1

la'ksk/ku osxGs vkf.k dYiususa fyfg.ksa osxGs-

dYiuk dksG;kP;k tkG;kizek.ksa loax vlrs rj
lakks/ku e/kkP;k iksG;kizek.ksa ifjJekusa ifjiw.kZ
gksrsa- lakks/kukyk okLrokpk HkDde vk/kkj
vlrks rj dYiuk dYiukfookarp jeek.k gksrsa-
;keqGsa ^^tks ts efr lkiMyk r;kl rsfp izkIr**
vkh fLFkrh izkIr gksrs- ;kyk fo}kk Eg.kr
ukghr] O;klax Eg.kr ukghr- loZlk/kkj.k
fkdysyk ek.kwl fpkos/kd dYiuk d:a kdrks-
R;kpk fo}kskha dkMhbrdkfg laca/k ulrks-
;keqGsap fo}}js.;kaP;k leqnk;kar R;kyk
doMhbrdsfg ewY; ulrs-

vktP;k xxuos/kh foKku ;qxkar foKkuklaca/kh

vxnh xf.krkxr i)rhusa dkVsdksji.ksa cksykos
ykxrs- rsFks dYiusus cksy.kk-;kyk dkukyk /k:u
gkdywu nsrhy- ;kp foKku-;qxkar roKku] /keZ]
lektkkL= ;k fok;akr gas dYiuk-lkezkT;
eksdkVi.ksa ok<rs vkgs- ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kwu jM
ok~e;kpk loZ= lqGlqGkV >kyk vkgs-

,dk|kyk ,dk|k fok;klaca/kha HkkV

dYiuk ;srs- yxsp miVlqaHkklkj[kk rks e/;sap
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 2

mBwu mHkk jgkrks- t.kwa lk{kkRdkj Ogkok rkk

FkkVakr R;k dYiuasrwu dksG;kizek.ksa u;ujE;
vqr tkGsa fuekZ.k djrks-lkekU;tu R;keqGsa
Hkkjkorkr] eksfgr gksrkr vkf.k ,d xk<k
vH;kld o lakks/kd Eg.kwu R;kyk inohfg
cgky d:u Vkdrkr-

;qjksih; iafMrkaP;k vQkV fo|kO;klaxkyk

Hkqywu vkiY;kdMhy xqyke esanwpk mPP;
fo|kfoHkwfkr leqnk;] nql;k Hkkksar ^;g
xqykeksadh yach drkj* okVsyrlyk /kqMxwl ?kkywu
jkfgyh vkgs- ;kph ksdMks mnkgj.ksa vkgsr-

ifgyas mnkgj.k teZu iafMr MkW-ykWfjUljpas

igk- R;kyk MkWDVjsV gh mik/kh gksrh- bloh lu
1869 lkyha MkW- ykWfjUljusa xhrspas Hkkkkarj vkf.k
VhdkRed foospu dsyas vkgas- R;ake/;sa R;kus
vdysps vkf.k dYiusps rkjs dls rksMys vkgsr
Rksa igk] rks Eg.krks]^^f[zkLr ;k ukaoko:u .k
gh LkaKk :< >kyh- R;kpizek.ks ^;skqf[zkLr* ;k
iw.kZ Ukakoko:up .kkyk ^;kksnspk .k* gas ukao
izkIr >kysa gksras- R;kusa xhrk vkf.k ck;cy
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 3

;akrhy lekukFkZd LFkGsa kaHkjkgwu vf/kd

nk[kfoyh vkgsr- fokskr% ck;cypk uok djkj
vkf.k (Surman on the mount) ^^;skwph
fxjhojhy izopusa** ;akrwu R;kyk rh feGkyh
vkgsr-R;akrhy fdR;sd lkE;LFkGsa dekyhph
foy{k.k vkf.k vfrk; euu dj.;klkj[kh
vkgsr- fdR;sd LFkGsa uqlrh lekukFkZdp ukghar
rj kCnk% vxnh ,dlkj[khp vkgsr-

R;kP;k -lakks/kukpk vkf.k lknj dsysY;k

izca/kkpk fudkZ vlk dha] fganqLFkkue/;sa Lor%pas
vlas dakghap ukgha- R;kuas vkeP;kdMwup loZ
mluokjh dsysyh vkgs- t.kwa vki.k
fuohZjeqfoZrye~ dsys vls letwu vkf.k vkrak
LoxZ nksup cksVs mjyk vkgs vkk ?kesaMhr rks
[kqkhar xktjsa [kkr gksrk- ek= ;k lakks/kukuas
vkiyh ukpDdh gksbZy gs fcP;k-;k ykWfjUljP;k
LoIuakrfg vkys ulsy i.k izR;{kkar ek= rls
?kMyas [kjsa !

T;k nskkar f[kzLr tUekl vkyk R;k

ns'kakrhy ;gqnh /keZ eqGakr deZiz/kku gksrk- R;kar
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 4

f[zkLrtUekiwohZ 200 oksZ vpkud ^,lhu* gk

laU;kkkapk iaFk fuekZ.k >kyk- gs laU;klh
e`rleqnzkP;k ifpe fduk;koj eB LFkkiwu
jgkr gksr-s vkf.k vkiyk dkG kkari.ksa
Kkulk/kusar O;rhr djhr gksrs- ck;cyP;k uO;k
djkjkar laU;kl /kekZpsa tas o.kZu vkgs]- mnkgj.kkFkZ
^^lqbZP;k us<;krwu ,dosG maV tkbZy ek=
laikhpk laxzg dj.kk;k /kuokukyk nsokP;k
jkT;kar d/khfg izosk feG.kkj ukgha**- ;k laU;Lr
o`khpsa ewG ;k ,lhu iaFkki;Zar tkrs- gk laU;klh
iaFk ;gqnh /kekZrwu ekekusa fodflr >kyk vls
eqGhp fnlr ukgh- ;kmyV gk vdLekr~ -fuekZ.k
>kyk] vls Eg.kky rj txkP;k /kesZfrgklakr
vkh ,dfg uksan ukgh- dkj.k izR;sd iaFkkpk
mxe gk lkiMrksp- fganqLFkkukar cq)fuokZ.kkuarjfg
ckS)/keZ o`f)axr gksrp jkfgyk- R;karhy
fk;izfk;kapk feGwu izpaM leqnk; fuekZ.k
>kyk- vkrka ;k iaFkkar /keZizpkjkpk vkf.k
izlkjkpk fopkj ewG /k:a ykxyk- uarj rks iq<s
cGkor tku ckS)fHk{kwaP;k /keZifjknkar oknax
lq:a >kys vkf.k ;kpk varhe ifj.kke Eg.kwu ;k
fHk{kwaP;k izpaM leqnk;kar m?kMi.ksa nksu rV iMys]
 5
nksu iaFk fuekZ.k >kys- ,d ghu;ku iaFk rj
nqljk egk;ku iaFk- ghu;ku iaFk gsa ifjiw.kZ]
fokq) ckS) roKku vkgs- ek= nq%[kkph xksV
vkh dha] HkkjrokkZar vkt R;kpk ekxewlfg
ukgh- rsa iw.kZi.ksa yksi ikoysa vkgsa- cq) roKku
vkf.k R;kph /;ku Ik)fr brdh vewrZ
Abstract gksrh dha] fofkB ;ksX;rsP;k O;hp
ckS) iaFkkps vuq;k;h gksa kdrkr- Ikk=O;haP;k
vHkkoh gsa roKku gosrp jkg.;kpk LakHko
vlY;keqGsa ;kps ik; tfeuhyk ykx.ks kD;
uOgrs- ;kcjkscjp /keZizpkjkP;k fopkjkpkfg
Tkskjnkj iqjLdkj gksr gksrk- ;kpk esG dlk
?kky.kkj\ LkoZlkekU; ek.klke/;sa /keZizpkjklkBha]
R;kpk ,d dk;Ze gks.;kl] R;kyk ,d ewrZ:Ik
ns.ksa Hkkx gksrs- i.k ;keqGsa fokq) cq) roKku
vkq) gks.;kpk laHko vkgs] gkfg frrdkp
rqY;cy fopkj gksrk- ek= gk /kksdk iRd:ufg
loZlkekU; ek.klkar /keZ-izpkj dj.;kpk fopkjfg
ekxs gVr uOgrak-
vkk ijLij fojks/kh oSpkfjd vkanksyukeqGsa
;k ckS) fHk{kwaP;k izpaM leqnk;kar ekxs lkafxrY;k
izek.ks nksu iaFk fuekZ.k >kys- ifgyk egk;ku iaFk
Eg.kts eksBk leqnk; vlysyk jktekXkkZlkj[kk
 6

iaFk rj nqljk LFkfojoknh - vlysyh fLFkrh u

lksM.kkjk - vxnh deh yksdkapk iaFk- vkrka gk
egk;ku iaFk dkkP;k vk/kkjsa ckS) /kekZyk ewrZ
:Ik ns.kkj\ dkj.k cq) /kekZar vlk ,dfg xzaFk
ukgh- ;klkBha /kekZckgs:u enr ?ks.ks Hkkx gksrs-
cq)tUekiwohZ 1gtkj oksZ HkkjrkUrxZr xhrk
vfLrokar gksrh- czfuokZ.k gk xhrspk [kkl
kCn- cq)kusa R;karwu dsoG fuokZ.k ,o<kp kCn
?ksryk] gh cq)/kekZph [kjh [kkfl;r vkgs-ekSt
vkh dha] vkk udkjkoj mHkk vlY;keqGsa
cq)/keZ iw.kkZFkkZusa fo/kk;d vkgs- cq)kuarj ,dk
krdkps vakrp egkHkkjr xzaFk r;kj >kyk-
vkt miyC/k vlysyh xhrk blohluiwoZ
400iklwu vxnh vkt vlysY;k Lo:iakrp
vfLrRokr gksrh- lezkV vkksdkP;k dkGkar
Eg.kts b-l-iwoZ 200 oksZ] fuekZ.k >kysY;k ;k
egk;ku iaFkkyk] cq)/kekZyk ewrZ:Ik ns.;kl
xhrsfkok; vU; Ik;kZ;p uOgrk dkj.k rso<k
izHkkoh vkf.k yksdekU; xzaFk R;kosGha fganqLFkkukar
miyC/k uOgrk- ;keqGsa .kkpsa ,soth cq)kpas
ukao ?kkywu egk;ku iaFkkus xhrspsa vxnh
ljGljG vuqdj.k d:u vkiys xzaFk fl)
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 7

dsys- vktfg gs xzaFk miyC/k vkgsr-

l)eZiqaMjhd] fefyanizu] fou;ihVd-
vysD>kaMjP;k Lokjhuarj lezkV vkksdkP;k
dkGkar Eg.kts f[zkLriwoZ 200 oksZ] egk;ku
iaFkkrhy gs ;fr gtkjksaP;k la[;sus ckS/n/keZ
izpkjkFkZ fganqLFkkuakrwu pkjh fnkkauh ckgsj iMys-
phu] tiku] baMksusfk;k] flyksu ;k cktwl cjsp
lewg xsys- vkksdkph cgh.k la?kfe=kfg ;klkBha
flyksue/;sa xsyh gksrh- dakgha ;rhaps lewg
bftIr] vysD>kafM;k vkf.k ;gqnh nskkar rlsp
xzhli;ZaUr iljys- rsFks fdR;sd oksZ rs LFkkf;d
>kys- dakgha ;rhauh ijr ;k;ps] nql;akuh rsFks
tk;ps vls ;k ckS) ;rhapas vkokxeu f[zkLr
tUekuarjfg vusd oksZ pkyw gksrs vls fnlrs-
f[zkLrtUekP;kosGha iwosZdMhy dakgha Kkuh iq:k
ts:lyse ;sFks xsys gksrs- vlk ck;cye/;sa
mYys[k vkgs- gs Kkuh iq:k Eg.kts vf/kdkjh
ckS) ;rhp gksrs- ;kuarjph xksV v'kh dha]
o;kP;k 12okkZiklwu 30okkZIk;ZUr ;skw dksBs
xsyk gksrk vkf.k dk; djhr gksrk ;kpk
ck;cye/;sa vftckr mYys[k ukgh- o;kP;k 30
okkZuarj v[ksji;ZUrpk rikhy ck;cye/;sa
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 8

laiw.kZ vkgs- ;k e/kY;k dkGkar rks ckS) ;rhaP;k

lgoklkar vlyk ikfgts- gk 18 okakZpk dkG
R;kus vH;kl] fparu] euu vkf.k /;ku/kkj.ksar
O;rhr dsyk vlyk ikfgts- R;kosGha ckS)
;rhaps xzaFk]ekxs lkafxrY;kizek.ks ljGljG xhrkp
gksrh- vkkizdkjs ;skwyk laU;kl /kekZph nh{kk
feGkyh vkf.k ckS) ;rhaP;k xzaFkkeqGsa i;kZ;kus
;skwyk xhrspsp l[kksy v/;;u ?kMys- vkf.k
LokHkkfodi.ks xhrsph laiw.kZ Nki ck;cyoj
iMyh- xhrsarhy fudke deZ;ksx lsokdk;kZP;k
:ikuas ck;cye/;sa ifjofrZr >kyk-ck;cye/khy
,dw.k roKku laU;klekxhZp vlY;kps fnlrs
ek= xhrsarhy Hkhph tksM R;kyk feGkY;keqGsa
ras n;axe >kyas vkgas- vkrka /;kuha ;sbZy dha]
^,lhu* ;k laU;klh iaFkkpas ewGfg f[zkLrkiwohZ
200 oksZ ckS) ;rhapk jfgokl vkf.k vkokxeu
gsp gksrs- ;k lxG;k lakks/kukpsa vrhe Qfyr
Eg.kwu mluokjh dks.kh dks.kkph dsyh gsa
ek;kersa vkrka osxGs lkax.;kph vko;drkp
mjyh ukgh- ;kpk ifj.kke vlk >kyk dha]
fo}}jsa.;kaP;k leqnk;kar MkW- ykWfjUljyk vkiys
rksaM nk[kfo.ks eqfdy >kys- R;kus mBfoysyh
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 9

Hkqrsa v[ksj R;kP;kp xG;akr iMrhy gs fcP;k-

;k ykWfjUljP;k LoIuakrfg vkys ulsy! i.k
izR;{kkar ek= rls ?kMys [kjs! R;kus vkiY;k
ik;koj vkiY;kp gkrkuas /kksaMk ikMwu ?ksryk-
;klkBha iw.kZ lakks/kukvarha vkiyk fudkZ tkghj
djkok- mxhp HkyHkyR;k dYiuk d:u cq)hph
fnokG[kksjh tkghj d:a u;s vkf.k vkiY;k
ykMD;k dYiuk vkiY;k eryckoj voyacwu
vlrkr gs vksG[k.;kl fkdkos- bfr ykWfjUlj
iqjk.ksa izFkeks?;k;%AA