LECTURE NOTES

ON

MATHEMATICS -III
II B.Tech I semester (JNTUH-R15)

Mrs..SubbaLaxmi
Ms. V S, Ms.C Rachana,
Mr.ChSoma Shekhar

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500043
 Unit_III
Complex Numbers:

In the system of real numbers R we can solve all quadratic equations of the
form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0 , and the discriminant b 2 4ac 0 . When the discriminant
b 2 4ac < 0 , the solution of this quadratic equation do not belong to the
system of .
In fact , a simple quadratic equation of the form x 2 + 1 = 0 , does possesses
solution in real. This difficulty was overcame by introducing the imaginary
part unit i, where i 2 = 1 .
Thus the set of complex numbers defined as . C = {( x + iy ) : x, y R and i = 1 } .
Some Basic Results:
1. If z = x +iy is a complex number, then the complex number z = x iy is
called the complex conjugate of z , and z z = ( x + iy )( x iy ) = x 2 + y 2
2.If z= x+iy is a complex number , then the modulus of z, denoted by
z = x2 + y2
3. A complex number z = x + iy is represented by a point p(x ,y) in the
Cartesian plane with abscissa x and ordinate y. Then the x-axis is called real
axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis.The point p(x, y) is referred
to as the point z.

Let OP= r and XOP = . Then x = r cos , y = rsin

Every Complex number can z = x +iy be expressed in the form as given
below
z = r(cos + isin ) polar form
i
z = re exponential form
2 2
We observe that r = x + y the modulus of z and it represents the
distance of the point z from the origin. Also
y
= tan -1 the angle is called the arg ument of z.
x
4. Let z 0 = x 0 + iy 0 then z - z 0 = ( x x0 ) + i( y y 0 )
= ( x x 0 ) 2 + ( y y 0 )2 .
Now z - z 0 may be represented as
 z - z 0 = R (cos + i sin ) and z z 0 = R serves as the complex equation
of the circle C with (x0 , y 0 ) and radius R. In particular z = 1 represents the
circle with center at the origin and radius equal to 1.

Functions of a complex variable:

Let C be a set complex numbers. If to each complex number z in C there
corresponds a unique complex number w ., then w is called a complex
function of z defined on C, and we write w = f(z). Hence ,w has a real part ,
say u and an imaginary part , say v. Then , w has the representation
W= f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) (Cartesian form)
W = u(r,) + i v(r,) (polar form)
Continuity :
A complex valued function f(z) is said to be continuous at a point z 0 if f(z)
is defined at z 0 and lim f(z) = z
z z 0 0
.
Note:
1. If a complex valued function f(z) is differentiable at a point z 0 , then
it is continuous at z 0 .
2. The converse of the above result is not always true. The continuity of
a complex function need not imply its differentiability.
Derivative of a complex function:

The derivative of a complex function f at a point z = z 0 , denoted by f (z 0 ),

f(z + z ) f(z 0 )
is defined as f 1 ( z 0 ) = lim 0 , provided this limit exists.
z 0 z
Substituting z = z - z 0 , we have

f(z) f(z 0 )
f 1 ( z 0 ) = lim
z 0 z
We should remember that by the definition of limit f(z) is defined in a
neighborhood of z 0 and z may approach z 0 from any direction in the
complex plane . The derivative of a function at a point is unique if it exists.
Analytic Functions. Cauchy-Riemann equations.
In complex analysis we are interested in the functions, which are
differentiable in some domain, called the analytic functions. A large variety
of functions of complex variables which are useful for applications purpose
are analytic.
A Function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z 0 , if it is differentiable
at z 0 and, in addition , it is differentiable throughout some
neighborhood of z 0 .
Further a function f(z) is said to be analytic in a domain D if f(z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of D. In fact , analyticity is a global
property while differentiability is a local property.

The terms regular and holomorphic are also used in place of analytic.

Cauchy-Riemann Equations :
Cauchy Riemann equations provide a criterion for the analyticity of a
complex function W = f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) .
Statement: Necessary conditions for a function to be analytic.:
If f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) is continuous in some neighborhood of a point
z= x+ iy and is differentiable at z , then the first order partial derivatives of
u(x,y) and v(x,y) exist and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations
u = v
x y
and u = v y x
. At the point z = x + iy.
Proof:
Since f(z) is differentiable at z, we have

f(z + z ) f(z)
f ( z ) = lim
1

z 0
z
f 1 ( z ) = lim
{ u ( x + x, y + y) + i v (x + x, y + y) } {u (x.y) + i v(x, y) }
z 0 x + iy
--------(I)
Let us assume z to wholly real and wholly imaginary.
Case I: When z wholly real, then y = 0 , so that z = x .The limit on
the right side of equation (I) becomes,

f 1 ( z ) = lim
{ u ( x + x, y) - u(x.y) }
+ i lim
{v( x + x, y) - v(x.y) }
x 0 x z 0
x
u v
= +i . --------------------------------------(II)
x x
Case II: When z wholly imaginary, then x = 0 , so that z = iy .The
limit on the right side of equation (I) becomes,
f 1 ( z ) = lim
{ u ( x, y + y) - u(x.y) }
+ i lim
{v( x, y + y) - v(x.y) }
y 0 iy y 0
iy
1 u v v u
= + = i ---------------------------------------(III)
i y y y y
Since f(z) is differentiable the value of the limits obtained from (II) and (III)
must be equal.
u v v u
+i = i
x x y y
Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
u v u v
= and = at the z = (x,y).
x y y x
These are known as the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Satisfaction of these
equations is necessary for differentiability and analyticity of the function f(z)
at a given point. Thus, if a function f(z) does not satisfy the Cauchy-
Riemann equations at a point, it is not differentiable and hence not analytic
at that point.

dw
Ex 1: If w= logz, find , and determine where w is not analytic.
dz
Let us consider z in exponential form , z = re i = r (cos + i sin )
y
r = (x 2 + y 2 ) , = tan 1
x
w = u + iv = log(x + iy)
1 y
= log(x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan -1
2 x
Equating real and imaginary parts
1 y
u= log(x 2 + y 2 ) : v = tan -1
2 x
u x v y
= 2 2
: = 2
x x +y x x + y2

u y v x
= 2 : = 2
y x + y2 y x + y 2
Now from- C-R equations

u v u v
= and =
x y y x
Thus w = logz the C-R equations holds good for (x 2 + y 2 ) 0
dw u dv x y
Further , = +i = 2 i
dz x dx (x + y 2 ) x 2 + y2

dw x - iy z 1
= 2 = =
dz x + y2 ()
z (z ) z
Thus every point other than origin ( i.e. x 2 + y 2 0 ) w=logz is
differentiable and the function logz is analytic every where except at origin.

Ex2: Show that the function w= sinz is analytic and find the derivative.
w = u + iv = sin(x + iy)
= sinx cosiy + cosx siniy ------------------------(1)
e ix e ix e ix e -ix
Now sin x = and cosx =
2i 2
sinix = isinhx : cosix = coshx
Using these in equation (1)
W = (u + iv ) = sinx coshy + icosx sinhy
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u = sinx coshy : v= cosx sinhy
u v
= cosx coshy , = sin x sinh y
x x
-------------------------(2)
u v
= sinx sinhy , = cosx coshy
y y
The C-R equations are satisfied
u v u v
= and =
x y y x
f(z) = sinz is analytic.
u dv
f 1 (z ) =+i = cosx coshy + i(- sinx ) sinh y
x dx
= cosx cosiy sinx sin iy
= cos(x + iy ) = cosz

Consequences of C-R Equations:

1). If f(z)= u + iv is an analytic function then u and v both satisfy the two
dimensional Laplace equation.
2 2
2
+ 2 = 0 This equation is also written as 2 = 0 .
x y
Here 2 is the two- dimensional Laplacian.
Since f(z) is analytic we have Cauchy-Riemann equations
u v u v
= (I ) and = ( II )
x y y x
Differentiating (I) w,r,t. x and (II) w.r.t y partially we get
2u 2v 2u 2v
= and =
x 2 x y y 2 y x

2v 2v
But = is always true and hence we have
x y y x
2u 2u 2u 2u
= 2 or + = 0 ,this implies u is harmonic.
x 2 y x 2 y 2

Similarly Differentiating (I) w.r.t . y and (II) w.r.t.y partially we get

2v 2v 2v 2v
= 2 or 2 + = 0 , this implies v harmonic.
x 2 y x y 2
If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function, then u and v are harmonic
functions. Here , u and v are called harmonic conjugates of each other.

Consequence II:
If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function, then the equations u ( x, y ) = c1
And v( x, y ) = c 2 represent orthogonal families of curves.
Soln:
u (x, y ) = c1 -------------(i)

v(x, y ) = c 2 --------------(ii)

Differentiating eqn (i) partially w.r.t x

u u dy
+ =0 or
dy
=
u ( )
x = m --------- (I)
u
1
x y dx dx
y

Differentiating eqn (ii) partially w.r.t. x

v v dy
+ =0 or
dy
=
v ( )
x = m ---------(II)
v
2
x y dx dx
y
The two families are orthogonal to each other , then m1m 2 = 1 ,
And using C-R equations

m 1m 2 =
(u x )(v x ) = (v y )( u y ) = 1
(u y )(v y ) (u y )(v y )
Hence the curves intersect orthogonally at every point of intersection.

Note: The converse of the above result is not true. The following example
reveals the property.
x2
u= : v = x 2 + 2y 2
y

x2
= c1 : x 2 + 2y 2 = c 2
y

dy
=
u( )
x = (2x y ) = 2y = m for curve c
dx u (- x 2 y 2 ) x 1 1

dy
=
v( )
x = (2x ) = x = m for curve c
dx v (4y ) 2y 2 2

y
m1m 2 = 1 . They intersect orthogonally.
But C-R Equations are not satisfied
u v u v
and .
x y y x

Some different forms of C-R Equations:

If w = f(z) = u+ iv , is analytic , then the following results follows.

u v v u u v
1. f 1 ( z ) = +i = i = i + i
x x y y y y
u v u v
= +i = i + i
x x y y
w w
= i
x y
2 2 2 2
2 u v 1 2 u v
2. f (z ) = + f (z ) = +
1

x x x x

2 2
u u v u
2 2

= + = + using C-R Equations.

x y x y
Based on the results above mentioned the following results are valid,
2

2
2
a) x f (z ) + f (z ) = f 1
( z )
y

b) is any differential function of x and y then

2

2 2 2
2
+ = + = f (z ) .
1

x y u v

2 2
c) 2 + 2 [Re f (z ) ] = 2 f 1 ( z )
2 2

x y
 2 2 2
d) 2 + 2 f ( z ) = 4 f 1 ( z )
2

x y

Construction of An Analytic Function When real or

Imaginary part is Given
(Putting in Exact differential M dx + N dy = 0)
The Cauchy-Riemann equations provide a method of constructing
an analytic function f(z) = u+iv when u or v or u v is given.
Suppose u is given, we determine the differential dv , since
v = v(x,y),

v v
dv = dx + dy using C-R equations ,this becomes
x y
u u
dv = dx + dy = M. dx + N dy
y x
N M 2u 2u
And it is clear that = 2 + =0
x y x y 2
Because u is harmonic. This shows that M dx + N dy is an exact differential.
Consequently , v can be obtained by integrating M w.r.t. x by treating y as a
constant and integrating w.r.t. y only those terms in N that do not contain x,
and adding the results.
Similarly, if v is given then by using

u u v v
du = dx + dy = dx dy .
x y y x
Following the procedure explained above we find u, and hence
f(z) u + iv can be obtained. Analogous procedure is adopted to find
u+iv when u v is given.

Milne-Thomson Method:
An alternative method of finding u iv when u or v or u v
is given.
Suppose we are required to find an analytic function f(z) = u+ iv
when u is given. We recall that
 u u ------------------------(I)
f ( z) = i
1

x y
u u
Let us we set = ( x, y) and
1
= ( x, y) -------(II)
2
x y
Then f (z) = ( x, y) i ( x, y)
1 2
--------(III)

Replacing x by z and y by 0, this becomes

f (z) = (z,0) i (z,0)

1 2
-------(IV)
From which the required analytic function f(z) can be got.
Similarly , if v is given we can find the analytic function f(z) = u+ iv by
starting with

v v
f ( z ) = + i Analogous procedure is used when u v is given.
1

y x

Applications to flow problems:

As the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are the
solutions of the Laplaces equation in two variable. The conjugate functions
provide solutions to a number of field and flow problems.
Let v be the velocity of a two dimensional incompressible fluid with
v v
irrigational motion, V = i+ j ------------------------------(1)
x y
Since the motion is irrotational curl V= 0.
Hence V can be written as

= i+ j -----------------------------(II)
x y
Therefore , is the velocity component which is called the velocity
potential. From (I) and (II) we have
 v v
= , = ------------------------(III)
x x y y
Since the fluid is incompressible div V = 0.

+ = 0 -----------------------(IV)
x x y y
2 2
+ = 0 This indicates that is harmonic.
x 2 y 2
The function (x, y ) is called the velocity potential , and the curves
(x, y ) = c are known as equi -potential lines.

Note : The existence of conjugate harmonic function (x, y ) so that

w(z) = (x, y ) + i (x, y ) is Analytic.

x y v y
=
dy
The slope is Given by = =
dx vx
y x

This shows that the velocity of the fluid particle is along the tangent to the
curve (x, y ) = c , the particle moves along the curve.
1

(x, y ) = c1 - is called stream lines (x, y ) = c - called equipotential

lines. As the equipotential lines and stream lines cut orthogonally.

w(z) = (x, y ) + i (x, y )

dw
= +i = i
dz x x x y

= vx vy
 dw
The magnitude of the fluid velocity (v 2
x
+ v 2y ) =
dz
The flow pattern is represented by function w(z) known as complex
potential.

Complex potential w(z) can be taken to represent other two-dimensional

problems. (steady flow)

1. In electrostatics (x, y ) = c --- interpreted as equipotential lines.

(x, y ) = c1 --- interpreted as Lines of force

2. In heat flow problems:

(x, y ) = c --- Interpreted as Isothermal lines
(x, y ) = c1 --- interpreted as heat flow lines.

Cauchy Riemann equations in polar form:

Let f(z) = f(re i ) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) be analytic at a point z, then

there exists four continuous first order partial derivatives ,
u u v v
, , , and satisfy the equations
r r
u 1 v v 1 u
, = : = .
r r r r
i
Proof: The function is analytic at a point z = re .

f(z + z ) f(z) exists and it is unique.

f ( z ) = lim
1

z 0
z
Now f(z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ).
Let z be the increment in z , corresponding increments are
r , in r and .
f ( z ) = lim
1 { u (r + r , + ) + i v (r + r, + ) } {u (r. ) + i v(r, ) }
z 0
z

{ u (r + r, + ) - u(r. ) } {v(r + r, + ) - v(r.) }

f ( z ) = lim
1
+ i lim
z 0
z z0
z
------------------------(I)

Now z = re i
and z is a function two variables r and , then we have

z z
z = r + .
r

z = (re )r + (re )
i i

z = e r + i r e
i i

When z tends to zero, we have the two following possibilities.

(I). Let = 0, so that z = e r i

And Z 0 , implies r 0

{ u (r + r, ) - u(r. ) }
+ i lim
{v(r + r , ) - v(r. ) }
f ( z ) = lim
1
i
r 0
e r
i r 0
e r

The limit exists,

u v -----------------(I)
f ( z) = e + i
1 i

r r
i
2. Let r = 0 , so that z = i r e
And z 0, imply 0

f ( z ) = lim
1 { u (r, + ) - u(r. ) } {v(r, + ) - v(r. ) }
+ i lim
0
i r e
i z 0
ir e
i
 1 u v = 1 i u + v
+i
r e
=

i
i re
i

1 v i u ------------ (II)
f (z) = e
1
-i

r r
From (I) and(II) we have

u 1 v v 1 u or ru = v , rv = u
= = r r
r r r r
Which are the C-R Equations in polar form.

Harmonic Function:

A function -is said to be harmonic function if it satisfies Laplaces

equation =0 2

Let f(z) = f(re i ) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) be analytic. We shall show that

u and v satisfy Laplaces equation in polar form.

1 1
2 2

+ + =0
r r r r
2 2 2

The C-R equations in polar form are given by,

u 1 v ---------(I) v 1 u ------------(II)
= =
r r r r

Differentiating (I) w.r.t r and (II) w.r. , partially , we get

u u
2
v v u 2 2 2

r + = : r =
r r r
2
r 2

And we have v = v
2 2

r r
 u u
2
1 u 2

r + =
r r2
r 2

Dividing by r we, get

u 1 u 1 u
2 2

+ + =0
r 2
r r r 2 2

Hence u-satisfies Laplaces equation in polar form.

The function is harmonic. Similarly v- is harmonic.

Orthogonal System:
d
Let r = f( ) and tan = r, being the angle between
dr
the radius vector and tangent. The angle between the tangents at
the point of intersection of the curves is 1 2 . Tan Tan = 1,is 1 2

the condition for orthogonal.

Consider u(r, ) = c1 .
Differentiating w.r.t , treating r as a function of .

u
u dr u
=
+ =0 dr
r d d u

r

Thus Tan = r d = r ( r )
u
=- r
(u r ) ---------(I)
dr
1

(u ) (u )
Similarly for the curve v(r, ) = c 2

Tan = - r
(v r ) -----------(II)
(v )
2
Tan Tan =
(r u ) (r v )
r r
1
(u ) (v )
2

By C-R Equations ru = v , rv = u
r r

The equation reduces to

Tan Tan =
(v ) (- u )
= 1
(v ) (u )
1 2

Hence the polar family of curves u(r, ) = c1 and v(r, ) = c 2 ,

intersect orthogonally.

Construction of An Analytic Function When real or

Imaginary part is Given(Polar form.)
The method due to Exact differential and Milne-Thomson is
explained in earlier section .

1
Ex: Verify that u = 2
(cos2 ) is harmonic . find also an analytic
r
function.

Soln: u 2 : u = 2 sin2
= cos2
r r 2
r 2

u 6 2
u 4 2

= cos2 : = cos2 .
2 4
r r r 2 2

Then the Laplace equation in polar form is given by,

u
2
1 u 1 u 2

cos2 cos2 cos2 = 0

6 2 4
+ + =
r r r
2
r r 2
r
2
r 4 4 2
Hence u-satisfies the laplace equation and hence is harmonic.

Let us find required analytic function f(z) = u+iv.

We note that from the theory of differentials,
v v
dv = dr + d
r
Using C-R equations ru = v , rv = u
r r

1 u u
= - dr + r d
r r

2 2
= sin2 dr cos2 d
r r
3 2

1
= d - sin2
r
2

From this v = - 1 sin2 + c 2

r

1 1
f(z) = u + iv = cos2 + i - sin2 + c
r r
2 2

1
= 2
[cos2 - isin2 ] + ic
r

1 - 2i 1
= e + ic = + ic
r 2
(r e )
i 2

1
f(z) = + ic. 2
z
Ex 2:Find an analytic function f(z)= u+iv given that
1 r0
v = r - sin
r
Soln: v = r + 1 sin : v = r 1 cos
r r r
2

To find u using the differentials

u u
du = dr + d
r
Using C-R equations ru = v , rv = u
r r

1 v v
= dr + - d
r r

1 1 1
= r - cos dr - r 1 + sin d
r r r
2

= 1 1 cos dr - r + 1 sin d
r r
2

1
= d r + cos
r
1
u = r + cos + c
r
f(z) = u+iv

1 1
= r + cos + c + i r - sin
r r
1
= r(cos + isin + (cos - isin ) + c
r
1 1
f(z) = r e + e = z + + c
i -i

r z
Ex: Construction an analytic function given u = r cos2 .
2

(Milne Thomson Method)

u = r cos2 -----------(I)
2

u u
= 2rcos2 = 2r sin2 2

r
u v
f ( z) = e + i
1 i

r r
Using C-R equations r u = v , r v = u
r r

-1
f (z ) = e 2 rcos2 + i (- 2r sin2 )
1 -i 2

= e [2 rcos2 + i (2r sin2 )]

-i

= 2 r e [cos2 + isin2 ]
-i

Now put r = z , and = 0 .

f 1 (z ) = 2z on integrating
f (z ) = z 2 + c .

COMPLETION OF UNIT-I


Unit.3 Analytic Functions

UNIT III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

Part-A

Problem 1 State Cauchy Riemann equation in Cartesian and Polar coordinates.

Solution:
Cartesian form:
u v u v
,
x y y x
Polar form:
u 1 v v 1 u
,
r r r r

Problem 2 State the sufficient condition for the function f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
The sufficient conditions for a function f z u iv to be analytic at all the points in a
region R are
(1) u x v y , u y vx
(2) u x , u y , vx , v y are continuous functions of x and y in region R .

Problem 3 Show that f z e z is an analytic Function.

Solution:
f z u iv e z
e x iy
e x eiy
e x cos y i sin y
u e x cos y, v e x sin y
u x e x cosy, vx e x siny
u y e x siny, vy e x cosy
i.e., u x v y , u y vx
Hence C-R equations are satisfied.
f z e z is analytic.

Problem 4 Find whether f ( z ) z is analytic or not.

Solution:
Given f z z x iy
i.e., u x , v y

1
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

u v
1, 0
x x
u v
0, 1
y y
ux vy
C-R equations are not satisfied anywhere.
Hence f z z is not analytic.

Problem 5 State any two properties of analytic functions

Solution:
(i) Both real and imaginary parts of any analytic function satisfy Laplace equation.
2u 2u 2v 2v
i.e., 2 2 0 or 2 2 0 .
x y x y
(ii) If w u iv is an analytic function, then the curves of the family u x, y c, cut
orthogonally the curves of the family v x, y c .

Show that f z z is differentiable at z 0 but not analytic at z 0 .

2
Problem 6
Solution:
2
f ( z ) f (0) z zz
Lim Lim Lim Lim z 0
z 0 z 0 z 0 z z 0 z z 0

f z is differentiable at z 0 .
Let z x iy
z x iy
z z z x iy x iy x 2 y 2
2

f z x2 y 2 i0
u x2 y2 , v 0
u x 2 x, v x 0
u y 2 y, v y 0
The C-R equation u x v y and u y vx are not satisfied at points other than z = 0.
Therefore f z is not analytic at points other than z 0 . But a function can not be
analytic at a single point only. Therefore f z is not analytic at z = 0 also.

Problem 7 Determine whether the function 2 xy i ( x 2 y 2 ) is analytic.

Solution:
Given f z 2 xy i x 2 y 2
i.e., u 2 xy , v x2 y2

2
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

u v
2 y, 2x
x x
u v
2 x, 2 y
y y
u x v y and u y vx
C-R equations are not satisfied.
Hence f z is not analytic function.

Problem 8 Show that v sinhx cosy is harmonic

Solution:
v sinhxcosy
v v
coshxcosy, sinhxsiny
x y
2v 2v
sinhxcosy , sinhycosy
x 2 y 2
2v 2v
sinhxcosy sinhycosy 0
x 2 y 2
Hence v is a harmonic function.

Problem 9 Construct the analytic function f ( z ) for which the real part is e x cosy .
Solution:
u e x cos y
u
e x cos y
x
u
Assume x, y 1 z, 0
x
1 z,0 e z
u
e x siny
y
u x, y
Assume 2 z, 0
y
2 z,0 0
f z f ' z dz 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz
e z dz i 0
f z ez C .

3
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

Problem 10 Prove that an analytic function whose real part is constant must itself be a
constant.
Solution:
Let f z u iv be an analytic function
u x v y , u y vx .............(1)
Given
u c a constant
ux 0 , u y 0
vy 0 & vx 0 by 1
We know that f z u iv
f z u x ivx
f z 0 i0
f z 0
Integrating with respect to z , f z C
Hence an analytic function with constant real part is constant.

Problem 11 Define conformal mapping

Solution:
A transformation that preserves angle between every pair of curves through a
point both in magnitude and sense is said to be conformal at that point.

dw w w
Problem 12 If w f ( z ) is analytic prove that i where w u iv and
dz x y
2w
prove that 0
z z
Solution:
w u x, y iv x, y is an analytic function of z .
As f z is analytic we have u x v y , u y vx

f ' z u x ivx v y iu y i u y iv y
dw
Now
dz
u v u v
i i i
x x y y

u iv i u iv
x y
w w
i
x y

4
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

w
W.K.T. 0
z
2w
0
z z

Problem 13 Define bilinear transformation. What is the condition for this to be

conformal?
Solution:
az b
The transformation w , a d bc 0 where a, b, c, d are complex
cz d
numbers is called a bilinear transformation.
dw
The condition for the function to be conformal is 0.
dz
2
Problem 14 Find the invariant points or fixed points of the transformation w 2 .
z
Solution:
2
The invariant points are given by z 2
z
2
i.e., z 2
z
z 2 2z 2
z2 2z 2 0
2 4 4 1 2
z
2 1
2 4 8 2 2i

2 2
1 i
The invariant points are z 1 i, 1 i

1
Problem 15 Find the critical points of (i) w z (ii) w z 3 .
z
Solution:
1
(i). Given w z
z
dw
For critical point 0
dz
dw 1
1 2 0
dz z
z i are the critical points

5
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

(ii). Given w z 3
dw
3z 2 0
dz
z 0
z 0 is the critical point.

Part-B

Problem 1 Determine the analytic function whose real part is

u x 3xy 3x 2 3 y 2 1 .
3 2

Solution:
Given u x3 3xy 2 3x 2 3 y 2 1
u
1 x, y 3x 2 3 y 2 6 x
x
1 z,0 3z 2 6 z
u
2 x , y 6 xy 6 y
y
2 z,0 0
By Milne Thomason method
f z 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz

3 z 2 6 z dz 0
3 2
z z
3 6 C z 3 3z 2 C
3 2

Problem 2 Find the regular function f z whose imaginary part is

v e x x cos y y sin y
Solution:
v e x x cos y y sin y
v
2 x , y
x

e x cos y x cos y y sin y e x
2 z , 0 e z z e z e z ze z e z 1 z
u
1 x, y e x x sin y y cos y sin y 1
y
1 z,0 e z 0 0 0 0
By Milnes Thomson Method
f z 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz

6
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

0 dz i 1 z e z dz
e z e z
i 1 z 1 C
1 1
2

i 1 z e z e z C
i e z ze z e z C i ze z C

sin 2 x
Problem 3 Determine the analytic function whose real part is .
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
Solution:
sin 2 x
Given u
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x 2sin 2 x
1 x, y
x cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2

1 z , 0
1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 sin 2 2 z
1 cos 2 z
2

1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 2 z

1 cos 2 z
2

1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
1 cos 2 z
2

2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 2 cos 2 z

1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
2 1

1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z

2
1
2 cos ec 2 z
sin z
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 0 sin 2 x 2 sinh 2 y
2 x , y
y cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2

2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y

cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2

2 z, 0 0
By Milnes Thomson method
f z 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz
cosec 2 z dz 0 cot z C

7
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

Problem 4 Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function w u iv
satisfy Laplace equation in two dimensions viz 2u 0 and 2 v 0 .
Solution:
Let f z w u iv be analytic
To Prove: u and v satisfy the Laplace equation.
2u 2u 2v 2v
i.e., To prove: 2 2 0 and 2 2 0
x y x y
Given: f z is analytic
u and v satisfy C-R equations
u v
.. (1)
x y
u v
and .. (2)
y x
2u 2 v
Diff. (1) p.w.r to x we get .. (3)
x 2 xy
2u 2v
Diff. (2) p.w.r. to y we get 2 .. (4)
y yx
The second order mixed partial derivatives are equal
2v 2v
i.e.,
xy yx
2u 2 u 2 v 2v
(3) + (4) 2 2 0
x y xy yx
u satisfies Laplace equation
2u 2 v
Diff. (1) p.w.r to y we get (5)
yx y 2
2u 2v
Diff. (2) p.w.r. to x we get 2 (6)
xy x
v v v
2 2 2
v2
(5) + (6) 2 2 0
x y yx xy
2 v 2 v
i.e., 0
x 2 y 2
v Satisfies Laplace equation

2 2
Problem 5 If f(z) is analytic, prove that 2 2 f (z) 4. f (z)

2 2

x y
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic.

8
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

Then ux = vy and uy = -vx (1)

Also uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0 (2)
Now |f(z)|2 = u2 + v2 and f(z) = ux + ivx

| f (z) | 2 2u.u x 2v.v x
x
and
2
x 2

| f (z) | 2 2 u 2x u.u xx v 2x v.v xx (3)

Similarly
2
y 2

| f (z) | 2 2 u 2y u.u yy v 2y v.v yy (4)

Adding (3) and (4)

2 2

2 2 | f (z) | 2 2 u 2x u 2y u (u xx u yy ) v 2x v 2y v( v xx v yy )
x y
2u 2
x v 2x u (0) v 2x u 2x v(0)
4u 2
x v 2x
4. f (z)
2

Problem 6 Prove that 2 Re f z 2 f z

2 2

Solution:
Let f z u iv
Re f z u 2
2

2
x
u 2uux
2 2
x 2
u 2uux
x
2 uuxx uxux
2 uu xx u x 2
2 2
2
u 2 uu yy u 2y
y
2 2
2 2 u 2 2 u u xx u yy u x2 u y2
x y
2 u 0 u x2 u y2

2 f z
2

9
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

Problem 7 Find the analytic function f z u iv given that

2u v e x cos y sin y
Solution:
Given 2u v e x cos y sin y
f z u iv............... 1
if z iu v............... 2
1 2 2 f z 2u i 2v...........(3)
3 2 (2 i) f z 2u v i 2v u ............(4)
F z U iV
2u v U e x cos y sin y
U
1 x, y e x cos y e x sin y
x
1 z, o e z
u
2 x, y e x sin y e x cos y
x
2 z, o e z
By Milne Thomson method
F z 1 z, o i2 z, o

F z dz e dz i e dz
z z

F z 1 i e z C (5)
From (4) & (5)
1 i e z C 2 i f z
1 i z C
f z e
2i 2i
1 3i z C
f z e
5 2i

Problem 8 Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points 1 i, i, 2 i of the
z-plane into the points 0, 1, i of the w-plane.
Solution:
Given z1 1 i, w1 0
z2 i, w2 1
z3 2 i, w3 i
Cross-ratio
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
w1 w2 w3 w z1 z2 z3 z
10
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

w 0 1 i z 1 i i 2 i

0 1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i z 1 i i 2 i

1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i z 1 i 2

w i 1 2i 2 i z
w 1 i 2 z 1 i

w i 1 2i 2 i z
w 2 z 1 i

w i 1 2i 1 i 2 i z
w

2 z 1 i
w i 1 i 2i 2 2 i z
w

2 z 1 i
w i 3 i 2 i z
w i 3 i 2 i z

w 2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
w 2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
w 2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
w 2 z 1 i
i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z

w 2 z 1 i
w 2 z 1 i

i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w
2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w
2 z 2 2i 6 3i 3z 2i 1 zi
2i z 1 i
w .
z 5 3i zi

Problem 9 Prove that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.

Solution:
Let f z u iv be analytic

11
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

By C.R equations satisfied

i.e., u x v y , u y vx
f z u iv
f z u 2 v2 C

f z u 2 v2 C 2
2

u 2 v 2 C 2 ...............(1)
Diff (1) with respect to x
u v
2u 2v 0
x x
uu x vvx 0.............(2)
Diff (1) with respect to y
u v
2u 2v 0
y y
uvx vu x 0............(3)
(2) u (3) v u 2 v 2 u x 0
ux 0
(2) v (3) u u 2 v 2 v x 0
vx 0
W.K.T f z ux ivx 0
f z 0
Integrate w.r.to z
f z C

Problem 10 When the function f z u iv is analytic show that u x, y C1 and

v x, y C2 are Orthogonal.
Solution:
If f z u iv is an analytic function of z , then it satisfies C-R equations
u x v y , u y vx
Given u x, y C1.............(1)
v x, y C2 .............(2)
By total differentiation
u u
du dx dy
x y
v v
dv dx dy
x y

12
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

Differentiate equation (1) & (2) we get du 0 , dv 0

u u
dx dy 0
x y
v v
dx dy 0
x y
dy u / x
m1 ( say )
dx u / y
dy v / x
m2 ( say )
dx v / y
u / x v / x
m1 m2 ( u x v y u y vx )
u / y v / y
m1 m2 1
The curves u x, y C1 and v x, y C2 cut orthogonally.

Problem 11 Show that the function u log x 2 y 2 is harmonic and determine its
1
2
conjugate.
Solution:
log x 2 y 2
1
Given u
2
u 1 1 x
2
. 2 2x 2
x 2 x y x y2
u 1 1 y
2
. 2 2y 2
y 2 x y x y2
2u x y x 2 x
2 2
y 2 x2

x 2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
2 2

2u x y 1 2 y
2 2 2
x2 y 2

x 2 x2 y 2 x2 y2
2 2

2 u 2u y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
0
x 2 y 2 x2 y 2
2

Hence u is harmonic function

To find conjugate of u
u x
1 x, y 2
x x y 2
1
1 z , o
z

13
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

u y
2 x , y 2
y x y 2
2 z, o 0
By Milne Thomson Methods
f z 1 z, o i2 z, o
1
f z dz z dz 0
log z c
f z log rei
f z u iv log r i
u log r , v
2 1 y
u log x 2 y 2 r x y , tan x
2 2

y y
v tan 1 Conjugate of u is tan 1 .
x x
1 1
Problem 12 Find the image of the infinite strips y under the
4 2
1
transformation w .
z
1 1
Solution: w z
z w
1 u iv
z 2 2
u iv u v
u
x 2 2 ........(1)
u v
v
y 2 2 ........(2)
u v
1 1 1
Given strip is y when y
4 2 4
1 v
2 2 (by 2)
4 u v
u (v 2)2 4..........(3)
2

which is a circle whose centre is at 0, 2 in the w -plane and radius 2.

1
When y
2
1 v
2 2 (by 2)
2 u v
u 2 v 2 2v 0
u 2 (v 1)2 1..........(4)

14
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

which is a circle whose centre is at 0, 1 and radius is 1 in the w -plane.

1 1
Hence the infinite strip y is transformed into the region between circles
4 2
u 2 (v 1)2 1 and u 2 (v 2)2 4 in the w -plane.

y
v
1
y
2

1
y
4

x 0, 1 u

0, 2
z plane
w plane

Problem 13 Obtain the bilinear transformation which maps the points z 1, i, 1 into
the points w 0,1, .
Solution: We know that
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
w1 w2 w3 w z1 z2 z3 z
w 0 1 z 1 i 1
0 1 w 1 i 1 z
w z 1 i 1
1 .
1 1 i 1 z
z 1 1 i
w .
z 1 1 i
z 1
w i
z 1

1
Problem 14 Find the image of z 2i 2 under the transform w
z
Solution:
1 1
Given w z
w w
Now w u iv

15
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

1 1 u iv u iv
z 2 2
w u iv u iv u iv u v
u iv
i.e., x iy 2 2
u v
u
x 2 ..........(1)
u v2
v
y 2 2 ..........(2)
u v
Given z 2i 2
x iy 2i 2
x i ( y 2) 2
x2 y 2 4
2

x 2 y 2 4 y 0...................(3)
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)
u v v
2 2

2 2 2 2 4 2 2 0
u v u v u v
4v
2 2
u v
4 2 2 0
u v u v u v
2 2 2 2 2 2

u 2
v 2 4v u 2 v 2
0
1 4v u 2 v 2
0
u v2 u v2
2 2 2 2

1
1 4v 0 v ( u 2 v 2 0) This is straight line in w -plane.
4

y
v

x2 y 2 4
2

0, 2
v0 u

x 1
v
4
z plane

w plane

16
Unit.3 Analytic Functions

z
Problem 15 Prove that w maps the upper half of the z-plane onto the upper half
1 z
of the w-plane.
Solution:
z
w w(1 z ) z
1 z
w wz z
w w 1 z
w ( w 1) z
w
z
w 1
Put z x iy, w u iv
u iv
x iy
u iv 1

u iv u 1 iv
u iv 1 u 1 iv
u u 1 iuv iv u 1 v 2

u 1 v2
2

u 2
v 2 u iv
u 1
v2
2

Equating real and imaginary parts

u 2 v2 u v
x , y
u 1 v u 1 v 2
2 2 2

v
y 0 0
u 1 v2
2

v
y 0 0 v0
u 1 v2
2

Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.

17