UT-F-A-P---T-IT1E----E-P--S-I-Z-E--)
C V INPUT GAS VOLUME OF SWELLING NODE AT START OF
C TIME STEP (INCHE'S**3)
C DELZtKJ) INPUT AXIAL LENGTH OF NODE AT KJ AT
S --A-RL--- F---OI-M E-S-T -P--ST-E(I-NC-HE-S)-) S
TWALL(K,,I): START WALL
-INPUT OF TIM'E-STEP
THICKNESS (INCHES)*
AT NODE KJ USEDAT
.C
C R AD) CK; ,J , ONLY
:-- !N--,4 WHEN KFLG
-I Mi- -O-I-U-S----C-L-A-QO
L-:L- R-A-- 1 .I-NG-- _ _ __ _ _
C AT NODE KJ AT START OF TIME STEP (INCHES).

C USED ONLY WHEN. KFLG -. 1.
C STRNC(KJ) INPUT TANGENTIAL COMPONENT. OF TRUE PLASTIC STRAIN
C
C . . USEDN ONELW-H-E--4AL--R-T---O--T-1l.
AUS-? ONLY WHEN K.FLG. ='1. E---STE---rUN-I-T-S-)
B-5
(CONTINUED)
TABLE B-I.
C STRNA4Ks
,J") = INPU.T. AXIAL COMPONENT OF TRUE. PLASTIC STRAIN
C ATNODE
T K,J AT START OF TIME STEP (UNITLESS)
_
C
,_----- .
-SIRNA-K)--=,--I-4 U;SED
N T--R'ONLY WHEN
AJ~tAL- -c--O-M KFLG - 1.
P O E NT--F-T-T-UE- -P- -.T4---STR-A- I,,
A.T NODE K.,J AT START OF TIME STEP (UNITLESS.)
C USED ONLY WHEN KFLG a le
C
-C.- STRNL(KJ) = INPUT.EFFECTIVE TRUE PLASTIC STRAIN
-A-T---S-T KR T-0 F-4-14ME-.-S-TE-P--UN-I-T-L-E AT NODE KJ
S:$)-,- -- UJ-$E-- -_
C ONLY WHEN KFLG a 1

C .CTEMP(KvJ) - INPUT CLADDING TEMPERATURE AT NODE KJ AT MIDPOINT.
C ---N
,T:C-T- OF PREVIOU:S
" -IN~PU--LF-FUE TIME
C--~AO0ISTEP.
L-'... -- USED ONLY
N4G--C-QN-T-AC-T- I-N
I IF KFLG 0-0-F--
EX--A-T----N a 1.
C PRETVI'OU T6ME STEP4 USED ONLY IF KFLG = I1

C NTACT
C 1 CONTACT DUE TO BOWING
C KF-.I-L = I-NP UT--FA-I-URE--- 14-D--4-A L-t--ES--N4I-NG--BU T
C RETURN IF K'FAIL IS NOT EQUAL TO 0
C
-
C
C
COMMON
-~C-----*-A -IN
G--$KT-E R4[AL--PR4IPE-PT-ES--MATPRO PARAMETERS USED TO DETERMINE
BLOCK/MATPRC/STORES -$-_-_____
COMMON /MATPRC/ AMATPC(1) W

FNRCK1(1 ) , FNCNL(1 ),-CWKFI( ) CW:NF1(1 )o
# COBADI(1 ), COBAE1(1 ), COBAF1(1 ), COBAG1(1 )p
0 COBAH1(1 to COBAIL ( ), DOX-CFR 1 ), WOXC(1. )p
# EMETWA(1 ) DAO:XFR 1) DTMPCL P CANRIN, KAXMTP
C ARRAYS IN COMMON BLOCK /MATPRC/ ARE INDEXED WITH AXIAL NODE
C
C
-C-----NC-N
FNCK1i----m--EfF
= EFFECTIVE FAST FLUENCE FOR
FE.C-T-I-V-VE-F-A--FI-UEN-C-E--F--3 STRENGTH
R--S-i PA-I -H-A COEFFICIENT
PODE N- NG-E-*P ON(N/M**2)
E.N -T- --
(N/M**2)
WK-Fl
WNF1 -EFFECTIVE
=EF:FECTIVE COLD COLD WORKWORK FOR
FOR TRENGTH COEFFICIENT
TRAIN HARDENING (AO-A)/AO
EXPONENT
. . . .-( (-AO--A-)-/--A-- - - -- - -- -_ - _ _ _ _
C
C COBAAI THRU COBAII OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS AT BETA-ALPHA+BETA
C INTERFACES IN SUBROUTINE COBILD CALCULATIONS
-C -- -_ a AVERAGE
-- OYE C NE RT N I B A__FA
BETA (WT,
IN
CC DOXCFR
DAOXFR AVERAGE OXYGEN
- AVERAGE
* OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION IN IN ALPHA (WT. FRACTION)
FRACTION)
C WOXC
C---E - TOTAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
M-E-T.W-A---HE-AT--GE-N.ER-A-T&--B- (KGIM**2)
Y- -R,-aO- T1-ON ---1-W(W)--
--RE-A C-
C DTMPCL - MAXIMUM CIRCUMFERENTIAL VARIATION IN CLADDING TEMPERA-
C TURE (K)
C CANRIN a CONTRACTILE STRAIN RATIO DURING UNIAXIAL TENSILE TEST*
C --- I-R CU MF-R-E-NT I-A-t---S-T-R A-I tR-&&I-AL---S TR- -N
C KAXMTP AXIAL NODE NUMBER
C COMMON BLOCK/BLN/ STORES INFORMATION NEEDED TO RESTART BALOON
C C-GMMON-BL-N(-*5SUfi-)-r-Z-O-1-I- 16-4 T-P1---CW-F2i-1-,- h--
#. CWNF2(I1,1,l),FNCKZ(11.1),FNCN2(1,1,1),FCP2(I,1,1),
B-6
# FRP2( lo 1),t FA.P2( 1,

l, ,1),ACD2(.1,,1),AAD2:(1 . -'i
ARD2(1,1,
2 1)
-5 NODE.F.FRAP (UNITLESS)
C DZ0(I*K) , IIKNIYTIAL LEN'GTH OF K .TiH'. S'UB-NODE . " I TH
OF THE
C- AXI:AL. NODE OfF FRAP (:M).
c P 0 1 )-TA-MfE--S4-E-LP---S
REVS IZrE--4-S-)
C CWKFZ(IPKJ) - EFFECTI:VE COLD WORK FOR STRENGTH'COEF-FICIENT.
C AT FRAP AXIAL NODE IB BALOON AXIAL SUB-NODE K
C AND AZIMU THAL SmU.B,-NO)D.E J
C CWNFZ(IKJ) = EFFECTIVE COLD WORK PFOR: STTRAIN HARDENING EXPONENT
C. AT FR-A-PAXIIAL NODE.I BALOON AXIAL SIUB-NODE. K -
* -.-- C =.-. (4JNTi-:ESS7--.:-
. N ZM'UHAL, SdUIB-N.ODE'J - ' -
C - NCK2NI,,KJ) " EFFECTIVE FAST NEUTRON FL.UENCE. FOR STRENGTH COE.FF.
C AT FRAPAXI.AL NODE I'. BALOON .AXIAL SUB-NODE K'
C C 'AND A-Z-I:MUTHAL, S-UB6- ...NODE J
~~~(N-U:T:R:ONS-P**-2}
C FNCN2(.I,KJ) EFfECTIVE FAST NEUTRON F.-LUE-NCE -FOR STRAIN
C HARD0E.NI-NG 'E-XPOlNENT -A-T PRAYP AXIAL NODE I,p
C A1 SUSBN.ODE K AND.: AZI.MUTHAL: :SUB,NODE
BA L.OON -.AX-IAL J
C I+*K
FCP2(K )M EWEIGHTED
O AVERAGE- C'O:-SINE OF THE ANGLE'
C BIE'TWEEN'.CL AbDDING BASAL -POLES AND THE TANGENTIAL
C DIRECTION AT-FRAP "'A XI AL, NODE IE BAL OON AXIAL
C FRP2( IK, J) VOLUME? WE I GHjTED AV ERAGE-CSI;NE OF THE ANGLE
C .BETWEENCLADDINGBASAL"PO:ES AND THE RADIAL
-CC r DIRECTION
,,,.. fl 4-40-ZIMU NODEz
AT FRAP AXIALAL-U&NGOFI , BALOON
-- AXIAL
_________
C FAP2v(I K.,J)I VO'LUME :NWEIG:HTED AVE.R;AGE CO-SINE -OF. THE ANGLE

C - BIETWrEN CLADDING, BASAL POLES ANDTHE.AXIAL
--...- C
C " "4U-&'N DIRECTION
D IR OD -K----A FRAP
AT F4D----A AXIAL
Z-I-M .- NODE
UT-H. AL--S I,. BALOON
U&B- NOD E-J-- AXIAL :.______ "
C A.CD2(IK,.J) = HIGH TEMP:ERATURE STRAIN AXrISOTROPY COEFFECIENT
C AT FRAP AXIAL NODE I, BALOON AXIAL SUB-NODE K
C AND AZIMUTHAL SUB-NODE J
C HIG,-T-E*PER-A-T-UE---S-TR-A4I-kX-SOT-R-OP-Y-COEF-F-ECI ENT
---aA-H2-G-H-
*C . AT FRAP AXIAL NODE I, BALOON AXIAL SUB-NODE K
C AND AZIMU.THAL SUB-NODE J
C ARD2(I,KJ) = HIGH TEMPERATURE. STRAIN AXISOTROPY COEFFECIENT
---C -~~~ ~~~AT--f-R-&P-A-X4AL4 0FI'- 0-~-SU--OE-K----
C AND AZIKUTHAL SUB-NODE. J
C .'SEE SUBROUTINE LISTING FOR RELATION BETWEEN
C ACD2O AAD2,.ARD2, -STRAIN COMPONENTS AND EFFECTIVE
-c C-TR-AP4-H-
C
DIMENSION HTCSA(16,16) .TSTM-1616),QL(116 6) ..
DIME NSI ON. DEL Z (,16P 16) ,TWALL (16,16 ) ,RAD (16., 16).,CTEMP(16p 16)
A X-A48i4)
D I-ME--N E-N-D&I
DIMENSION F:T EMP (16v16), STEMP (16, 16)
B-7
DIMENSION AC-S( 16,16),AAS (.16P,16), ARS(16*,16.)

DIM ENSION ACE(16p, 16) P,AAE,( 16,16), ARE.( 16, 16)
DIMENSI"ON ACD(16P
O4-M-E-I'ONk-F-.- 16-)PAAD(16o16
6.:(I-1-6-* )PARD(16p16)
FR-P-I &464-.-F-A-A4-@.-T
b )
D!IM'ENSI.ON STRNC( '16,1, I6), STRNR(16,b16)STRNA(16P.16),,STPNL( 16,16)
DIMENSION RTEMP( 16, 1.6)P-RSTRAN(lb,16 6)
D0IMENSION DBYTH(16v 16)oDBYZ(16P 16)
IOI-M~'E-NS-IOQ --RA V F.(-1-64-------
DIMENSION' STRESR(16)PSTRESA(16), STRESF(16 16)., TSTRES( 16,16)
DIMENSION FNCK(16,16),FNCN(16j,16),CWKF(1616),CWNF( 16186)
DIMENSION GMIX(1O)
O -TME-NS-SIUN---T12-0 .- 4fIT- 44k. 4.--O- A20 ),-T-P !-T-4 - ,-0-
T-P-1T-( 4-}-
O- --
DIMENSION DEH(16),DEA(16)
D-IMENSION DISP(16:.,lb), RADC.(16),RADR(16)
C
G-- -- H.E---E--QU-AT-I-QN-S-U-S E-O-I-N--T4$---FS-UB-R-OUU I-t. NZ--ARi-4-BA-S-E-OH---
C RESULTS DI.SCUSSED IN
C (1) J. M, KRA.MER AND L,. W. DEITRICH, CLADDING FAILURE BY
C
-C----(24---.--J-.i---SLOCAL PLASTIC -1-EFKEN,---E INSTABILITY,
-T-.--A-.---F-R-A ANL-77-95 (DECEMEERDa--f-OR--4H
P-T-5----CO N PUR--C-O 19771 E
C TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF OXIDE FUEL RODS# TREE-1281 AND
C NUREG/CR-0840 (JUNE 1979)
C
C- -T-HE--F- L N4- -SU-.UBO- RE- C-L-LE-&-4N-THIS--UWR.OU-G---_
C CANISO OF JULY', 1979
C CSTRNI OF OCTOBER 1.978
C CANEAL OF JUNE 1978
C------C MtL--IM-T---G-F--f E BR-U AR-Y----- 80
C CELMOD OF DECEMBER 1977
CKMN OF OCTOBER 1978
CCP AOF
.. - .P-Ut- T-[----OFEBUARY 1980BL-.tSFE-D-
F- -TIO---- E---P-U _
C GTH:CON OF OCTOBER 1979

C
C
C-. . ...C-DEU 0_-B----j -4 .E-A R-IE N-
C MODIFIED BY D. L, HAGRMAN DECEMBER 1980
C
C
- -cA-------KN--4 I-P--"#--F-R--SMALLS-R-A l-N-S--aI-T40N--IN--C-S-TRN -
C
C
C THE FOLLOWING ARE DUMMY ARGUMENTS FOR CMLIMT
CINRAD" loOE-02
CAXPAD a 1.0E#03
CAXSTR = 1.OE+Ob
0 E-154-P-5-- O,4
C
C NJ a NUMBER OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL NODES USED
NJ = 16
MI - NO + 1
B-8
DfELTH * 6.*28/NJ
NJ1 *: NJ -2:
C C.ONVERT I'NPUtT TO SI' UNITS

HTCM - HTNC * 2.044E+04
TBLKM = (TBULK + 459.67)1/1.8
RHTR - RF * 2*54E,-02,
ROUT a RO * 2.54E-02,
WO a HO * 2.54E-02
----- 0-4-I--]5E -04-
P. = PS 1,.45E-04
FAX, - FA, * 4.448
VM x V * 1*6387E-05
-R-B-AR--,U--R-OJT-----5-W 0--
GT EMP (GTMPF + "4:59.6:7)11 8
C CONVER.R INPUT REQUIRED ONLY FOR INITIALIZATION
C AND FIND AXIAL SUB-NODE LENGTHS
FR 0*.0
-TCLO- 6 (TC-LI- +. 459..b67) 1. 8
-R-AI-.-----a-- (TFL-I
TFLO + 45:9.67)/
R-M1-*---2.,-5-.4- 02' /1".8
. "-
ZB:LN.N - ZBALN , 2.5:4E02
NK a 18 ' .
5 NK NK . 2
4I -f-f_Z-BtNN___5OE_03-*,4
f-5 )} .K .
IF.NK ,LT. 4) NK = 4
KSUB(KBALN) - NK
NKI .: NK, - 1
DZO(KBALN, 1)
1 (ZBLNN - (5.OE-03 * (NK - 41))),.
DZO(KBALNp2) DZO(KBALN',)
DZO(KBALNNK1 a DZO( KBALN,1)
-Z-OXJAA.LJW, N-) DZ-08-I-KAL N, 1)
[F(NK .EQ. 4) GO TO 15
DO 10 K-3,.NK2
I0 DZO(KBALNK)- = 5.OE-03
-1-5--CQ*4-1-1444E---'
DELTO a TSTP
C CONVERT INPUT REQUIRED ONLY FOR UPDATES
C SET(-t-G--.-L-T-
-------- 2--&-4F4 NK EQUAL ,--I-4--40O--T-Q-40-
TO NUMBER OF AXIAL SUB-NODES
1
NK - KSUB(KBALN)
DELTO x TSTPO(KBALN)
DO 30 K=INK
DELZ(KJ) DELZCKJJ) . 2.54E-02
RAD(KJ) a RAD(KJ) * 2-.54E-02
TWALL(.K,J) a TWAL.L(KpJ) * 2"54E-02
_-_ _ -F-NCN(K-J) L NNv Kv, )
C- FCN(K#J) - FNCN2(KBALNPKPJ)
B-9
TABLE B-1. (CONTINUED).
C: CWkko( kjJ) WKf?'--(KBA-LNK vJ11

C CWNF(KJ) .C WNF2 (KBALNjK#J)
C
C FCP(KJ J)
EPP (K o-J_ F:CP2(KBXALNN
* - P- K-a-A N'i K,
K.vJ)
J
C FA-P(K:,J)
J FAP2(:KB7ALNpK,"J)
C ACD(K.J)A ACD2(KBALNv KvJ )
C AAXDI(K.J") AAND2(KBALN:p,K* J)
C AR 0-VK.J4----ARD02-RK.N -,,-J,)-
FTEMP(KJ) a (FTEMP(KJ) + 459.67)/1.8
C QrL(KPJ)- QL(K,J) * 19136E+04
STEMP(KvJ) - (STEMP(KPJ) + 459.67)11*8
30 TpE-M - K i)
40 CONTINUE
C
DO 50 K=1.,NK
C ALLOW FOR FUTURE INPUT OF SPACE VARYING PARAMETERS
HTCS.(KJ) = HTCM
TSTM*(KPJ) s TBLKM
50 DELOXY(KJ) = DOXCFR(KBALN)
C
C SET UP QUANTITiES REQUIRED FOR EACH CALL
DTIME a 0.0
NSTEP a 0
C CLADDING DENSITY FROM WCAP-32b9-4.l (CONVERTED TO KG/(M**3))
C BENISHE BENDING RADIUS ASSUMED TO ESTIMATE CLADDING BENDING
ZBEND " 1,OE-01
C
C INITIALIZE. ASSUMENG A THETA INVARIENT INITIAL GEOMETRY
C AND TEMPERATURE
C - NOTE NO SYMMETRY BREAK
-F .(-KF-I-G---.-E-Q-.----14--G IN HERE YET
--T-Q---1 OO-- --
C KAN IS A SWITCH TO AVOID LONG TIMES AT PREINSTABILITY STRAINS

KAN a 0
C K FAt-IL--s--0---O
KNTCT = 0
DO 60 K"INK
-Cl DO-TEP-(-K-J-4--=-
60 J-1, NJ -T4CL0-
C QL(KJ) - OM
FTEMP(KJ) "TFLO
DELZ(K.,J) * DZO(KBALNjK)
- -------4-HE----F Ot--OW-IN-G- ---- CLADDING
X-T-U-E---IN-1 ONLY -I. -T-I-0N-S--AR-E--4EM POR-KR-Y--
C AND FOR TYPICAL
C THE PARAMETERS SHOULD BE PASSED INTO BALOON WHEN FRAP
C MODELS THE EFFECT OF DEFORMATION.ON ANISOTROPY USING
-. C --- 44E-TA-TE-R U-SUB P.4J-T-E--C-A-NI-S--
FCP(KPJ) u 0.28
B-10
F"AP-(:K,:J:) - 0'.06 ."

ACD(Kl ,:J')j= 0,5.56
C SET uP IiTlIAL. COLD WOS AND FL.UENCES,

F`NCK,(K,J) i F;NCKX1-('KBALN)
______ FNtC-N
P- i4,4----NV4N4-teALNV
CWKF(KpJ) a CWKFI(KBALN).
CWNF(KJ) a CWNFI(KBALN "
C SET UP INITIAL STRAINSs DIMENSIONS
-- S4-R~NC -4 L)- A'-&-QGA-R.A-I-+R-iU4----OU.-5--*-W.O-).
IF(ST'RNC(KtJ) *LT. 1.OE-06) STRNC.(KJ) * .OE-06
.STRNA(:K,
S'T:RNR.{
,T ;R K-J
J "
K,J.)'-."S
m,
0'.0"."
TRNC(KJ)
C ) ,N
TWAl L (K-J) Y' WO0 EXP(STRNRNRKJ)p J

CALL. CA'N[SO(STRNC(KKJ ),S:TRNA(KJ),STRNR(K, J),CTEMP(K, J ) ,FCP:(K*,J)
#4s,FAP (K,'J3 )Y FRP f.)k,_941 ,AC.DKJ):A-ADA KpJ )p kRD dK v J ) ,:AC S ( KAs,
J),PA-AS(K ,p) v,A
S=*Q- ACE('KJ.)*( (AA:E(Ki*J) *STRNC(K9,J )-ARE(K, J)*STRNA(KI) )**2) ,
# AA E,(KPJ )* ( (K J)*ST.RNA (K, J) -
K(.,AP:E A-CE(KIJ)*STRNR(KvJ) )**2) +
# E(KJ)*fCACE(KAJ)STRNR(KJ) -R
-AAE(KVJ)*STRNC(KPJ) )**2)
fF(SQ .*,GE.,1.,iOE-20) - (.SQ.**.5:)/(ACE.(KJ)*AAE(KJ)
#AAE(K ") ARE(K, J") + STRNL(KJ)
ARE'(KeJ:),*ACE;(KJ).)
60 COCN.TI NUE
C -'--- C-C -SIR4CT, -TME TMP PERAT-URE-4A_-BlES-_-FGOR--_4D N--Y-
IF(MODE :wNE 2) GO TO 100
RfEAD. 9.01,NTTTP ---
90111 - F OR M-ATl( 10 ,
-C-.-" ,T:X-T1PS--NUM E-R--OF-4-I E'---T -PE RU RE6PA-IRS-T(E--3B-E--E-AA-I N
C FOR THE MODE: 2. TABLE. NOTE 16 AXIAL NODES ARE READ IN NO MATTER
C .,WHAT` NK' IS A'NMD NOGTE, DIMENSI ONING LIMITS NTTTP TO 20 '
PRINT
9 -9--F Rt4A--4-49192--3--T-I-l-E-TEMIPER ATUR-E-P-AI-R$5-} -. _ _______
DO 98 M=INTTTP
READ 902PTM(M) .
DO 62. J=4,NJ..4
- RE -D -3 -T -T-( - M
M-J
- K -
READ 903v(TMTT(KpJpM),K=9v16)
902 FORMAT(EIO.2)
----903 F.ORMAT( 8E1O.22
2--:-C3N-T-I-NU F--
C PRINT TIME-TEMPERATURE PAIRS
PRINT 920,tTM(.M)
920 FORMAT(I/7H TIME - E12,5/I)
S-0--6-3--4 .-4- NJ-,,4
63 PRINT 906p,(TMTT(KJp,M) ,K-1,8)
PRINT 907
DO C4, J=4tNJj,4
----
4--4PR IN T-~,WT J*w-, -~1-6+
C INTERPOLATE AROUND CIRCUMFERENCE
B-II
TABLE B-1. (CONTINUED)
DO 98 KalNK
D0 9 :2 J l,1 3
92. TMTT(KJ,M)p fTMTT(Ke.6pM)*(4-J) + TMTT(K,.4vM)*J)/4.
94 TMTT(KJ.#M.) (TMTt(KP,4M)*(8-J) + TMTT(K*8,M)*(J-4))/4.
DO 96 J=9,11
96 TMTT(KJ,M) (TMTT(K,8pM)*(12-J) + TMTT(K,12,M)*(J-8))/4.
98 TMTT(K*,JM) - (TMTT(K,12,M)*(lb-J) + TMTT(K,16PM)*(J-12))/4*
READ 901jNTPTP
C NTPTP IS NUMBER OF TIME - PRESSURE PAIRS TO BE READ IN
- C ER--T---DE---2---T-A-L E
DO 99 M=IPNTPTP
READ 904vTMP(M),TPIT(M)vT POT(M)
904 FORMAT(3E1O. Z)
C
99 C CNT-I-NUE.
PRINT TIME - PRESSURE TRIPLETS
PRP..NT 921
921 FCRMAT(/43'H TIME-PRESSURE
.- -65-$- 1,,-I-,,
DO- T-P-T-p ---- TRfPLETS-TIME
- _ _ _
INSIDE
_ __
OUTSIDE)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
65 PRINT 922, TMP(MI)TPIT(M ),TPOT(M)

922 F0RMAT(1OX,3E15.5)
C O- ST------ -- P - -TE
IIF(NSTEP ,GEo MAX) GO TO 890

IF(KFAIL *GT* 0) GO TO 1000
IF(MDDE .LT* 5) GO TO 105
P-1 - PS*100./((1.45E-041*(97.+3.o*(RAVE(8)-4.699E-03)
# / (5.1308E-03 - 4.b99E-03f)))
CDPRES = PI - PO
- - 10-5 -C-CNT-NUE--
C FIND LOCAL STRESS. AND MAXIMUM TIME STEP SIZE
C FIRST FIND AZMUTHAL RADII OF CURVATURE
C IF(FR ,LT. 1.OE-02) GO TO 225
C - -- 2 -0 --4K--( 1--. K- - - --
C--- - _ _
C DBYTH(K,1) - ( RAD(K,3) + RAD(KPNJI) + 2.0 *(RAD(KP2) +
C # RAD(KNJ) ) - 6.0 * RAD(K,1) ) I (6.0 * (DELTH**2) )
C DBYTH(K,2) - ( RAD(KP4) + RAD(KPNJ) + 2.0 *( RAD(K#3) +
CG- ---A 0-f- -4----- 6--* -4---/-4---------*--- 0-T-H *4-24---
f--L--
C DBYTH(KPNJ1)u( RAD(K,1) + RAD(KNJI-2)+2.0 *(RAD(K, NJ) 4
C RAD(KPNJ2) ) - 6.0 * RADCKNJ1))/ (6.0 * (DELTH**2) )
C DBYTH(KNJ) =( RAD(KP2) + RAD(,KPNJZ) + 2.0 *( RAD(KI<) +
-C --- P--A0A-(K-,tN4-i}--)--- -R--N-J-I-- 6 .-----(
G- Et-T+4* 2+-+
C DO 220 J - 3PNJ2
C 220 DBYTH(K,J.) , ( RAD(KJ+2) + RAD(KJ-2) + 2.0 *( RAD(KJ1),+
C # RAD(KAJ-I) ) - 6.0 * RAD(KJ) ) I (6.0 * (DELTH**2)
C FIND AXIAL RADII OF CURVATURE
NKI - NK - I
DO 260 J -*1,NJ
-__-S-_ME-- O-TOP"-'6-NO-TT---A-X-~i-E-NI3DE-S --HAV +A
VIR-T-U*L--&I-"GB-R
C WITH A RADIUS THAT PRESERVES THE SLOPE
B-12
DBYZ(1 J)' 0 0
--- 60
2-6-2 B-Y--ZA
-, 4- -u----~--+-- 04 + ) - A O -J I # & 4K tNvK4 --- ---
1
SD'-ZO(tKBALN,,K) - (RAD(K0,PJ) -Y RAD(K-,J) (OZOKBALNK) +
# DZO(KBALNK-)-) )I(DZO(KBALN, K+1) + 2o0 * DZO(KBALNPK) +
-- ~~ ---
C .-# F-DZ'O(KBALNK-1))
IN'-{'-ST-R-RE-S-S-C-O MPaNET----
C FIND AVERAGE THICKNESSp INSIDE AND OUTSIDE RADII
DO 3088 Kal NK N
T -=- 0. 0
DO. 305- J-14,NJ
R = R - EX.P(STRNCtKp)) "J
305 T a T + TWALL(K'sJ)
TW-AL.A., -- TIfNJ,
RI RlA-VE(K). - (TWALAI2.)
_____-
RO E:S RRA'VE(K)
-----S-T-R + P f-
.-( -C---,----(- (TWALAI2.)
R--I ---+ -P--P * R:O )-/-4 R--I---+---R 0---.__
O __ _ _ _ _
STRESA(K) a (PIR'#RR - PO#RO*RO + FAXI3.14/(RO*RO- RI*RI)

C IF(tFR .LT 1.0OE-02) GO TO 306
- - C DO :300 JmlNJ. =-GC-P
C-40-0--S4-TRS-(K,-J-) S-R-*---R AD(i -,--J-)--1-T-WAt-A-..---"- - ".
--- .. , -
C #- RAVEC-K) * COPRES * (TWALL(K,.J) -TWALA)/(TWALA TWALA) *

C + R-AVE-CK) *S TR'ESAK) DY Z (KJ) (( EX.P(STRNA(KPJ)))**2)
D'
C # .CDPRES
+ * DBYT'H(K,J) / TWALAD- PI + Po)I2.
306 DO 307 J=lNJ
307 ST'RESF(KvJ) a CDPRES * RAVE(K)ITWALA
- -#-
# -4--RV
- RAVE(K). * CDPRES.* (TWALL(KRJ)
(1:---*--S-T-R-E-S-A-fK-4---D B*YZ-(*,-J--)--I-- TWALA) /(TWA.LA
+-E-X IH-5 TWALA)
-IRNA-(-KT)-H-4------- *
- (PT + PC) 12.

308 CONTINUE
C DETERMINE SHZE OF POSSIBLE TIME STEP SUBDIVISION
C CALCULATE CLADDING TEMPERATURES USING CONSTANT HEAT FLUX
C ASSUMPTION
CC S-T-*RT-"B--Y----'-T-E fM -N-{i-HG--I H-E--M AX-P1Ubti---S-U"E-UF---THE'---f-iMf--S-TE-P---
C USING NEW DIMENSIONS AND NEW STRESS BUT OLD TEMPERATURES
C
C IF OUTSIDE PRESSURE IS NOT LESS THAN INSIDE PRESSURE SKIP
C---4-----E F-O R-M$A-TfO N---C-A-L-C-UL.--A-T -101N--
I.F(CDPRES .LEo 0) GO TO 415
C
C
-T-Ii A--u -~T-T------- 0T-I-ME - _.... .
IF(KNTCT .EQ. 1 .AND. TIMAX .GT. .1.00) TIMAX 1.00
DO- 320 K=1,NK
DO -320 J=1,NJ
*# -C AU-C
C WKF-MK-(c- *CP-4-K,--)
(KwJI), ST--0A-E0-X-Y-(-
CWN F(K, J),RSTRAN(K,J ),AK, AN, AM ) NCN {, J),
K-)-A--FNC-K-(*,--J-)-,-F
B-13
C MOD IFICATION'TO AVOID LONG TIME STEPS AT PRE INSTABILITY STRAINS

C NIOT NEEDED IN FRAT T BECAUSE FRAP'T DOESNT CALL UNTIL AFTER
C A-FTER INSTAB.I'LITY STRA-I.N
IF(KAN i.LT,11) GO TO 315
.LT.
IF(.S.TPNC.(K,,) (AN/(I. + AM))) AN , AN * AN I ((i. + AM)
#*. STRNC'(K, J.)
____
___ ____ ___ - -AN-L -a 0-4-1-7 -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
C IF(CTEMP(K#J) .- GT. 730.) ANL - 19.5bE-O2 * CTEMP(KvJ) - 11.218
C IF(CTE-MP(K (,KJ) .GE. 780.) ANL a 0.95
IF(AN .GT. ANL) AN a ANL
31 5-5 -r-F-,--,L-J-.-L--RNC-*-*-4- --*-F-
A0-)---G
A TO 320
TITES'T a (((STRNC(KPJ),**AN)*AK/STRESF(KPJ)))**(1.O/AM Y)
# * 10, 0
IF(,CTEiM4PKJ) .GT. 1090. .AND. C.TEMP(K ,J) .LT. 1255.)
IFV(TIT.ES;T; .LT. TIMAX) TI.MA,X TITEST
320 CO.NTINU Ekf
DELT *' TIMAX:
OTCR - (D'ELT + DELTO)12,0
DELTO " DELT
c
C 1-L C. 'E-F-OR-T MPE-RAT- E
C
IF( MODE .GT. 0) GO TO 340
C GET. NEW TIEMPERATURES USING TIME STEP JUST SELECTED
c A-N0--C-O-N- T--TNTUE-L-US-AEfE--fL--(-k-UP--
00 330 K.4N4K
DO 3130 J=-,N J
CTEMPO a CTEMP(K'J)
C- -- CP-C+--4.P-(-rK--J-1 -
RTMC - HTCS-(KJ Il(CDENS * CP * TWALL(K+,J))
TSS - (QL(KvJ) * RHIR + HTCS(K,J) * RAD(KJ) * TSTM(KJ))
# /HTCS(KpJ) * RAD(KJ)
# TSS * (I.
- EXP(-(RTMC * DTCR)
330 RTEMP(KJ) - (CTEMP(K,,J) - CTEMPO) I DTCR
TIMET a TIMET + DELT
G",. -TO 197
C
C GET NEW TEMPERATURES USING TIME STEP JUST SELECTED
C AND CONSTANT-FUEL-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE ASSUMPTION
-440-4 ~ ~
F-(10--Tn-)GJ----36.0--
1
DO 350 K-INK
DO 350 JalNJ
CTEMPO
. a CTEMP(KJ)
- RAHK(-K,4-j-)----T*-W- ,-f-K,,,," 21. HTR
CP .I"CCP(CTEMP(KJ))
CVT - CP * CDENS I DTCR
HTCG, -' GTHCON(GMIXGTEMPPPIPGPTHK)
--- H-T-C-G--4-0-.-8
--H-T-C4-a-- ,---j-.-O----~8*--+ F-I-Ef-PA -J+--K -- -)
-TC P-(-*--J- I-
# * (FTEMP(KJ)*FTEMP(KoJ) + CTEMP(KPJ)*CTEMP(KPJ))
B-14
C H'TCG MOD.[FICATION IS RAiDIA.TION HEAT TRANSFER HEATER TD CLADDING.

C. HTCR IS FFECTIVE :HE;AT TRANSFER COEFF TO SHROUD BY RADIATION
H.i. . 4-*--4,... E-OS-.-(-*-CTEPA4(iJ.)-4-S- TEM p 4--,d-)--=._.. .
# * (C.TEMP(K,
C J1)*WC EMP (K,,.-) + SfTE M:P (K, J),*-ST E*M P(K ,.J) ) J
CTE-MP(K+,.J) a (wHTCG. * FTEMP(fKJ.) + HTCS(KJ) * TST(KlJ)
* ##-4-4-H--4T-C
+ CVT * TWALL(K,,J) * C'TEMP(K'PJ) + HTCR*STEMP(KPJ))
--H4~-X-.KJ44- -4+--(-CV-T-*wT-W AI;K-,-KJ4-)---H--T-C.RI--___
350 RTEMP(K,J) u (CTEMP(K,J) - CTEMlPO) I DTCR
TIMET - TIMET + DELT
GO TO 397 '
C " GE-T--E-W-TE-KP-E-R-A-T-U-E-,S--U$s-I-N4--T-4-'4 E-TEMP T-RA4RE---81E AD
IN DURING INITIALIZATION
360- IFfMODE ,GT,, 2)
TTIM.E-,M-_--T-4-ME-T--+ Go' TO 400,
ftC-T4-,2-m-
TIMETl m TIMET +DELT
NTM.= 1
DO 365 M=1I,N.T-TTP
NTM ":_NTM - 1.
IF(NTM- .GE. NTTTP) GO. TO 375
XFR i- (TIMEM T.M(NTM))I (TM(NTM-I) - TM(NTM))
DU 370. Ju1=II,NJ. -:-'" .
CTEMPO * .CTE"MEPt(K J)
CTEM:P(K,0J) a TMT(KPJPNTM.) +.(TMTT(,KJPNTM+) - TMTT(KPJNTM))
370 RTEMP.(K, J) a (CTEMP(KJ) - CTEMP0)/ DTCR
GO TO 38,5
375 DO, 380 Kul-l,NK
- 0-3-4O-----1-v
D NJ '
C,
380 CTEMP(KJ) = TMTT(KJ',NTTTP).
385 NTM 1
-Of
-- 3-9O-- M---.-N-T-P-T-P------ - __________
390 IF(TMP(M) ,LT. TIMEM) NTM = NTM + 1.

NTM a NTM - 1
IF(NTM *GE* NTPTP).GO TO 395
XFR----4---M E)MT NT-M---f--4-T*-P-(
1P- -I-T------T- P-MNT-M-)-
PO = TPOT(NTM) + (TPOT(NTM+1) - TPOT(NTM)) " XFR
PI - TPIT(NTM) 4 (TPIT(NTM+1) - TPIT(NTM)) " XFR
CDPRES - PI -,PC
395 PI - TPIT(NTPTP)
P0 - TPOT(NTPTP)
CDPRES a PI - PD
c JFIN+D ANNEALING AND OXIDATION EFFECTS IFOR MODES 0 TD 2
C
397 IF(MODE...GT.. 2) GO TO 399
DO--3-9
DO,398. 8- K=#--._
= Ip.N J
B-15
C OXIDATION IGNORED FOR NOW

TSTART - CTEMP(KJ) -- (RTEMP(KPJ) * DTCR)
3.98 CALL CANEAIL.(CFLU>X:,DTCR, TSTARTRTEMP(KJ),FNCK(K,),I)FNCN(KJ),
3'99 IF(MODE ,GT. 2) TTIMET T"TIMET + DELT
C
C PRINT START-OF-STEP INFORMATION IF DESIRED
400 IF(NPRINT .EQ. 0) GO TO 405
PRINT 905,vNSTEPDELTTIMETCOPRES
905 FORMAT(//30H TIME STEP s13vl4H DURATION,
If{TNPRINT .LT. 2) GO TO 405
PRINT 917
917 FORMAT(/99H TEMPERATURES DURING TIME STEP -- AXIAL NODES
PRINT 9'0'6, ((CTEMP(K ,J),vKu,8),#Ju-1NJ)
906 FiJRMAT(8E16..5)
PRINT --
94D7 -F-O-R-M 907-3H----
T-.
PRINT 90.6,((CTEMP(KJ)'K-u9,lb6)J-1,NJ)
PRINT 908
908 FOR.MAT(/55H TANGENTIAL STRESS COMPONENTS DURING TIME STEP
PP'INT 906, ((STRESF(KJ),vK-al8).jJ-lNJ)
PRINT 907
PRINT 906,((STRESF(KPJ),Kaq.lb)9,J1,NJ
-- 4F-(-NRP-NR-T--.--T-w--3 -- GG-G-T4O-40-5-
PRINT 913
913, FCRMAT(/.51H COLD WORK FOR STRENGTH DURING TIME STEP II)
PRINT 906, ((CWKF(KJ),K=IB),J=iNJ)
.P-144T-90-7----
PRINT 906k ((CWKF(KJ IK-9,16),J=1,NJ)
PRINT 909
909 FORMAT(/b7H COLD WORK FOR STRAIN HARDENING EXPONENT DURIN
-AVG -T-IM-E.-S-TE-P- -14-)
PRINT 906, ((CWNF(KJ),tK-1,8),J-ulNJ)
PRINT 907
PRINT 906, ((CWNF(KPJ)PK-9,.16),J=1,NJ)
1-FA4-"-R-R-N-T--.L T. 4) GO TO --
PRINT 915
915 FORMAT(/bOH FAST NEUTRON FLUENCE FOR STRENGTH DURING TIME
# STEP//)
P IRN-T--9 O6,--(-F(-f C-K-K- v -K-t - - -N1
v-N-,j-- -)-
PRINT 907
PRINT 906,((FNCK(KJ),K*9,16),J=lNJ )
PRINT 916
-9-U----FORM-A-T4-(-77 H- -- R*i*--H*R-&Ed*- EXP-
eAjT~-TRNHUEH--~
#ONENT DURING TIME STEP/I/)
PRINT 906, ((FNCN(KJ) ,K-1l,8),JuINJ)
PRINT 907
-I-N--E- TO-- 4-05---
1)-FC-N-K- 1-.4N-J-
IF(KFAIL *NE, I) GO TO ,'05
B-16
DO. 4!02' K1 NK ,
R '.- 0.'06
0 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _
N -, .
R-* R" EXP S,TRiNC (K,.J))"
401 T T TWALL(KJ-),
RAVE(K) - R*RBARINJ,
--------------- T-A:VE- ---- T---N J--- - --- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TCE., - (RAVE(K) - RBAR)/RBAR

PRINT 911-K, RAVE( K)P TAVEPKNTCTPTCE
40.2 PRINT 912",(J-RAD(KpJ),:TWNALL(KPJ)PDELZ(KJ),Ja.lPNJ)
C T.E-ST FOR FAILURE

* C
1+4 K F-AI-U- v-GT '0) CO TO' 800--- ~ _________________
DO 410 K -,N
DC 4 10C ML..MT
-J.1
.CALLk. 4..,NJ
.CTE MPC.,KUJJ),DE:LOXY(K., 3), FN.C. K(,KJ).F NC N(.K , J ).
#- R'ST'RAN(K,-J), DEL-TM P, DUMI, DUM2,DUM3jDUM4 .DU'U5, DUM6,DUM7,

SDU0M8oDUM9,DUM'IO-D UMIP-CTSTRT)
I.F(STR:ESF(KPJ).,G"E-,.CTSTRT) KFAI.L - 1
I"FIK .:EÒ. 8... .AND.,, -..EQ.. 4).-P.RINT 918PSTRESF(8p.4),CTSTRT
IF (STRES.F(K,),.-T.CTS-TTRT) GO TO 410
PRINT' 910JK,K.STR'ESF(K,.J),;CTSTRT
#r.12HAXIAL NODE PI.2,9 H STR1S S-,E12.53,2H FAILURE STRESS AT NODE =
#,12 95)
410 CONTINUE'
# FAtL'UR:E, AT v E16 i6'7H. N/M**2+/)
IF(KFAIL rGT .0) NPRINT- 4
IF(KFAIL .GT. 0) GO TO 400
DO 490 K1,#NK
DO 420 J=-INJ
C CALL CANITSO FOR TEMPERATURE. EFFECT ONLY
# FRP( K., J).ACD(K-,J ).,AAD(KJ ),ARD( K., J) ,ACS (K J) ,AAS(KJ ),ARS( K,*J),
# ACE(KJ),AAE(KoJ).ARE(KvJ))
C FIND
---T-S-T RE- TRUE
:(-K-,-J.)-EFFECTIVE STRESS T-RE-SF;-.(-K., ,I---ST-R E-SJ(-K -t-*-*-e 2--1- - -
--- (-AC-S 4-K,J4-*.-(-.
# +AAS(KJ)*(($TRESA(K) - STRESR(K))**2)
# +ARSf-KJ)*(tSTRESR(K) :- STRESF(K.,J))**2)
# )**05
C FIND DEFORMATIONS DURING TIME STEP
C
C INSERT CREEP-DOWN CALCULATION HERE IF IT IS DESIRED
STRNLL.= STRNL(K.J)
B-17
CALL CSTRNI( DEILTtCTEMP( K, J ),DELOXY( KJ ),FNCK(KJ ),FNCN( KJ),

SC.WKF(KPJ),'CWNF-(.KJ.), TSTRES(KJ) P-STRNLL )
IF,(STRNLL.LTSTRNL(KJ)) STRNLL= STRNL(KPJ)
O EIP -n-$.T-R:NlA,-- ~-S-T-R;Nt-'(-K,4-
-- --
RSTPRAN (KJ.) . DEPIDELT
DEH(J) a DEP * (ACE['KPJ) * (STRESF(KPJ) - STRESA(K))
# 4-T-S-T
+ ARE(KJ) * (STRESF(KJ)
T-:R-E$4.K ,4-)--- - STRESR(K)1).
_- _ _ _ __ _ ___
DEA(J) - DEP * (AAE(K,#J) ((STRESAMK) - STRESR(K))

+ ACE(KJ) * (STRESA.K) - STRESF(KJ)))
#DE--,
ITST'RPES(KJP)
)E.PtR--E-(A-EK-,4-*-A--S.t:RE-R4-(-,S---,T-R-E S-F4K-,-J-)-I----
# + AAE(Kj) * (STRESR(K) - STRESA(K),)]
* /TSTRES (KPJ)
- -
STRNC(K,J)
5-ST-R4+A-(-X J STRNC(KJ)
rT-)----SJ + DEH(J)
RN-A-(,- -- )--+---E-A4--J-)
STRN'KR(KJ) a STRNR(KJ). + DER
STPRNfL(K ,J) a STRNLL.
C CALL CANISO FOR EFFE-CT OF D:EFORMATION ON TEXTURE
# FRP(.K,'J'), AC:D(K,.J),*AAD(KJ)J RD(KJ )PACS(KJ),AAS-(KJ)PARS(KJ)
# ACE (K',vJ),AAE(KJ),ARE(KvJ)
C
c F ND-FN-OF---T--E----T--I-M--N--I-ONF-
C
STWALL(K-J TWALL(KJ
T v * EXP(DER)
RADl(K,-J) -RAD(K,J) *EXP(DEH(J))
T- 0.0.
R 0.0
DO 421 J=1, NJ
4 21 T - T + TWALL(KJ)
RAVE(K- R*RBAR/NJ
TAVE - T/NJ
---
C- -F.I-N4--R -AD---DM--SI:AC--E-4E-N--- 0UU---T--- B-E-N--I N CI- -_______
IF(KNTCT .EQ., 1) GO TO 458

DO 430 J-lPND
M a P-t--
J + ND -t-0-E-k-4-J--C-a-) .. e-fA-(444----(-FS-R-N-A4 4(,-J)-S-T-RN-AK-,-
-4- -FM+---*--- ---
# (DEH(J) + DEH(M))I2.0) * (ZBEND**2) /
# ((RAD(KPJ) + RAD(KM)) * 4,0)
430-- DISP(KM)
-- ~---C---- - -DISP(KJ)
&OD---.- ENO-IN1---N-CR--MWT--T-O-14JS-I-U
DO 440 J=lND
M J + ND
PAD(KPJ) - RAD(KJ)
-R-4 [-N ---=---RW'T-R--+---fT + DISP(KJ) )
4J--AL--K--fK----,-J +
IF(RAD(KJ).GE.RMIN) GO TO 440
RAD(KPM) a RAD(KPM) - (RMIN - RAD(KPJ))
KNTCT 1
R A--A -j--4--P---WM I-N-
440 CONTINUE
B-18
0.0:4:50 J-M1,,NJ
M'" J - ND
R-A-D1t'K'iJJ)
= R.AD (KJ,) DISP(:KJ,)
_______- -- Rl,,I 4---aR4T-R(-T+41 U r)+2i---
IF("RAD(K, J). GE.R+MIN)' GO TO, 450
RAD(K.:M) - RAD(KM) (RMIN RAD(KJ))
KNTCT - 1
---R Af-{K-,J4) -- R-M I-N---__
450 CONTINUE
C SMOGTH'. PRE-CONTAtCT RA)DII TO COMPENSATE FOR
C FAILURE OF BENDING MODEL TO CONSIDER AZMUTHAL NEIGHBOR INTERACTIONS
R-DHt---R-k0-( K-,-I- -
RADHL - RAD(K ,1 ).
RADCK9i) -. (RAD(KPNJ) + RAD(Kpl) + RA-D(Kv,2) )M3.
S 4,51 J=Z.N.NJ1
R-A0+t--u---R *-4 IK-,j-J
_O___ _r0,0
"
R:AD,(KJJ) a -(RADHL + RAO(KYJ) + RAD(KJ+1) )/3 .
RA.DHL -. RAD.
451 CONTINUE
P-AO-(,
---- 7 --- -ft~- - } --+--Rk D-fK-p-N-J-.t----R)ADH 1---)-3-i. "
C
C CIRCUL.AR CROSS SECTION DISPLACEMENT MODEL
R:SML 10s.0
DO 453 J- v'NJ
IF(RAD( KJj?
453 iF(RADlKp, .L * R
11 S'MLI JMIN-
RSML) RSML
J
RAD (KiJ)
____-~~~ --- M-- IN---
OK--J
458 CONTINUE.
DO 454 J1,PNJ
IF(CTEMP(KJ) *GT* 1172.5) FR- 1.0
456 IF(KNTCT ..NE. 1) GO TO 457
JM.IN - JLOK
RSML a RHTR
*45-?-D)-S#p4X---,--P A-VE-+ (TWALL(KoJMIN)
K----R-SM- ----- 0.'5) ------ __
C FIND ANGLE BETWEEN J AND JMAX THEN CALCULATE

C DISPLACED CIRCLE RADII,
DO 455 Ja1,NJ
455 RADC(J) a (RAVE(K) *RAVE(K) - SIN (DISPA)*SIN(DISPA)
# * OSPMX.*DSPMX)**0.5 - COS(DISPA) * DSPMX
C ,-,PIN;T E-ND--O l-M- TE --- ' -R ---- N--R--
C MIX RADIAL DISPLACEME-NT AND'CIRCULAR SECTION MODELS

C AS - INSTRUCTED
DO BY FR a FRACTION RADIAL DISPLACEMENT MODEL
6-0--J .i.N-d - --
460 RAD(.KJ) - RADC(J)
IF(NPRINT .. EQ. 0) GO TO 490
.. TCE i (RAVE(K-) RBAR)IRBAR..
------
PR-I*T C---1-7-i--,R A-V-E -K4,-T--AV & 1(N-T(--T-CI-ptE-----_
911 FORMAT(12H AXIAL. NODE ,12,1614 AVE RADIUS =,E13.6,24H AVE WAL
B-19
--- k ,.
#L THICKNESS =,E13.6,20H .CONTACT SWITCH =#12o9H TCE =,E10.3)

IF(NPRINT *LT. 2) GO TO 490
PRINT 912,(JRAD(KJ),TWALL(KJJ)PDELZ(KPJ)J-=lPNJ)
#E.12.6,?H DfELZ -,E1-.a6)
C
490 CONTINUE
4--S-T-6-:P,-
00--I-F- E r.X--G0-4-& -K" i
C
c COMPARE TOTAL TIME SINCE CALL TO INPUT TIME STEP SIZE AND BRANCH
DTIME DTIME + DE.LT
D
TrEf , f C.I - f v I-r t r ,' - - %%
'r rn v mt, ,e.n
C
C FIND MAX HOOP STRESS FOR FRAIL
-
CHSTRS - 0.0
DO--5-1 9--K-um-I , 1NK
DO 510 J-1,NJ
510 IF(.CHSTR-S .LT. STRESFM(KJ)) CHSTRS-S STRESF(KJ)
C
C- -.-. S-T-OR-E-- OtMO N:-C-4N-F R-M-I-O N-F~FOR NE -X-T---C-A-L-t-
800 TSTPO(KBALN) a DELTO
C 0O 810 K=.lNK
- - ~ C
C---------W-C-W 810 J1-I,NJ
DO(F-2--KBAl -N,-K.rJ--)<---u-4WKF- fK-,-J-d--
C
C CWN'F2(KBALNK-,J))
FNCK2(.KBALNK.Ka -* CWNF(KPJ)
F:NCK(KJ)
C FNCN2(KBALNPKPJ) = FNCN(KJ)
C FR-P2('KBALNK-J) - FRP(K- J)
C FARP2('KBALNKJ) - FAP(KjJ)
C ACD2(KBALNPKJ) -ACD(KJ)
C 810 ARD2(KBALNKPJ) - ARD(KpJ)
C
C CONVERT OUTPUT FROM SI UNITS TO ENGLI SH UNITS
V = VM I 1.6387E-05
DO 820 KaIiNK
DO 820 JaINJ
-FT E+P-({ -)--w--,-FT-E-ftF(-K-F)-1-w-]--4-i-k t67-
STEMP(KJ) - STEMP(KJ) * 1.8 - 459.67
C QL(KvJ) a QL(KJ) / 1.136E+04
CTEMP(KJ) a CTEMP(KJ) * 1.8 - 459.67
R A.I-(-T-J)-----R-AO(-K--J----I 54-- -
TWALL(KJ) * TWALL(KJ) 2,54E-02
DELZ(KJ) * DELZ(KJ) I 2.54E-02
820 CONTINUE
GO TO 1000
C
C NOTE MAX-OUT. I'F IT OCCURE'D
. 1-4(_.
9.. AT-( 15H MAX SIT EPS.,3.HEXCENEDED N. BALOON-2 _S.UBCODE )
s'-T' CP,.
1000 RETURN
END
B-20
TABLE B-2. BALON2 CODE DRIVER PROGRAM
PROGRAM PERTB({NPUT,OUTPUTT, TAPE 5 INPUT)

C
C "CODED BrY D:. l. HÀ-GRMAN AUGUST 19,80
C '. M !-E-D' D.i *,.4Ami&-N n, E4 E R,19
D-M!MENSJIGON .DEL Z1(16v.-,16):, TWA. LL(1-60;16., RAD-(16,91.6),.CTEMP( 16, 16)
DOIMEN-SION. F.TEMP (-I61.lb6. STEMP (1'6, 16 ).QL ( 16 16)
-0- #E4S- N~&--R NZ4~-46-STi-STRN A 16 7 6 vS-T
T4-I R NL46-1 6)
DIMfENSI.ON GMIX(10)
C
C FOR INT'ER-CALL UPDATE ONLY
DI-MENSION DT&IJ4R+-4,6.J6)
C
COMMON IMATPRCI AMATPC(1) .W
4 FNCKI.(
K V
) FNCN1(l " )p CWXFI( I CWNF1(I ),
# cn AA-
A q4+i - -4- v-.0---B-A
A',- -- -I- (---- ),
- CO:BADI.i )11 COBHA El (-I )h COB.AFl(l ) ,, COBAGll. ),
0 COBAH1(1 )1 C OB1Aiil ), DUO.XCFR(1 ),p WOXC(A )v
#-EM:E'TWAk(I ), DA-OXF:R(t),I DTMPCL . CANRIN, KAXMTP
COMMON /BLNI KSUB(1),D-ZO(1,1.6)-TSTPD(1),CWKF2(1l,1,1),
.# #:FR
C.WNF-'2(.1,
P 2 1', 1
1 ;)-,)FNC,K2.(.1l.:E,11.) ,FNCN2(,
.,F.AP2( 1, 1,1)7, A:CD2 ( 1, 1, 1,1),)FCP2(lv.1i,
1), AAD.2( 1, . 1), ),
KBAiLN 1
DOXkCFR(KBALN)a 0.,0
KSUB(KBA;LN) 16
-N(K-- --K S U.B-KB
I1.-K-L40 - _
TSTPO(KBALN) - 1.0
HTNC a 3.0 , 3600.
TBULK- 1025.,
T C -IT -- 2-06 -A~'
TFLI
Q.=. -3,5 -- 620.1.3
RF a 0.185
HO a 0.026
PC a 14.5
PS a 2114,1
CFLUX a 0.0
FA 0.0
ZBALN -. 8e/2.54
MODE a 1
NPRINT = 0
GMIX(1) 1,
1
GMIX(3) - 0.
GMIX(4) - 0.
GMl X(5) a 0.
G-
-IX-(-7) -
GMIXU) ,, O.
0,.
B-21
GMIX(8) 0.
GM.! X(9) a 0.
GM X1(10) O0
_______-- ~ ~ F- -6-200-3-3-
?- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
T'IMET - 0.0 0
TS'TP. - 0.,33
FNCKI(KBALN)
FN CNI-(K8A L-N = 0.0
:V)------ -- _ ____,_____
CWKFI(KBALN) a 0.50
CWNF1(KBALN) a 0.04
V = 1.0
C
C. STEPS FOR INTER-CALL UPDATE ONLY
C. FTRAT - HEATING RATE OF FUEL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES F)
C-.
. FTRAT - 50.
.TE---FOB-L-. * 1,8
W-IN -1-b-1-6--T-. PS---SrE -T--IP--S-YM ~E -T-R-Y- -BRE *1--N4--FR A C-I I- ONS-- - .
NJ - 16
CIRMP = 0.010
AXAMP a 0.01
DO 5 J=1jNJ
5 O'TSURF(KpJ) - 1.0 + (CIRMP *"(1.0 SIN(6.2832*J/NJ))I2.O)
# DO----1.O
+ AXAM'P * SIN(3.14159 * (K-4)/8)
--J-I---,NJ----------__1____________
D-TSURF(19J) - 1.0
DTSURFt2pJ) * 1.0
DTSURF(3pJ) - 1.0
-- DT.--SJRF-(-4,J-)----4-t- 0--
DTSURF(13*J) a .1.0
DTSVURF(.14,J) - 1.0
DTSURF(15,PJ) -1.0
C0--D-T RF-4-46,.-j--------
C
C
DO 15 K--lNK
D-Z-04-K B-A-L-N,--)-----8-,-/-,- -
DO 15 JsINJ
FTEMP(K#J) - 621.33
QL(KvJ) a 0
S-T-E M-P+-"-+-----1- 5&
15 CONTINUE
KNTCT = 0
KFAIL - 0
PRINT 901lN
CALL BALON2'(HTNC, TBULKTCLIPTFLI sQPFPROHOPFT EMPQLSTEMP,
# PC, PSp RMPv CFLUX, FA, KBALN, ZBALN, KFLGp M0DE NPR INTGMI X, GTMPFp
#-*---M-T-I--T-S TP-vE-r)Z p-T-WPA-L-Att-R- -S-T-RRN0-FyS-T-RN-A ,-ST-RN RSTR Nt-C--E-P,
# KNTCTPCHSTRSPKFAIL)
NPRINT = O
C BREAK SYMMETRY OF FTEMP(KPJ), FOR MODE a 1
C SYMMETRY OF CTEMP(KJ) SHOULD BE BROKEN IN A SIMILAR FASHON
.1
B-22
C fOR MODE , 3, FAI LUR.E TO D:O THIS WILL CAUSE UNREALI STIC.ALLY
C. LARGE .STR;AINS AT FAIALURkE?
DC: 18 K=1,pNK "
18 QL(K,.J) = Q * DTSURF(.K-,J)
KFLG a I
20 TSUPF -- F6TRAT * (TIMET + TST"22.) + 620.33
DO 25 J=1,NJ
25 FTEMP(KPJ) ! TSURF * DTSURFCKJ)
GTMPF = FTEMP(8,i)
PRINT 901p;N
9.01 FORMAT(-I-I1OX13,#18H TH CALL OF B&ALOON)
C-ALL BALON2( HTNCPT BUL K,TCLI, TFLI,,QRF ROHOP FTEMP, QL, STEMP,
* TIMKET.,TSTP,V, DELZTWALL,RAD.STRNCPSTRNA, STRNRRSTRNLCT.EMP,
# KNTCT,CHSTRS-,KFAIL)
IF(N .LT.
P-R-i-*T-- 902- 60 ,AND.
&--E--Z KFAIL .EQ.
4-4-FTW*H-4L-8 0) kD-I-,R*
GO TO 20
-(-,P-STR*C1-a -4-S-T Nr-AA-8T4t-TS-T-R N----
8,#R(8P4-)
.STRNL( 8, 4) vCTE'MP(8,4)
902 FGORMAT (J18E16 . 5
PRINT 903.,TIMET
-- -- 903- R34AA-A-I-6H- .T. ME -)E
, V6-i4r4-SEC'
PRINT 904
904 FDJRMAT(/150H HOT AXI'AL NODE TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES F)
PPINT 905,(CTEMP(88J)J-,-110)
PRINT 905,(CTEMP( 8,J)p,J=11,NJ)
STOP
END
B-23
TABLE B-3. EXAMPLE OUTPUT
27 TH CALL OF SALOON
28 TH CALL OF BALOON
29 TH CALL OF..BALOON
TIME STEP 74 DURATION .500OOE-03 SEC NET a 99046E+01 PRESSURE DIFF u ,1'480E+08
TEMPERATURES DURING TIME STEP -- AXIAL NODES ACROSS CIRCUMFERENTIAL NODES DOWN THE TABLE
.10216E#04 .10216E+04 .10216E104 .10214E+04 .10260E+04 .1067E*04 ,10269E+04 -. 1026E+04

.10346E+04 .1034EE+04 .10346E404 .10412E#04 .10425E*04 10434E+04 .. .04~34E+Of
.- *10466E+04 .----. 10466E*04 .10466E+04 .......o104641E404
10344E+04
.------.10559E+04 ....... 10571E+04
.... 10 6 00E+O0 ..
1OT29E+04
0608E+04-
10735E*04
*.10575E+04 .10575E+04 .10575E+04 .10575E+04 .10686E+04 .1071ZE+04
I .10466E+04 .10466E+04 .10466E+04 .10464E+04 .10559E+04 .10577E,04 *10600E+04 *10608E+04
--o ,10346E+0-
*-10 2 1fE +0 4 .... ... .10321E604
16~E+04 o10346E04 .10344+04 .10412E04 .10425E*04 .10434E+04 .10434E*04
1016E+04
021. .10214E+04 .10260E+04 ...----. IO267E+04 .10. 91+04
9,EO+0 . --- 0
E10268E+
_41
.101t9E+O4 , 0109E04 .10109E+04 .10108E+04 .10127E04 .10129E+04 .101 7[+04 910123E+04
.10037E104 *10037E404 .10037E*04 .10037E+04 .10022E+04 .10021E+O4 .10013E+04 -. 10008E+04
.99932E103 .99932E#03 .99930E+03 .99)52E+03 .99475Et03 .994291E03 .99319E+03 .99250E+03
.... g99697E103 .-. 99697E403 .. .9969EIE403 ........ 9971 2L +O3 . 96 ,82825E+O0---98 7T6E4 03 -_E_+03
*99623E+03 ,9623E103 ,99t2OE.03 .996bE+03 98a,73E+03 .98199E+03 .98065E+03 .98577E+03
*99696E#03 .9969%E103 .99693E+03 .99731E+03 .99023E03 .98956E+03 .98822E*03 *98744E+03
*99930E+03 ,99930+E03 *99929E.03 .99949E+03 :99471E+03 .99425E+03 ,99314E+03 .99245E+03
.. 10037E*04------. .I0037E.04 .10037E+04 --.--- .10037E+04 -.. 10022E+04
O--.10020.E04 .... . .. 100131-+04 ... . .10007E+04
.10109E+04 *10109E#04 . 10109E#04 .*10107E04 .IC126E+04 .10128E+04 .10126E+04 , OI12E104
.10269E04 t10267E404 .10260E+O .10246E+04 10216E*04 .10217E+04 1021?E+04 .10217E+04
-.10434E+04-.... .10425E*04 . .. .. 10413E+0 4 .10394E+04 *1C3441404-----
-- .10346E+04-------10346E+04- o 103 46E 04
.10600E104 .10577E+04 , 05601E04 .10534E104 .10464E+04 .10465E+04 .IlOk65E+04 .10465E404
.10729E+04 .10712E+04 ,10686E+04 .10555E+04 .10575E+04 .105751E04 .t0575E+04 .10575E+04
o10500E+04 o10577F404 .10560E+04 .10534+04 .10464E+04 .10465E+04 10465E+04 oIC465E+04
.---... 10-434 E+04 . ... 10,42 5E+0-4... .10413EtO4 ---.. 10394+04 --. 10344E+04----- .10346E+04--*-10-3-4--.1E3+60+4 v 103 46E+ 04--
910269E+04 .10267E+04 .10260E+04 .10246E+04 "10216E+04 .1021'7E+04 .10217E+04 .1C217E+04
*10127E+04 !0129E+04 .10127E+04 .10117E+04 " 10107E+04 .10108+04E .1OIOBE+04 ,ICI08E+04
.10013E104 :10021E+04 .10023E*04 . 10017E+04 .1C033E.04 .10033E+04 *10033E+04 .10033E104
.99319E*03-- .99428E+03 -----. 99491E+03 --.----. 99456E+03 - -.99871E+03 .... 99860E03..------99861E+03-----------99861E+03
.98q25E+03 *98957E+03 .99043E+03 .99027E+03 099626E+03 .99607E+03 *99608E+03 99608E+03
.96658E+03 .98798E+03 .98893E+03 .98884E+03 .99549E+03 .99527E+03 .99528E+03 .99528E03
.98522E+03 .98955E+03 .99041E+03 .99025E+03 .99625E03 .99606E+03 .99607E+03 .99607F+03
-993L4E*03- *994241+01-----,.99487E$03 .99452E+ 03 .-----.. 998681+03- --.. 99857E103- ---,-99858E+03---------.-99858E+03
*l0013E+04 .10020E+04 .10023E+04 010016E+04 .10032E+04 .10032E+04 .10033E+04 .10033E+04
:*0126E+04 .IO1Z1E+04 *,10126EE+0 .10116E+04 00107E+04 ,10O07E+04 610108E+04 o10108E+04
TANGFNTIAL..STRESS COMPONENTS DUPtNC~ IIME STEP
.11 8671E09 .118671+09 .*11 080E*09 .I206HE409 .12697[#09 .133671+09

. 12111E.09 .14213E*09 .144441E+09
,12111 409 .12119E*09 .12195E+09 .13327E109 .14081F+09 .15124E+09 *16202E+09
* 1241E1+09 .12417E409 .12 422E 409 .12429F+09 .1272C*09 .15421E+09
.12607E+09 .16968F409 .19261E*09
.12607E+09 . 12613E+09 .12572E+09 . 14871E09 .16739F+09 ,1904'E+09
. 1241 7E+09 ,12417E+09 .12422E+09 .i24c9E+04
.23377E+09
.154ZEU1 9 . 1',9V3F+09 .19261E+09
___,___ .1211t 11.09 .121 19E+09 .121951409 .13326E+09 .1408,O 409 .15123E409
.1186 rE+09 .11667E+09 " 118601409 *16201E+09-
.12068E409 912697F409 .13367E#09 .14213E109 .14444E+09
.1731E+09 . 11730F+09 .11757E+09 .12079E409 .12334E+09 ,13047E+09. .1382VE109
.11673E109 .11674E409 " 11699E+09 .12166E+09
.13143E109
.12119E109 .12924E109 .13712E+09 .12007E+09
1I1627E+09 .11642E+09 .11674E*09 .12272E109 .11996E409 .12903F#09 .1372rI409
~11641E+09 .116280409 .11664E109 .12355E+09
.11037E#09
.11929E+09 .12916E#09 .1377CL*09 *1036ZL109
.1162E409 .11624E+09 .11661E409 .12386E+09 .11907E+09 .12923E109
* 1627E409... " 11628E+09 .11664E+09
.13791E09 .101161409
.12355E#09 .11929E+09 .129161+09 .13776.E09 ,I1358E+09
-.. 11641E 409 " 11642E109 .11674E+09 .12273E+09 .11996[+09
11672E+09 " 11673E109 .I119gE+09
.12903.+09 .13729(+09 aI1030E+09
.12167E+09 .1211UEO9 .12 9241[+ 09 .13712E+09 .119991+09
11737E+09 .11737E+09 .11 756E+09 .12079E+09 .1?332E+09 .13045E+09 .13026U+09 .1313414#09
-_ L4214E+09-.- .. 13367E+09 .2816E+09 .12371E#09 .11995E+09 .11890E+09 ..,1683F +09 . 11863E+09
.1512tE409 .14084F+09 3351E+09 .120411+09 .121?7PE09 .12137E109 .12132E+09
S16967E+09 *15433E+09 4 189E+ 09 .12k49E+09 .12112E409
.13482E+09 .124571+09 *12446E.09 .2i46E*09
:19041E#09 .16252E109
.1 54331 +09 4843E+09 .13901E409 .12609E409 .1263 7 E +09
.12449E+09 .126341409
--.. 16967E109-- 4188E+09 .12634E+09
.13482E1 09 -- .12457E+09 -. 12446E+09 ..... 12446E+09
,15123E409 .14064F#09 3351E+09 .12841E+09 .12178E+09 .12137U#09
:14214E.09 .12t32E+09 .12132E109
.13367E409 .2R16(*09
.25441.09 .123711+09 .11995E+09 .11890E+09 .1863E1.09
.13830E+09 .130431 09 .11883E+09
.12101+o09 .11936E+09 .117551+09 .11745E+09 .11745E#09
---. 3716E+09-- .12917E+09. .Z4272+09 -. 11940E*09 .11949E+09 -.11675E409-
.11683E+09 ------. 11674E+09
.13734EE09 .12893E+09 .2380E+09 .11866E409 .11990E*09 .I1657E+09
,13782E+09 .12904E409 2372E+09 116115E09
:116 5E+09 .11640E+09
.11023E+09 .12027E+09 .11643F+09 011624E+09
*13801E+09 * 12911+09 .2372E+09 .11810E+09 .120411#09 .116391+09
-..13783E+09-. *,11621+09 .11620E+09
*12904E109 .2372E+09 . 11923E#09 .120271409 .1,1643[+09 ,11625E+09+ 9 1162 4E409
*13735E+09 .12894E409 .2380E+09 , 11$451#09 1 !-)90[#09 .11657E+C9 .11641E+O LO
..13029E+09
3716E+09 *12917E409 2421E+09 .I1160814+09 :. 1640E+09
. 11947E+09 119494+09 .116858E09 .11675F409 16714E+09 C\J
.13041.+09 .2543F+09 .121004E09 ,11936E109 .11744E+09 1744?E+09
COLD WORK FIOR STRENGTH DURING TIME STEP
. .... 30094E +00 ... -. 38894E+00 .38.3093E+00 . 38925E400 .37600E+00 .37423E+00

.37866E.00 .37066E400 .37965E+00 . 37311F+00 ........ .7275E+00
.37903E+00 .359251+00 .35634E400 :35401E+00 .530E400
,36874E+00 .36874E+00 .36873E+00 .36906(+00 .345191400 .34137E400 .33802[+00
,3f,435E+00 .36435E+00 .36434E+00 .33663E100
.36462E100 .319291+00 .33505F+00 .33147E+00 o32992E100
-----. 36874E+00 ...-.. 36074E100 .36873E+00 . 36906F+00 . .34519E+00 . 3 4 1 3 7 E* 0 0 ... .. . .. 3 3 8 0 2 E + 0 0
.37866E+00 .37866E+00 .. . . .. 3 3 6 6 3 E 4 0 0
.37865E+00 .37902E+00 .35925E+00 .356341+00 .35401E+00 .35307E100
,38894-00 .38894E+00 .38093E+00 .38924E100 .37600E+00 .37423E+00
.39620E+00 .39620E+00 .37311E100 .37275E+00
.396201*00 .39&27E+00 .39139E+00 .39072E400 .39061(+00 .39099F+00
.. 40063F+00. .40063E+00 .4 0065E1 00 -.-.... 40035E+00 .40387E+00
..40319L+00 . .40409F#00 ...... 40513F +00 .... . 40573E+00
.40319E+00 .40321E+00 .40256E+00 .41291F+00 .41375L+00 .41542Ef00
.40451E+00 .40451E+00 .40454E+00 .41626E+O0
,40363[+00 .41635E+00 .4195'iE00 .42154E+00 .42253E+00
.4049?1+00 .40491E+00 .40496E+00 :403951.00 .42017E+00 .421471E00
.... 4045 11E00 .40451E+00 .42357E+00 942460E+00
. 40455E+00 ---. 40364E+00 .41837E+00 .41956E+00 ..... .4215' [00 0 0 . -. 42256E+00
040320E#00 .40320F#00 .40323E+00 .4('258E+00 .41296E+00 .41380E+00 41547E+00
.40066E+00 .40066E+00 .40067E400 .41633E400
.4003@E+00 ,40394E100 .40417E+00 .40522E+00 .405921E00
.39624E00 .39624E+00 .39624E+00 .39631L+00 .39149E+00 .39082E#00 .39092E+00 .39111E+00
.37311E.00 .37423E+00 .37607E+00 .37886E+00 .3e844E400
.35401E+00 .356341+00 .38827[400 .38827[+00 . .30627E+00
.35940E+00 .36315F#00 .37769E:00 .37749E*0l .37748(+00
.33802E+00 .341371+00 .34533E+00 .34994kE00 .37746E+00
-. 33147E+00 . .36760E+00 .36740E40 .36740E+00 .36740E600
.-. 33504E 00 ....... .33947E+00 .. .34439E*00 . --..36317E1 00 . .36300E+00 ---.
.3360Z1+00 .3f1371.00 .34533E*00 36301E400 -- s3t301f.*00
.34994E+00 .36760E+00 .36740FO00 .36741(+00 .36741E+00
.35401E+00 .356341E00 .35940E+00 .3631BE+00 .37769E+00 .37748E+00
.373E100. .37423E+00 .37607E+00 .37749E+00 .37749E+00
.37886F+00 .38441E+00 .38027E+00 .38827E+00 .30827E+00
.3901E 00 .. .... 39072Ee00 ...... .39135E+00 . . 39313E+00 ........ .316?OF+00---
.40513E+00 .404LOE0O0 .39624E+00 396 62400
24-----+3 -- i.39624E+00
.403721E+00 .40465E+00 .40109E+00 .40127E+00 .40126E+00 *40126E+00
.41542E+00 .41376E+00 .41269E+00 .41300E+00 .40383E100
.42153E+00 941954E+00 .41809E+00 .40421E+00 .40420E100 *40420E+CO
.41803E+00 .40522E+00 .4057)E+00 .40573E+00 .40573E+00
-. 42357E400- -. 42,147E0+00 .......... 41990E+00O ..... 41972E+00 ...... 40565E+00--- .--. 40623+00---
.42156E+00 .41957E+00 . .41812E+0.0
.40621E+O00--.40621E+00
941805E+00 .40523E+00 .40576E+00 .40574E+00 .40574E+00
.41547E+00 .41381E+00 .41274E+00 .41304E+00 .403.85E+00
.40522E+00 .40417E+00 .40423E+00 o40421E+00 .40421E+00
-- 3,9092E+OO-- -- ,39083E+00--- ........ .40379E100
39144E-+00 ....
.40471E+00
. 39322E+00 ..... .40112E+00
... 99633E+00-- .40129E+00 ,40129E100 ,40129E+00
-.. 39629E+OO-- -396Z9E*00
-i59629E$00
COLD WORK FOR STPAIN HARDENING EXPUN(NT DURING TIME STEP
.53619E-OZ .536ZOE-0 .536101-02 .53962[-02 * 4090 71-02 .39388lE-02 .38461 E-02 .38160F-02
*43280E-02 .43280C-02 .43270(-02 .43616E-02 .2R413E-02 .26621E-02 .25258B-02 .24730E-02
.35000(-02 .35000E-02 .34993E-02 . 35243E-02 .20643E-02 .18884E-02 .174531-02 .16885E-02
.318O1E-OZ :318OIE-O2 .31795E-0- .31989 E-02 .17983E-02 .16260E-02 .14925E-02 .14372E-02
.35O1E-O2 :35CO1E-02 .34993E-o0 .352".3E-C.. .2" j'3E-02 .IhOd4L-02 .17453E-02 .16885E-02
*43282E-OZ *13282E-02 #43271E-02 .436 16E-02 .2eP'3E-02 .266201-02 .2525PE-02 .24730E-02
.536Z3E-OZ .53623U-02 .53613E-02 ,53961E-02 .409071-02 .39388(-02 *38461E-02 .38160E-02
o62178E-02... ..62178E-02 ... .62177E-02 .6226OE-0 .563 BE-O2 --. .55616E-02 ..... .. 55721:-0i . 4559293E-02
.67965E-02 *67964F-02 .67983E-02 .67584E.I.-03 .72479E-02 .7280113-02 .74315E-0Z .75197E-02
*715OeE-02 s?1507f-02 .71547E-02 .706?7E-02 .86526t-02 *87947E-02 .908171-02 .92330E-CZ
*7301 E-02 .7340CE-02 ,73455E-02 *72145E-02 .96076E-02 .9828?E-02 .10209(-0l .10403E-01
0 73997E-02----- .7399E-02 .. .74057E-02 .72603E-02 .99467F-02 --- .IOI95E-Ot ..... .10609F-01 ... ... 10818E -01
.73408E-02
.7q25E-0 .73407E-02
71524E0 .73'63E-02
*71565E-02 .72154E-02 .96119E-02 .96329E-02 .10214E-01 .10408-O
ob 996E-O1 :6799fE-05 ,63016)E-02 70647E-02 .06606E-02 ,89035E-02
.676 19E-02 .90914E-02 .92431F-02
- 062230E-02 .... -... 6223CE-O2 ... 62231E-02 -- .... 62316E-02 172583E-02 *72915E-02 .74440E-02 .75327E-02
.564f991-02 ,55737E-02.... #55851E-02 ..-... 56064E-OE -0
.38461E-02 .39389E-02 .40968E-02 .43461F3-02 .53079E-02 .52e86E-02 .52690E-02 .52890E-02
*25258E-02 .26619E-02 .28503E-02 ,30996E-O0 .42403E-02 422131E-OZ .42217E-02 .44216E-02
--. 174533E-02 . lt8863E-02
1 ...... .20711E-02 .23027E-02 .34140 E-02 .33995E-02----- .33998E-02- -. 339981-02
#14925E-02 *16259E-02 .180603E-0 .20265E-02 *30988F-02 .30874(-02 .30877E1-02 .30877E-02
.17453E-02 *18883E-OZ T2071
E-02 .23027E-02 . 3414CE-02 .33996E-02 .33999[-02 .33999E-02
*25258E-OZ .Z6619E-OZ .285031-02 .30996E-02 .424031-02 .42214E-02 .42218E-02 .42218E-02
.38461E-02 .-..... 3938DE-02 .40968E-02 -- .43466.E-02 ,53079 E-02
0.-. .52889E-02 ------.. 52893E-02----.52093E-02
co .55720E-02 .556ZIE-02 .56339E-02 .58427E-02 .62230E-02 *62230E-02 .62230E-02
1. 74315E-02 .72608E-02 .72269E-02 .736053E-02 .60587E-02 .68827E-02 .68818E-02 .68818E-02
rN) :90817E-02 .(87957F-02 .86162E-02 .86669E-02 .72426E-02 .72975E-02 .7297E-02 ,72957E-O2
----. 10209E-01-..--.--.-- .98293E-02 .95606E-02 . 95496E-02 ...... S74103E-02 .75225E-02 -. ?51 9 E-02 -........ i75199E-02
*10609E-01 .10197E-O0 .98960E-O2 .98622E-02 .75071E-02 .75938E-02 .759101-02 .759101E-02
.10214E-01 .98341E-02 .9561bE-OZ *95535E-02 *74454E-02 .75234E-02 *75208E-02
*90914E-02 *88045E-02 &86240E-02 . ?50E-O2 .75209E-02
.#6742E-02 .72 997E-02 ......
.168866E-02 72978E-02 _72978E-0
68856EO-'-'----"68856E-OZ
----. *74440E-O.--.... .72921F-02---- .72372E-02 .737u06-02 ...... .68629E-02--
*5585E0E-02 5574OE-OZ .56449E-02 .58532E-02 .62335E-02 .62291E-02 *62290E-02 *62290E-02
FAST NEUTRON FLUENCE FOR STRENGTH DUR[NG TIME STEP
0. 0. 0. 0. I, I-
0
0. 0. 0. O . 0. 0.
0. 0
0...
O 0. 0. 0.- 0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0 4.0. 0.
0. 0. 0. )q 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0
0.- I.0. 0.
0. 0.- 0. 0. 0 a-
0.* 00. 0 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 4. 0. 0.
0.* 0. 0. 0. 0. 00___4. 0.1 0.
0.* 0. 0. - 0. . . .. . . 0.-
O. 0 00. 0.
0.- 0. 0. 0. 0. 00
0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0 4.0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0.-
00 4. ~0. 0
0. 0 4. 0,g.-- -0u
0.- 0. 0. 0. 0.
-.---o 0 __
0. 0. 0. 0. 0, o0
00 0. 0. 4. 4.0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0
0. 0 0. 0. 0o .0. 0.
0. 0 0.
o o0
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
00
0. 0. 0. o 4.0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0.
0.
0. 0. o4. 4. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0o 0. 0.
0. 0 4.- 0 0.
o0, 0, 0.. O,8 0O. 0.
0. 0.
0, 00
0 00 O0 034 0.
00 0.
0-
0
0:0 0
0. 0:
0.
4 0 8:
FAST NEUTRON FLUENCE FOR STRAIN HARDENING EXPONENT DURING TIME STEP
0o 0. 0. 0.
Os 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. -0.
0.-. -0. 0.
8:0. 0: 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 0. 0.
0. 0.
-0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. - - 0, " 0.
.o 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0.
0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0- .- - , 0. 0. 0. 0. -
O. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.*
.. .. .. . ...
0. 0. 0. 06 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. - -0.
0. 0.
0. 0. 0.
8:. 0. 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 0.
. ... o 0O.-.. . . ... . . .. .. . 0 . . ... 0. - - 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. ---0. - 0.-
0. Do 0. 0. 0.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
0. 0. 0.
O. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0
0.. ... .. . . . * 0.................0. .0. 0. 0: 0. Oo 0.-ii,
0. 0. 0. 0. - - 0. - 0.*-- 0. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
0. 0. 0. 0.
0: 0: O
0: 0. 0. 0o 0o 0.
DoI
0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
- 09- 0 0. *0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. - -0.
0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. g0. N
0. 0. 0o 0. 0. . C'~j
0. 0. 0.
.0. 0. 0. *0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.* 0. 0 . o0. .
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 01 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0:
-- AXIAL NODE I AYE PADIUS .54EW451E-02 0. 0. 0. 0. _ __
J . 1 MIDWALL RADIUS
AVE WALL tHICKNESS * o62986E-03 CON TAC T-.1WITCH-r-.-1---TCE w
----- .TOE-.-O1
.5842E-02 WALL THICKNESS .t3l392E-03 CELi a .491,90E-OZ
J a 2 lIOWALL RADIUS .51307E-02 WALL THICKNESS * .619?13E-03 DEL; I * .48460.E-0Z
J - 3 MIDWALL RADIUS .*50308E-OZ WALL IH CKNESS " .603963(-03 DEL'i 1 . .476336E-0Z
-- J a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS . .49962E-02 WALL THICKNESS
J a 5 fiJOWALL RADIUS a .5030BE-02 WALL THICKNESS * .594465E-03 DELI -47028BE-02-
. .
" b'63915OE-03DEL; I * .476337E-02
J - 6 MIDWALL RADIUS - .51307E-02 WALL THICKNESS ".619214E-03 DEFL, 1 . .4846O02E-02
J - 7 MIDWALL RADIUS - .52842E-02 WALL THICKNESS ".631393E-03 CEL, I a .491492E-02
-- J-" 8 MIDWALL RADIUS - .54715E-02 WALL THICKNESS 3.637039E-03 DELi t a .494954E-02..
J - 9 MIDWALL RADIUS ,56654E-O2 WALL THICKNESS " .6410C,7[-03 DEL4Z - .49645E-02
J -10 MIDWALL RADIUS " o.58351E-02 WALL THICKNESS " .64.2135E-03 DEL; I a .497072E-02
J all MIDWALL RADIUS - .59513E-02 WALL THICKNESS = 643366E-03 DEL' I - .497333E-0Z
--- J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5992BE-02 WALL THICKNESS ,. 974OBE-O2
J -13 1IIOWALL RADIUS - .59519E-0Z WALL THICKNESS " .643582E-03 DEL~i SI
J w14 MIDWALL RADIUS - .58363E-0Z WALL THICKNESS " .643369E-03 DEL, r , .497334E-0Z
J *15 MIDWALL PAD US - .56669E-02 WALL THICKNESS o642644E-03 DEL;t a .497075E-02
--- J -016 MIDWALL RADIUS - .54731E-02 WALL THICKNESS ".641084sE-03 DEL;I - .496464E-02
*.637670E-03 DEL; F - .494q71E-02----
AXIAL NODE 2 AVE RADIUS - .549451U-0Z AVE WALL TH ICKVESS .629P155E-D3 CON TACT SWITCH a I TCE w *?09E-01
J a I MIOWALL RADIIS * 52842[E-02 WALL THICKNESS *.631391E-03 DEL;r a .491490E-02
J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS .513007 E-02 WALL THICKNESS
- 3 MIDWALL RADIUS * .50307E-02 WALL THICKNESS * .619213E-03 DELI I , .484601E-02
J - 4 MIDWALL RADIUS a .49902E-02 WALL THICKNESS I * .47633bE-02----
J a 5 MIDWALL RADIUS a .5030?E-0Z WALL THICKNESS - .470291E-02
*.603963i-03 C:L; " i.'*o31ZE-O2
J a 6 MIDWALL RADIUS - .51307E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .619215E-03 DEL;I - .4b'91OE-02
-- 7--- (.ODWALLRADIUS --. 52842E-02 WALL THICKNESS a.631393E-03 DEL;E-- .491491E-02------
J a 8 MIDWALL RADIUU .5',471SE-02 WALL THICKNESS a.63703-5-0 DEL; E * .494954E-02
J a 9 MIDWALL RAD| U .56654E-02 WALL THIEKNE S
J 310 MIDWALL RAO U a .5e351E-02 WALL THIKNESS
-J-ial-MIDWALL
: 641065E-0i DEELI a .496456E-0Z
t - .497071E-02
RADIUS--..59513E-02 WALL THICKNESS
J -12 lIOWALL RADIUS a .59928E-0Z WALL THICKNESS *.643364E-03 DELE a- .497333E-02-.--
a *643580E-03 DEL;Z a .497407E-02
:13 MIOWALL RADIUS - .59519E-02 WALL THICKNESi " .643367E:03 DEL;r a .497334E-02
14 MI DWALL RADIUS .58363E-02 WALL THICKNES " .642642E-03 DEL' * .497074 -02
*J o15 MIDWALLRASIUS a .56669E-02.WALL THICKNEIS
3 DELi
J e16 MIDWALL RADIUS .4731E-0Z WALL THICKNE S ' :641062E-0
.637869E-0. ELI' 1 4949:94E8
AXIAL NODE 3 AVE RADIUS * .549150fif-02 AVE WALL THICKt[S$ - .62975OE-03 CONTACT SWITCH I T CE a .710E-01
J * I MIDWALL RADIUS .52845E-02 WALL. TIIICIFNSS a .631320F-03 OfL1 .491464F-O2
J- 2 MIDWALI PADIUS - .5 13OfE-02 WALL TIlCKNESS - .619141E-03 D CL.ZI .4847(t9F-02
J * 3 MIDWALL RADIU S - .50308E-02 WALL THiICKNESS a .603693E-03 VEL! - .47620E-02
J a 4 MIDWAI.L RADIUS a .49962E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .594301E-03 DELI a .470637E-02
J - 5 MIDWALL RADI US - .50308E-02 WALL THICKNESS- a .603893E-03 DELZ a .476294E-02
.J m 6 MID.WALL RADIU a .51308E-02 WALL THICKNESS - ,619I42E--rl [ LZI ..4 4750E-02 ...
J - 7 MIDWALL RADIUS a .52645E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .6313.71E-C3 ODLZ a .491465E-02
J a 8 MIDWALL RADIUS - .54719E-02 WALL TIIICKNESS a .637774E-03 DELZ - .494919E-OZ
J a 9 MIDWhLL RADIUS a .566tUE-02 WALL THICKNESS .1012E-03
. DELI .496431E-02
--- J -10 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5P359E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .6425f6E-03 DELI a .497C-51E-02-----------------------...
J -ll MIDWALL RADIUS a .59523E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .643319E-03 DELZ - .497314E-02
J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS a .59938E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .643536E-03 DELI - .497389E-02
J o13 MIDWALL RADIUS 8 .5952qE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .643322E-03 DELZ - .497315E-0Z
-- J -.1 MIDWALL RADIUS - *58371E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .625()94E-03 DELI - .497=,TCE-02. -..
J -15 MIDWALL
RADIUS a .56676E-OZ WALL tHICKNESS a .6'i0?9E-03 DELZ .49(,439E-02
.
J -16 MIDWALL RADIUS w .54735E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .6371E-03 DELLZ - .494938E-02
AXIAL NODE 4 AVE RADIUS .551059F-02 AVE WALL THICKNESS - .t2eb15E-03 CONTACT SWITCH - I CE a.740E-01
J a I MIDWALL RADIUS - .52933E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .. 630474E-03 DELZ - *,90950E-02 ........................ .............
J a 2 11IDWALL RADIUS - .51352E-02 WALL THICKNESS a 619D00E-03 DELZ - .484729E-02
J a 3 MIDWALL RADIUS - .50325L-02 WALL THICKNF.SS ,6*4092E-'03 DELI - .476146E-02
J - 4 MIDWALL RADIUS - .49969E-02 WALL TIHICKNESS a ,59579gE-03 DELZ - .471424E-02
4- o 5 MIDWALL RADIUS - .50325E-0? WALL THICKNESS #-6040911"-03DELI - .476145E-02------- .
J - 6 MIDOWLL RADIUS - .51352F-02 WALL TiHICKNESS a .61bOOAE-03 DELI a .484729E-02
J a 7 MIDWALL RADIUS -. .52933E-02 WALL THICKNESS .630473E-03
. DELI a .4q0949E-02
J - 8 MIDWALL
-J*--9 MIDWALL RADIUS .54862E-O WALL THICKNESS a .636424E-03 DELI a .494131E-02
PADIUS .5662F-02 WALL IHICKNESS . 63917l E-03
, DELZI .495514E-02 .....
J -10 MIOWALL RADIUS .5(1614E-02 WALL THICKNESS .640407E-03 DELZ - .496046E-D2
J all MIDWALL RADIUa .59814E-O2 WALL THICKNE4S a .640894E-03 DELI - .496236E-O2
J 12 MIDWALL RAD IUS .6023F-02 WALL THI CKNE$S a .6'1020E-03 DELI a .496 241E-20
J -13 MIDWALL RADIUS - .59821E-02 WALL THICKNESS - 6,40997E-03 DELI a .49(237E-02................
J 014 MIDWALL RADIUS - .58626E-02 WALL THICKNESS *.640414E-03 DELI a .496049E-02
J a15 MID WALL RADIUS - .569785E-O2 WALL IHI CKNESS . 1,3919'E-03 )EL7 - .495521E-02
J 816 MIDWALL RADIUS a .5*718E-02 WALL THICKNESS .63,11'F.j-03 DEL! I .4q415lE-O2
-AXIAL NODE 5 AVE RADIUS a .577664F--02 AVE WALL THICKNESS - .615162E-03 CONTACT --S WI TCH----..... -1CE----a tZlb-t 0 0
J a I MIDWALL RADIUS a .54151E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .620156E-03 DELI. - .465797E-02
J MIDWALL R AD IUS :51 11E-01 WALL THIICKNESS w .593575E-03 DELI - .470667E-OZ
a MIDWALL RADIU a ,50 53E-0 WALL THICKNESS a .55225RE-03 DELZ - .445317E-02
--- J a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS .49617F-02 WALL T..HICKNESS ,525463E-03
. DEL! a .427H92E-02 - -
J 57 MIDWALL RADIUS .o50153F-02 WALL THICKNESS - .55226DE-'03 DELI - .4453L9E-02
J 6 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51714E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .593577E-03 DELZ a .4706C8E-02
J 9MIDWALL
7 RAI) US - .54151E--02 WALL ITHICKNESS a .620157E-03 DELZ - .*657q7E-O2
-- A a- MtOWALL RADIUS - ,57e32E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .634367E-03 DELZI .4934C8E-02 .... .....
J:10SIMDWALL
MIDALL
J a 9 MIDWALL RADIUS a .60384E-02 WALL THICKNESS
RADIUS - .63233E-02 WALL TH4ICKNESS
a .641tS1(E-03
a .64540BE-03
DELZ - .496913E-02
DELI a .49804lE-02
RADIUS .65205E-02 WALL THICKNESS * .647102E-03 D(L! - .49857bE-02
-J -12 MIDwAI.L R A-5IUS - .6591 5E-02 WALL THICKNESS .647622E-03 ELZ - .498649E-02.
J -13 MIDWALL RADIUS m .65217E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .647109E-03 DELL * .4985?7E-02
J -14 MIDWALL RADIUS a .63253E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .645424E-03 DELI - .498086E-02
J w15 MIDWALL RADIUS v .604E-02 WALL TH3ICKNESS a .641852E-03 DELI - .496925E-02
J--J.-16 MYDOWLL RADIUS a .5720BE-02 WALL THICKNESS . 63,4447E-03 DELIZ .a- 447E
AXIAL NODE 6 AVE RADIUS 7 .59666 3F-T02 AVE WALL THICKNESS - .606491E-03 CONTACT SWITCH aI TCE *163ED00
.
J -1 I IWL RAD IUS - .54991E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .615030L-03 DELZ a .4B325BE-02
S0 2 MI OWALL RADEIUS - .51967E-02 WALL THICKNESS .58Z572F-03 DELI - .464817E-02
J - 3 MIDWALL RADIUS - .50083E-02 WALL THICKNESS -. 5?f01E-03 DELI - .426555E-02-
-J - % MIOWALL RADIUS - .49433E-0Z WALL THICKNESS a .4886?OE-03 DELIZ .404923E-02
J -J*a7MIDWALL
a 5 M IDWALL RADUSa o50083E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .5?4092E-03 DELI .428562E-02
J a b MIDWALL RADIUS a .51987E-O WALL THICKNESS a.512576E-03 DELI .4648POE-02
-4- . 7 MIDWALL RADIUS - 854991E-0O WALL THICKNESS -a-.615040[-03 Z *ElZ
,e O6UE-OZ
J a 9 MIDWALL RADIUS t .58774E-02 WALL THICKNESS *631546E-03 DELZ - .492079E-0Z
.
J a 9 MIDWALL RADIUS a .62819E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .640160E-03 DELZ - .496324E-02
J .10 MIDWALL RADIUS a .66452E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .644380E-03 DELI - .497789E-02
-- J 11--3-MIDWALL- RADIUS *--.68986E-02. WALL--THICKNESS *--.646309E-03 DELI a- ,498312E-02----O....
J *12 MIDWALL RADIUS a .699OOE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .64Fb84E-03 DELZ a .498452E-02
s1 IDWALL RADIUS
S-43 MIDWALL
JI a *69000E-02 a 646316E-03 EL :498314E-02
WAEL.
Ji :15h MIDWA L
lnWAL[
RAD IUS
RADIUS
a .66478E-02
a62851E-O2
WALL THICKNESS
THI CKNESS
WALL THICKNESS
S.644398E-030 EL a 497794E-02
a .640199E-03 DEL! a .496340E-02
RADIUS a':586 a0 E-O2 WALL THICKNESS S.631639E-03 DELI -',.49212E-02
TABLE B-3. (-CONTINUED)
AX IAC NODE' 7- AVE RADIUS - .6265061-07 AVF WALL THICKNESS - .596999E-03 CON TACT SWITCH a 1 TcE - .221EO00
J - I MIDwALL RADIUS - .5617gE-02 WALL THICKIIESS - .61l1141E-O3 DELL - .*4615OOE-Oz
J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS - .52306U-02 WALL TIH ICPNESS - .572753F-03 DIL L - .451904(-O2
J - 3 MIDWALL RADIUS - .49889E-02 WALL THIICKNESS - .498763E-03 DELI - .41L366bE-O
J a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS a .49073E-O2 WALL THICKFIESS a .416520E-03 DELI - .395612E-C2
J - 5 MIDWALL RADIUS a .4988E-O2 WALL THICKf1FSS - .498774E-03 DELZ - .41 37BE-02
J * 6 MIDWALL RADIUS .52306E-02 WALL T1I CKNESS - .572760E-03 D!:ZL - .458,411[-02
J 7 MIDWALL RADIUS .56179E-OZ WALL THICKNESS - .6I it'.F -0 OEL5 - .%;.453E-02
J * Al IIDWALL RADIUS - .61151E-02 WALL T1 ICKNESS - .630286E-03 DEL. - .491623E-02
J 9 MIDWALL RADIUS .60564E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .639g4!E-03 DELI - .496370-OZ
_.J -I0 MIDWALL RADIUS - .7I49BE-OZ WALL THICKNESS - .4453flE-03 ('-LL - .4979I3E-O2
J -It MIDWALL RADIUS - .74971E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .646603E-03 DELI -'.498440E-O2
J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS - .76229E-O2 WALL THICKNESS - .647211E-03 DELLI .496579E-0Z
J -13 MIDWALL RADIUS - .7499OE-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .646610E-03 DELZ a .498442E-02
-J w14 MIDWALL RADIUS a .71534E-02 WALL THICKNESS - ,64557E-03 DELI - .497918E-O2
J -15 MIDWALL RADIUS - .6t608E-O2 WALL THICKNESS - .639989E-03 DELZ - .4963U8E-02
J sib MIDWALL RADIUS - ,6119E[-OZ WALL THICKNESS - .630192E-03 DELI a .491674E-02
AXIAL NODE 8 AVE RADIUS - o673875E-02 AVE WALL THICKNESF a .588260E-03 CON T'ACT SWITCH - I TfE * .313E00
I a L[ IDWALL RADIUS - .57965E-02 WALL MIIICKNESS - .610299E-03 DELI - .'51115E-02O
" Z WIDwALL RADIUS "- 52844E-02 WALL I ICKNE SS - .566547E-03 DELZ - .455875E-02
J a 3 MIDWALL RADIUS a .49721E-02 WALL T HICKNESS5 - .471356E-03 DELI - .393101E-OZ
J a 4 IIDWALL RADIUS - .4868OO-02 WALL THICKNESS - .337915E-03 DELZ - .294029E-OZ
J -. MWIDWAtI RADIUS a .49721[-02 WALL IHICKNESS - .471372E-03 DELI - .393117F-OZ
J a 6 MIDWALL RADIUS - .52844E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .566556E-03 DELI - .455884E-02
TIDWALL RADIU$
7 - .57965E-02 WALL IfTICKNESS .610304[-03 DELI - .481119F-02
8 MIDWALL RADIUS a .64724E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .630935E-03 DELI a .492104E-02
.J 9 MIDWALL RAD IUS . .72273E-02 WALL T1 ICKNE S a .E409101-03 DELI - .496f339E-0O
J -10 MIDWALL P AD I1 0 79206E-02 WALL TH CKNE S - .645440E-03 DELI - .498215E-02
J a11 MIDWALL PAD U1 a84277E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .6474POE-03 DELI - .496681E-02
J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS - co'
e66095E-0Z WALL THICKNESS - .6480917E-03 DOLZ - .498805E-02
__J -13 NIDWALL RADIUS - .84306E-02 WAL.L TIIICKNESS - .647468[-03 DELZI- .49,6683E-02 -
J -14 MIDWALL RADIUS a .79336E-02 WALL THICrNESS - .6,45459E-03 DELZ - .498220E-02 ... .. . . ..... ..... .. . . .. .. . .. -
J -15 MIDWALL RADIUS - .7233, E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .640952E-03 DELI - .49t1355E-O2
J '16 MIDWALL RADIUS - .647e3E-02 WALL. THICKNESS . 03i0';'--03 Pt LZ1 .V.7171E-02
-AXIAL NODE 9 AVE RADIUS - .62641V2F-02 AVE WALL INICkI:ESS - .597001E-03 COINITACT- SWITCH-----1-- T CE--.---v2211E400
J o I MIDWALL RADIUS a .5617BE-02 WALL [I CKNESS - .611133E-03 DELI - .481445E-O2
SZ IDWALL RADIUS - .52306F-OZ WALL TIII CKNESS - .572751[-03 DELZ - .4509031-02
MIDWALL RADIUS a .49890E-OZ WALL THICKNESS - .498783E-03 DELL a .412382E-02
__J a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS a .49073E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .4165901-03 DELL - .355667E-Oz
J 5 MIDWALL RADIUS a .49090E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .k98794E-03 DELL a .4L2393E-OZ
J 6 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5?306-02 WALL THICKNESS - .572758E-03 DELL a .4589IOE-02
J a 7 MIDWALL RADIUS a .5617BE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .611137E-03 DELL a .408144BE-OZ
_-.-a 8 MIDWALL RADIUS .. .61 149E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .630277E-03 DELL -.-. 491618E-02
J -,9 MIDWALL RADIUS ,66561E-0Z WALL THICKNESS a .639938E-03 DELL a .496367E-02
.
J 10 MIDWALL RADIUS a .71494E-02 WALL THICKNESS a ,644532E-03 DELL a .49791IE-02
J -II M(DWALL RADIUS - T74966E-02 WALL THICKNESS .646597E-03 DELI a ,49843@E-02
-J-Z.--.MIDWALL RADIUS -a--. 76223E-02--WALL--THICKNESS-.-.6472? 1 E-03 DELZ-.-.-498 578E-02---
J s13 MIDWALL RADIUS a *74985E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .b46605E-03 DELL - .498440E-02
.1:1 MIDWALL RADIUS a *71530E-02 WALL THICKNESS .644551 :-03 DELI a *497916E-02
,MOWALL RADIUS a .66605E-OZ WALL THICKNESS v .639981E -03 DELI a .496384E-02
-4 P DW2A--AU---, 61|-9 E-O --.WALL-TH|tKNESS -- 630384E-O3--I 6-
--. 4916fF2--O-
i
AXIAL t:L)E IG AVI. .ALt|US - .:'., t,t0
_I - G A v'i. WALL H I IiA0A41,I(Ut - I L-0 CONIACT SWITCH - I
J - I MIDWALL RADIUS , .5998F-02 WALL tHICKNESS - .615O65E-03 D)LI - .43278[-02 ItE = .163E+00
J a 2 MI [jwALL RADPIuS - .5191t9E1-O WILL IHICI<NLSS .58255OE-03 DELI - .464794E-OZ
J -- 3 Ml1DWALL RADIUIU ,5C0C82E-02 WALL THI CKNFSS - .523764E-03 DEI. vl .428352E-02
J a 4 MIOWALL RADIUS - .49431E-0Z WALL IHICKNSS - .4,IP27IF-C3 DELI - .406191-02
J - 5 MIDWALL RADIUS * .500i2E-O2 WALL [HICKNESS .'23774E-03 DELI - .428359E-02
J - 6 MIDWALL RAD US - .5198)-02 WALL IIICKESS - .5625;4f-03 DELZ a .464798E-02
-J- 7 MIDWALL RADIUS , .54,998E-02 WALL TIIICKNFESS - .615067E-03 DIZ I - .4632i9E-02
J a 8 MIDWALL RADIUS - .58787E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .b31583E-03 D:LZ - .49?2104E-02
J a 9 ?IDW ALL RADIUS ..62839E-02 WALl. IIICK N fS S , 1'.01',;E-C3 Fit. L .406339}E-0
J -10 MIDWALL RADIUS .66479E-0Z WALL THICKNESS - ,64 40uEE-03 DEL.I
. .4197798E-02
--- J -11 MIDWALL RADIUS - .6901 7E-02 WALl. THICKNESS- a 646333F-03 DEI. - .4983201-02
J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS - .69933E-02 WALL THICKNESS - ,6469OeE-03 DELZ .498a60-02
J -13 MTDWALL RADIUS - .69032E-02 WALL 1tHICKNESS ,663'CE-03 DELl - .498322E-02
J -L4 MIDWALL RADIUS a .665051-02 WALL THICKNESS ,64.4?,E-03 OULZ - .497804E-02
J -15 MIDWALL RADIUS - .62871E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .640Z30E-03 DELZ - .496355E-02
J *16 MIDWALL RADIUS - .58820E-02 WALL THICKNESS .631675E-03 DELl - .492150F-02
.
AXIAL MODE 11 AVE RADIUS - .5*17506E-02 AVE WALL TI ICKNFSS - .614614E-03
J a I MIDWALL RADIUS - .54142E-02 WALL THICKNESS
CONTACT SWITCH 1
I TCE 0.126E+00
. 6f19179E-03 Dr L - .485270E-02
-J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5 1709E-02 WALL THICKNESS = .593707E-03 DELl - .4t70974F-02
J - 3 MIDWALL RADIUS a .50150E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .555037E-03 DELI - .447959E-02
J - 4 MIDWALL RAD IUS - .49615F-02 WALL TH ICKNESS ,55100E-03 DELIZ - .426(115E-02
J a 5 MIDWALL RADILIS - .50150E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .5550391-03 DELI - .447960E-02
.... a 6 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51709E-02 WALL TH ICKNESS a .593709E-03 DELl - .470975f-02
J 7 MIDWALL RADIUS a .54142E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .619180E-03 DELI - .485270E-02
J a 8 MIDWALL RADIUS a .57168E-02 WALL THICKNESS - ,63320BE-03 DELI - .492739E-02
J a 9 MIDWALL RADIUS a .60365F-02 WALL THICKNESS - .640714E-03 DELZ - .49622E-Oz
-. J =10 MIDWALL RADIUS a .6320BE-02 WALL THICKNESS - .644465E-03 DELZ - .49774bE-O2
: J -11 MIDWALL RADIUS - .65178F-02 WALL THICKNESS - .6'-)21?E-03 0FLZ - .4982431-02
J 01Z MIDWALL RADIUS .658BOE-O? WALL 1H KKNES S - .64673E-0 DELZ ,,498 79E-02
JJ -13 MIDWALL RADI US - .651689E-02 WALL HICKNESS a .6462 9E-03 I)ElZ1 .498 45E-02
:--J .14 MIDW&LL RADIUS - .632?8E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .6444,2E-03 CELZ .497751E-02
J t15 MIDWALL RADIUS a .6039OF-02 WALL THICKNESS a .640750E-03 DfLZ * .496436E-02
J -16 MIDWALL RADIUS - .57194E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .63323U8E-03 DELZ .492781E-02
AXIAL NiODE 12 AVE RADIUS - .565400F-02 AVE WALL THICKNESS .621142E-03
-s 1 MIDWALL RADIUS a .53591E-02 WALL THICKNESS *.E234i7?-03 CONTACT SWITCH 1I TCE .10ZE+00
. * .487557E-02
-J- 2 MIDWALL RADIUS - .51536E-02 WALI THICKNESS .623i2E-03 DELI - .475,22E-02
J 9 3 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5CZ11E-O WALL THICKNESS ,572666E-03
. DEL Z a .457804E-02
a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS - .497541-02 WALL THICKNESS .552867F-03
. DELZ a .446129E-02
-A-- 5 IIDWALL RADIUS .5021IE-02 WALL THICKNESS - .572566E-03 DELZ - .457804E-02
J 6 MIDvdALL RADIO a .51536E-02 WALL THICKNESS ,602372E-03
. DELI a .475722E-02
J ;7 MIDWALL RADIUS a .535911-02 WALL THICKNESS - .6230181-03 PELZ - .4b7557E-02
J 6 MIDWALL RAD US a .56127E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .635743E-03 DELZ - .493q6.E-02
-- J. 9 MIDWALL RADIUS -- o.5b7P3E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .642t5OE-03 .FLl a .496455E-02
I ,,O MID4 ALL RADIJS - .$12E-02 WALL THI:(NESS a .645342F-03 DEL I .498018E-32
J -11 MIDWALL RADIUS - .62747,E-02 WALL THICKNES$ - ,645874E-03 DELI - .498442E-02
J -12 MIDWALL RADIUS a .63327E--02 WALL THICKNESS - .647349F-03 DELI a .498563E-02
-J -13 MIDWALL RADIUS - .,2756F-02 WALL THICKNESS - .64638OF-03 DELI
J -14 MIDWALL RADIUS .- .61146E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .645356E-03 DELI -- .498444E-02 .498023E-02
J =15 MIDWALL RADIUS a .5804,E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .642,90E-03 DELI - .49,,9b6E-02
J -16 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5C148E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .635798E-03 DELZ - .493995E-02
-AXIAL NODE 13 AVE RADIUS - .550626E-02 AVE WALL THICKNESS - .621998-03
J - 1 MIDWALL RADIUS a .52906F-02 WALL 1HICKNESS - .630435E-03 DELI a .490955E-02 CONMTA-T--SW--T wU
J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51336E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .618437E-03 DELZ , .484364E-02
J a 3 MIDWALL RADIUS a .50315E-02 WALL THICKNESS * .602665E-03 DELI - .475629E-02
-J .a 4 MIDWALL RADIUS - .49962f-02 WALL THICKNESS - .594414E-03 DELZ , .470533E-02
J a 5 MIDWALL RADIUS - .50315E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .602665E-03 DELZ a .475620E-02
6 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51336E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .618437E-03 DELI - .484364E-02
7 MIDWALL RADIU a .52906E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .630435E-03 DELI a .490955E-02
-J
J
.8 MIDWALL RADIUS-.- .54822E-02 WALL-THI CKNESS - .637034E-03 DELZ a-.494490E-02-
9 MIDWALL RADIUS a .56808E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .640320E-03
4-
DELZ - .496084E-02
J -10 MIDWALL RADIUS a .58546E-:O WALL THICKNESS , ,64188iu-03bkLZ a .4%721E-02
J a1l MIDWALL RADIUS a .59737E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .642578E-03 DELI a .416976E-02
"-.1Z-4MIDWALL-- RADIUS----.60163E-O2-WALL -THICKNESS-,--,642776E-03 DELZ-----.497045E-O2-
J -13 MIDWALL RADIUS a .59744E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .642582E-03 DELZ a .496977E-02
J s14 MIDWALL RADIUS a .58559E-02 WALL THIKNE$ a .641895E-01 3ELZ a .496724E-02
J _15 MI0WALL RADIUS a .56823E-02 WALL THICKNESS p =640338E-03DEL!- L .496092-O2
------- "-NOWALL--RADIU ----.w 48-38E-O2-WALi.--THICKNESS--.-,,-63707, E-O3--.OEL--.----494, L2 E-O-
AXIAL NOCE 14 5
AVE RADIUS a 5425E-02 AVE WALL THICKNES - .629637E-03 CONTACT SWITCH - I TCE a .716E-O1
J a [ iMIDWA[I RADIUS a .5860[E-O2 WAIL 1HICKNESS * .630921E-03 DELL a .491254E-02
J- * Z MIDWA RADIIU S - .5131 3E-02 WALt TH]CKNESS a .615I1?E-03 DELl - .484373[-02
43 IDWALL RADIUS a .5C3(6E-02 WA L L THICK NESS a .602U75jF-03 DFLZ a .47'563OF-02
RADIUIJS - .49115BE-02 WALL IIIICKNESS a .503507E-03 DELZ a .4697701-02
5 MIDWALL RADIUS u .50306E-O2 WALL Th1ICYNESS a .6021375E-03 DELl - .4756,30E-02
J * 6 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51313E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .618513E-03 DELl a .484374E-O2
J a 7 MIDWALL RADIUS - .52860E-02 WALL THICKNESS a ,j30 E- ELZ - 49125F-O2
J a 8 MIDWALL RADIUS - .5474aE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .637817E-03 DELl a .49494E-02
J a 9 IDWALL RADIUS a .56174E-O WALL THICKNESS a .641322E-03 DELL a .496563E-0Z
J -10 MIDWALL RAO US a .58416E-OZ WALL TH ICKNESS a .b43022E-03 DELl .497?14E-O2
4 il I I,,10WA 1 1 RADIUS - .59588E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a *643813E-03 DEL7 a .49748HE-02
J atl IIDWALL RADIUS a .6000TE-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .64048E-03 DEL. a .497566E-02
J a12 MIDWALL RADIUS a 59595E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .6435I7E-03 DEL I a .474,11E-02
J : 13 M1DWALL RADIUS 58428E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .61i3031E-03 DELLI .4'*2L7E-O2
J s15 MIDWALL RADIUS a .56720E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .641340E-03 DEll .64e570E-02
RADIUS - .5476E-02 WALL THICKNESS a.63783E-03 DELl .49-963E-02
AXIAL NUDE 15 AVE RADIUS - .54977PE-02 AVE WALL THICKNES a .62966013-03 CONTACT SWITCH a 1 ;TCE - .715E-O1
J a 1 MIDWALL RADIUS a .52588E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .630960E-03 DELZ a .0912156E-O2
-J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51312E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a ,615'tE-O3 DELI- .484400E-02
J3 v 3 IDWALL RADIU .503D6E-02 WALL THICKNESS - .602913E-03 DELl a .475660E-02
J * 4 MIDWALL RADIUS a .4q96[E-O? WALL THICKNESS a .593543E-03 DELZ a .469803E-02
J a 5 MIDWALL RADIUS a .50306E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .602914E-03 DELI a .475660E-02
aJ 6IIDWALL RADIUS a .51312E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .616551E-03 DELI a .484401E-02
J a 7 MIDWALL RADIUS a .52850E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .b30962E-03 DELl a .491257E-02 '-4
J - 8 MIDWALL RADIUS a .54744E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a.b3784E:03 DELI a .494960E-02
J a 9 MIDWALL RADIUS a .5669DE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .641349E-03 DELL a .495575E-02
-- J vIO MIDWALL
a Il MIDWALL cn
MKDWALL RADIUS a .5840VE-O0 WALL THICKNESS a9643046E-'03 DELZ a .497223E-02
RADIUS a .59579E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .643836E-03 DELL - .497496E-02
RADIUS a .59998E-02 WALL THICKNESS S.644070E-03 DELL - .497574E-02
J o13 MIDWALL RADIUS a .59566E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .613839E-03 DELL - .497490E-0Z
-- J a14 MIDWAIL RADIUS a .5e,2OL-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .643055E-03 DELZL .4972?6E-02
J .15 MIDWALL RADIUS - .567L3E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .641367E-03 DELL a .490513E-0Z
J s16 MIDWALL RADIUS v .5476OE-02 WALL THICKNESS a .537885E-G3 ,ELI a .494981E-OZ
AXIAL NODE 16 AVE RADIUS - .54'-777E-02 AVE WALL Di ICKNESS a .CZ96b9E-03 CONTACT SWITCH a . TCE- *715E-01
-- .J I IMIDWALL RADIUS - .52858E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .630961E-03 DELL a .491257E-O2
J a 2 MIDWALL RADIUS a .51312E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a .618550E-03 DELL .484401E-02
: IDWALL RADIUS - .5C300E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .602913E-03
.593547E-03
DELl a .475659E-0Z
MIDWALL RADIUO a .,9q5BE-O2 WALL THICKNESS . DELI a469802E-O2
aJ 5 MIDWALL RADIUS - .50306E-O WALL THICKNESS - .602914E-03 DELL a .475660E-02
J a 6 MIDWALL RADIUS - .51312E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .616551E-03 DELI a .484'02E-02
JJ va 87 MIDWALL RADIUS a .52e58E-02 WALL THICKNESS a 9630Q63E-03 DELL a .491258E-0Z
MIDWALL RADIUS a .54744E-O2 WALL THICKNESS a .b37H46E-03 DELL a a49496IE-OZ
-J a 9-MIDWALL RADIUS ... 56698E-O? WALL-THICKNESS a-a641350E-03 DELL -. 496576E-02
J -10 MIDWALL RADIUS - .58408E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .64304BE-03 DELL a .497224E-OZ
J all MIDWALL RADIUS a .59579E-OZ WALL THICKNESS a ,643938E-03 DELI a .497497E-02
J s12 MIOWALL RADIUS a .59998E-02 WALL THICKNESS a .644072E-03 DELL a 49Q7575E-02
-J-.1]3-+MIDWALL -RADIUS----a59586E-O2 WALL-THICKNESS ---- 643841E-03 DELl-- . 497498E-02
J o14 MIDWALL RADIUS a *58420E-02 WALL THIJKNESS a a643057E-0 DELZ a a49722TE-OZ
RAOIU$S * 56713E-O
:t -1 .IDAL
IDWALL RADIU a .54760E-O
WALL THICKNESS
WALL THICKNESS
a a641369E:03
. 637887 E03
DELZ ,*496583E-OZ
OELZ a .494982E-O2
APPENDIX C
DERIVATION OF KRAMER AND DEITRICH'S EXPRESSION

FOR STRESS
The theory of Kramer and Deitrich is summarized here because the

theory is basic to understanding cladding deformation. In the Kramer and
Deitrich approach, forces on an element of cladding are summed and set
equal to zero as in any statics problem. However, Kramer and Deitrich
express these forces as a function of a general transformation and they
divide the transformation into two parts--a large symmetric deformation
which preserves the cylindrical shape of the cladding and small
perturbation terms which are a function of position. The cladding
deformation is viewed as a transformation of an element of material from
its initial coordinates to a new location
r = f1 (6o5 Z0' t) = a(t) + 6 (eo, Zo, t) (C-la)
6 = f 2 (eo, Zo t) = e (C-lb)
Z = f 3 (6o' Zo' t) = exp (eZ) Zo = x(t) (C-Ic)
where
(r,e,Z) new coordinates of the element of material

initially located at (r , e0 , Zo)
flf 2f 3 functions describing a general transformation
a(t) zero-th order, the radius one would find if the

cylinder remained cylindrical
C-i
6 ( 6 Ol Zol t) =, tlocal perturbations of the radius
EZ = average axial strain component.
Equation (C-lb) assumes radial displacement but that assumption is not used
in this model. The quantity that is used is the position vector of the
deformed element in cylindrical coordinates
AA
r = [a(t) + 6(o ,Z ,t)] r + x (t) Zo Z. (C-2)
This position vector is used to define two (non-unit) basis vectors tangent
to the deformed surface
A
ar - -~
A6
r + [a(t) + 6(o , zo, t)]
ar
L +0+0
20 00
0
a6 a A
r + [a(t) + (eo, 6Zo, t)] (C-3)
A
@r A
a2= 0 r [a(t) + 6 (e0, Zot)] aT + x(t) Z
0
6 A A
= -u-o r + x(t) Z. (C-4)
Figure C-1 illustrates typical orientations of r, I, and B2.
Bending stresses from thermal expansion and swelling are neglected so

the forces on a surface element come from membrane stresses in the plane
and pressures normal to the plane. The force per unit area on the edges of
the surface element are the inner product of the stress tensor and a unit
vector normal to the edge. The force per unit area on the Z = constant
and eo = constant edges is
C-2
r
82
Figure C-1. Schematic illustration of the position vector, r,

and two bases vectors tangent to the deformed
surface element.
C-3
2
Fo = r . (C-5)
F0 81- (C-6)
where
FZo force per unit area on the Zo = constant edge
F force per unit area on the eo = constant edge
82
unit vector normal to Z = constant edge. The vector 82
2 equals vZo.
- =
70 unit vector normal to e = constant edge. The vector 8
equals VO.
82 81
Figure C-2 shows typical orientations of - and

82
F and F must be multiplied by the edge areas to find the

force due to s~ress on the edges of the surface element under
consideration. The length of each edge can be found by realizing that the
differential vector connecting two neighboring points is
-I -A
r
a~ ar
dr - de + dZ (C-7)
a0 o Zo
C-4
I
2
= V7
1
S= 70,-
o
Figure C-2. Schematic illustration of typical orientations of vectors

normal to the ZO = constant and 00 = constant edges.
C-5
The differential arc length is the square root of
2
ds2 dr dr o2 + [a(t) + 6 (eO, Zo, t)]2J de0
4- 2 -26 36de Z
+ [(2-)+ A(t) 2] dZ 02 (C-8)
The Z. = constant edge is thus.V'/doo long and the e = constant

edge is /G-dZ0 long
where
+ [a(t) + 6(eo, ZO, t)] 2 a 2

E
(16
(C-9)
0
2
G ( 73;
+ X(t) 12 (C-10)
Thus for an element h thick, the forces on the Zo = constant and

o constant edges are
FZ = h v/E-de (C-lI)
and
0 8~10
Fe ~ ~ h V-dZ (C-12)
C-6
Using the orthonormal relations between 81 2-I and -29
8 1-- 1 (C-13a)
82 "2= 1 (C-13b)
2 0 (C-13c)
"=0
2 8 (C-13d)
S( x ):0 (C-13e)
82 (81 (C-13f)
21
and the definitions of $-and it is possible to solve for the six

I1 -.1
unknown components of 8 and 8 The components can in turn be used to
show
(C-14)
2 E (C-15)
C-7
where
H EG2 a- (C-16)
0 3Zo
Equations (C-Il) and (C-12) can be rewritten using these expressions and
the orthonormal relations
F =a
=
a
2 hHde
[a12 a2]
22+ h H de (C-17)
and
F : j . I h H dZ
0
0
- -1 21 -1
I+~ 2]h HdZ P, (C-18)
In addition to these stress-caused forces on the element there is a

force exerted by the pressure on the element. The force due to pressure is
Fn = 6P dA (C-19)
where
AP the pressure inside the cladding minus the pressure

outside the cladding
C-8
dA the surface area of the element times a unit vector normal
to the element.
Since 'x is normal to the surface and the edges have been shown to be
d eo F'Ede and 2 dZo : vGdZo in length,
o01 2
dA = d o0 dZo0 a x B2
= do0dZo0 H n (C-20)
AA
where n is a unit normal to the surface,
A as A a&A
x(a + r)- x - 0- (a + s) o Z--
28 0 az0
H
The force exerted by pressure is thus
A
Fn = AP H do 00o
dZ n. (C-21)
Since the element is in equilibrium (small forces required to

accelerate the cladding mass are neglected), the normal components of the
stress-caused forces and the pressure-caused force must sum to zero.
A Z0 A d 0 A
Fn n d dZo - n + do de 0 n .(C-22)
0 0
The forces acting on the element are shown schematically in Figure C-3.
Using expressions (C-17) and (C-18) for F and F , the fact that n is
orthogonal to 1 and , Equations (C-3) and (C-4)for a' and -, and the
A
expression given after Equation (C-20) for n in conjunction with Equation
(C-22) leads to the expression
C-9
I
Fo + dF0 do
dOdo
0
F
0 n
Figure C-3. Forces acting on an element of deformed cladding surface.
C-10
hAP L + 2 M 12+ N (C-23)
where
290 o aZ
2a
N. -z 0 02 360@X
"H
aZaz02
Although Equation (C-23) is only one equation in the three unknowns
I 2a,and a ,it will turn out that two of the three

stress components have no first order change when the cladding shape is
perturbed from cylindrical so the equation is sufficient to solve for the
one non-zero component.
In order to get a convenient basis for the perturbation theory that

will be used with the equilibrium relation, Equation (C-23), a new basis is
defined
(C-24)
S= 1i
1JiB---j Bifj BjlRja (-4
C-II
i
The new components, j ,, can be related to the old using inner products
along with the defining relation, Equation (C-24). The inner products are
% " .--
a, a,= E (C-25)
a2 82 = G (C-26)
(C-27)
1 2 2eO Z0 -0
6i 8]= ij. (C-28)
The new components expressed in terms of the old components are
11 12 (C-29)
1
21 E(F 11+ G 12 (C-30)
2 F21 22
o2 F +
12 22
Fa +G (C-31)
These components are convenient for the perturbation theory approach

because they reduce to the familiar principal stress components in the
limit of no perturbation:
C-12
As 6 - 0,
L a (C-32)
M 0 (C-33)
N 0 (C-34)
2
E a (C-35)
FO (C-36)
E 2 ( C-37)
and Equation (C-23) becomes
AP I
a (C-38)
cyla
Thus, using Equations (C-29) to (C-38)
*1 a2 11 a A- (C-39)
cyl1
1
12
a2 - ax a (c-40)
2 22
2 - X, 0 (C-41)
02
The right side of (C-40) is zero. This can be seen by noting that as
6+0
C-13
a Ae (C-42)
a2 X Z (C-43)
This means that in the limit 6 o 0
12 1
0 I- e 0. (C-44)
Zcyl
Similar logic can be used to identify the limit of a 22 From

Equation (C-43),
22 1 ZZ (C-45)
A cyl
Combining Equations (C-39), (C-40), (C-41), (C-44), and (C-45) leads to the
1 1 2
conclusion that 01 , 02 and a2 do reduce to the familiar principal stress
components as 6 - 0:
1 * a
(C-46)
cy1
021 2 0 (C-47)
02 *a (C-48)
2 ZZcy1
The final part of deriving the Kramer and Deitrich expression for
stress is to carry out the perturbation
i approximation. In order to do
this, the stress components a .are written as the sum of the cylindrical
s
shape stresses given by Equations (C-46) to (C-48) and a small change
C-14
j=aji a+ ai
(Y
i
6. (C-49)
where
i
aa cylindrical, shape stresses given as limits in
Equations (C-46) to (C-48)
o6 a-3 - ai
A second preliminary step is to invert the transformation relations of

Equations (C-29) to (C-31) and a third is to express the deformed wall
thickness, h, as the cylinder wall thickness, hcyl, less a small change
of order 6
h = ncyI - h . (C-50)
The perturbation calculation itself is carried out by substituting

the expressions for ij as functions of ai into Equation (C-23). With some
algebra and subsequent use of Equations (C-49) and (C-50) the following
expression is obtained:
cylA h6
- E - F2]
- - 2MF + NF 2
[ ,6
3[ L a. + aY611]
+ - LGLF + 2ME - NF 0]
[+a 612
+ N [E - F2] [ZZcyl + 622] (C-51)
C-15
Next the expressions following Equation (C-23) for L, M, and N and the
defining equations for E, G, and F [Equations (C-9), (C-10) and (C-27)] are
used to express L, M, N, G, E, and F in Equation (C-51) as functions of
s. The resultant expression is then expanded in orders of s where
h6, -0,-2 O, and ai

660 aZ
are considered to be or order 6. The zero-th order terms are an identity
P a : -a (C-52)
cyl cyl
The first order terms lead to the following expression
1 aP6 aAP h6 226 ZZcyIl~

I6 h+ 2 2 a 226 (C-53)
Sl
cyl
Lc n2cy h cyl aeo2
-+-- x2 aZ0
which is the expression used for the change in hoop stress due to a change
in shape. Since there are no first-order terms involving any other stress
components, the cylinder expressions for these other components are correct
to first order without modification.
C-16
APPENDIX D
DERIVATION OF MODEL FOR BENDING
This appendix is a derivation of Equation (29) of the main text, the

expression used to model the effect of bending due to different changes in
cladding length as the ballooning proceeds. A highly simplified model for
this bending is employed. In this model the cladding is assumed to be bent
into a circular arc of radius rZ as illustrated in Figure D-1. Since
both the right and the left side subtend an angle ,
Zr
rZ (D-1)
ZL
(D-2)
r z+d
where
= angle subtended by the bending cladding
rZ radius of curvature of the inside bend of the cladding

viewed from the side
Zr length of the right side of the cladding
ZL length of the left side of the cladding
d cladding diameter.
D-1
4
- -
ZL
F1 Cct
Figure D-1. Cladding configuration assumed for bending model.
D-2
At the midpoint of the arc the right hand side of the cladding is displaced
a distance
(D-3a)
XR rZ- rz cos (z)
or
2
XR rz - (D-3b)
by the bending. XR can be expressed in terms of ZR and ZL by

eliminating and rZ from Equations (D-1), (D-2), and (D-3b). The
resultant expression is
- ZR)
XR=- ZR (ZL8d
XR (D-4)
Similarly, the left hand side of the cladding is displaced a distance
XXL ZL (ZL - ZR) (D-5)

8d
Equations (D-4? and (D-5) show that the average bending displacement at the
center of the arc is
ZL + R(ZLZR) (D-6a)
ZBEND L8 (D-6b)
where ZBEND is the average length contributing to the bending.
D-3
A complete calculation of cladding bending would have to ensure that
length changes and local stresses are consistent all around the cladding
circumference and allow for variation in strains over the length of the
bowed cladding. This careful calculation of the cladding bending would be
both expensive'and inconsistent with the approximations made to model the
effect of shape on the local stress of the ballooning cladding and to
account for tangential displacement. The detailed calculation was avoided
by assuming
ZR ; ZBEND exp [eZZ (K,J)] (D-7)
ZL ZBEND exp [CZZ (KJ + L(-8)
d ;ro 0 exp [e.e (K,3)] + exp [eee (KJ + (D-9)
where
ezz(K,L) axial component of strain of the cladding

element at the K-th axial and L-th circumferential node
Eee(K,L) tangential component of strain of the cladding

element at the K-th axial and L-th circumferential node
r0 initial midwall radius of the cladding
NJ number of circumferential nodes used to represent the

cladding.
Equations (D-6b) to (D-9) can be combined to find the net displacement

of the cladding midwall radius due to bending
ZBENo exp Fezz (K, +N - exp[eZ (K,J)]

ro exp C (KJ)] + ex [F. (KJ + 'j)](010
D-4
M
Since the code is an incremental code, the expression actually used is the
change in midwall radius during a time step. This change is obtained from
Equation (D-1O) and the chain rule:
X zz(KaJ) dezz(K'J) + zz(K'J +a -J) deZZ KJ +
+ aX de + \D-11)
.
lee6
aX
K,J) dee(K,J)
dce88 +a 3) 6e( K,J + ,2_
The resultant expression is Equation (29) of the main text.
D-5

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EGG-CDAP-5379

ZIRCALOY CLADDING SHAPE AT FAILURE (BALON2).

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

This is an informal report intended for use as a preliminary or working document

Prepared for the

Report No. EGG-CDAP-5379

Contract Program or Project Title: Fuel Behavior Model Development

Subject of this Document: Zircaloy Cladding Shape at Failure (BALON2)

Type of Document: Status Report

Date of Docume nt: July 1981

Responsible NRC Individual and NRC Office or Division: G. P. Marino, NRC-RES

EG&G Idaho, Inc.

Prepared for the

The derivation and some implications of a simple true stress cladding

The main progress represented by this report is the use of local

Although the failure criterion is simplified by the use of true

THE FAILURE CRITERION ............... ................................ 2

A MODEL FOR CALCULATING CLADDING SHAPE ............................... 17

Calculation of Local Stress in the Cladding ..................... 19

Check for Sufficiently Small Time Step Size ..................... 25

Update of Cladding Temperatures ................................. 29

Calculation of Strain Component Increments ...................... 32

Estimation of Cladding Dimensions at the End of the Time

PARAMETRIC STUDIES AND COMPARISON WITH DATA .......................... 40

APPENDIX A--EQUATION OF STATE FOR ZIRCALOY CLADDING PLASTIC

APPENDIX B--BALLOON CODE LISTING AND EXAMPLE OUTPUT .................. B-1

APPENDIX C--DERIVATION OF KRAMER AND DEITRICH'S EXPRESSION

APPENDIX D--DERIVATION OF MODEL FOR BENDING .......................... D-1

1. Local tangential stress at failure versus temperature

2. Sequence of model calculations .................................. 18

5. Effect of relative deformation of all segments of the cladding

6. Use of circular cross section and bending models to determine

7. Effect of heating rate on total circumferential elongation ...... 41

16. Model calculations versus measured elongation for MRBT Test

C-1. Schematic illustration of the position vector, r, and two bases

C-3. Forces acting on an element of deformed cladding surface ........ C-l0

0-1. Cladding configuration assumed for bending model ................ D-2

1. Summary of Multirod Burst Test Data ............................. 4

2. Summary of Data from the Hobson-Rittenhouse Tests ............... 6

3. Summary of Data from the Chung-Kassner Tests ................... 7.

4. Summary of Data from the Bauer et al. Tests ..................... 8

B-1. Listing of the BALON[2 Code ................................... B-3

B-2. BALON2 Code Driver Program ..................................... B-21

B-3. Example Output .................................................. B-24

A key consideration in assessing the severity of postulated light

Predictions for cladding shape at rupture have traditionally been

As experiments improved, it became obvious that a significant part of

Arguments are presented in this section which demonstrate that

For cladding temperatures between or equal to 300 and 750 K,

aeF = 1.36 KA (la)

For cladding temperatures between 750 and 1050 K,a

0aF = 46.861429 KA exp 10

For cladding temperatures between or equal to 1050 and 2100 K

aeF tangential component of true stress at burst (Pa)

KA strength coefficient used to describe the plastic

T = cladding temperature (K).

a. Several significant figures are used in this expression in order to

For cold worked or irradiated cladding the failure stress is increased by

Equation (1) is estimated to have a standard error of 0.2 times the

The failure criterion given by Equation (1) is based on data from