BS 6994. Grade M Shackles
BS 6994. Grade M Shackles
BS 6994. Grade M Shackles
0 British Standards Institution.No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the prior permission in writing
of BSI
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:.
British Standards Institution-
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Foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the direction In this British Standard it is stated that, normally, shackles
of the Mechanical Handling Standards Committee. will be supplied in the self-colour condition. However
This standard basically forms a revision of BS 3032 based should the purchaser require a special corrosion-resistant
on metric units. It was decided that a new British Standard finish he has a choice of either:
number should be allocated to it, .e. BS 6994,and that it hot-dip galvanizing to BS 729
should coexistwith BS 3032 which is based on imperial electroplated coatings of cadmium and zinc to
units. BS 3032 will be reviewed in five years t o decide BS 1706, or
whether it should then be withdrawn. phosphate treatment to BS 3189.
The long term aim is to have a rationalized list of shackles, Appendix B of this standard gives guidance on the selection
taking account of parallel K O * work published as
and use of shackles covered by this standard (not including
IS0 241 5-1 987, but notaligning with the IS0 Working those covered in appendix D) and suitable for both lifting
Load Limits. and general engineering purposes.
Comparing the content of this British Standard with that Appendix C of this standard covers design notes and
of IS0 2415 it is evident that the large dee and large bow dimensions of shackles that comply with the requirements
shackles comply with the IS0 dimensional requirements. of this British Standard.
The small dee only complies in two instances (1.0 t and
It is recognized that for some purposes, shackles outside
2.5 t), and the remainder are outside the requirements for
the dimensional range of this standard may have to be
jaw width ( W ) . None of the small bow shackles complies
specially designed.
with IS0 requirements. Some have working load limits that
do not comply and the remainder do not align with the Appendix D of this standard gives guidance on the design
bow radius ( r ) requirements. The 1 .O t does not comply criteria for such shackles. However in such cases it is
with the jaw width requirements. These differences are not permissible for such shackles to be marked or certified
due to a degree of compromise in the I S 0 committee and as being 'in accordance with this British Standard'.
the realism and developmentof the UK market. Appendix E of this standard gives guidance on the safe use
The other major differences betweenthis British Standard of those shackles which comply with all the requirements
and BS 3032 are that: of this standard.
(a) the scope of this standard covers shacklesfor lifting In the development of this British Standard, accountwas
purposes; taken of the Report Ref. IR/L/ME/84/9 of the Health and
Safety Executive (-HSE)entitled 'Deformation tests on.
(b) the designation of each type of shackle is based on shackles' by Mr-T Wall (April 1984) in which it is stated in
the working load limit (WLL)which is equivalent to the findings that the width of the jaw of a shackle ( W )
the maximum safe working load (SWL). reduces before the internal length (S) increases.
In this British Standard the clause covering materials
indicates two British Standards with associated designation Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
or group. If the purchaser has a preference for one or the confer immunity from legal obligations.
other he should indicatethis on his enquiry and order
(see 2.1 1.
0 Contents
Page Page
Small bow 10.5 to 78 1.O to 50 1.2.7 working load limit (Wbb) (=maximum SWL). The
maximum mass which the shackle is designed to raise,
lower or suspend.
This specification also covers the requirementsfor shackle
1.2.8 proof force. The force applied to a finished
pins of the following types with which shackles are fitted
shackle in a static tensil test.
as appropriate:
Type G - Screwed pin with eye and collar 1.2.9 breaking (or failure) force. The specified force
Type H - Countersunk screwed pin with slotted head below which the shackle will not release the load during
the course of a tensile t e s t to destruction.
Type K - Countersunk screwed pin with sunk square
socket head
Type L - Pin with hexagon head, hexagon nut and 1.3 Designation
split cotter pin
Appendix A gives information to be supplied by the The designation of the shackle including the pin shall
purchaser on his enquiry and order. include the following:
Appendix B gives guidance on selection and usage of the number of this British Standard, .e. BS 6994
shackles and appendix E gives guidance on their safe use. the word 'shackle'
Appendix C includes design notes and dimensions of grade M
shackles which comply with this standard. the type of shackle
Appendix D, for information only, gives guidance on design the type of pin
criteria for special shackles outside the dimensional range the working load limit (WLL) as specified in tables 1 to 4.
of this standard. These special shackles cannot be marked Example: BS 6994, shackle, M, large dee, type G,
or certified as being in accordance with this British 10 t WLL.
Standard.
NOTE, The titles of the publications referred toin this standard
are listed on the inside back cover.
1.4 General
All shackles shall comply with the relevant requirements
1.2 Definitions of 1.5 and 1.6 of this section, the performance
For the purposes of this British Standard the following requirements of section two and the dimensional
definitions apply. requirements of section three.
2
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Licensed by Information Handling Services
BSI BS*b794 8 8 6!
BS 6994 . 1988
Section one
t
tolerances.
shall be within the tolerances specified in 3.2.
Diameter D Tolerance
E
Shackle Table Figure references
reference mm
Body
Up toand including 20 mm +0.85
+0.05
2
2 Over 20 mm up to and including 45 mm +1.25
3 Either figure +0.05
3 Over 45 mm +1.85
+0.05
In the case of pin types H and K, the bodies of the shackles
r) are required to be countersunk to house the pin heads
3.2.5 Threaded length of pins
(see figures 5 and 6).
When pins of types G , H and K are screwed home, not
more than one full thread shall be visible in the jaw of
32Tolerances on dimensions the shackle.
3.2.1 General When a pin of type L is used in a shackle, the length of the
plain portion of the pin shall be such that the nut will jam
The tolerances on dimensions shall apply to finished
on the inner endof the thread and not on the eye of the
shackles after proof force testing (see 2.6.2).
shackle. .
3.2.2 Shackles
The dimensions of shackles with the exceptions of the 3.3 Tolerances on screw threads
and nuts
diameter of pins (see 3.2.31, pin holes (see 3.2.4) and
threaded length (see 3.2.5) shall not be less than the All screw threads shall be in accordance with BS 3643 :
dimensions given in tables 1 to 4 and shall not exceed them Part 2, coarse series with graded pitches, class 6H/6g.
by more than 5 % or 1 mm, whichever is the greater. In the case of pin type L, the hexagonal nut shall be a full
nut inaccordance with BS 3692.
3.2,3 Diameters of pins
The diameters of the pins (dimension D in figures 4 to 7
inclusive) shall be subject to the following tolerances.
Diameter D tolerance
mm
Up to and including 50 mm +O
-0.17
Over 50 mm +o
-0.37
No markingonthe crown
Identificationmarks
*
reaforhardnesstest
on reverse side, either leg)
Grademark on
either end of pin
dentificationmarks
Safe working
l oArea
a d SWL and test
for hardness
(onreverseside,either I
Grademarkon
e i t h e r end of pin
Figure 1. Positions for marking of shackles and area for hardness testing
O
6
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
BS 6994 : 1988
Section three
NOTE l . All radii inthe body and pinare to be smooth to avoid undue stress
concentrations (see 2.21,
NOTE 2. Alternative pins are shown in figures 5 t o 7 inclusive.
Figure 2. Dee shackle (see tables 1 and 2) with pin type G (see figure 4)
1 -
P
NOTE l . All radii i n the body and pin are t o be smooth to avoid undue stress
concentrations (see 2.2).
NOTE 2. Alternative pins are shown in figures 5 t.0 7 inclusive.
Figure 3. Bow shackle (see tables 3 and 4) with pin type G (see figure 4)
"
w+2 d
0.25 D
* k
0.15 D
w+2d
I
I
r 0.15 D
90
8
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
BS 6994 : 1988
Section three
W+ 2d
CI
9 O0
Il
O 0.50D + 0.75
W+ 2d
I
. . .
Appendices
The following guidance is given on the selection and use of shackles coveredby this British Standard. Each shackletype
is suitable for lifting and general engineering purposes.
Type of Notes
shackle
Large dee A large dee shackle is a gzneral purpose component for lifting and other usage, However large dee
(table 1) shackles are not suitable for use:
(a) with more than onewire rope* and thimble" combination which is a t the maximum
permissible dimensions andof the same working load limit as the shackle;
(b) with the eye of hooks* for use with chain* of the same working load limit, as the pin of the
shackle is too large to be accepted.
Small dee A small dee shackle has moderate internal clearances in the body and jaw, but a working load limit
(table 2) higher than that of a large dee shackle havingthe same dimension d.
Small dee shackles are not suitable for use with hooks* as:
(a) the body of a hook of the same working load limit willnot enter the shackle; and
(b) the eye of'a hook for use with chain' of the same working load limit will notaccept the pin
of the shackle as it is too large.
Small dee shackles are suitable for use with eyebolts*, egg links and the head fittings of ships' blocks
(BS MA 47) and may accept a single wire rope* and thimble* combinationof the same working load
limit provided that the width of the thimble is not close to the maximum permissible dimensions.
Large bow Compared with a large dee shackle, a large bow shackle has ample internal clearances in the body
(table 3) and jaw.
Small bow A small bow shackle has moderate internal clearances in the body and jaw but a working load limit
(table 4) higher than that of the large bow shackle having the same dimension d. Small bow shackles are
suitable for use with the bodies of hooks* of the same working load limit, but the hook will rest on
i t s shoulders. However small bow shackles are not suitable for use with the eye of a hook* for use
with chain* of the same working load limit, as the eye will notaccept the pin of the shackle as it is
too large.
The bow is too small to accept more than one wire rope* and thimble* combination of the same
working load limit, and the internal length of the shackle is insufficient to accept both a hook* and
a wire rope and thimble combination of the same working load limit and having the maximum
permissible dimensions.
Large
11.35
13.27
dee 21.21
45.60
26.54 -
Small bow
11 .O3 12.68 19.13
43.19
25.36
25.50
where
d is the body diameter of shackle (in mm);
D is the pin diameter (in mm);
W is the internal jawwidth of shackle (in mm);
S i s the internal length of shackle (in mm);
e is the diameter of the eyes of the shackle (in mm);
r is the internal radius of the bow shackle (in mm).
d D W S e 2r
BS 6994, given in tables 1 to 6 cannot be marked or certified as where the notation and units are as for formula (1)
being in accordance with this British Standard. except that:
D.l Shackles outside the range specified in tables 1 to 6 f = 400 N/mm2 for all shackles
may be designed, when required, using the formulae1 and 2. The above formulae originated a t the National Physical
The pin and body are treated separately. The criteria (a) Laboratory. They enable d and D to be obtained given
to (g) should always be obeyed. the internal dimensions ( W , r and S), the working load
(a) The diameter of the material of the body d should limit W and the design stress f of the shackle.
not be less than 10 mm nor exceed 90 mm. As an example, consider the following bow shackle:
(b) The diameter of the pin D should not be less than W=lOt
12 mm nor exceed 110 mm. W = 100 mm
(c) The diameter of the material of the body d should r =75mm
not be.less than the value obtained from formula (1). S = 250mm
(dl The diameter of the pin D should not be less than f = 400 N/mm2
the value determined from formula (21, multiplied by Formula (1) gives d = 41 .O6 mm
the correction factorin D.3, for d less than 25 mm.
Formula (2) gives D = 44.75 mm.
(e) When the shackle body dis less than 25 mm in size,
the diameter D of the pin should be multiplied by the Formulae (1) and (2) are based on the condition where the
load is a t the centre of the pin and the reactions are taken
correction factorin D.3.
a t the centre of the length of the holes.
(f) In no case should the pin diameter D be less than
In designing shackles below 25 mm nominal size, the
the body diameter d.
diameter of pin, D , obtained from formula (2) should,
(9) I n no case should the measurement across the eye e for practical reasons, be multiplied by a correction factor.
be less than 20.
The correction factor forthe values of D for dee shackles is
D.2 Formula for the bodies of shackles
d = 36.0 [F] -
rw
-
I+ &
7
(25 - dl
9s
and for the values of D for bow shackles is
where
W is the working load limit (intonnes);
18
I + - (25 - ~)
W is the internal jaw width (in mm); 1500
d is the body diameter of shackle (in mm); These factors represent increases in D of 7 % and 18 %
D is the pin diameter (in mm); for d = 10 mm respectively for dee and bow shackles. Both
r is the internal radius of the bow (in mm); factors reduce linearly to O % for d = 25 mm.
S is the internal length of shackle (in mm); These factors only apply to the shackles having the shapes
f is the nominal extreme fibre stress a t working load limit and proportions specified in tables 1 to 6 inclusive.
= 400 N/mm2 for bow shackles I f the value 2r/d exceeds the values for bow shacklesin the
= 320 N/mm2 for dee shackles. tables then higher factors may be required, in which case a
For a dee shackle, it will be noted that2r= W. competent person should be consulted.
The above formula is valid for the following ranges of The formulae give dimensions of shackles suitable for
dimensions: normal conditions of service. For hazardous conditions,
shackles should be designed for a reduced nominal extreme
fibre (tensile) stress.
2.5~ - r
G 6.5
NOTE. These formulae are applicable only to shackles conforming
(except in their dimensions) to the requirements of this standard.
0 . 5 ~- 1.0
r
G
W
0.4 G -d 0.75
W
Q
Appendix E. Safe use of shackles E.1.5 It is important in the case of shackles fitted with a
bolt, nut and split cotter pin (type L, figure 7) that the
E . l Assembly length of the plain portion of the bolt is such that the nut
will jam on the inner end of the thread and not on the
E . l . l Shackles should be inspected before use to ensure
eyes of the shackle, thus leaving the bolt free to rotate,
that:
and that the nut and bolt are cross drilled for a split cotter
(a) the body of the shackle and the pin are both pin when in this position.
identifiable as being of the same quality grade;
E.2 Usage
(b) all markings are readable;
(c) the pin is of the correct type; E.2.1 Select the correct type of shackle for a particular
application from the information given in appendix B and
(d) the threads of the pin and the body are undamaged;
the following subclauses E.2.2 to E.2.6 inclusive.
(e) the shackle and pin are not distorted;
E.2.2 Shackles should be fitted tothe load in a manner
(f) the shackle and pin are not unduly worn;
that ailows the shackle body to take the load in a true line
(9) the shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, along i t s centreline; and not insuch a way that bending
cracks and corrosion, loads are induced, other than those for which the shackle
E.1.2 Ensure, where appropriate, that the pin is correctly is designed. See figure 9.
screwed into the shackle eye, .e. tighten finger tight, then
lock using a small tommy bar or suitable tool so that the
collar of the pin is fully seated on the shackle eye. Ensure
that the pin is of the correct length so that it penetrates the
full depth of the screwed eye and allows the collar of the
pin tobed on the surface of the drilled eye.
E.1.3 Incorrect seating of the pin may be due to a bent
pin, too tight fitting thread or misalignmentof pin holes,
Do not use the shackle under these circumstances, but
refer the matter to a competent person.
E.1.4 Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt, other than
one designed for the purpose, as it may not be suitable for Incorrect
the loads imposed. See figure 8.
Never replace a
shackle pin with
a bolt
Correct
E.2.3 When using shacklesin conjunction with multi-leg E.2.5 When a shackle is used to secure the top block of a
slings, due consideration shouldbe given to the effect of set of rope blocks the load on this shackle is increased by
the angle between the legs of the sling. As the angle the value of the'hoisting effort.
increases so does the load in the sling Leg and consequently E.2.6 Avoid applications where due to movement (e.g. of
in any shackle attached to that leg. (See BS 6166 : Part 3). the load or the rope) the shackle pin can roll and possibly
E.2.4 To avoid eccentric loadingof the shackle a loose unscrew. (See figures 11 and 12.)
spacer may be used on either end of the shackle pin (see E.3 Inspection
figure IO) or a shackle with a smaller jaw width should be
Shackles in use should be subject to thorough examination
used, Do not reduce the width between the shackle jaws
by a competent person a t least every 6 months.
by welding washers or spacers to the inside faces of the
eyes or by closing thejaws, as this will have an adverse
effect on the properties of the shackle.
Hook-".,
Packing
Publications referred to
BS 240 Methodfor Brinell hardnesstestand for verificationofBrinell hardness testing machines- .
~
BS 729 Specification for hot dipgalvanized coatings on iron and steel articles
BS 860 Tables for comparison of hardness scales
BS 970 Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and aMed engineering purposes
Part 1 General inspE%t!on and te?t.ing procedures and spec~ficre~c&r~~e~ts foc carbon, carbqn-manganese, alloy and stainless steels
BS 1610 Materials testing machines and force verification equipment
Part 1 Specification for the grading of the forces appliedby materials testingmachines
Part 2 Specification for the grading of equipment used for the verification of the forces applied by materials testing
machines
BS 1706 Specification for electroplated coatings of cadmium and zinc on iron and steel
BS 2772 Colliery haulage andwinding equipment
BS 3032* Specification for higher tensile steel shackles
BS 31 89 Specification for phosphate treatment of iron and steel
BS 3643 ISO-metric screw threads
.~
-
Referred
to.
-in the
foreword
only. . ..
ISBN O 580 16737 2 Contract requirements. A British Standard does not purport to
include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Committee reference MHE/I Draft for comment 86176024 DC
British Standards Institution 2 Park Street London W I A 2BS Telephone 01-629 9000 - Telex 266933
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