Engineering Drawing

Practice for
Schools 81 Colleges

BUREAU OFINDIANSTANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
SP 46 : 1988

FIRST PUBLISHED MARCH 1989

FIRST REPRINT DECEMBER 1990

SECOND REPRINT SEPTEMBER 1992

THIRD REPRINT OCTOBER 1998

0 BUREAUOF INDIANSTANDARDS

UDC 744.43 : 371.623.8

ISBN 81-7061-091-2

Price Rs 275.00

PRINTED IN INDIA
AT DEE KAY PRINTERS, DELHI, 110015,
AND PUBLISHED BY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI 110 002
 DRAWINGSECTIONALCOMMITTEE,EDC20

Chairman Representing

DR R. VASUDEVAN Bbarat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tricbi

Members

SHRI F. FERNANDIS (Alternate to Bbarat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal

Dr R. Vasudevan)

SHRI PRAKASH SINGH (Alternate to Bbarat Heavy Electric& Ltd, Hardwar

Dr R. Vasudevan)

SHRI N. S. CHOUDHARY Instrumentation Ltd, Kota

SHRI J. S. SEHMI (Alternate)

DY DIRECTOR STANDARDS (WAGON-~) Research, Design & Standards Organization (Ministry of Railways)
ASSTT DIRECTOR STANDARDS
(WAGON-I) (AZternate)

SHRI S.K. GIRI Directorate General of Employment and Training, New Delhi

SHRI P.JACADISHAN Department of Atomic Energy, PPED, Bombay

SHRIY.N.VERMA (Alternate)

SHRI M.S.S. Jols Motor Industries Co Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI T.S. VENKATASHA MURTHY
(Alternate)

SHRI S.K. KHAN Kesbav Deva Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (ONGC),
Debra Dun

SHRI R.M. MEGNATHAN NGEF Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI P.J. MEHATA The Institution of Engineers (India)

SHRI S.S. PURI Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi

SHRI M.R. RAMAMURTHY Ministry of Defence (R&D)

SHRI M.V. KANE (Alternate)
 Members Represen ring

SHRI M. RANGASHAI HMT Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI N.K. SRINIVAS (Alternate)
SHRI K.R. SATHYANARAYAN(A~rernate)
SHRI T. NARASIMHA RAO (Alternate)

SHRI HANUMANTHA RAO Central Machine Tool Institute, Bangalore

SHRI M.A. RABINDRA (Alternate)

SHRI A.M. RAO Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi

SHRI A. VENKOBA RAO Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI B.P. RAO (Alternate)

SHRI R. SAMPATH KUMAR Directorate of Standardization. Ministry of Defence. New Delhi

SHRI K.K. VOHRA (Alternate)

SHRI R.B. SINCH Heavy Machine Building Plant, Ranchi

SHRI S.S. JHA (Alternate)

SHRI R.K. SINHA Project & Development India Ltd, Sindri

SHRI B.K. JHA (Alrernare)

DR D. SWAMINATHAN University Grants Commission, New Delhi

SHRI V. VISHWANADHAM Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamshedpur

SHRI P. KRISHNASWAMY (Alternate)
SHRI C.S. NAIR (Alternare)

SHRI S. CHANDRASEKHARAN, Director General, BIS (Ex-officio iZfer7lhcr)

DIRECTOR (MECH ENGG), BIS

Secretary

SHRI S.K. NAG

Joint Director (Mech Engg), BIS

PANEL FOR PREPARATION OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL, EDC 7O:P4

Convener Representing

SHRI PRAKASH SINCH Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hardwar

Members

SHRI R.M. MEGNATHAN NGEF Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI M.S.S. Jors Motor Industries Co. Ltd, Bangalore

SHRI T.S. VENKATESHA MURTHY
(Alternate)

SHRI S. HANUMANTHA RAO Central Machine Tool Institute, Bangalore

DR D. SWAMINATHAN University Grants Commission, New Delhi

PROF K. VENKATARAMAN P.S.G. College of Technology and Polytechnic, Coimbatore

 0. FOREWORD

0.1 In all the three types of exchanges like exchanges with the relevant subject matter of IS0 technical
of goods, exchanges of services and exchanges of drawings and published a series of standards on
infcrmation, technical drawings form an essential technical drawing. IS:696 was so long being used by
component. the students of technical institutions as a guide in
engineering drawing. The technical committee
Goods of a technical nature in national and inter- responsible felt the need to bring out a special
national trade nearly always need to be accompanied publication containing relevant information in the
by service diagrams, or other technical drawings field. of drawing standard in one document to meet
illustrating the components, their assembly and their the requirements of the students. This publication
I.%.
also includes geometrical tolerancing, guide for
Exchanges of services may involve, for example, selection of fits in addition to the general principles
consultancy work or the design of an assembly in one and convention of engineering drawing to make the
unit for construction in another. In such cases, the publication more informative.
technical drawing is an important way of communi-
cating instructions or advice. 0.4 This publication is not intended to be a
replacement for the complete standards on technical
In exchanges of information, especially where drawings and any parts omitted from this publication
different languages are involved, the technical should not be considered as less important to the
drawings can clarify ambiguities or help to resolve engineering profession than those included.
problems in communicating by spoken or written
word across language barriers. 0.5 It is expected that educational institutions will
have complete set of Indian Standards accessible in
0.2 To achieve these objectives, IS:696 Code of technical drawing classes.
practice for general engineering drawing was
originally issued in 1955 and revised twice in 1960 NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS PUBLICATION
and 1972. Since the publication of the said standard,
considerable progress has been achieved ln the field of 1. Except for the drawings shown in Appendix k,
standardization of engineering drawing by mutual the figures used in the document are not In-
agreement between various countries and has taken tended to be examples of fully dimensioned
the shape of firm standard. The growing international working drawings. They are drawn td show the
cooperation, introduction of foreign technology or point explained in the text.
export of technology has necessitated to develop
internationally unified method and symbols for 2. Examples of both FIRST ANGLE and
indicating in engineering drawing. THIRD ANGLE methods of projections are given
(see Projections).
0.3 To meet the above necessity, the contents of
IS:696-1972 Code of practice for general engineering 3. Values of dimensions and tolerances are typical
drawings [second revision) have been harmonized examples only.
 CONTENTS
PACE

0. Foreword . . . V

Notes on the Use of the Document - . . V

Section 1 Sizes and Layout of Drawing Sheets - _ . 1

Section 2 Item References on Drawings and Item Lists . _ . 4

Section 3 Planning of Assembly Drawings - _. 6

Section 4 Folding of Drawing Prints _ _. 8

Section 5 Scales _. _ 11

Section 6 Lines - - . 12

Section 7 Lettering - . . 15

Section 8 General Principles of Presentation - __ 18

Section 9 Sections and other Conventions - ._ 21

Section 10 Conventional Representation - . . 29

Section 11 General Principles of Dimensioning on Technical Drawings _ __ 38

Section 12 Indication of Linear and Angular Tolerancing on Technical Drawings - -. 50

Section 13 Methods of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Cones - _. 52

Section 14 Method of Indicating Surface Texture on Technical Drawings - -_ 56

Section 15 Technical Drawings for Structural Metal Work - -_ 63

Section 16 Symbolic Representation of Welds on Technical Drawings - . _ 71

Section 17 Drawing Practice for Isometric Projection . -_ 82

Section 18 Examples of Indication and Interpretation of Geometrical Tolerancing _ __ 86

Symbols and Characteristic

Section 19 Abbreviations - -_ 88

Appendix A Typical Examples -- _ 91

Appendix B Systems of Limits and Fits _ __ 93

Appendix C Guide for Selection of Fits ___ 97

Appendix D General Tolerances for Linear and Angular Dimensions - -_ 103

Alphabetical Index _ __ 105

Indian Standards Referred _ __. 110

 SP : 46-1988

SECTION 1 SIZES AND LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEETS

1.I Scope - This section specifies sizes of blank and 1.2.2 The formsare similar to one another and hence
pre-printed drawing sheets for use with all technical the equation .V : .I = 1 : fi is obtained for the two
drawings in any field of engineering. sides s and .I of a format (SCPFig. 1.2), consequently
the ratio between both sides is the same as that of
1.2 Basic Principles - The basic principles involved the sides of a square to its diagonal (see Fig. 1.3).
in arriving at the sizes are:

(a).u : j = 1: ;/T (b) .\j= I

where .Yand J are the sides and having a surface area

of lm2 sothatx=0.841 mand.v=l.l89m.

1.2.1 Two series of successive format sizes are

,Jbtained by halving along the length or doubling
along the width. The areas of the two sizes are in the
ratio 1 : 2 (see Fig. 1.I ),

Fic;.l.Z SIMILARITY FIG. 1.3 RELATIONSHIP

OI:FOKMATS BETWEEN TYO Srnl:.s

1.3 Designation of Sizes

1.3.1 Sizes Series ISO-A (First Choice) -- The pre-

ferred sizes of the trimmed sheets as selected from
the main ISO-A Series are given in Table 1 .l.

1.3.2 Speciul Elonguted Sizes (Second Choice) -

When a sheet of greater length is needed, one of the
sizes in Table 1.2 should be used. These sizes are
obtained by extending the shorter sides of a format
of the ISO-A series to lengths that are multiples of
the shorter sides of the chosen basic format.

TABLE 1.1

Designatiorr Dirrrerrsiom.mm

A0 841 Xl 189
Al 594 X 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 X 420
A4 210 x 297

1.3.3E.vceptiottal Eilongatcd Sizes IThird Choice!

When a very large or extra elongated sheet is essential.
one of the size in Table 1.3 should be used. These
sizes are obtainci! by cxtcndin:; tl\c shorter sides of
a format of the ISO-A series to lengths that are
multiples of the shorter sides of the chosen basic
FIG. 1.1 format.
SP : 46-1988

TABLE 1.2

Designation

A3 X3
A3 X 4

A4 X 3
A4 X 4
Dimensions
mm
420 x 891
420 X 1 189

291 X 630
291 X 841
Ll
FIG. 1.4 SHEET TYPE XHOHIZONTAL

D
A4x 5 291 X 1051

TABLE 1.3
Dimensions,
Designation mm

A0 x 2*..
FIG, 1.5 SHEET TYPE Y VERTICAL
1 189 X 1682
A0 x 3 1 189 x 2523t

Al x3 841 x 1783
Al x4 841 x 2 318t

A2 x3 594 x 1261
A2 X4 594 x 1682
A2 X5 594 x 2 102

A3 XJ 420 x 1486
A3 X 6 420 x 1183
A3 X I 420 x 2 080

A4 X 6 291 X 1 261
L 170 max. J
A4 X I 291 X 1411 FIG. 1.6
A4 X 8 291 x 1 682
A4 X 9 291 x 1892 1S. 1.2 Title block should preferably consist of
one or more adjoining reetangles. These may be
l This size is equal to 2A0 of the ISO-A series. sub-divided into boxes for the insertion of specific
t For practical reasons. the use of these sizes is not information (see Fig. 1.6, 1.7 and 1.8).
advisable.

1.4 Selection of Sizes - The original drawing should

be made on the smallest sheet permitting the
necessary clarity and resolution. The choice of sizes
of the original drawing and its reproduction-, shall be
made from the series&own in Tables 1 .l, 1.2 and 1.3
in that order. Draw&g sheets may be used with their
longer sides positioned either horizontally
Fig. 1.4) or vertically (see Fig. 1.5). The general
(see

features of a drawing sheet is as shown in Fig, 1.9.

a: a

1.5 Titk Block

FIG. 1.7
1.5.1 Position
1.6 Borders and Frames - Borders enclosed by the
1.5.1.1 The position of the title block should be edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame limiting the
with@ the drawing space (see Fig. 1.9) such that the drawing space shall be provided with all sizes. It is
portion of the title block containing the identifica- recommended that these borders have the minimum
tion of the drawing (registration number, title, orgin, width of 20 mm for size A0 and Al, and a minimum
etc) is situated in the bottom right-hand corner of width of 10 mm for size A2, A3 and A4 (see Fig.l.9).
the drawing space, both for sheets positioned
horizontally (Type X) (see Fig. 1.4) or vertically (Type 1;7 Centring Marks - Four centrifig marks shall be
Y) (see Fig. 1.5). The direction of the viewing of the provided on all drawings in order to facilitate the
title block should correspond, ln general, with that of positioning of the drawing when reproduced or
the drawing. microfIIed.

2
 SP : 46-1988

the grid shall not be less than 25 mm and not more

than 75 mm.

1.8.2 The rectangles of the grid should be referred

by means of capital letters along one edge and
t&merals along the other edge. The numbering
direction may start at the sheet corner opposite to
the title block and be repeated on the opposite sides.

1.9 Multiple Sheet Drawings - Multiple sheet

drawings marked with the same registration or
identification number should be indicated by means
I_ 170 max. _1 of a sequential sheet number. In addition, the total
number of sheet should be shown on sheet 1, for
example :
FIG. 1.8
Sheet No. = n/p
1.8 Grid Reference
where
1.8.1 The provision of grid reference system is
recommended for all sizes, in order to permit easy n is the sheet number, and
location on the drawing of details, additions, modi- p is the total number of sheets.
fications, etc. The number of divisions should be
divisible by two and be chosen in relation to the An abbreviated title block, containing only the
complexity of the drawing. It is recommended that identification zone, may be used for all sheets after
the length of any side of the rectangles comprising the first sheet.

MINIMWM WIDTH
(20 mm FOR A0 AND Al,
10 mm FOR A2, A3 AND AL)

I 1 I 2 I 3 I G I 5 I 6
I

A A

0 B
EDGE
DRAWING SPACE

C C

FRAME

TITLE BLOCK
D D

/I I
I I1 I 2 I 3 71 a / I 5 I 6
r
/
+gRlD REFERENCE BORE TITLE BLOCK SHALL CONTAIN NAME.
DATE, PROJECTION SYMBOL .SCALE ,
IITLE AND DRAWING NUMBER

FIG. I.9
SP : 46-1988

SECTION 2 ITEM REFERENCES ON DRAWINGS AND ITEM LISk

2.1 Scope - This section gives guidance and recom- 2.3.5 Leader lines shall not intersect. They
mendations on establishment of item reference and should be kept as short as practicable and generally
item list for use with technical drawings. should be drawn at an angle to the item reference. In
case of encircled item references, the leader line shall
2.2 Item References - The item references should be be directed towards the centre of the circle.
assigned in sequential order to each component part
shown ip an assembly and/or each detailed item on 2.3.6 Item references of related items may be
the drawing. Further identical parts shown in the shown against the same leader line (see Fig. 2.4, i~cms
same assembly should have the same item reference. 8.9. 10 alld 1I ).
All item references shall be shown in an item list 2.3.7 Item references of identical items need
(see Fig. 2.4 and Table 2.1). only be shown once, provided theiF is no risk of
ambiguity.
2.3 Reaentation
2.4 Item List
2.3.1 Item references should generally be com-
posed of Hindu-Arabic numerals only. They may, 2.4.1 Item lists are complete lists of the items
however, be augmented by capital letters when constituting an assembly (or a sub-assembly), or of
necessary. detailed parts, presented on a technical drawing. It
is not necessary for all these items to be detailed on
2.3.2 All item references on the same drawing an end-product drawing. The association between the
shall be of the same type and height of lettering. items on an item list and their representation on the
They &all be clearly distinguishable from all other relevant drawing (or on other drawings) is given by
indications, This can be achieved, for example, by: the item references.

a) using characters of a larger height, for example, 2.4.2, The item lists may be included on the
twice the height as used for dimensioning and drawing itself or be a separate document.
similar indications;
2.4.3 When included on the drawing, the posi-
b) encircling the characters of each item reference, tiop of the item list should be such as to be read in
in that case all such circles shall have the same the viewing direction of the drawing. The list may be
diameter and to be drawn with continuous thin in conjunction with the title block. Its outlines may
line (Type B) (see Fig. 2.3). be drawn with continuous thick lines (type A)_

c) combining methods (a) and (b). 2.4.4 Where the item list is shown on a separate
document, this shall be identifled by the same
2.3.3 Item references shall be placed outside the number as that of the parent drawing.
general outlines of the items concerned.
2.4.5 However, to distinguish this identification
2.3.4 Each item reference should be connected from that of the parent drawing, it is recommended
to its associated item by a leader line (see Fig. 2.1, that the item list number be preceded by the prefix
2.2, and 2.3). item list (or a similar term in the language used on the
documents).

I I 1 2.4.6 Layour - It is recommended that the item

lo- logA list be arranged in columns by means of continuous

thick or thin lines (type A or B) to allow information
to be entered under the following headings (the
sequence of these is optional):
FIG. 2.1 FIG. 2.2
a) item,
b) description,

CT=
10
0

FIG. 2.3
c)
d)
e)
quantity,
reference,
material

NOTE - If necessary, more columns can be added to

cover specitic requirements.
 !SP : 46-1988

5 638

FIG. 2.4

TABLE 2.1 ITEM LIST

Bottom housing
SP : 46-1988

SECTION3 PLANNINGOFASSEMBLYDRAWINGS

3.1 Scope - This section covers the requirementsof 3.3 A method, applicable to general engineering
planning of assembly drawings. drawings and also structural drawings is to include on
each individual drawing sheet of a series of drawings,
3.2 Where a number of drawings are required to a small key plan or elevation or both, conveniently
detail a complete design, an assembly drawing is placed near the title block, indicating part of the
necessary. Such a drawing will show the design to a whole work in thick lines to which the particular
convenient scale, and the drawing or part numbers drawing sheet refers (see Fig. 3.1).
which are the constituents of the particular assembly
are listed in a tabular form as shown in Fig. 2.4 and 3.4 The general assembly drawing may be broken
Table 2.1. into further sub-assemblies and parts, determined

STAGE 0

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

0 DETAILED PART
El PRODUCT

.-.
(a, ; HALF FINISHED PART
cl SUB-ASSEMBLY

FIG. 3.1

6
 sP:46-1988

mainly by production requirements. A typical chart 3.5 In general, the detailed view shown in any
showing the breakdown of such assembly drawing is assembly dr&ng should have the same orientation as
shown in Fig. 3.2. that shown in the main assembly view.

InEl Consists of

q
C Cqnrists of
Object Na Quantity
1

6
L---i-!

23
i2
6) 12)I
5j
i

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS

q GROUP PRODUCT

0 COMPOSITE PART

I::I SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT

( 1 INDICATION OF QUANTITY IN THE PARTS LIST

FIG. 3.2

7
SP:46-1988

SECTION4 FOLDINGOFDRAWINGPRINTS

4.1 Scope .- This section covers two methods of b) the title blocks of all the folded prints appear in
folding of drawing prints. topmost position; and
c) the bottom right corner shall be outermost
4.1.1 The first method is intended for drawing visible section and shall have a width not less
prints to be filed or bound, while the second method than 190 mm.
istse;ded for prints to be kept individually in filing
4.3 Depending on the method of folding adopted,
suitable folding marks are to be introduced in the
4.2 Basic Principles - The basic principles in each of tracing sheets as guide.
the above methods are to ensure that:
4.4 Methods of Folding of Drawing Prints - The
a) all large prints of sizes higher than A4 are methods recommended for folding are indicated in
folded to A4 sizes; Fig. 4.1 and 4.2.
 SP:46-1988
--
SHEET CROSSWISE
IESIGNATK FOLDING DIAGRAM LENGTHWISE FOLDING
FOLDING

A0
841 x 118s

(TITLE
BLOCK
>

.6
841
i- -------w
\

.l

--

Al .

594 x 841 .

A2
420 x 594

~
.

.
.
\ I
7

r
c-
A3 .
297 x 420

~
L&&
BLOCK

L_
I
All dimensions in millime!res.
FIG.4.1 FOI_L~iNG O~;PRINIS
:DRFILINGOR BINDING
 SHEET
SIGNATIOI FOLDING DIAGRAM LENGTHWISE FOLDING
cl?ossw&
FOLDING

/TITLE
BLOCK

.
8

A2
LZOx 596

BLOCK
0
A3
97x420

BLOCK

Alldimensions in millimetres.

FIG.~ 2 FOLDING OFPRINTS FOR STORING IN FILINGCABINET

10
 SP : 46-1988

SECTION 5 SCALES

5.1 Scope - This section specifies recommended If there is no likelihood of misunderstanding, the
scales and their designation for use on all technical word SCALE may be omitted.
drawings in any field of engineering,
5.4 Scales for Use on Technical Drawings
5.2 Definitions

5.2.1 Scale - Ratio of the linear dimension of Category Recommended Scales

an element of an object as represented in the original A
drawing to the real linear dimension of the same Enlargement so:1 2O:l 1O:l
element of the object itself. Scales 5:l 2:1

NOTE - The scale of a print may be different from that Full size
of the original drawing. 1:l

5.2.2 Full Size - A scale with the ratio 1: 1. 1:2 I:10

Reduction I:20 ;izo I:100
5.2.3 Enlargement Scale - A scale where the ratio Scales I:200 lISO0 1:looo
is larger than 1 :I. It is said to be larger as its ratio 1:2ooo 1:5ooo 1:lOOOO
increases.

5.2.4 Reduction Scale - A scale where ratio is 5.4.1 The scale to be chosen for a drawing will
smaller than 1: 1. It is said to be smaller as its ratio depend upon the complexity of the object to be
decreases. depicted and the purpose of the representation.

5.3 Designation - The complete. designation of a 5.4.2 In all cases, the selected scale shall be large
scale shall consist of the word SCALE (or its equiva- enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the
lent in the language used on the drawing) followed by information depicted.
the indication of its ratio, as follows:
54.3 Details that are too small for complete
SCALE 1 : 1 for full size; dimensioning in the main representation shall be
shown adjacent to the main representation in a
SCALE X : 1 for enlargement scales; separate detail view (or section) which is drawn to a
SCALE 1 : X for reduction scales. large scale.

11
. s? :46-1988

SECTION 6 LINES

6.1 Scope - This section specifies the types of lines, 6.3 Thicknesses and Proportional Dimensions of Lines
their thickness and application for use in technical
drawings. 6.3.1 Two thicknesses of lines are used. The ratio
of the thick to the thin line shall not be less than 2: 1.
6.2 Types of Lines Grading of lines is in 4 2 increments.

6.2.1 The types of lines and their applications are The thickness of lines should be chosen according
as given in Table 6.1. to the size and the type of the drawing from the
following range:
6.2.1.1 It is recommended that only line types
as given in Table 6.1 shall be used. 0.18,0.25,0.35,0.5,0.7, 1, 1.4and 2 mm.

6.2.1.2 Where other types or thicknesses of

lines are used for special fields or if the lines specified
in Table .6.1 are used for applications other than 6.j.2 For all views of one piece to the same scale,
those detailed in the table; the conventions adopted the thickness of the lines should be the same.
should be explained by notes on the respective
drawing.

NOTE - Owing to difficulties in certain methods of

6.2.1.3 Typical applications of different types recproduction, the line thickness of 0.18 mm should be
of lines are shown in Fig. 6.1 and 6.2. avoided.

TABLE 6.1

Cine Descrivtion I General applications

See figures 6.1, 6.2 and other relevant figures
Continuous thick Al Visible outlines
AZ Visible edges

6 Continuous thin (straight or curved) el Imaginary linas of intersection

82 Dimension lines
63 Projection lines
84 Leader lines
85 Hatching
66 Outlines of revolved sections in place
B7 Short cantre linas

Continuous thin-freehand21 Limits of partial or interrupted views and

sections, if the limit is not a chain thin
Continuous thin (straight) with zigzags line (see figures 63 and 541

Dashed thick2)

F __--_--- Dashed thin

G-_-_----- Chain thin Gl Centre lines

-1.-.-i
Chain thin thick at ends and

J -_-_-_-_- Chain thick Jl Indication of lines or surfaces to which a special

requirement applies

Chain thin double-dashed Kl Outlines of adjacent parts

K2 Alternative and extreme positions of movable parts
K3 Centroidal linas
K4 Initial outfines prior to forming lsae figure %I
KS Parts swated in front of the cutting p16ne
(see figure II
ii This type of ltne IS suited for production of drawings by machtnas.

!) Although two alternatives are available, it is recommended that on any one drawing, only one tvpe of line be used.

1
 SP : 46-1988

c
I ,

_-__--__--.__-_____--._7~
4 4
01

FIG. 6.1

FIG. 6.2

13
SP : 464968

6.4 SpadagofLkem-Themiaimumqqcebetween 6.6T_rrabrtionofLerderLines-Akaderlihe~a

parallel linq incrudtpe bat ,ahouldlKwafbekn line referring to a feature (dimension, object, outline,
than twice th thickness of 50 havied he. It k etc).
recommended that theaa ~WEIS rhoufd never be lest
than 0.7. mm. Leader lines s&Md terminate:

- with a dot, if they end within outlines of an

6.5 Order of Riotity of Cokid&q Lima - Whan object (gee Fig 6.4 .
- &h an arrow hea 2 , if they end on the outline
two or more lines of different type coinckie, the
following order of priority &ould be obaerwd (rre of an object (see Fig. 6.5).
- without dot or arrowhead, if they end on
Fig. 6.3).
a dimension line (set Fig. 6.6).

a) visible outlines and *es (continuous thicJc

lines, type A);

A-
b) hidden outlines and *es (dashed line, type E
or F);
c) CUtting planes (chain thin line, thick at ends
and changes of cutting planes, type H);
d) antm lines and lines of symmetry (chain thin
he, We G);
e) centroidal lines (chain thin double-dashed line, FIG. 6.4
type JO;
f) projection lines (continuous thin line, type B).
Adjacentoutiinea of assembled pa& shall coincide,
black thin rsctionr excepted (WCFig. 9.9).

A-A
FIG. 6.5

FIG. 6.3 FIG. 6.6

14
 !P : 46-1988

SECTION7 LETTERING

7.1 Scope - This section specifiesthe characteristics minimum number of line thickness as is illustrated in
of lettering used on technical drawings, and Tables 7.1 and 7.2.
associated documents. It concerns primarily letters
written with the aid of stencils, but is equally 7i2.2.1 Recommended ratios for the height of
applicable for free hand lettering. lower-case letters (without stem or tail), for the ce
between characters, for the minimum space ogp the
7.2 Dimensions base lines and the minimum space of words are given
in Tables 7.1 and 7.2.
7.2.1 The height h of the capital letter is taken as
the base of dimensioning (see Tables 7.1 and 7.2). 7.3 The lettering may be inclined 15 to the right,
or may be vertical.
7.2.2 The two standard ratios for d/h, l/14 and
l/10, are most economical as they re,sult in a 7.4 Recommended Sizes

FIG. 7.1

TABLE 7.1

m A w= h/14) VJU in mwinmNa

CVwacterist~c R&i0 Dimensions

-kilM h t14/14Jh 28 28 6 v lo 14 0
m*tofapiPh

M#ltOf-~
UthWtr(nn~tdl~ e m/14~h - 2.6 2.6 6 7 1Ci 14

2WMm- . IY141h 036 0.6 0.7 1 1.4 2 2.2

hNnlmum~ofbrrIku b ow14~t 2.6 6 7 IO 14 20 a

Mlnimumcpdng~~ . Wl4lh 1s 1.6 2.1 3 4.2 0 8.4

ThklurrofIhNI d h
111141 0.10 0.26 0.26 0.6 0.7 1 ld
1

NOTE-lbloiM~bHWOUlh# durrnrm~~byMtHm*~rMsr~~rtor~LA,TV;*chr,~
ihmIinnU&kmmd

15
 SP : 46-1988

TABLE 7.2
LostwIng B M= h/10) v*ua in mwmvn

Characteristic Ratio

L-W
h (lo/101 h 2s 25 6 I 10 14 1D
Hol*t of capitds

H.i#lt of lovururr lett.n

c (7/101h 2.6 3.6 6 7 10 14
(withoutstemof ailj

Spmzing
tmhmn characten . U/101 h 0.6 0.7 1 1.4 2 28 4

Minimumrpdng of baa lines b (14/10) h 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 28

Minimumspadngbetweenworb . (B/10) h 1.6 2.1 3 4.2 6 8.4 12

Thickness
of lirm 8.26 0.36 0.6 0.7 1 1.4 2

NOTE - The spacingl botwan two chwroR may br nduad by h

tha lin thickness
d.
7.5 Specimen
7.5.1 Lettering A Vertical

NOTE - To obtain constant linedensity, freedom from blotting at intersecting lie and ease of writing, the letters shall be
formed so that lines cross or meet nearly at right-angles.

16
 SP : 46-1988

1.52 Lettering B Vertical

i---------___---___
---+*--- --
__
---*-
.__L__f_ d_.. P-*--- I____ _l__-.*_ c
-_I_
.--__ TX-Z

NOTE - To obtain constant linedensity, freedom from blotting at intersecting line and ease of writing, the letters shall be
formed so that lines cross or meet nearly at rightangles.

17
!SP : 46-1988

SECTION 8 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRESENTATION

8.1 Scope - This section specifies the general princi- 8.2.2 Relative Position of Views - Two alternative
ples of presentation of technical dtiwings following orthographic projection methods, of equal standing,
the orthographic projection methods. can be used.
- the first angle projection method, or
8.1 .l This section is intended for all kinds of - the third angle projection method.
technical drawings (mechanical, electrical, archi-
tectural, civil engineering, etc). However, it is NOTE - For uniformity among the figures given
recognized that in some specific technical areas, the throughout this publication as examples, the relative
general rules and conventions cannot, adequately position of views are those provided by the first angle
cover all the needs of specialized practices, and that projection method. It should be understood, however,
that each of the two methods could equally have been
additional rules are required which may be specified used without prejudice to the principles established.
in separate standards. For these areas, the general However, as a basic requirement, use of first anglepro-
principles should however be respected in order to jection method is to be followed.
facilitate international exchange of drawings.and to
ensure the coherence of drawings in a comprehensive 8.2.2.1 First angle projection rnethod - With
system relating to several technical functions. reference to the front view (a), the other views are
arranged as follows (see Fig. 8.2):

8.2 Views
The view from above (b), is placed underneath.
8.2.1 Designation of Views The view from below (e), is placed above,
The view from the left (c), is placed on the right.
View in direction a = View from the fron_t The view from the right (d), is placed on the left.
The view from the rear (f) may be placed on the
left, or on the right, as convenient.
View in direction b = View from above

View in direction c = View from the left

View in direction d = View from the right

View in direction e = View from below

El
iii1
View in direction f = View from the rear

8.2.1.1 The front view (principle view) having

been chosen (see 8.2.4), the other customary views
make with it and between themselves angles of 90
or multiples of 90 (see Fig. 8.1).

FIG. 8.2

The distinguishing symbol of this method is shown

in Fig. 8.3.

FIG. 8.3
e
t
8.2.2.2 Third angle proection method - With
reference to the front view (a), the other views are:
FIG. 8.1 arranged as follows (see Fig. 8.@:
18
 8P:46-1988

The view from above (b), is p@ea aoove.

The view from below (e), is place underneath.
The view from the left (c), is placed on the left.
The view from the right (d), is placed on the right C
IA

-B
The view from the rear (f), rnsy be placed on the
left, of on t&e right, as convenient.
_c
The distingui&& symbol of this method is shown
in Fii. 8.5.

ELIlb)

-- _-
Q Jill C
_E

For the layout of views using reference arrows

specified in 8.2.2.3, no diimt&hing symbol iq
required.
FIG. 8.4

8.2.4 Choice of Views

@El 8.2.4.1 The most informative view of an object

shall be used as the front or principal view. Generally,
this view shows the part in the functioning position.
Parts which can be used in any. position should
FIG. 8.5
preferably be drawn in the main position of
manufacturing or mounting.
8.2.2.3 Layout of Views Using Reference 8.2.4.2 When other views (including sections)
Arrows - In those cases where it is an advantage to are needed, these shall be selected according to the
position the views not according to the strict pattern following princples:
of the first or the third angle projection methods, the
use of reference arrows permits the various views to - to limit the number of views and sections to the
be freely positioned. minimum necessary and sufficient to fully deli-
R
neate the object without ambiguity,
With the exception of the principal view, each
view shall be identified by a capital letter which is - to avoid the need for hidden outlines and
repeated near the arrow needed to indicate the edges,
. direction of viewing for the relevant view. - to avoid unnecessary repetition of detail.

The designated views may be located irrespective

of the principal view. The capital letters identifying
the referenced views shall be placed either
immediately below or above the relevant views. In
any one drawing, the references shall be placed in the
same way. No other indication is necessary (see Fig.
8.6).

8.2.3 Indication of Method - Where one of the

methods specified in 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2 is being
used, the said method must be indicated on the
drawing by means of its distinguishing symbol as
shown inFig. 8.3 or 8.5.

The symbol shall be placed in a space provided for

the purpose in the title block of the drawing., FIG. 8.7

19
SP : 46-l 988

8.2.5Special Views

8.2.5.1If a direction of viewing different from

those shown in 8.2.1 is necessary, or if a view cannot A
be placed in its correct position using the methods
,A-
shown in 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2, reference arrows as
indicated in 8.2.2.3 shall be used for the relevant view
(see Fig. 8.7 and 8.8).
r EJ
8.2.5.2Whatever the direction of viewing, the
capital letters referencing the views shall always be
positioned normal to the direction of reading.

8.2.6 Partial Views - Partial views may be used

where complete views would not improve the
mi
information to be given. The partial view shall be cut
off by a continuous thin freehand line (type C) or FIG. 8.8
straight lines with zigzags (type D) (see Fig. 61.
6.2 and 8.7). regardless of the arrangement used for the general
execution of the drawing.
8.2.7 Local Views
8.2.7.2 Local views shall be drawn with
8.2.7.1 Provided that the presentation is un- continuous thick lines (type A), and shall be
ambiguous, it is permitted to give a local view instead connected to the principal view by a centre line
of a complete view for symmetrical items. The local (type G). Examples of local views are shown in the
view should be drawn in third angle projection, Fig. 9.27,9.28,9.29 and 9.30.

20
 SP:46-1988

SECTION9 SECTIONSANDOTHERCONVENTIONS

9.1 Scope - This section covers the methods of dividing line between the sections if greater clarity is
representation of sectional views and other considered necessary (see Fig. 9.6).
conventions.

9.2 Sections

9.2.1 Notes on Hatching of Sections

9i2.1.1 Hatching is generally used to show areas

of sections. Allowance must be made for the methods
of reproduction that are to be used.

9.2.1.2 The simplest form of hatching is usually

adequate for the purpose, and may be based upon
continuous thin lines (type R) at a convenient angle,
preferably 45) to the princpal outlines or lines of
symmetry of the sections (see Fig. 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3).

FIG. 9.1 FIG. 9.2

Q FIG. 9.3
FIG. 9.5

9.2.1.3 Separate areas of a section of the same

component shall be hatched in an identical manner.
The hatching of adjacent components shall be carried
out with different directions or spacings (see Fig. 9.4
and 9.5).

FIG.9.4

9.2.1.4 Spacing between the hatching lines

should be chosen in proportion to the size of the
hatched areas, provided that the requirement for FIG. 9.6
minimum spacing are maintained (srbe 6.4j.
9.2.1.7 Hatching shall be interrupted when rt
9.2.1.5 In the cati of large areas, the hatching is not possible to place inscriptions outside the
may be limited to a zone following the contour of hatched area (see Fig. 9.7).
the hatched area (see Fig. 9.5).
9.2.2 Hatching to Indicate Type of Materials
9.2.1.6 Where sections of the same part in
parallel planes are shown side by side, the hatching 9.2.2.1 Hatching may be used to indicate type
shall be identical, but may be offset along the of materials in sections.

21
 SP : 46-1988

thin chain line, thick at ends and changes of direction

(type H). The cutting plane should be indentified
by designations, for example capital letters, and the
direction of viewing should be indicated by arrows.
The section should be indicated by the relevant
designations (see Fig. 9.11 to 9.15).

A-A
FIG. 9.7

9.2.2.2 If different types of hatching are used

to indicate different materials, the meaning of these
hatchings shall be clearly dermed on the drawing. or
by reference to appropriate standards.

9.2.3 Thin Sections - Thin sections may be shown

entirely black (see Fig. 9.8); a space of not less than
0.7 mm must be left between adjacent sections of this
type (see Fig. 9.9).

FIG 9.11
FIG. 9.8 FIG. 9.9

9.2.4 Notes on Sections

9.2.4.1 The general rules for the arrangement of

views (see 8.2.2) apply equally when drawing
sections.

9.2.4.2 Where the location of a single cutting

plane is obvious, no indication of its position or
identification is required (see Fig. 9.10 and 9.21).

FIG. 9.12

9.2.4.4 The designations on the referenced

sections shall be placed either immediately below or
above the relevant sections, but in any one drawing
the references shall be placed in the same way. No
other indication is necessary.

9.2.4.5 In certain cases, the parts located

beyond the cutting plane need not be drawn
FIG.9.iO completely.

9.2.4.3 Where the location is not obvious, or 9.2.4.6 In princple, ribs, fasteners, shafts,
where it is necessary to distinguish between several spokes of wheels, and the like are not cut in the
cutting planes (see Fig. 9.11 to 9.15), the position of longitudinal sections, and therefore should not be
the cutting plane(s) shall be indicated by menas of a hatched (see Fig. 9.14 and 9.15).
22
 SP : 46-l 988

9.2.5.4 Section in two intersecting planes, one

drown revolved into the plane of projection (tie
Tig. 9.14):

9.255 In the case of parts of revolution

containing regularly spaced details that require to be
shown in section, but are not situated in the cutting
plane, provided that no ambiguity can arise, wch
ietaib may be depicted by rotating them into the
zutting plane (see Fjg. 9.15) but some indication of
laving done so is recommended.

9.2.6 Sections Revolved in the Relevclnt View*or

Removed Sections

9.2.6.1 Cross-secticns may be revolved in the

.elevant view or removed.

FI~,9.13 9.2.6.2 When revolved in the relevant view, the

xuline of the section shall be drawn with continuous
1bin lines (type B) and further identification is not
necessary (see Fig. 9.16).

Fxc.9.14

FIG.9.16

9.2.6.3 When removed, the outline of the

section shall be drawn with continuous thick lines
[type A). The removed section may be placed:

- either near to and connected with the view by

d chain thin line (type G) (see Fig. 9.17 A).
- or in a different position and identified in the
conventional mam-rer as in 9.2.4 by designation
(see Fig. 9.17 B).

FIG.9.15

9.2.5 Cutting Planes (Examples)

9.2.5.1 Section in one plane (see Fig. 9.10 and

9.11);

9.2.5.2 Section in two parallel planes (see

Fig. 9.12j:

9.2.5.3 Section in three contiguous planes (see

Fig.9.13): FIG.9.17 A
23
SP : 46-1988

FIG.9.21

9.2.7 Hulf Sections - Symmetrical parts may be 9.3 Other Conventions

drawn half in full view and half in section (see
Fig. 9.18). 9.3.1 /Idjucent lurts - Where their representation
is necessary, parts adjacent to an object shal! be
drawn with chain thin double dashed lines (type K).
The adjacent part shall not hide the Mncpal pari: but
may be hidden by the latter (see Fig. 9.23).

Adjacent parts in sections shall not be hatched

F1c.9.18 9.3.2 Intersections

9.3.2.1 True intersections --- True geometric

9.2.8 Local Section - A local section may be intersection lines shall be drawn with continuous
drawn if a complete or half section is not convenient. thick lines (type A) when visible, or with dashed lines
The local break can be shown by either a continuous (type E or F) when hidden (see Fig. 9.24).
thin freehand line (type C) (see Fig. 9.19) or by
continuous thin straight line with zigzag (type D) (see 9.3.2.2 1maginar.v intersections - Imaginary
Fig. 6.1). intersection lines (such as fillets or rounded corners)
may be indicated in a view by means of continuous
thin lines (type B), not touching the outlines (see
Fig. 9.25).

9.3.2.3 Stmplified representation of intersec-

tions - Simplied representations of true geometric
or imaginary intersection lines may be applied at
intersections:

a) between two cylinders : the curved lines of

intersection are replaced by straight lines (see
Fig. 9.26, 9.27 and 9.29).
Flti.9.19
b) between a cylinder and a rectangular prism: the
9.2.9 Arrangement of Successive Sections - SUC- displacement of the straight line of intersection
cessive sections may be arranged in a manner similar is omitted (see Fig. 9.28 and 9.30).
to the examples shown in Fig. 9.20,9.21 and 9.22 as
convenient for the layout and understanding of the As the difference in size between the intersecting
drawing. parts increases, the simplified representation (see

FIG. 9.20

24
 !P : 46-1988

FIG.9.25

A-A B- B

FIG.~ 22

FIG. 9.26

Frc.9.23

FIG. 9.27

FIG. 9.24
Fig. 9.26 to 9.30) only gives a better approach to a
real intersection, provided that the axes of the inter-
secting parts are both mutually perpendicular and
intersect, or nearly so.

NOTE -- This simplified representation should be

avoided. if it affect the comprehensibility of the drawing. FIG. 9.28

2.5
 SP : 46-1988

+
o-
9.3.3.2 Square and rectangular openings - In
order to indicate an opening in a fiat part in frontal
view, without aid of additional sections, this opening
may be shown by drawings its diagonals in conti-
nuous thin lines (type B) (see Fig. 9.33).

A-A

F1~9.30

9.3.3 Conventional Representation of Square Ends

and Openings
9.3.4 Parts Located in Front of a Cutting Plane -
9.3.3.1 Square ends on shafts -- In order to If,it is necessary to indicate parts located in front of
avoid drawing a supplementary view or section, thi: cutting plane, these parts are to be represented by
square ends (see Fig. 9.3 1) or tapered square ends on chain thin double dashed lines (type K) (see
shafis (see Fig. 9.32) may be indicated by diagonals Fig. 9.34).
drawn as continuous thin lines (type B)

FlG.Y.3 I A-A

Frc.9.32

26
 SP : 464988

Q.5 Views of Symmetrical Parts

9,351 To save time and space, symmetrical

objects may be drawn as a fraction of the whole
(see Fig. 9.35 to 9.38).

FIG.938

9.3.5.2 The line of symmetry is identified at

its ends by two thin short parallel lines drawn dt right
angles to it (see Fig. 9.35, 9.36 and 9.38).

FIG. 9.35 Another method is to show the lines representing,

the object extending a little beyond the line ofI
symmetry (see Fig. 9.37). In this case, the short L
parallel lines may be omitted.

NOTE - fn the application of this practice, it is essential

I
that due care is taken to avoid loss of understanding of
the drawing.

f
4El
_
*
,
9.3.6 Interrupted Views - In order to save space,
it is permissible to show only those portions of a long
object which are sufficient for its definition. The
limits of parts retained are shown,as for partial views
(see 8.2.6), and the portions are drawn close to each
other (see Fig. 9.39 and 9.40).

FIG.9.36

F1c.9.39

FIG.9.37 FIG. 9.40

27
 SP : 46-1988

9.3.7 Simplified Representation of Repetitive 9.3.8.2 The relevant feature is then drawn to a
Features - The presentation of repetitive features stated larger scale accompanied by its identification
may be simplified as shown in Fig. 9.41 and 9.42. letter (see Fig. 9.43 B).

NOTE - In all cares, the number and kind of repetitive

features should be defined by dimensioning or by a note.

A (5:l)

F1c.Y.43 B

9.3.9 Ijlitial Outlines .-- When it is necessary to

FIG. 9.41 depict the initial outlines of a part prior to forming,
the initial outiine shall be indicated by chain thin
double dashed lines (type K) (see Fig. 9.44).

FIG. 9.42

9.3.8 Elements on a Larger Scale

9.3.8.1 In cases where the scale is so small that

details of the feature cannot be shown or dimen-
sioned, the feature of the part may be framed by a
continuous thin line (type B) and identified by a
capital letter (see Fig. 9.43 A).
FIG. 9.44

FB
9.3.10 Use of Co/ours - The use of colours on
technical drawings is not recommended. If it is
- - _ essential for clarity to use colours, then their
meanings shall be clearly shown on the drawing or in
other relevant documents.

9.3.11 Trarlsparent Objects - All objects made of

transparent material should be drawn as non-
FI(;.9.43 A transparent.

28
 SP: 46-1988

SECTION10 CONVENTIONALREPRESENTATION

10.1 Scope - This section specifies, by means of

examples, the rules for representation of ?hreaded
parts, springs, gears and common-features on
technical drawings.

10.2 Conventional Representation of Threaded

Parts - The method of simplified representation of
threaded parts is independent of type of screw thread
applied. The type of screw thread and its dlmerGons FIG. 10.3
are to be indicated by means of standard designations.

10.2.1 Conventional Method of Representation

IQ.2.1.1 Visible screw threads - For visible

screw threads, the crests of threads should be defined
by a continuous thick line (type A), and the roots of
threads by a continuous thin line (type B) (see
Fig. 10.1 to 10.4). It is recommended that the space
between .lines representing the major and minor
diametres of the thread be as close as possible to the
correct depth ofthread, but in all cases this spacing
shall not be less than twice the thickness of the thick
line or 0.7 mm whichever is larger.
FIG. 10.4

On an end view of a hidden screw thread, the

thread roots should be represented by a portion of a
circle, drawn with a dashed line (type E or F, but
same as that used for the crests and one type only on
the same drawing);of thellengtbapproximately three-
quarters Ofme circumference (see Fig. 10.4).
FIG. 10.1
lO.~.l.S Limits of useful length of screw
threads - The limit of useful length of a screw thread
should be shown by a continuous thick line (type A)
I .
or a dashed line (type E or F, but one type on the
same drawing) according to whether this limit is
\ ,
visible or hidden. This line should terminate at the
@ line defining the major diameter of the thread (see
Fig. 10.1, 10.2, 10.4and 10.6).
FIG. to.2
10.2.1.6 Incomplete threads (run-outs) - In-
complete threads or the limits of useful length are
10.2.1.2 Hidden screw threads - For hidden
not shown .(see Fig. 10.1, 10.2, 10.4 and 10.6),
screw threads, the crests and the roots should be except in the case where there is a functional
defined by dashed lines (type E or I;, but one type necessity (see Fig. 10.5).
only on the same drawing) (see Fig. 10.3 and 10.4).
10.2.1.7 Assembled threaded parts - The above
10.2.1.3 Sections,of threaded parts - For conventions apply to assemblies of threaded parts.
threaded parts shown in section, hatching should be However, externally threaded parts should always
extended to the line defining the crest of the thread be ,shown covering internally threaded parts and
(see Fig. 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4).
poo$d not hidden by them (see Fig. 10.5 and
. .
10.2.1.4 End view of screw threads - On an
end view of a visible screw thread, the thread roots
should be represented by a portion of a circle, drawn 10.3 Representation of Springs on Technical Draw-
with a continuous thin line (type B), of length ings - The rules for representation of springs on
approximately three-quarters of the circumference technical drawings are specified by examples in the
(see Fig. 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3). following clauses.

29
SP : 46-1988

FIG. 10.5 FIG. 10.6

10.3.1 Cinlpression Springs

compression spring of wire

of rectangular cross-section

pression spring of wire of

circular cross-section

1) If necessary, indicate wound left (or right) hand.

If necessary, the cross-section of the spring material may be indicated in words or by a symbol (see 10.3.1.1
and 10.3.1.2).
30
10.3.2Tendon Springs

Representation

section simplified )

1032.1 Cylindrical helical

tension cpring- of wire of
circular cross-section

10.3.2.2 Double<onical heli-

cal tension spring of circular
cross-section

10.3.3 Torsion Springs

Title
section simplified I
10.3.3.1 Cylindrical helical
torsion spring of wire of
circular cross-section
(Wound right hand)

3.
+
1) If necessary, indicate wound left (or right) hand.
If necessary the cross-section of spring material may be indicated in words or by symbol (see 10.3.1.1 apd
10.3.1.2)

31
SP : 46-1988

10.3.4 Leaf Springs

Representation
Title
view
I
10.3.4.1 Semi-elliptic leaf
spring
(multi-elliptic spring shown)

10.3.4.2 Semi-elliptic leaf

spring with eyelets

10.3.4.3 Semi-elliptic leaf

spring with centre band

10.3.4.4 Semi-elliptic leaf

spring with eyeletsandcentre
band

10.3.5 Cup Springs

10.3.5.1 Cup spring

10.3.5.3 Multi-cup spring

(successive cups alternating
in direction)

32
 SP: 46.I%8
10.3.6 Spiral Springs

Title
-i
Representarton

simplified
1
10.3.6.1 Spiral spring

10.3.6.2 Spiral spring (the

spring is wound by rotating
the box)

10.4 Conventional Representation of Gears on a) in an unsectioned vtew, a solid gear bounded by

Technical Drawings - This clause deals with the the tip surface.
conventional representation of toothed portion of b) in an axial section, a spur gear having two dia-
gears including worm gearing and chain wheels. It is metrically ouposed teeth, represented unsec-
applicable to detail drawings and assembly drawings. tioned, even in the case of a gear that does not
As a fundamental principle, a gear is represented have spur teeth or that has an odd number of
(except in axial section) as a solid part without teeth, teeth.
but with the addition of the pitch surface in a thin
long chain line.
10.4.1.2 Pitch surface - Draw the pitch surface
10.4.1 Detail Drawings(IndividualGears) with a thin. long chain line, even in concealed
portions and sectional views, and represent it:
10.4.1.1 Contours and edges - Represent. the
contours and the edges of each gear (see Fig. 10.7, a) in a projection normal to the axis, by its pitch
10.8 and 10.9) as if they were : circle (external pitch circle in the case of a
bevel gear and the median pitch circle in the
case of a worm wheel) (see Fig. 10.7, 10.8 and
10.9).

b) in a projection parallel to the axis, by its appa-

rent contour, extending the line beyond the
gear contour on each side (see Fig. 10.7, 10.8
and 10.9).

10.4.1.3 Root surface - As a general rule. do

not represent the root surface except in sectional
views. However, if it seems helpful to show it also on
unsectioned views, always draw it, in this case, as a
thin continuous line (see Fig. 10.10, 10.11 and
10.12).

FIG. 10.7

33
I

SP : 46-1988

FIG. 10.8

FIG. 10.12

surface in a projection parallel to the gear axes, three

thin continuous lines of the corresnoridina form and
FIG. 10.9 direction should be shown (see-Table7 10.1 and
Fig. 10.13).

TABLE 10.1

Toorh System Symbol

HelacalIO the right

Hehcal to the left

FIG. 10.10

10.4.1.4 Teeth - Specify the teeth profile Double hellcal

either by reference to a standard or by a drawing to
a suitable scale.

If it is essential to show one or two teeth on

the drawing itself (either to define the ends of a
toothed portion or rack, or in order to specify the
position of the teeth in relation to a given axial
phne), draw them as thick continuous iines (see
Fig. 10.11 and 10.12).
It is necessary to indicate the direction of the
teeth of a gear or rack on the view of the tooth

34
 10.4.2.1 External engagement of cylindrical
gears(see Fig. 10.14).

10.4.2.2 Internal engagement of cylindricalgears

FIG. 10.13

NOTE - If mating gears are represented,the direction of

tfw teeth should he shown on one gear only.

10.4.2 Assembly Drawings Fear Pairs)

FIG. 10.15

1 -

4 C

FlG.10.14

10.4.2.3 Eltgagement of pinion with rack

sp : 46-l 988

10.4.2.4 Engagement of bevel gears, axis inlet-section at any angle

10.4.2.5 Engagement with cylindrical worm, in cross-section

FIG. 10.18

10.4.2.6 Chain wheels

Frr,.10.19
 !5F : 46-1988

TABLE 10.2 COUVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF COMMON FEATURES

PINION

BEARINGS

STRAIGHT
KNURLING

DIAMOND
KNURLING

REPEATED
PARTS

37
 SP : 464988

SFaCTIONll
GENERALPRINCIPLESOFDIMENSIONINGONTECHNkALDRAWINGS

11.1 Scope and Field of Application b) Non-functional dimension - A dimension that

is not essential to the function of the piece or
11.1.1 This section establishes the. general space (see NF in Fig. 11.l).
principles of dimensioning applicable in all fields 4 Auxiliary dimension - A dimension given for
(that is mechanical, electrical, civil engineering, archi- information purposes only. It does not govern
tecture, etc). It is possible that in some specific production or inspection operations and is
technical areas, the general rules and conventions will derived from other values shown on the draw-
not cover all the needs of specialized practices ing or in related documents. An auxiliary
adequately. In such cases additional rules may be laid dimension is given in parentheses and no tole-
down in standards specific to these>areasHowever, rance applies to it (see A UX in Fig. 11.l).
the general principles of thksection shall be followed
to facilitate the international exchiinge of drawings 11.2.1.2 Feature - An individual characteristic
and to ensure the coherence of drawings in a compre- such as flat surface, a cylindrical surface, two parallel
hensive system relating to several technical fields. surfaces, a shoulder, a screw thread, a slot, a profib,
etc.
11.1.2 The figures as shown in this section, merely
illustrate the text and are not intended to reflect 11.2.1..3 End product - The complete part
actual usage. The figures are consequently simplified ready for assembly or service or a configuration
to indicate only the relevant general principles produced from a drawing specification. An .end
applicable in any technical field. product may also be a part ready for further
processing (for example, the product of a foundry or
II1.2 General Principles forge) or a configuration needing further processing.
11.2.1 Definitions - For the purpose of this 11..2.2 Application
section, the following definitions apply.
11.2.2.1 AU dimensional information necessary
11.2.1.1 Dimension - A numerical value to define a part or a component clearly and
expressed in appropriate units of measurement and completely shall be shown directly on a drawing
indicated graphically on technical drawings with lines, unless this information is specified in associated
symbols and notes. documentation.
Dimensions are classified according to the 11.2.2.2 Each feature shall be dimensioned
following types: once only on a drawing.

a) Functional dimension - A dimension that is 11.2.2.3 Dimensions shall be placed on the view
essential to the function of the piece or space or section that most clearly shows the corresponding
(see F in Fig. 11.l ). features.

F F F

Frc 11.1 FUNCTIONAL, NON-FUNCTIONAL AND AUXILIARY DIMENSIONS

38
 S : 46-1988

11.2.2.4 Each drawings shall use the same unit Occasionally indirect functional dimensioning is
(for example, millimetres) for all dimensions but justified or necessary. In such cases, care must be
without showing the unit symbol. In order to avoid exercised so that the effect of directly shown
misinterpretation, the predominant unit symbol on a functional dimensioning is maintained. Figure 11.3
drawing may be shown in a note. shows the effect of acceptable indirect functional
dimensioning that maintains the dimensional require.
Where other units have to be shown as part of ments established by Fig. 11.2.
the drawing specification (for example, N.m for
torque or kPa for pressure), the appropriate unit
symbol shall be shown with the value.

11.2.2.5 No more dimensions than are neces-

sary to define a part or an end product shall be shown
on a drawing. No feature of a part or an end product
shall be defined by more than one dimension in any
one direction. Exception may, however, be made:

a) where it is necessary to give additional dimen-

sions at intermediate stages of production (for
TIGHT TOLERANCE ACCEPTABLE TOLERANCE
example, the size of a feature prior to carburiz-
ing and finishing);
b) where the addition of an auxiliary dimension F1c.11.3INDIRECTFUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONING
would be advantageous.

11.2.2.6 Production processes or inspection 11.2.2.8 The non-functional dimensions should

methods should not be specified unless they are be placed in a way which is most convenient for
essential to ensure satisfactory functioning or inter- production and inspection.
changeability.
11.3 Method of Dimensioning
I 1.2.2.7 Functional dimensions should be
shown directly on the drawing wherever possible (see 11.3.1 Elements of Dimensioning - The elements
Fig. 11.2). of dimensioning inclutic the projection line,
dimension. line, leader line, dimension . lii
termination, the origin indication, and the dimension
iteself. The various elements of dimensioning are
illustrated in Fig. 11.4 and 11.5.

11.3.2 Projection Lines, Dimension Lines and

Leader Lines - Projection lines, dimension lines and
leader lines are drawn as thin continuous lines as
shown in Section 6 and as illustrated in Fig. 11.4 and
F1c.11.2FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONING 11.5.

A A

Projection line
\ \

A A

Projection
Value of the
4240/GGnsion
/
4
L-I-
Dimension Line L Termtnat ion
(Oblique stioke)
FIG. 1 I.5
39
 SP : 46-1988

11.3.2.1 Projection lines shall extend slightly 11.3.2.6 Intersecting projection and dimension
beyond the respective dimension line (see Fig. 11.4 lines should be avoided. Where unavoidable, however,
and 11.5). neither line shall be shown with a break (see
Fig, 11.10).
11.3.2.2 Projection linesshould be drawn perpen-
dicular to the feature being dimensioned. Where 11.3.2.7 A centreline or the outline of a part
necessary, however, they may be drawn obliquely, shall not be used as a dimerrsion line but may be used
but parallel to each other (lee Fig. 11.6). in place of a projection line (see Fig. 11.10).

FIG.~ 1.6

I I .3.2.3 intersecting construction and

projection lines shall extend slightly beyond their
point of intersection (see Fig. 11.7). FIG.]1.10

11.3.3 Terminations and Origin Indication -

Dimension lines shall show distinct terminations (tha;
is either arrowheads or oblique strokes), or, where
applicable, an origin indication.

11.3.3.1 Two dimension line terminations (see

Fig. 11.11) and an origin indication (see Fig. 11.12
are specified in this section. They are:

Frc.ll.7 a) the arrowhead, drawn as short lines formin

barbs at any convenient included angle betwee-
15 and 90. The arrowhead may be opera
11.3.2.4 In general, projection lines and
closed, or closed and filled in [see Fig. 11.1 I (a)]
dimension lines should not cross other lines unless
this is unavoidable (see Fig. 11.8). b) the obligue stroke, drawn as a short line in
clined at 45 [see Fig. 11 .l 1 (b)] ;

CC)the origin indication, drawn as a small open

circle of approximately 3 mm in diameter
(see Fig. 1 I. 12).

FIG. I 1.8
=I
11.3.2.5 A dimension line shall be shown a) Arrowheads
unbroken where the feature to which it refers is
shown broken (see Fig. 11.9), except as indicated in
1 I .3.4.1. method 2.
b) Oblique Stroke

Flc. 1 I .Y Ptc;.11.12

40
 SP : 46-1988

11.3.3.2 The size of the terminations shall be 11.3.4.1 Values shall be indicated on a drawing
proportionate to the size of drawing on which they according to one of the following two methods.
are used but not larger than is necessary to read the Only one method should be used on any one drawing.
drawing.
Method 1
11.3.3.3 One style of arrowhead termination
only shall be used on a single drawing. However, a) Dimensional values shag be placed parallel to
where space is too small for an arrowhead, the their dimension lines and preferably near the
oblique stroke or a dot may be substituted (see middle, above and clear of the dimension line
Fig. 11.24). (see Fig. 11.16).

11.3.3.4 Arrowhead terminations shall be

shown within the hmits of the dimension line where
space is available (see Fig. 11.13). Where space is
limited, the arrowhead termination may be shown I
outside the intended limits of the dimension-line that 0
m
is extended for that purpose (see Fig. 11.14).
1

F1c.ll.16

FIG.11.13
b) An exception may be made where super-
imposed running dimensions are used (see
11.4.2.4). However, values shall be indicated
- - so that they may be read from the bottom or
-
from the right hand side of the drawing. Values
on oblique. dimension lines shall be oriented
asshowninFig. 11.17.
FIG.~ 1.14

11.3.3.5 Only one arrowhead termination, witn

its point on the arc end of the dimension line, shall be.
used where a radius is dimensioned (see Fig. 11 .lS).
The arrowhead termination may be either on the
inside or on the outside of the feature outline,,{or its
projectionline).depending upon the size of the feature.

FIG.1 1.17

c) Angular dimensional values may be oriented

eitheras inFig. 11.18orFig. 11.19.
60
FIG. 11.15

11.3.4 Indicating Dimensional Values on Drawings

a) Dimensional values shall be shown on drawings

in characters of sufficient size to ensure com-
plete legibility on the original drawing as well as
on reproductions made from microfilms.

b) They shall be placed in such a way that they are

not crossed or separated by any other line on
the drawing. FIG.~ 1.18

41
S&: WI988
60 11.3.4.2 The positioning of dimensional values
frequently needs adapting to different situations.
Therefore, for example, ties may be:

a) closer to a termination to avoid having to

60' follow a long dimension line where only part of
the d@nension line needs to be shown (see

FIc.11.19

Method 2

a) Dimekonal values shall be indicated so that

they may be read from the bottom of the draw-
ing sheet. Non-horizoW dimension lines are
interrupted, preferably near the @dale so that FIG.~ 1.23
F2p may be inserted (see Fig. 11.20 and
. . b) above the extension of the dimension line
beyond one of the terminations if space is
limited (xee Fig. 11.24).
c) at the end of a leader line which terminates on
I t a dimension line that is too short for dimen-
920 - - 030 950
sional value to be indicated in the usual way
1. (see Fig. 11.24).
t
II _.- - ,I
26 10 II

75
4 C

FIG.; 1.20 1.5

18.5 ,6 , '24
L
I' 'I -
2.15 :

FIG. 11.24

d) above a horizontal extension of a dimension

line where space does not allow placement at
FIG. 11.21
the interruption of a non-horizontal dime&on
b) Angular dimensional values may be oriented line (see Fig. 11.25).
either as in Fig. 11.19 or 11.22.

FIG. 11.25

11.3.4.3 Values for dimensions out-of-scale

(except where break lines are used) shall be underlined
FIG. 11.22 with a straight thick line (see Fig. 11.26).

42
 S?:46-1988

NOTE - Dimensions out+Sscale can result from a

feature size modification where the medication does not
warrant an extensive drawing revision to correct the
feature scale.

.ii2
+.
s0so

FIG.~ 1.31

11.4 Arrangement and Indication of Dimensions -

FIG. 11.26 The arrangement of dimensioning on a drawing shall
indicate clearly the design purpose. Generally, the
11.3.4.4 The following indications are used arrangement of dimensions is the result of a
with dimensions to show applicable shape identifica- combination of various design requirements.
tion and to improve drawing interpretation. The
diameter and square symbols may be omitted where 11.4.1 Chain Dimensioning -, Chains of single
the shape is clearly indicated. The applicable dimensions (see Fig. 11.32) should be used only
indication (symbol) shall precede the value for where the possible accumulation of tolerances does
not impinge on the functional requirements of the
dimension (see Fig. 11.27 to ll.31),1
part. Any termination may be used for chain dimen-
soining except the 90 arrowhead [see Fig. 11.11 (a)].
4 : Diameter S$ : Spherical diameter
R: Radius SR : Spherical radius
[7: Square

FIG.] 1.27
FrG.11.32

11.4.2 Dimensioning From a Common Feature

11.4.2.1 This method of dimensioning is used

where a number. of dimensions of the same direction

.
relate to a common origin.

FIG. 11.28 11.4.2.2 Dimensioning from a common feature

w
may be executed as parallel dimensioning or as
superimposed running dimensioning.

\o s
11.4.2.3 Parallel dimensioning is the placement
of a number of single dimension lines parallel one to
another and spaced out so that the dimensional
vahre can easily be added in (see Fig. 11.33 and
FIG. 11.29 11.41).

FIG. 11.30 FIG.1 1.33

43
SP : 46-1988

11.4.2.4 Superimposed running dimensioning is Dimensional values may be placed, where there is
simplified parallel dimensioning and may be used no risk of confusion, either :
where there are space limitations and where no
legibility problems would occur (see Fig. 11.34 and - near the arrowhead, in line with the corres-
11.35). ponding projection line (See Fig. 11.34), or
- near the arrowhead, above and clear of the
dimension line (see Fig. 11.35).
I I
11.4.2.5It may be advantageous to use super-
imposed running dimensioning in two directions. In
such a case, the origins may be as shown in Fig. 11;36.

11.4.3Dimensioning by Coordinates
FIG. 11.34 1I .4.3.1 It may be useful, instead of dimension-
ing as shown in Fig. 11.36, to tabulate dimensional
A values as shown in Fig. 11.37.
V
11.4.3.2Coordinates for intersections in grids
on block plans (site plans) are indicated as shown in
Fig. 11.38.

150_ 420, 640, Coordinates for arbitrary points of reference

without a grid shall appear adjacent to each point
FIG.~ 1.35 (See Fig. 11.39) or in tabular form (see Fig. 11.40).
The origin indication (see Fig. 11.12) is placed 11.4.4 Combined Dimensioning - Single
appropriately and the opposite ends of each dimensions, chain dimensioning and dimensioning
dimension line shall be terminated only with an from a common feature may be combined on a
arrowhead. drawing, if necessary (see Fig. 11.41 and 11.42).

F1c.11.36

44
 FIG.1 1.37

x=0
Y = 100
+
FIG.~ 1.38
FIG. 11.42
100

Chord

1%

Arc

F1c.11.39 m

Angle

FIG. 11.43
1i
FIG. 11.40 11.5.1.3 Where the size of the radius can be
derived from other dimensions, it shall be indicated
with a radius arrow and the symbol R without an
11.5 SpecialIndications indication of the value (see Fig. 11.44).
11 S. 1 Chords, Arcs, Angles and Radii

1151.1 The dimensioning of chords, arcs and

angles shall be as shown in Fig. 11.43.

1151.2 Where the centre of an arc falls outside

the limits of the space available, the dimension line
ofthe radius shall be broken or interrupted according
to whether or not it is necessary to locate the centre
(see Fig. 11.15). FIG.1 1.44
45
!5P: 46-1988

11.52 Equidistant Features - Where equidistant 1 I S.2.4 Circular spacings may be dimensioned
features or uniformly arranged elements are part of indirectly by giving the number of elements as shown
the drawing specifkation, dimensioning may be in Fig. 11.49
simplified as follows.

11S.2.1 Linear spacings may be dimensioned as

shown in Fig. 1 i .45. If there ii any pksibility of
confusion between the length of the spke and the
number of spacings, one space shall be dimensioned
as shoti in Fig. 11.46.

FIG. 11.45

FIG. 11.49

11.5.3 Repeated Features - If it is possible to

define a quantity of elements of the same size so as
to avoid repeating the same dimensional value, they
may be given as shown in Fig. 11.50 and 11.51.

8x+8 (ORBHOLES 48)

FIG. 11.46

11.5.2.2 Angular spacings of holes and other

features may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 11.47.

FIG 11.50

FIG, 11.47

11.5.2.3 The angles of the spacings may be

omitted if their number is evident without confusion
(see Fig. 11.48).

FIG.~ 1.51
11.5.4 Chamfers and Countersinks

11.5.4.1 Chamfers shall be dimensioned as

shown in Fig. 11 S2. Where the chamfer angle is 45,
the indications may be simplified as shown in
FIG.~ 1.48 Fig. 11.53 and 11.54.

46
 SP :46-1988

need to cross the axis of symmetry are shown

extended sightly beyond the axis of symmetry; the
second termination is then omitted (see Fig. 11.57).
=I=

A
trw

t-8

F1c.ll.53 45
-elk_
CHAMFERS SIMPLIFIED
2xw
A= 3x 012'
6=3X010

FIG. 11.56

11.5.5.3Where several parts a;e drawn and

dimensioned in an assembly, the groups of dimen-
FIG. 11.57

sions related to each part should be kept as separate

as possible (see Fig. 11S8).

FIG.~ 1.54 INTERNALCHAMFERS

11.5.4.2 Countersinks are dimensioned by

showing either the required diametral dimension at
the surface and the included angle, or the depth and
the included angle (see Fig. 11.55).

FIcAl.58 DIMENSIONING AN ASSEMBLY

11.5.5.4Sometimes it is necessary to dimension

OR a limited area or length of a surface to indicate a
special condition. In such instances, the area or length
and its location are indicated by a long thick chain
line, drawn adjacent and parallel to the surface and
at a short distance from it.

11S.5.5 If special requirement is applied to an

FIG.~ 1.55 COUNTERSINKS
element of revolution, the indication shall be shown
on one side only (se2 Fig. 11.59).

11.5.5 Other Indications

11.5.5.1 Where necessary, in order to avoid

repeating the same dimensional value or to avoid
long leader lines, reference letters may be used in
connection with an explanatory table or note (see
Fig. 11S6). Leader lines may be omitted.

11.5.5.2In partially drawn views and partial

sections of symetrical parts, the dimension lines that FIG.11.59

47.
 11.5.5.6 Where the location and extent of the
special requirement requires identification, the
appropriate dimensioning is necessary. However,
where the drawing clearly shows the extent of the
indication, dimensioning is not necessary (see
Fig. 11.60).

+il.eoo

FIG. 11.60

11.6 Wkation of Levels

11.6.1 Geneml - Levels shall be expressed in

appropriate units from a predetermined base-zero
kvel. FIG. 11.63

11.6.2 Levels on Vertical Views and Sections )( +12.365

11.6.2.1 The predetermined base-zero level on
vertical views and sections shall be indicated with a FIG. 11.64
closed arrowhead with barbs at an included angle of
90. The arrowhead shall point to a horizontal line,
with a circle and the numerical value of the elevation
shall be half fiUed in, and shall be connected to a
shall be located above the leader line that is extended
horizontal leader line by means of a short thin line
from the circle on the same side of the outline as the
(see Fig. 11.61). surface associated with the elevation (see Fig. 11.65).
11.6.2.2 If it is required to indicate the altitude
of -the base-zero level, the base-zero level symbol is
modified to include 0.000 directly above and the
actual altitude directly below the horizontal leader A A
line (see Fig. 11.62).

A A
FIG.~ 1.61 FI,G. 11.62

11.6.2.3 Subsequent levels are indicated FIG.1 1.65

vertical views and sections with an arrowhead wrt ?
barbs at an included angle of 90 pointing to the
respective level and attached to a short thin vertical 11.6.3.3 The numerical value of an elevation of
line. The Vertical line is connected. at right angles to an outline shall be located adjacent to it and on the
a horizontal leader line above which is placed the same side of it as the surface associated with the
appropriate level dimension (see Fig. 11.63). elevation (see Fig. 11.66).

11.6.3 Levels on Horizontal (Plan) Views and 11.6.4 Levels on Site Layout
Sections
11.6.4.1 Levels on ground preparation drawings
11.6.3.1 The numerical value of the level for a and site plans shall be given as follows:
point (a specific-location) shall be placed above the
leader line that is connected to an X. The X is used to
indicate the exact position of a particular point (see
Fig. 11.64). Original ground level to be used + 0.000
New ground level + 0.000
11.6.3.2 If the specific location point is defined
by two intersecting outlines, the X shall be replaced Original ground level no longer valid (+O.OOO)
48
 sP:%-1988

11.6.4.2 Levels for contour lines shall be

bxated on the upper side of the countour line and
shall be given as folbws:

Contour line

Original contour line no longer valid

Meaning

l 1.2%

-+
+ 1.100
11.6.4.3 Elevation datum to be used when
setting out dimensions shall be shown as follows:

@ FIX +o.ooo F10.11.66

49
 SP : 46-1988

SECTION12 INDICATIONOFLINEARANDANGULARTOLERANCES
ONTECHNICALDRAWING

12~1 Scope - This section specifies the indication of 12.3.2 Permissible Deviations - The components
tolerances for linear and angular dimensions on 01 the toleranced dimension shall be indicated in the
technical drawings. indicating such tolerances does following order (see Fig. 12.4 to 12.6):
not necessarily imply the use of any .,particular
method of production, measurement or gauging. a) the basic sire, and
b) the values of the deviations.
12.2 units

12.2.1 Units of the deviations shall be expressed in

the same unit as the basic size.

12.2.2 If two deviations relating to the same

dimension have to be shown, both shall be expressed
to the same number of decimal places (see Fig. 12.2), FIG. 12.4
except if one of the deviations is zero (see Fig. 12.5).

12.3 Indication of the Components of a Liiear

Dimension
I_ 32 j.2 _I 1 32 t 0.1 _i
12.3.1 IS0 Symbols - The components of the
toleranced dimension shall be indicated in the follow-
ing order:
FIG. 12.5 FIG. 12.6
a) the basic size, and
b) the tolerance symbol. 12.3.2.1 If one of the two deviations is zero,
this should be expressed by the digit zero (see
12.3.1.1 If, in addition to the symbols (see Fig. 12.5).
Fig. 12.1) it is necessary to express the values of the
deviations (see Fig. 12.2) or the limits of size- (see 12.3.2.2 If the tolerance is symmetrical in
Fig, 12.3) the additional information shall be shown relation to the basic size, the value of the deviations
in brackets. should be indicated once only, preceded by the
sign f (see Fig. 12.6).

12.3.3 Limits of Size - The liits of size may be

indicated by an upper and lower dimension (see
Fig. 12.7).

FIG. 12.1 12.3.4 Limits of Size in One Direction - If a

dimension needs to be limited in one direction only,
t^ms should be indicated by adding %&r or max to
the dimension (see Fig. 12.8).

32.198

FlG.12.2
FIG. 12.7

29.980
PO,7 (29954 l
30.5 min.
-

FIG. 12.3 FIG. 12.8

50
 SP : 46-1988

12.4 Order of Indication of Deviations and Limits of preceded by the name (see Fig. 12.12) or item
Size - The upper deviation or the upper limit of size reference (see Fig. 12.13) of the components, the
shall be written in the upper position and the lower dimension for the hole being placed in both cakes
deviation or the lower limit of size in the lower above that for the shaft.
position, irrespective of whether a hole or a shaft is

d-l---b
toleranced.

12.5 Indication of Tolerances on Drawings of

Assembled Parts

12.5.1 IS0 Symbols +0.3

1251.1 The tolerance symbol for the hole
hole30 +O.l I
,- 7
shall be placed before that for the shaft (see - 0.1
Fig. 12.9) or above it (see Fig. 12.10), the symbols
being preceded by the basic size indicated once only.
shaft 30 -0.2
FIG. 12.12

FIG. 12.9

FIG. 12.13

12.6 Indkation of Tolerances on Angular Dimensions

- The rules given for the indication of tolerances on
linear dimensions are equally applicable to angular
dimensions (see Fig. 12.16 and 12.17), except that
the units of the basic angle and the fractions thereof,
as well as the deviations, shall always be indicated,
(see Fig, 12.14 to 12.17). If the angular deviation is
F1~.12.10
expressed in either minutes of a degree or seconds of
a minute of a degree, the value of the minute or
12.5.1.2 If it ls also necessary to specify the second shall be preceded by 0 or 0 0 as applicable.

/
numerical values of the deviations, they should be
written in brackets (Jee Fig. 12.11).

A-
+ O15I
/
30 -0 O30

FIG. 12.14

60010 2 00()3() <&so

I
FIG12.16
-1

FIG. 12.11

For the sake of simplicity, dimensioning with only

one dimension line may be used (see Fig. 12.12).

12.5.2 Values by Digits - The dimension for each

of the components of the assembled parts shall be FIG. 12.15 FIG. 12.17

51
sp : 46-1988

13.1 Scope - This section specifies methods of diameters of two sections of a cone to their distance.
dimensioning and tolerancing cones on drawings.
D-d
13.2 Definitions and Symbols TlU.6 taper C =L = 2 tan 5

13.2.1 Taper - The ratio of the difference in the

(see Fig. 13.1).
-
3

a -- b --_

1,

FIG. 13.1

13.2.2 The following symbol indicates a taper and,

rrectly oriented, may be used to show the direction
o7 the taper (see below).

L
NOTE - Taper (as defmed above) shall not be confused
with slope.

FIG. 13.2
Slope, which is not the subject of this guide, is the inclination
of the line representing the inclined surface of a wedge
expressed as the ratio of the differences in the heights at right 13.3 Dimensioning
angles to the base line, at a specified distance apart, to that
distance. 13.3.1 The following dimensions may be used, in
different combinations, to define the size, form and
H -- h position of cones:
Thus slope - __ - tan I3(see Fig. 13.2).
L a) the taper, specified either by the included angle
or as a ratio, for example:
If necessary the following symbol for slope may be used to
- 0.3 rad
show the direction of the slope :
- 39
- 1:s
-- 0.2: 1.
- 20 % (see Fig. 13.10)
52
 SP :46-l!%&

b) the diameter at the larger end;

c) the diameter at the imaller end;
d) the diameter at a selected cross-section,_ this
cross-section may be within or outside the
cone;
e) the dimension locating a cross-section at which
the diameter is specified;
f) the length of the cone.

Figures 13.3 to 13.6 show some typical combi-

nations of dimensions.
TAPER
,f----
/

Frc.13.6

-___-
13.3.2 No more of these dimensions than are
necessary shall be specified. However, additional
dimensions may be given asauxiliary dimensions in
1
brackets for information, for example half the
included angle.

13.3.3 When a taper of standardized series is

FIG.13.3 concerned (in particular morse or metric taper) the
tapered feature may be designated by specifying the
Included angle7 standard series and appropriate number.

13.4 Tolemming

13.4.1 General
--. (I l&4,1.1 There are two methods of specifying
the accuracy of cones, namely, basic taper method and
toleranced taper method. In this publication, only
t basic taper method has been explained.

13.4.1.2 On the right-hand side of the figures,

the tolerance zones are shown.

13.4.1.3 It should be noted that errors of form

FIG.13.4 may exist, provided that every part of the surface lies
inside the tolerance zone. In practice it may not be
permitted to absorb the whole of the tolerance zone
by errors of form. When restrictions in this regard are
necessary this shall be indicated by appropriate
tolerances of form.

13.4.1.4 The daUim dimensiorts (which may be

.-. .-. linear or angular) and. rhe itileranced sizes define the
tolerance zone witlim which the cotical surface shall
be contained.
13.4.1.5 A datum dimension t.enclosecj in a
frame) is a dimension which defines the exact location
of a point, line, plane or conical surface, the real
position of which is controlled by means other than
by direct t&rancing.bf this dime&on.
13.4.1.6 It may be used to define the exact
position of a cross section of a cone at which the
diameter is allowed to vary within specified limits. It
FIG.13.5 may also be used to define the exact diameter of a

53
8P : 46-1988

cross section of a cone, the position of which is variation of penetration of mating surfaces, each
allowed to vary within specified limits. surface being required to remain within two limiting
profiles of the same taper corresponding to the
13.4.1.7It should be noted that where the maximum and minimum material conditions.
method of dimensioning shown in Fig. 13.8 and 13.9
is used, either the diameter or the position will be a 13.4.2.2The tolerance zone limiting the cone is
datum dimension (enclosed in a frame). established by a tolerance either on diameter or on
13.4.1.8 The choice of the tolerancing method position.
and of the values of the tolerances depends on the
functional requirements. By convention the prescribed or resulting
13.4.2 Basic Tuper Merhod tolerances of the diameter of the feature a plies at
2 ;y;; sections throughout its length (see %rg. 13.7
1X4.2.1In this method the tolerances limit the . .

FIG. 13.7

F1~.13.8

54
 SP : 46-1988

L.-.
\
L + L max.
0.5 ,!

FIG. 13.9

13.4.2.3 The surface of cone may lie anywhere 13.4.2.7 The basic taper method according to
within the tolerance zone (see aiso 13.4.1.3). Fig. 13.7, 13.8 or 13.9 may not be suitable fbr ubc
in cases where the variation in taper, arising from the
13.4i2.4 Figure 13.7 illustrates a cone dimen- necessary tolerances on diameter or position would
sioned by the basic taper method and where the size not be acceptable. This may be overcome by the use
at one end of the feature is specified by a toleranced of Fig. 13.10.
dimension.
13.4.2.8 Where it is necessary to apply restric-
13.4.2.5 Figure 13.8 ilhrstrates a cone dimen- tive conditions limiting the efreL,._ve variation of the
sioned by the basic taper method and where the size taper within the tolerance zone, the following
is controlled by a toleranced dimension at a cross
methods shall be used :
section located by a datum dimension enclosed in
a frame. a) By a reference to a written note specifying the
permissible limit of the actual taper; -
13.4.2.6 Figure 13.9 illustrates a cone dimen- b) By indicating a restrictive angularity tolerance
&red by the basic taper method and where the to the generating lines with respect to the axis
diameter of a cross-section is a datum dimension. This (see Fig. 13.10).
cross-section is located within specified limits in NOTE - The tolerance zone for angularity (idcluding
straightness) may lie anywhere within the tolerance zone
relation to the left side of the feature. for size.

TY
E

Frc.13.10
SP : 46-1988

SECTION14 METHODOFINDICATINGSURFACETEXTUREON
TECHNICALDRAWINGS

14.1 Scope - This section specifies the symbols and 14.3.1.1 The value or values defining the princl-
additional indications of surface texture to be pal criterion of roughness are added to the symbols
indicated on technical drawings. given in Fig. 14.1, 14.2 and 14.3, as shown in
Fig. 14.5,14.6and 14.7.
14.2 Symbols used for Indication of Surface Texture
14.3.1.2 A surface texture specified:
14.2.1 The basic symbol consists of two legs of
- as in Fig. 14.5 may be obtained by any pro-
unequal length inclined at approximately 60 to the
llne representing the considered surface,as shown ln duction methods.
- as ln Fig. 14.6 shall be obtained by removal
Fig. 14.1.
of material by machining, and
- as in Fig. 14.7 shall be obtained wn:jout
14.2.1.1 This symbol alone has no meainlng
except as in 14~4.4 and 14.4.7. removal of material.

14.2.2 If the removal of material by machining is

required, a bar is added to the basic symbol, as shown
in Fig. 14.2.

AL dFIG.14.1 FIG. 14.2

Flo.14.5 FIG. 14.6 FIG.14.7

14.3.1.3 When only one value is specified it

represents the maximum permissible value of surface
roughness.

14.3.1.4 If lt is necessary to impose maximum

14.2.3 If the removal of materlal ls not permitted, and mlnlmum limits of the principal criterion of
a circle ls added to the bask symbol, as shown ln surface roughness, both values shall be shown as ln
Fig. 14.3. Fig. 14.8 with the maximum limit (ai) above the
mlnlrnum limit (~a).
14.2.4 The symbol in Fig. 14.3 may also be used
in a drawing relating to a production process to
indicate that a surface is to be left in the state result-
ing from a preceding manufacturing process, whether
this state was achieved by removal of material or
otherwise.

14.2.4.1 In this case none of the indications

given in 14.3 are added to the symbol. FrG.14.8

14.2.5 When special surface characteristics have to

be indicated, a line is added to the longer arm of any 14.3.1.5 The principal criterion of roughness,
of the above symbols, as shown in Fig. 14.4. 4 may be indicated by the corresponding roughness
grade number shown in Table 14.1.

14.3.2 Indication of Special Surface Texture

Ti J-/
Characterisiics

14.3.2.1 In certain circumstances, for func-

tional reasons, it may be necessary to specify addi-
tional special requirements concerning surface
texture.
FIG. 14.3 FIG.14.4

14.3 Indications Added to the Symbols 14.3.2.2 If it ls required that the fml surface
texture be produced by one particular -production
14.3.1 Indication of Surface Roughness method, this method shall be. indicated in _plain

56
 SP : 46-1988

langua e on an extension of the longer arm of the 14.3.2.4 If it is necessary to indicate the sampl-
symbo f given in Fig. 14.4 as shown in Fig. 14.9. ing length, it shah be selected from the series given in
13:3073-1967 Assessment of surface roughness,
and be stated adjacent to the symbol as shown in
,Fig. 14.11.
TABLE 14.1
r
Roughness ValuesR, Roughness Grade Ndmbers
M
(1)

50
(2)

N 12
zAL7 I

FIG. 14.1 1

25 Nil 14.3.2.5 If it is necessary to control the direc-

12.5 N 10 tion of lay, it is specified by a symbol (see 143.3)
6.3 N 9 added to the surface texture symbol as shown in
3.2 N 8 Fig. 14.12.
1.6 N I
0.8 N 6 NO?E - Tile direction of lay is the direction of the
0.4 N 5 predominant surface pattern, ordinarily determined by
the production method employed.
0.2 N 4
0.1 N-3
0.05 N 2
0.025 N 1

FrG.14.12
milled
14.3.3 Symbols for the Direction of Lay - The
a series of symbols shown in Table 14.2 specifies the

d FIG. 14.9
,
common directions of lay.

14.3.4 Indication of I%fachiningA~lowance -where

it is necessary to specify the value of the machining
allowance, !his shall be indicated on. the left of the
symbols aa ah&n in, Fig. 14.131 This value shall be
expressed in millimetres according to the general
14.3.2.3 Also on this extension line shall be system used for dimensioning the drawing.
given any indications relating to treatment or

AiL
coatings.

Unless otherwise stated, the numerical value of 5

the roughness applies to the surface texture after
treatment or coating.
/
FIG. 14.13
If it is necessary to define surface texture both
before and after treatment, this shall be explained in 14.3.5 Position of the Specifications of the
a suitable note or in accordance with Fig. 14.10. Surface Texture in the Symbol - The specifications Of
surface texture shall be placed relative to the symbol
chromium p(atd as shown in Fig. 14.14.
b

a = Roughness value Ra in micrometres

= RouOgrhnessgrade number Nl to N12.

b = Production method, treatment or coating

c = Sampling length
d = Direction of lay
e = Machining allowance
f = Other roughness values (in brackets).

FIG. 14.10 BIG. 14.14

57
sP:46-1988

14.4 Indications on LhiWhgS

14.4.1 In ~confirmity with Section 11, the symbol,

as well as the ins&ptions,shall be oriented so that
they may be read from the bottom or the right hand
side of the drawing (see. Fig. 14.15).

FIG. 14.17

F1~2.14.15

14.4.3 If the same texture is required on all the

14.4.1.1 If it is not practicable to adopt tnis surfaces of a part, it is specified:
general rule, the symbol may be drawn in any
position, but only provided that it does not carry any - either by a note near a view of the part
indications of special surface texture characteristics (Fig. 14.18), near the title block, or in the space
or of machining allowances. Nevertheless, in such devoted to general notes;
cases the inscription defining the value of the princi- - or following the part number on the drawing
pal criterion of roughness (if present) shall always be
(Fig. 14.19).
written in conformity with the general rule (see
Jl over
Fig. 14.119. a
d

FIG. 14.16 F1c.14.18

14.4.1.2 If necessary, the symbol may be

ld
connected to the surface by a leader line terminating a
in an arrow.

14.4.1.3 The symbol or the arrow shall point

from outside the material of the piece, either to the
line representing the surface, or to an extension of it
(see Fig. 14.15).

14.4.2 In accordance with the general principles

of dimensioning, the symbol is only used once for a
given surface and, if possible, on the view which
carries the dimension defining the size or position of
the surface (see Fig. 14.17). FIG. 14.19

58
 sP:46-1988

TABLE 14.2

Symbol Interpretation

Parallel to the plane of projection of the view in

which the symbol is used

Direction
lW

Perpendicular to the plane of projection of the

view in which the symbol is used
$ Diration of-
I I
lW

X
Crossed in two slant directions relative to the
plane of proiection of the view in which the
symbol is used

M Multidirectional

d C

C
Approximately circular relative to the centre of
the surface to which the symbol is applied

L 1

R
Approximately radial reldtive to the centre of the
surface to which the symbol is applied

NOTE - Should it be necessary to specify a direction of lay not clearly defmed by these symbols then this must be
achieved by a suitable note on the drawing.

59
SP : 46-1988

14.4.4 If the same surface texture is required on

the majority of the surfaces of a part, it is specified
as in 14.43 with the addition of : 2 fY(w)
- the notation except where otherwise slated
(Fig. 142Oj.
- or a basic symbol (in brackets)without any
other indication (Fig. 14.21)
- or the symbol or symbols (in brackets) of the
special surface texture or textures (Fig. 14.22).

JI tmw
.rapt VdNm otherwiv stated

d
11

FIG. 14.22

FIG. 14.20

FIG. 14.23
symtols shown in Fig. 14.1, 14.2 or 14.3 may be
used on the appropriate surfaces and its meaning
given on the drawing, for example,as shown in
Fig. 14.24, 14.25 and 14.26.

FIG. 14.21

FIG.14.24 FIG. 14.25

14.4.5 The symbols for the surface textures which
are exceptions to the general symbol are indicated on
the corresponding surfaces.

14.4.6 To avoid the necessity of repeating a

complicated specification a number of times, or
where space is limited, a simplified specification may FIG. 14.26
be used on the surface, provided that its meaning is
explained near the drawing of the part, near the title 14.5 Important Notes
block or _in the space devoted to general notes (see
Fig. 14.23). 14.5.1 Only give indications of the roughness,
method of production or machining allowance in so
14.4.7 If the same surface texture is required on a far as this is necessary to ensure fitness for purpose .
large number of surfaces of the part, one of the and only for those surfaces which require it.

60
 !jl? : 46.1988
14.5.2 The specification of surface texture is
unnecessary whenever the ordinary manufacturing
recesses by themselves ensure an acceptable surface
Flnish.

14.6 Synoptic Tables

14.61 Symbols wirh No Inscription

--
Symbol Meaning

14.6.1 .j
J Basic symbol. It may only be used alone when its meaning is explained
by a note.

4.6.1.2
d A machined surface with no indication of any other detail.

4.6.1.3 A surface from which the removal of material is prohibited. This symbol

d may also be used in a drawing relating t.1 a production process to.indicate

that aa surface is to be left in the state resulting from a preceding manu-
f&Wring process, whether this state wa9 achieved by removal of matsriak
or otherwise.
t

14.6.2 Symbols with indication of the Principal Criterion of Rbughnek, Ra

Symbol

Removal of Material by machining Ss

opttonal I obligatory I prohibited

surface roughness valu

14.6.2.1 R, of 3.2 urn

14.6.2.2 A surface with a

surface roughness
R, of 6.3 jim and a mini
mumof 1.6um

61
 SP : 46-1988

14.6.3 Symbols with Additional Indications.

(May be used singly, in combination or combined with an appropriate symbol from 14.6.2).

Symbol Meuning
m8lled

4.6.3.1 Production method : milled.

4.6.3.2 Sampling length: 2.5 mm

d- 2.5

4.6.3.3 Direction of lay: perpendicular to the plane of projection of the view.

d I

4.6.3.4 Machiningallowance: 2 mm
2d

4.6.3.5 Indication (in brackets) of a criterion of roughness other than that used
for R, for example R, = 0.4 urn

14.6.4 Simplified Symbols

Meaning

A note indicates the meaning of the symbol.

A note indicates the meaning of the symbols.

bkYrti - The surface texture values, production method, sampla length, direction of lay and machining allowance quoted
are typical values and arc only given as examples.

62
 SP:46-1988

SECTION 15 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS FOR STRUCTURAL hETAt WORK

15.1 Scope - This section specifies complementary 15.2 Representation of Holes, Bolts and Rivets
rules to general principles of presentation (Section 8)
and dimensioning (Section 1 l), necessary for 15.2.1 Representation on Projection Planes Normal
assembly and detail drawings concerning: to Their Axes

- structural metal work consisting of plates and 15.2.1.1 In order to represent holes, bolts and
sheets, profile sections and compound ele- rivets on projection planes normal to their axes, the
ments (including bridges, frameworks, pilings) foIlowing symbols, represented in thick lines, shall be
etc); used @able 15.1 and 15.2).
- lifting and transport appliances;
- storage tanks and pressure vessels; 15.2.1.2 The symbol for holes shall be without
a dot in the centre.
- lifts, moving stairways and conveyor belts;
- etc.

TABLE 15.1

Symbol for hole

without countwsunk cDunnnunk

counnninking on mar side on botfv Jda

drilled nn the workshoP

drilled on site

TABLE 15.2
r- I I 1
Symbol for bolt or rivet to f in Hole Symbol for rivet to
Bolt or Rivet fit in Hole Counter-
Without Countersunk Countersunk sunk on Both Sides.
Countersinking on Near Side on Far Side

IFitted on site
I-r I

Fitted on site and

hole drilled on site
1

NCTE - To distinguish bolts from rivets, the designation of bolts shall always begin with a prefix showing the type of
screw thread. (Example : the designation for a bolt with metric screw thread is M 12 x SO, whilst that for a rivet is
412x50).
63
 15.2.2 &?preJenrotfon on ProJectiun Planes Parallel to Their AXea - In order to repreccnt holer, bolt8 and
rivet8 on projection plane8 parallel to their axea, the symbol8 of the following repre8entationr shell be ado ted
(Tables 15.3 and 15.4). Only the horizontal dash of these symbols shall be repre8cnted in thin line, whlf e all
other part8 shall be represented in thick line.

TABLI! 15.3

Symbol for Hole

Hole
Without (bunteruunk on Countersunk
Counterdnkiqt One Side Only on Both Sidea
_.-a -._--

Drilled in the Workshop

8 5+ flf

Drilled on Site

TABLE 15.4

flttod in the workahoo

fittrd on titl and hola

NOTE -To dirtin~ulsh bolt8 from rivets, the dealgnrtlon of bolts shall rlwvrryr bogin with a prefix showing the type of screw thread.
Examplr : the designation for a bolt with mrtric WOW thread i: M 12 X 50, whilst that for a rivet is $12 X 50.1

64
 SP : 46-1988

15.2.3 Dimensioning and Designation 15.3 Dimensioning of Chamfers- Ch&ers shall be

defined by means of linear dimensions as shown in
IWTE - Because, in practice, the dimension lines and Fig. 15.4 A and 15.4 B.
the projection lines are drawn with the,sarne drawing
instrument, a short thin line, drawn at 45 to the diien- 15.4 Dimtnsiox@ and lengths of Arcis- At the side
sion line, has been used to represent the terminations of
dimension lines.
of the developed lengths of arcs, the bending radius
to which these lengths refer shall be indicated in
15.2.3.1 The proection lines shall be separated brackets (external fibre, centroidal fibre, etc) as
from the symbols o/ holes, bolts and rivets 9n shown in Fig. 15.5 and 15.6.
projection planes parallei to their axes (see Fig. 15.I).
15.5 Designation of Bars, Profde Sections, Plates and
15.2.3.2 The diameter of holes shall be Sheets
indicated at the side of the symbol (see Fig. 15.3).
15.5.1 Bars and Profile Sections -Symbolsand
15.2.3.3 To indicate the characteristics of bolts dimensions indicated in Table 15.5 shall be applied.
and rivets the designation shall be given in accordance The designation on drawing shall be adapted to the
with national standards or other specifications in use position of bar or profile section (see Fig. 15.1,
(see Fig. 15.2). 15.5, 15.6 and 15.7).

15.2.3.4 The designation of holes, bolts and 15.5.2 Plates and Sheets - Plates and sheets shah
rivets, when referred to groups of identical elements, be designated by their thickness followed by the
can be restricted to one exterior element (see overall finished dimensions of the enclosing rectangle
Fig. 15.2). (see Fig. 15.7, 15.8 and 15.9).

In this case the designation shall be preceded by 15.6 Dimensioningof Gwaet Plates
the number of holes, bolts, rivets constituting the
group (see Fig. 15.2 and 15.3). 15.6.1 The reference system for dimensioning a
gusset shall be made up by at :eaq two converging
15.2.3.5 Holes, bolts and rivets, with equal centroidal lines with a defined angular position. Their
distances from the centre line. should be dimensioned converging point is called the reference point. The
as shown in Fig. 15.3 and 15.6L dimensioning of plates shall incluo~; the position of
holes. referred to the above mentrlned centroidal
A lines, the overall dimensions and the minimum
distance between the edges of the gu,eaetplates and
the centre linea of the holes [scaffolding tie) (see
Fig. 15.8 and 15.9).

15.6.2 The inclination of axes of structural shapes

and bars &all be indicated at the two short sides of a
right angle triangle (system of the triangle), prefe-
rably with the values of the real distances of the
reference points (or with conventional values,
referred to 100, indicated in brackets) (see Fig. M.8
and 15.9).

FIG. 15.2

65
SP:46-1988

260

c
L c
-_-----_----em----
_-----.
_---m----m----____-
-4

FIG 15.4 A

..-rl

I \ro 017
160

FIG. 15.3 F1c.15.4 B

FIG 15.5

Flc.15.6

66
 SP : 46.1988

TABLE 15.5

Designation
Description Sfgnijk&on of dimensiona
Symbol I)imensions

Cinular solid section d

Tuba dx t

Square solid section b

cl
Square hollow section bxt

bxh

Ractmgulrr hollow section bxhxt

Hexagonal solid section S

I
0
Hexmnal hollow section sx t

Triangular solid section b

n

Semkirculrr solid section bxh

SP : 46-1988

TqeLE lb.5 (Concluded)

r Deaixnatbn I
Symbol DimonsiDnsI Significatton of dimensions

L
T
I
c f there are no National Standards or other relevant
xmderdr, profile section dimensions shall be indicated
JV means of their particular characteristics preceded

I
>y the symbol.
lExem~e:LE0x60x7-500~

1
1
1

JL lOOxlO-5640

FIG. 15.7

68
 SP : 46-1988

FIG. 15.8

Fra.lS.9

69
SP : 46-1988

15.7 Diagrammatic Representation 15.7.2 In this case, the values of the distances
between the reference points of the centroidal lines
15.7.1 Structural metal work can be represented shall be indicated directly on the represeriied
diagrammatically indicating by continuous thick lines elements (see Fig. 15.10)..
the cenrroidal lines of the intersecting elements.

70
 SP : 46-1988

SECTION16SYMBOLICREPRESENTATIONOFWELDSON
TECHNICALDRAWINGS

16.1 Scope - This section prescribes the rules to be representation (Fig. 16.1j, which comprises m
applied for the symbolic representation of welds on addition to the symbol (3) itself.
drawings. - an arrow line (1) per joint (see Fig. 16.2 and
16.3)
16.2 Symbols - a dual referetace line consisting of two parallel
lines; one continuous and one dashed (2) excep-
16.2.1 Elementary Symbols tion (see Note 1); and
- a certain number of dimensions and conven-
16.2.1.1 The various categories of welds are tional signs.
characterized ,b_y a symbol: which, in general, is
similar to the shape of the welds to be made.

16.2.1.2 The symbol shall not be taken to pre-

judge the process to be employed.

16.2.1.3 The elementary symbols are shown in

Table 16.1.

16.2.2 Combination of Elementary Symbols

16.2.2.1 When required, combination of

elementary symbols can be used. Typical examples
are given in Table 16.4.
16.2.3 Supplementary Symbols

16.2.3.1.Elementary symbols may be com- FIG. 16.1 METHODOFREPRESENATION

#ted by a symbol characterizing the shape of the
external surface of the weld.

16.2.3.2 The recommended supplementary NOTE 1 - The dashed line can be drawn either above or
symbols are given in Table 16.2. beneath the continuous line (see also 16.3.5).
_---c-- -------
16.2.3.3 The absence of a suunlementarv
symbol means that the shape of the weld*surface does For symetrical welds, the dashed line is unnecessary and
not need to be indicated precisely. tiould be omitted.

16.2.3.4 Examples of combinations of elemen- NOTE 2 - The thickness of lines +x arrow line, refe-
tary and supplementary symbols are given in rence line, symbol and lettering shall be in accordance
Table 16.3. with the thickness of line for dimensioning according to
Section 6 and 7 respectively,

The purpose of the following rules is to define the

NOTE - Though it is not forbidden to associate several location of welds by specifying:
symbols, it is better to represent the weld on a separate
sketch, when symbolization becomes too difficult. - the position of the arrow line;
- the position of the reference line; and
- the position of the symbol.
16.2.3.5 Table 16.3 gives example of applica-
tion of supplementary symbols.
16.3.2 Relation Between the Arrow Line nr?d the
Joint - The examples given in ,Fig. 16.2 and 16.3
16.3 Position of the Symbols on Drawings explain the meaning of the terms:
16.3.1 General - The symbols covered by these - arrow side of the joint, and
rules form only part of a complete method of - other side of the joint.
71
SP :46-1988

Other Arrow Arrow Other

side S8de side side

7
/
y
;, Arrow Ime
.,/
/

;
I~/
2

: .\\ ..\. . . :\y<. .:,

(a) Weld m rhe arrow side (b) Weld on the other sde

FIG. 16.2 T-JOINT WITH ONE FILLET WELD

Ottier >Idc Arrow stale Other s!de Arrow side

of Io,r)y A of IOmtA of joint A of pm B

Ilne

Arrow 1

Arrow side Other side Arrow side Other side

of lolnl B of Ioml B of iomt A of joint B

FIG. 16.3 CRUCIFORM JOINT WITH TWO FILLET WELDS

NOTE I The position of the arrow in these sketehes is chosen for purposes of clarity: Normally, it would be pla.ed 1
immediately adjacent to th~ joint.

72
 SP : 46-1988

16.3.3 Position of the Arrow Line - The position bottom edge of the drawing, or if it is not possible
of the arrow line with respect to the weld is generally then perpendicular.
of no special significance (see Fig. 16.4 A and 16.4 B).
However. in the case of welds of types 4? 6 and 8 16.3.5 Position of the Symbol with Regard to the
(see Table 16.1); tne arrow line shall point towards Reference Line - The symbol is to be placed either
the plate which is prepared (see Fig. 16.4 C and above or beneath the reference line in accordance
16.4 D). with the following regulation:
The arrow line - the symbol is placed on the continuous &ne
- joins one end of the continuous reference line side of the reference line if the weld (weld
such that it forms an angle with it, face) is on the arrow side of the joint (see
Fig. 16.5 a).
- shall be completed by an arrow head. - the symbol is placed on the dashed line side if
16.3.4 Position of fhe Reference Line - The refe- the weld (weld face) is on the other side of the
rence line shall preferablv be drawn parallel to the joint (ice Fig. 16.5 b).

FIG, 16.4 A FIG. 16.4 B

---
E3FJG .16.4C FIG. 16.4 L

Flc.16.4 POSITION 0~ THE ARROW LINE

NOTE - In the case of sdot welds made by projection welding, the projectiofi surface is to be considered as the
external surface of the weld.

73
s?:4tL1988

AL,/&
P For tymmetritil welds onb FIG. 16.~3. EXAMPLES QF THE PRINCIPLE

16.4.1.4 Other dimensions of less importance may

be indicated, if necessary.

16.4.2 Main Dimensions to he Shown

16.4.2.1 The dimension that locates the weld in

relation to the edge of the sheet shall not appear in
the symbolisation but on the drawing.

16.4.2.2 The absence of any indication following

the symbol signifies that the weld is to be continuous
over the whole lengtkof the workpiece.

16.4.2.3 In the absence of any indication to the

contrary, butt weldsare to have complete penetration.

16.4.2.4 For the fillet welds, there are two

methods to indicate dimensions (.see Fig. 16.7).
Therefore, thepletters u or z shall always be placed in
front of the value of the corresponding dimension.

/ 13 To be welded
on the other wde
16.4.2.5 In the case of plug or slot welds with
f:l(;. 16.5 bevelled edges, it is the dimension at the bottom of
the hole which shall be taken into consideration.
1%. 16.5 toSlTlON 01; I-HI: SYMUOL

/n a5 300
Accolt INNC; TO THIS: RM~XKENCIC LINK

16.4 Dimensioning of Welds

_--- ,U
16.4.1 General Rules J
16.4.1.1 Each weld symbol may be accompanied
by a certain number of dimensions.

16.4.1.2 These dimensions are written as follows,

in accordance with Fig. 16.6:

a) The main dimensions relative to the cross-

section are ,writteir on the left-hand side (that
means before) of the symbol.
b) Longitudinal dimensions are written on the
right-hand side {that means after)of thesymbol.
z=aO
16.4.1.3 The method of indicating the main
dimensions is defined in table 16.5. The rules for
setting down these dimensions are also given in this t.1~;. 16.7 rw11r01~s 01. INIIICATING L)IMEwI~NS

table. 1.0,< Ft LLr;T WIG

Ln!i

74
 5P : 46-1988
TABLE 16.1

Butt weld between plates with raised edges 1; edge flanged weld /USA/
lthe ralsed edges being melted down completely)

2 / Square butt weld

3 Stngle-V butt weld

v

4 Stngle-bevel butt weld

I V

Stngie-bevel butt weld with broad root face

Smgle-U butt weld (parallel or sloping slde6)

Single-J butt weld

Backmg run; back or bacfing weld /USA/

1) Butt welds between plates with raised edges (symbol 1) not completely penrtrated are symbolized as square butt welds
(symbol 2) with the wetd thicknesses shown (see Table 16.5).
75 (Continued)
SP : 46-1988

TABLE 16.1- (Concluded)

iv0.j Designorion lllusrration Symbol

11 Plug weld. plug or ~101 weld /USA/ r-l

12 Spot weld

--

,3 1 Sesmwe,d

TABLE 16.2
Supj,lcmcmy Synllx~ls
r Shape of weld surface I Symbol 1

Cl concave
I - J

TAB&E 16.3
Examples of Applicaiion of Supplementary Symbols
Designation Ulustraton I Symbol

Flat Iflush) songle-V &:I weld

Convex double-V bull weld,

Concave fillet weld

Flat lflushl mgle-V ban weld wth flat (flush1 backtng r

76
TABLE 16:4 EXAMPLES OF COMBINATION OF ELEMENTARY SYMBOLS

Representation

(Continue4
 Designation
Representation Symbolization
Symbol
No. (Numbers Illustration
refer to either or
Table 16.1) @W- Et@%

------
Double-V

CIA EY
butt weld
4
5 V 3 ))r)l))))))))))ns,r
(X weld) -_---___
\
3-3

6 Double-
bevel
butt weld

V4
nB
1~)))1)1)J)ll))))l)))
------- -------
El
-----
IK weld)

7 4-4

Double-V
Fl
------
butt weld

El
with broad
ruut fete
6

Y 5
5-5
Dotrblu-

-------
bevel

El
butt weld
with broad
9 root fete

Y
6
6-6
I
 TABLE 1.6.4

Illustration
TABLE 16.5 PLAIN DIMENSIONS

see 16.4.2.2
and 16.4.2.3

: minimum distance from the surface of the part

to the bottom of the penetratuon. which cannot
be gruatcr than the thickness of the thinner part.

s : minimum distance from the external surface of

o : height of the largest isosceles triangle that can

be inscnbed in the section.

: side of the largest isosceles triangle that can be

inscribed in the section.
see 16.4.2.2

weld lwithout end craters).

lel : distance between adjacent weld elements.

n : number of weld elements.

see 16.4.2.4
TABLE 16.5. (Concluded)

: width of slot

: width of weld

: lsee No. 41

: diameter of hole

: bee No. 41

d : diameter of spot
 SP : 46-1988

SECTION 17 DRAWING PRACTICE FOR ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

17. Scope - This section lays down the principles of

isometric projection.

17.1 The isometric projection is used in the prepara-

tion of such drawings in which the essential features
are required to be shown otherwise in three views.

17.2 Drafting Aids

17.2.1 Drafting aids for drawing in isometric

projection are:

Drafting machines, isometric grid (see Fig. 17.4).

17.2.2 For the preparation of drawings in pipe-

work construction it is also customary to use
computer-controlled curve plotters. When a drafting
machine is used without a grid,it is advisable to work
with the following detent settings: FIG. 17.2

A Vertical
B at angle QI(-30 to the horizontal)
c at angle fl (+ 30 to the horizontal)

The lines in the isometric grid are arranged as

indicated under A, B and C.

NOTE - Wher?it is used for pipework and fittings,

symbols should be employed, according to IS:10990-
1984.

17.3 Representation Without a Grid - The represen-

tation of a cube and of circles in three views is shown
in Fig. 17.1..Dimensioning examples are shown in
Fig. 17.2 and 17.3

FIG, 17.3

17.4 Representation Using a Grid - Figure 17.4

shows the representation of a component on an
isometric grid.

F1c.17.1 1
Ratio of sides a : b : c L 1 : 1 :1

Ratio of edges : diameter d 1 : 082

Ellipse E,...major axis horizontal
Ellipse E,.. major axis at right angles to 30
Ellipse E,...major axis at right angles to 30
Ratio of the axes with all ellitkes 1 :1.7
FIG. 17.4

82
 SP : 46-1988

17.5 Co-ordinates 17.5.4 The directions of the co-ordinates X, Y, Z

are called the principal directions and the areas
17.5.1 For the purpose of standardizing calcula- enclosed by them are called the principal planes.
tions and manuiacturing processes, it is desirable to
define the principal directions of the co-ordinates.
17.6 Representation in the System of Co-ordinates -
175.2 The positive direction of the Z-axis is the In order to provide an unambiguous representation of
direction in which a right hand thread screw would lines (for example, pipe bends) in isometric projection,
move if turned by its positive X-axis towards the it is necessary to show the principal planes by
positive Y-axis. hatching. The planes of the side view (co-ordinates
Y, 2) and front view (co-ordinates X, Z) should be
17.5.3 All co-ordinate values taken from the origin hatched vertically and the planes of the top view (co-
in the direction of the arrow are positive and those in ordinates x, Y) should be hatched at - 30 (See
the opposite direction are negative (see Fig. 17.5). Fig. 17.6).

Z
+

Y l + x

-_ \
I-

FIG. 17.5

Fr~.l7.7
 !3P:46-1988

Figure 17.7 shows a bent pipe in isometric projeo

tion in the co;ordinate system. TABLE 17.1CO-ORDINATEVALUESFOR
BENTPIPERUN
17.6.1 The starting pomt for the drawing and the
dimensioning is point L1 (PI) with coordinates A x,- 0 r,= 0 Zl? 0
X] =q yr =o,zr =o. P2 x2 =+ 50 Y2= 0 z2= 0
% x, =+ 75 Y3= 0 z3=+34
17.6.2 The section l-2 lies on the X coordinate p4 & = +104 y4=+12 z4=+45
and has co-ordinates x2 = t50, y2 = 0 and z2 = 0. ps x, =+118 y,=+62 z,=+54
p6 xs =+ 26 y6=+52 z6=+36
17.6.3 Section 2-3 lies in the principal plane X, Z P7 x,=+ 26 y,=+lOO z,=+36
and has dimension x3 and z3 and coordinates
= t34. The vertical hatching
tie= zi: ~~.6=)~~~~ clearly that the plane of
bending of the pipe lies in the principal plane X, z. he in the vie&g direction of the isometric projection.
It is advisable to represent the auxiliary view in ortho-
17.6.4 Although in the representation, section 3-4 graphic projection (see Fig. 17.8).
is a continuation of 2-3, point 4 is outside the princi-
pal plane X, Z, and has dimensions x4, y4 and z4;
their co-ordinates are x4 = t 104, y4 = t12 and
z4 = t 45. To show the three-dimensional bending
.view w
clearly in the representation, it is necessary to project
the coordinate point 4 together with point 4 onto
the corresponding principal planes and to use hatch-
ing as shown in Fig. 17.6. Sections 45 and S-6 are f
represented in a similar manner whilst Section 6-7
. lies in the direction of the Y co-ordinate.
4
_W
17.7 Dimensioning in the Coxudinate System - Co-
ordinate dimensioning is useful for mechanical
calculation of developed lengths, for bending and I-- ?
twisting angles using data processing and for prog-
ramme-controlled machine took. The coordinates
can have positive and negative values (in accordance
L_
with Fig. 17.5). FIG.~~.SAUXILI#RY
VIEW IN ORTHOGRAPHIC
17.7.1 The coordinate values for the bent pipe PROJECTION
run shown in Fig. 17.7 are given in Table 17.1.
17.9Exampk of Drawing - Figure 17.9 shows a
17.8 Representation of Auxiliary
_ Views
____ - Auxiliary drawing
_. of a bent pipe in isometric projection with
$vIeWSare necessary when edges o! solids or surfaces coordinate values.

84
SS
!iP : 46-1988

SECTION18 EXAMPLESOFINDICATlONANDINTERPRETATIONOF
GEOMETRICALTOLERANCINGSYMBOLSANDCHARACTERISTICS

18.1 Scope - This section incorporates the examples whole extent of toleranced feature unless otherwise
of indication and interpretation of geometrical tole- specified, for example, 0.02/50 indicates that a
ranting symbols and characteristics. tolerance of 0.02 is permitted for an extent of 50
at any place on the toleranced feature.
18.2 Form tolerances limit the deviations of an-
individual feature from its ideal geometrical form. 18.5 When a geometrical tolerance applies to an axis
or a median plane, then the arrow of the leader line
18.3 Orientation, location and run-out tolerances terminates at the dimension line (see Fig. 18.4).
limit the deviations of the mutual orientation and/or
location of two or more features. For functional 18.6 When a geometrical tolerance applies to a line
reasons one or more features may be indicated as a or surface itself, then the leader line with its arrow
datum. If necessary, a geometrical tolerance should terminating on the contour of the the feature has to
be specified to the datum feature in order to ensure be clearly separated from the dimension lire (see
that the datum feature is sufficiently exact for its Fig. 18.5). -
PtVose.
18.7 The same method of indication is used for the
18.4 The geometrical tolerance applies always to the datum triangle.

Leader line
-1

- Tolerance symbol

FIG. 18.1
Datum letter Refers to the
generating line
or the surface
Datum triangle I

FlG.18.2 FIG. 18.5

,- Theoretically
35 exact

0
dimension n Projected
Maximum materiol p tolerqnce
M condition (MMC) U zone
FIG. 18.3

Refers to the Flc.18.6 FIG 18.7

axis or the
median plane

i
i
+---+
I Datum target
I see IS:10721)
i t I /

Frc.18.4 FIG. 18.8

86
 SP : 46-1988

TABLE 18.1

r
-
mples of lndica,tion
Symbols and Toleranced Characteristics
- Tdrrrarau

-. !Straightness

I
-
D flatness
-

0 ICircularity

M Cylindricity

-
n Profilo of any line

-
nor

-
c3 T profile of any surf~co
d-77
Psralleliam
// :: DI* linc Iarid mth nfermce
lordmumCne
-

-
I #
I
m II i

L ,

Position
$ ,sf l line

Q ,

Circular run-out
f
radial

Total run-out
Lf
rtiu1

87
3 : 46-1988

SECTION 19 ABBREVIATIONS

19.1 !kope - This section covers such of the abbre- a) They should be used sparingly only when space
viations which are recommended for use in general saving in a drawing is essential.
engineering drawings. Abbreviations already covered
b) Short words such as day, unit, time, ek,
in specific subjects, such as units and quantities,
tolerancing, gears, fluid power, electrical and should preferably be written in full, even when
electronics are not dealt in this section. an abbreviation has been standardized.
c) Periods (full stop symbol) are not to be used
19.2 Table 19.1 lists some of the common abbrevia- except where the abbreviation marks a word
tions recommended. Abbreviations are the same both (for example, No.; FIG.)
for singular and plural usage. Only capital letters are
used for abbrevirtions to ensure maintenance of d) For hyphenated words, abbreviations are to be
legibility bearing in mind reproduction and reduction with the hyphen.
processes. Abbreviations which have already been e) Sometimes one and the same letter syn501 may
standardized nationally/internationally using lower represent more than one term or quantity.
case letters shouid,however,be written according to Hence it is advisible not to use such symbols m
the corresponding standard. mean two different terms in one and the same
drawing. If it becomes unavoidable, the
19.2.1 When using abbreviations and symbols in symbols may be provided with suitable sub-
r:qineering drawings,the following points are to be
script.
borne in mind.

TABLE 19.1 RECOMMENDEDABBREVIATIONS

Term Abbrevhtbn Term Abbreviation

Across corners A/C Gwund level CL

Across flats A/F ?laxagon/Hexagonal HEX
Alteration ALT Horizontal HORZ
Approved APPD Hydraulic HYD
Approximate APPROX Head HD
Arrangement ARRCT Indian Standard IS
Assembly ASSY Inapection/ed INSP
Auxiliary AUX Inside diameter ID
Bearing BRG Insulation INSUL
Cast iron Cl Internal INT
Centres CRS Left hand LH
Centre line CL Low LG
Centre of gravity CC Machine/machinery M/C
Centre-tocentre C/C Manufacture/@ MFG
Chamfered CHMED Material MATL
Checked CHKD Maximum max.
Cheese head CH HD Mechanical MECH
Continued CONTD Minimum min.
Constant CONST Miscellaneous MlSC
Counterhore CBORE Modification MOD
Countersunk 6SK Nominal NOM
Countersunk head CSK HD North N
Cylinder/cylindrical CYL Number NO.
Diameter (in a note) DIA Opposite OPP
Dimension DIM Outside diameter OD
Dewing DRG Pitch circle diameter PCD
East E Quantity W-Y
etcetera etc Radius (in a note) RAD
External EXT Reference RET:
Figure FIG. Required REQD
General GEN Right hand RH

08 (Continitd)
 !I: 46-1988

TABLE 19.1 (Concluded)

Abbreviation Term Abbrevbtion

Round RD Thick THK

Screw/Screwed SCR Thread (in a note) THD
Serial number SL NO. Through (in a note) THRU
Sheet SH Tolerance TOL
Sketch SK Typical TYP
South S Undercut (in a note) U/C
Specification SPEC weight WT
Spotface SF West W
Standard STD With reference to/
SyMmetrical (in a note) SYM With respect to (in a note) WRT
Temperature (in a note) TEMP

89
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 APPENDIX B
SYSTEMS OF LIMITS AND FITS

B-l. General - For the sake of simplicity, and in view to Fig. B2 for the sake of simplicity. In this simph
of the particular importance of cylindrical parts with fied schematic diagram, the axis of the part, which is
circular parts with circular section, only limits and not represented, always lies, by convention, below
fits are referred to explicitly. It should be clearly the diagram. (in the example illustrated, the two
understood however that recommendations for this deviations of the shaft are negative and those of the
type of component apply equally well to other plain hole positive). i
parts or components; in particular, the general term i: y
hole or shaft can be taken as referring to the space BAFits - When two parts are to be a!&e@led, the
containing or contained by two parallel faces (or relation resulting from the difference between their
targent planes) of any part, such as the width of a sizes before assembly is called a fit.
LG.: the thickness of the key, etc.
B-4.1 Depending upon the respective positions of
B-2. Reference Temgemture - The standard reference the tolerance zones of the hole or the shaft, the fit
temperature is 20 C for industrial measurements may be a clearance fit, a transition fit (that is such
and,, consequently, for dimensions defined by the that the assembly may have either a clearance or an
system (see ES). interference), or an interference fit.

B-3. Tolerances of Parts - Due mainly to the inevi- B-4.2 Figure B-l shows a clearance fit, and Fig&-3
table inaccuracy of manufacturing methods, a part shows the schematic diagram of tolerance zone in
cannot be made precisely to a given dimensions but, various cases.
in order to meet its purpose, it is sufficient that it
should be made so as to he within two permissible B-5. Fit System - Two of the most commonly used _ _
limits of size, the difference of which is the tolerance. methods of applying are the hole-basis system and the
shaft-basis system which are shown in Pig. B-4.
B-3.1 For the sake of convenience, a basic size is
ascribed to the part and each of the two limits is B-6.Symbols for Tokances and Deviations and
defined by its deviation from basic size. The Symbols for Fits - In order to satisfy the usual
magnitude and sign of the deviation are obtained by requirements both of individual parts and of fits, the
subtracting the basic size from the limit in question. System provides, for any given basic size, a whole
range of tolerances together with a whole range of
P3.2 Figure B-l which illustrates these definitions, deviations defining the position of these tolerances
is in practice replaced by a schematic diagram similar with respect to the line of zero deviation, called the
zero line.

FIG. Bl IJIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING BASK SIZE DFVIATIONS ANI~'~OLEHANCI~:S

93
SP : 46-l 988

HOLE B-6.1 The tolerance, the value of which is

function of the basic size, is designated by a number
ZERO LINE symbol, called the grade.

I B-6.2 The position of the tolerance zone with

respect to the zero line, which is a function of the
%E= basic size, is indicated by a letter symbol (in some
# cases,_two letters), a capital letter for holes, a small
3i letter for shafts (see Fig. B-S).
I!
ui B-6.3 The toleranced size is thus defined by its
basic value followed by a symbol composed of the
S letter (in some cases, two letters) and a number.

FIG.B-2 SIMPLIFIEDSCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF Examples: 45 gl.

CLEARANCEFIT

HOLE HOLE

SHAFT

Schematic Representation of
Clearance Fit

SHAFT

SHAFT

Schematic Representation of
Transition Fit

SHAFT

SHAFT

HOLE HOLE

Schematic Representation of
Interference Fit

FIG. B3

94
 w : 46-1988

B-6.4 A fti is indicated by the bask size common Example: 45 H8/g7 (possibly 45 H&g7 or
to both components, followed by symbol correspond- 45 H8/g7).
ing to each component, the hole be@ quoted fast.

SHAFT

EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM c EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM

SHAFT-BASIS SYSTEM cl HOLE -BASIS SYSTEM
s

FIG.B-4 EXAMPLESILLUSTKATINGTHESHAFTBASISANDHOLEBAS~SWSTEM
*

95
 FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION

NEGATIVE POSITIVE _ NEGATIVE POSITIVE

- A -

\ \
\ ,
\\\
zss5
\\\I
.\\
\\\c
m<
XXIX
xrizi<

BASIC SIZE__ BASIC SIZE

 SP : 464988 I

APPENDIX C

GUIDE FOR SELECTION OF FIT!3

C-LGenenl This guide gives reamunendati4ms for hole producing tools. The shaft bask system should
the selection of fits in engineering problems only be used where it will convey unquestionable
cormerned with the mating of a shaft and a hole. economic advantages, that is where it is necessary to
These recommendations are also applicable to non- be able to mount several parts w&h holes lmv@
cylindrical fits. different deviations on a single shaft of dpwn steel
bar without machining the latter.
C-l.1 This guide gives the representative usage of
various classes and grades of fit. These examples are C-2.1.3 The designers should decide on the
only of an ilhrstrative character and they do not adoption of either system to secure general inter-
specify any design details. chargeabilit . A shaft dimension to a certain class of
fit with a ; ale in the hole bask system differs from
c-2.Systemr of Fits the shaft giving the =me fit in the shaft bask system.

C-2.1 The hole basis system is the system of fits C-3. Claniftibn of Fits
in which design size of the hole is the basic size and
the alkwance is applied to the shaft (SW Fig C-l ). in C-3.1 The system of firs may be broadly ckssffied
the shaft ,basis system the design size of the shaft is as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.
the basic size and the allowance is applied to the hole.
C-3.1.1 Clearance fit results 4n a positive
C-2.1.1 The application of either system clearance over the whok range of the tolerance.
depends on many conditions, such as, the nature of Shafts a to g produce a clearance fit with the basir
product, the manufacturing methods, the condition hole H.
of the raw material, etc. C-3.1.2 Transition fit may result in either a cka-
rance tit or interference fit depending-on the actual
C-2.1 12 The hole basis system is the extensively value of the individual tolerances of the mating
used system. This is because a hok is more diffcult to components. Shafts js to n produce transition fit
produce than a shaft due to the fixed character of with the basic hole H.

lNfERFERENCE FIT

RANCE
TOLERANCE
ZONE FOR SttAFI
Y

ZERO
LINE

SIZE

1//A/ /J~ERFERENcE m
~OLERANCE *ZONE
FOR HOLE
HOLE IBASIS SYSTEM SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM
I rOLER*MCLZONC il ITOLERANCE ZOMEI
SP : 46-1988

C-3.1.3 Interference fit results in a positive quality, it is recommended that as wide a tolerance
interference over the whole range of tolerance. Shafts shall be provided as is possible. Jn the aUocation of
p to u produce interference fit with the basic hole H. tolerances to the hole and the shaft members of a fit,
it is generally advisable to give a krger tolerance to
C-3.1.4 Tolerances and deviations for both the hole than to the shaft due to the fact that hole is
holes and shafts offer a wide range of fits of which more difficu!t to produce than a shaft. The exception
many of the possible combinations may not be of is in the case of very large sizes where the effects of
practical use. .Majority of common engineering temeprature play a large role.
requirements may be satisfied on the basis of a
restricted selection of tolerance giades resulting in C-4.2.1 The tolerances chosen shall be the
economy and ease of standardization, yet leading to largest compatible with the conditions of use the hole
universally applicable and recommended fits. The being the more difficult member to machine, may
commonly used fits are given in Table C-4. often be allocated a tolerance one grade coarser than
that of the shaft (for example H8-f7).
C-4. Choice of Fits and Tolerances
C-5. Recommendations
C-4.1 Fits - Fits may be selected on the hole basis
system or the shaft basis system. The choice of fits C-5.1 Recommendations for selection of tolerance
considerably depends on the material of mating parts, zones for general purposes are given in Table C-l.
workmanship, length of engagement, bearing load,
speed, type of lubrication, temperature, humidity, Wherever possible the tolerance zones shall be
surface fiiish, etc. chosen from the corresponding symbols for shafts
and holes as indicated in Table C-l. The first choice
C-4.2 Tolerances - in order to obtain the most shall preferably be made from the symbols enclosed
economic manufacture consistent with satisfactory in the frames.

TABLE C-l SELECTION OF TOLERANCE ZONES

(C?uuse C-5.1)

Fos shafts

e9

d10

For Holes

G6 H6 Is6 K6 M6 N6 P6 R6 S6 T6

Fl Gl HI Js7 K7 M7 N7 P7 R7 S7 T7

E8 FE HE Js8 K8 ME NE P8 RR

D9 E9 F9 H9

DlO El0 HlO

-
r
4II Ii1 1 Cll Dll HI1
1

YOU F Deviatiorl js and fs may bc replaced by the corresponding aeviations j and J.

98
 SP :46-1988
99

TABLE, C-2 / TOLERANCE ZONES ANO LIMITS . DIMENSIONS IN Wl

. .
S6 r6 n6 k6 Ja6 h6 h7 h, hlt aE d, - all I bll all S7 R7 P7 N7 K7 n? > H9 Hll 67 F6 I E6 Dlo Ctl Bll
. . __ - . - . I.
From 1 +20 +16 +12 +1( +6 +3 -6 -14 -m -270 -14 -lo -6 -4 o +11 +1, +2! +1! 1+20 +39 i-so +120 -1-200
up to 3 +14 +10 +6
.
+4

o

-3 -1: - 2; -4 .
::
.
-16 -28 -45
-
-64
{1$)
140
-200 -830 -24
-
-20

-16

-14 lo

( o ( +2

+6
.
+14

+20
.
+60 +140

+7!

II
Over 3 +27 +23 +20 +1[ +9 -4 -lo -20 -11 -6 -4 +3 -t-l! +11 +% +11 +28 +5o +76 +145 +215 +345
Up tO 6

+19 +15 +12

+6
.
+1

z: -1:
-3: - 7;
.
-12

-22 -38 X
-
-140
215
-270
-345
-15
-27 -23

-20

-16 -9

(

o (

t +4

+10

+20

+~ +70 +140 +270

O,er 6 +32 +26 +24 +1{ +10 +*5 -18 -25

-17 -13 9 -4 +5 +75 +1! +2! +3( +9( +2( +35 +61 +98 l
+170 +240 +370
up to 10 +23 +19
.
+15
.
+1(
.
+1

-45

-1: -4 _
::4

28 -47 %
-M
-In)
-150
-240
-280
-370 -32 -28

-24
.
-19 -lo -75

[ o ( c +5

+13 +25 +40 +80 +160 +160

Over 10
:+120
up to 14 +39 +34 +29 +2: +12 + 55 o 0 0 o -6 I -6 -32 -50 -93 -150 -290 21 -16 11 -5 +6 +9 +11 +21 +4 +110 +24 +43 +75 + 205 + 260 +400

over 14 +28 +23 +18 +12 +1 -55 -11 -16 -43 -110 -17 -34 -59 -29 -23 -12 -9 m o o o +6 +16 +32 +50 +95 +150 +290
-93 -205 -260 -400 -39 -34
Up tO 18
.
Over 18
Up tO 24 +48 +41 +35 +2[ +15 +&5 o 0 0 o -7 -!io -40 -65 -110 150 300 27 -20 -14 -7 +6 +105 +21 +33 +52 F130 +28 +53 +92 +149 +240 +290 +430

over 24 +35 +28 +22 +15 +2 -65 13 -21 -52 130 -20 -41 -73 -117 -MO, 290 -430 -48 -41 35 -28 -15 -105 o o o o +7 !-20 +40 +65 +110 +160 +m
up to 30
. _ .

O$or 30 +280 +470
up to 40 -m) -170 -310
t64 +fso +120 %8
+59 +50 .+42 +33 +18 +6 o 0 0 o -9 -25 -50 -60 -260 -830 470 -34 -25 -17 -6 +7 +125 +25 +39 +62 -fso +84 +112 +310

Over +43 +34 +26 +17 +2 -8 -16 -25 -62 - f80 -a9- -42 -18 -12,5 o o o o +9 +25 +50 +60 + 290 +340 +460
-25 -50 -t42 -fso -180 -320 -59 -80 -33
UP to : +130 +?80 +320

1
-290 -840 480
. . 1

Over 50 .+72 +60 +330 +380 + 580
UP tO 65 -f40 -190 -340 242 -80
+53 +41 +51 +39 +21 + 95 o 0 0 o -fo -80 -30 -foo -NO -380 -530 -72 -60 -21 -9 +9 +15 +36 +46 +74 -190 +40 1-76 +134 +220 +140 +190 + 340
I- _
1
Over 65 +78 +62 +32 +20 +2 -95 -19 -30 -74 -190 -106 -51 -1s o o o 0 +10 h30 i-w +100 + 340 +390 +550
-29 -60 -174 -160 -360 -48 -32 -39 -21
I up to 8(J -f-59 +43
-840
-200
-390 550 -78 -62
+150 + 200 +360
. ~_ -,
Over 80 +93 +73 t 390 + 440 + 600
I up to 100 -170 -220 -380 -58 ~-38 + 260
+71 +51 +59 +45 +25 +11 o 0 0 0 -12 36 -72 -120 -WO -600 -93 -73 -24 -10 +10 +17.5 +35 +54 +67 220 +47 1-90 +159 +170 + 220 + 380
-440 1
-
Over 100 +101 +76 +37 +23 +3 -11 -22 -85 -220 - f75 o o 0 +12 i-36 +72 +120 t 400 + 460 + 630
-67 -34 -71 -126 -207 -180 -240 410 -66 -41 -59 -45 -25 o
up to 120 +79 +54 +180 + 240 +410
-400 -460 630 -101 -76
.
_ _ .
Over 120 +117 +68 I + 450 +510 +7fo
up to 140 +92 +63 -200 -280 -480 -77 -46
+ 200 + 460
-450 -710 -88 + 260
-510 -117 .

Over 140 +125 +90 +68 +28 +125 -.100 f.fos +185 +305 + 460 + 770
UP to 160 +100 +65
+52
+3
-14 -43 -65 -145 -Uo -280 -520 -85 -50 28 -12 +12 4-20 +40 +63 250 +54
+145 +210
+ 530
+520
i-43 +27 -125 -2: -4; -14 -25! -39 -63 -f48 -460 -770 -90 -68 -52 -26 -20 o o 0 0 +14 1-43 + 65. + 280
-245 -630 -f25
lh .
(her f60 +133 +93 -HO 580 T + 480 + 560 + 830
UP tO 180 +108 +68 -310 -93 + 580
-480 + 230 +310
-560 -830 133 -93
1- I_
l .

T
(her 180 +15f +106 + 530 + 630 + 950
up to 200 +122 +77
-!?40 -340 -680 -105 -80 + 660
+240 + 340
-s30 .830 -950 151 -106 -
__
Over
up to
200
225
+159
+130
+109
+80
+79 +60 -33
-4
+145
-f45
-15 -50 -100 -170 zG- -380 -740 -113 -63 -33 -14 +13 +23 +46 i-72 .115 -290 +61
+15
+122
+50
+215 + 355
+170
+ 550
+ 260
+670
+380
+1 030
+ 740
.
+50 F31 -44 -96 -172 -285 -s50 .670 1 030 -159 -109 -79 -50 ?3 -23 o o 0 0 +100

Over 225 +169 +113 + 570 +710 +1 110
up to 250 +140 +84 -200 -420 -620 -123, T
+ 283 + 420 + 820
I . -s70 -710 -1110 169 -113
. _ ._ . I
. . .
Over 250 +190 +126 _,20 _+ + 620 + 800 +1 240
Up to 280 +158 I +94 +88 -300 480 -74
F66 .36 +16 o o~ (1 o -17 +81 F 130 ~320 +69 +137 +240 + 400 + 300 + 480 + 920
. 56 -110 190 -620 800 1240 190 -126 -36 -14 +16 +26 +52
over 280 + 202 l +56 -34 +1 370
+4 16 32 52 -130 320 -49 -108 -36 28 0 0 0 0 +17 +58 +110 +190 + 650 + 860
320 66
JP to 315 + 170
y~- l___
j ;::O
___ _ --.
--
-191
:E! 540
860
--
1050
-1370

-150
-202
_
-78
-130

88

- - -
+ 330
.
+ 540
_..

+ 1050

h:r 315 1
+144
-360 1 200
I + 720 + 960 +1560
169
Jp to 355

+190 ; +108
-- - I=___
+98 -73 + 46 +18 o 0 0 0 -16 -62 -125 -210 -720
800
980 1560 -226
- 8-I
-144 -41 -16 +17 +285 +51 + 8S +14C I-366 +75 +151 +265 + 440 + 360 + 600 -l-l
200

)ve r 355 +244 / +150 -31

. I -
+1 710
+62 +4 18 3s -57 -140 c c +fs +69 +125 +210 ,+780 +1 040
Illto 400 + 208 +114
-360 -54 -119 -214 350 -400 680 1350 -187 - 93 98 -73 w 28.5 o 0 +1 350
-1-409 +610
- - .. ., . -760 1 040 -1710 -244 -150
- . . . -
)ver 409 +272 +1 900
+166
-440
+840 +1 160
1P to 450 + 232 L126 , +103 760 i 500 -209 -103 +1500
80 + 45 +20 0 0 0 0 .20 -68 I +s8 +9 +15! +83 +165 +290 + 4~ +440 + 780
-135 -230 -84o 1 16C 1 9oa 272 -166 45 -11 +18 +315
)Ver 450 _
+ 292 +;: ~ +68 .40 +5 20 + 880 + 1240 +2 050
1
40 s3 -155 -400 .60 -131 -232 i 385 .840 -109 -1o8 -80 43 -315 0 0 ( +20 +66 +135 +2X
Pto 500 + 252 1650 -229 + 480 +1650
L_ . -! .. --
I
__ e I :% 1240 -2050
.
-282 -172

.
+ 840
.
.
.. ...

...+-=.. ..
TABLE C- 3 REcoMMEND~ FITS ( CLEAR NCE ANO lNTE~RENCE FITS )-DIMENSIONS IN w

.
_
S7 H7 R7 17 P1 H7 47 H7 K7 J S~ f47 H8
hl
~i Hll
h9
Hl 1 H7 m:: H7 F8 I H8 F8
1 .
H7
56

h6

rs h6
,
p6

1)6 n6

h6
.
h6 h6
1+
h6
_
h6
. I
.
hll
.
j S6
. .
f7
.
h6 / f7
.
h9 $/

+10 +6 11 +16 +24 +39 +85 +129 +13 +18 +26 +26 +30 +45
0 -. 4 +4 0 *6 +2 +42 + t4
From 3 -8 lo -5, 0 o 0 o o +3 +2 +6 +6
16 10 -14 6 +6 +6 +14 +14
up to 3 -<: -24 -16 -20 -12
. _ . l
II _ .
.
+11 +11 .14 +20 +30 +48 +105 +15D +16 +24 +34 +36 +40 +58
3 0 o +4 +4 +56 +80
owr 3 7
-23 -20 -20 16 -16 9 -9 -6 0 o 0 0 0 +4 +4 +10 +10 +10 +10 +20 +20
Up tO 6 -27 ->; -;:
. J_
-.
. I 1
+14 165 +24 +37 +58 +126 +l@ +29 1
+5 +14 +195 +43 +44 +50 +71 +69 +97 +98
I o +5

I
o 0
lver
p 10
6
10 -: -<:
.2 -;:

-24

-2: 19

-19

10 -10 -75
-
o
.
0 0 +45
.
+5 +13

+ 13
.
+13 +13 +25 +25
.
-f-40
_

hmr 10 +17 -20 +29 +45 +70 +153 + 22D +235 +35 +52 +54 +61 +c6
lo -lo -5 -5 o o +6 +6 +17 + 86 +118 +12(
p to 34
010
I
. _
- 0 0

I
-9
-29 -29 .23 -23 -12 -12 o +55 +6 +16 +16 /+16 +16 +32 +32 +5( +50 , +50 +50
II +50 +95

II
)ver 14 -39 39 -34 -34 +95 +15
p tO 16 .. . ,----- _ _
+1a +Mo I
-- . . __ .
.

1 I
.
tver 18 +19 23 ~~ 35 + 182 i- 280 +275 +41 +62 +66
7 -1 1 +6 +6 +19 +74 +10 +106 +f44 +150 +!69 +201 + 241 + 279 + 292
p to 24 14 14 -1 +370 +29 +420 + 560
10.5o o 0 0 b + 6.:
Il
-35 35 -28 -28 -15 -15 +7 +20 +20 +20 +2( +40 +40 +65 +65 +65 +65
-48 -41 -41

1
)ver 24 -46 +65, +11(J +110 +16(
Ip to 30
_ . . . i
)ver 30 +23 28 ~j +41 +64 +101 + 222 +32* +33 +50 +75 +80 +f2t + 440 + 30( + 493
- 1;8 18 -9 -9 -1 1 +8 +8 + 2b +89 +128 k174 + 181 + 204 +242 + 302 + 340 : ~: +17(
+636 I
Ip \o 40 +120 +170 +3fo ]
- -
-59 -50 50, -42 -42. -33 33 -18 --18 125/ o o o 0 o +-8 +9 +25 +25 +25 +25 +50 +50 +80 +80 +80 +60
),ver 40 69 +80 + 352 + 450 + 35f
Ip to 50 _ _ _ +130 +130 +18C
. . . . -

tver 5a -23 -23 11 11 F34 +49 +76 +120 -i-
284 +360 + 395 +95 ~4,0 + 404 + 520 t 399
2 -2 t-lo +10 +26 +28 +59 +90 +106 +150 +152 >208 + 220 -248 +294 + 364
Jp tO 6! 72 -72 -60 -80 +140 +140 .+190
_ _
21 -15 0 o o 0 +95 +10 +30 +30 +50 +60 + 100
Over 6! 29 29 -13 -13 51 St -39 39 21 +30 +30 -100 +100 +100
~foo +M4 + 530 + 409
Up to 8( -78 -78 -62 -62 .- . - +150 +150 + No

.
over 8( 36 -16 -16
+32 3s5 +57 +89 +141 + 307 + 446 +46 +106
+610 + 452
-2 -2 t-12 +12 +32 +69 *112 +125 +177 +180 .246 + 261 294 + 347 + 427
up to lot -73 -73 a* %
+ +170 + 220

-=Xg
-59 59 -45 45 25 -25 175 o o o 0 0 +11 +12 +36 +36 +36 +30 +72 +72 -t-
120 +120 + 120 +120 ~120 + 487
Over 10( 44 ! 19 -19 + 620 + 482
up to 12( -,0, , -101 76 -76 . + 180 +180 + 240

Over
up to
12(
14(

52
-117
52
117
23
88

-23
-80
i + 550 + 700
+200
+ 535
+ 260
+ 200

Over 14(
_.
-60

60 25

-25
-:
- 6[ -2
+1:
-52
+13
52
+37
28
+37
-26
+45
20
+65
o
+103
o
+163
o
+ 350
0
+500
9
+ 52%
+125
+79
+14
+123
+43
F131
+43
+146
+43
+ 208
+43
+211
+85
265
+ss
+ 308. 345
+1 45 +145
+ + 405
+145
+ 495
+145
555 ~ ~1 .+Tlij + 55s
-. -L;

125 -125 -90 -w + 260

I
Up to 16( 145 + 210 +210
. _ , . .
Ove~
Up to
16(
181
68
133
I
I
-68
133

76
28
93

31
.
-2e
-93
.-
1
- . . -1 .
+ 580

+ 730
+ 230 , +230
+ 566
+310

Over 180 -76 -31 + 645 +820 + 653

up to 200 151 -151 106 -10{ I + 240 + 240 t 340

+42 +52 +75 +118 +187 +405 +Sm + 605 I-90 I-142 .151 F168 + 237 + 244
Over 20( 84 -84 34 -3, +1! +15 +42 330 +3 57 +400 + 470 t 575 -645 + 665 + 840 k 699
-61 60 33 33 -23 o 0 o o o +145 F15 k 50 - 50 F 50 + 50 +100 100 +1 70 +170 +170 +170 -110 + .2~
Up tO 225 +159 ; -159 109 -10{ -;: 1 --S + 260 t 380
- ---
Over 225 -94 -94 3s .-3[
I + 685 +.8@ : b 739
Up to 25o 169 ~169 113 -11:
.
. . ___ [_ - .. -- + 280 + 2J0 p 42(!
_ - - ,..-
Over 250 -106 [ -106 -42 *4! +211 + 450 + 640 +272 + 750 + 940 i
+58 +34 +,113 +68 t-160 -1E9 1189 \+267
up to 280 190 190 126 -W21 -4 -4 +1[ +18 +48 +46 tlol 370 +4 0? + 450 +530 + 640 -720 + 300 +300 \
\ ~ -..
6( 68 36 -26 o 0 o 0 0 +16 +17 +56 +56 +56 / +56 +110 110 +1 90 +190 +190
Over 280 -118 118 46 -41 88 -68 -36 +190 -?90 + 780 + Wa
p !0 315 -202 ~ 202 -130 -131 < + 330 ; +3X
. - _ ._ ._ _.
.. _. - - 1 .
over 315 133 -133 51 + $00 I + * 080
+2{ +2( +53 +64! +93 +14( + 229 + 72U +75 I-III k176 -187 :208 + 291 + 303 4fJrl+ 439 .800 ~ :: I + 360
Uo to 355 226 226 -144 -:: -5 -5 +53 + 490 + 580 +710

Over 355

-151
-- .-
57
.
-57 -98 -98 7
1
40 -.40 -26! o ( 0 0 o +16 +18 +62 +62 +62 ~ +62 +~~5 125 I+21O -r2!o I+21O +210 -210
-1
+ 900 I
-.
+1 129
1
w :0 400 244 ! =j!j -150 -150 1,7 ... + 400
. . i--.--l------- ,_.. . -. -.-
-Fool
over 400 -46&~ 169 63 -63
+58 1+71 +103 i-la + 252 -t555 +88) +63 F123 bf94 -205 F228\+320 + 3!29 445 \+ 4&2 + 785
-1240
lipto 45C 166 ~Llfj6 -5 5 +23 +2 +58 +540 ~+635 + 440
, ...
.. -. i ~:2 I I
69 -106 -lot -80 8 -45 -45 -31 o \ 0 0 o +20 +20 +68 +68 +68 +68 +135 135 /+230 + 230 \-i230 + !?30 +; 200
1=
172 + 480
I /
t I I - - . . .. . .. -_.-. _ . -_I
-.. -- .. . - ----------------- ---- .-....
.., .___ ,____ .,..
--_
 SP: 46-1988

C-S.2 Limits for the tolerance zones enclosed in C-5.3. Dimeruions for the fits chosen from the
the frames in Tables C-l are given in Table C-2. tolerance zones enclosed in the frames in Table C-1
are given in Table C-3.

iABLE C-4 CDMMDNLY USED PFIS

With Holes Remakrs

we of class of
Fit Shaft H6 H7 HI1
B all
- Large clearance tit and widely used
b bll
--
C - cl1 Slack running fit

d d8* $8*,d9,dlO d8*, d9, d10 d9 LOOSC rUMing tit

8
e7* e8 e8, e9* Easy running tit
1 .e
f f6+ t7 - t-l, f8* Normal inning fit
--
g5* g6 - Close running tit or sliding tit, also
g
spigot and location tit
-
h h5* h6 h7,h8*,h9 hll Precision sliding tit. Also fine spigot
and location fit.
I
js js5* js7*
I push tit for very accurate location-
witb easy assembly and disassembly

Light keying tit (true transition) for

k5* k6 k7* keyed shafts, non-running locked
pins, etc.
mS* m6* m7* Medium keying fit
11 n5* n7* Heavy keying fit (for tigh? assembly
matingsurfaces)

p P5* ~6 P7* Light press tit $h easy dismantl-

ing for non-ferrous parts. Standard
press fit with easy dismantling for I
feeby and non-ferrous parts as-

r5* r6 Medium drive tit with easy dis-

mentling for ferrous parts assembly
I
Light drive fit with easy dismentl-
ling for non-ferrous parts assembly
s5* 96 Heavy drive fit for ferrous parts

ts* t6*
-l-L t7*
permanent or semi-permanent
assembly standard mess tit for non- I
ferrous parts _
Force fit on ferrous parts for per-
manent assembly
u7* Heavy force tit or shrink tit 1
+ Second preference tits.

(Continued)

101
sP:46-1988

TABLE C-4 (Concluded)

II FaSYmfts

! ! ! t:f 1,Large clearance fit widely u&l

-- I ! 1
I
Cl1 I Slack running fit
I ,I
DlO DlO 1 Dll+ 1 LOOSe NlUlb fit
I I I I
ES E9 fiQ NMillg tit

F8 F8 Normal NMing fit

I
q-i+- cbe NMhg sliding tit. al&
fit or
spigot and location fit
I 4 I
H 1 H6+ 1 H7 H8 HS H8,H9 Hll Precision sliding fit. Also fine SpieDt
and location fit.
Js 1 Js6+ 1 Js7 Js8 Push tit for very accurate location
with em assemblv and diaasxmMv
K K6* K7 KS Light keying fit (true transition)
for keyed shafts, non-running
I I

I I
M M6 -ru7* MS+
N N6+ N7 N8+ Heavy keying fit (for tight assembly
of math surfaces)

I
+-
0)
E
e
c
I S s6* s7

-l---l-
E

T T6+ T7 Force fit on ferrous parts for per-

manent asnembly
* 8econtl preference fits.

103
 sP:46-1988

APPENDIX D
GENERAL TOLERANCES FOR LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS

D-l.General - Specifies the permissible machir@q bending, etc, and is not applicable for production
variations in linear and angular dimensions without
l methods like casting, forging, processing, welding,
.tolerance indications. flame cutting, etc.

D-l.1 This standard is applicable for alI machining D2.Dcviations

processes with chips like turning, .milling, etc, and
without chips like drawing, printing, embossing, pipe D-2.1 Lineor Dimensions - Shall be as given in
Table D-l.

TABLE D-1 DEVIATIONS FOR LINEAR DIMENSIOW

(AU dimensions in millimetres)
-

Bssof
tion
Vb-
Above 30
Rowe
120
- of. Nominal Dimensions
315 1000 2000 4000 8000 12000 16000
up to
and 120 315 1000 2000 4000 8000 12Wcl 16000 20000
including

Fine f0.15 50.2 kO.3 f 0.5 + 0.8 - - - -

Medium + 0.3 + 0.5 + 0.8 f1.2 +2 +3 f4 f5 f6
Coarse -+0.8 + 1.2 +2 +3 f4 f5 +6 +7 +8
Extra +1.5 !tl ltl 1 f4 /*6 f8 1 flQ It12 /+12
zearse

D-2.2 Radii and Chamfer - Shall be as given in Table D-2.

TABLE D-2 DEVIATIONS FOR RADII AND CHAMFERS

(AU dimensions in millimetres)

CIass of 1 Range
_ .of NomingI Dimensions
Deviation 1
Above 0.5 3 6 30 120
Up to and 3 6 30 120 315
in&ding

Fine and
medium
1 -+02
- . f 0.5 fl k 2 f4

Coarse and f 0.2 fl +2 f4 f8

extra coarse

103
 D-2.3Angular Dimensions - Shall be as given in Table D-3.

TABLE D-3 DEVIATIONS FOR ANGULAR DIMENSIONS

(Alt dimensions in millimetresj

class of Permissible Variationson Length of Shorter sde of Angle

Devirrtion
upto 10 Over IO to 50 over 50 to 120 ova? I20
mm per Wee mm per
Degree
1OOmm Degr- Degree
1OOmm ~?hK I%?::

Fine and -+I0 t1.8 530 f0.9 f20 f0.6 tie f0.3
medium

Coarse + lO30 t 2.6 fs0 f1.5 f25 *0:7 *15 f 0.4

Extra coarse k3O + 5.1 _+2O f3.S *lo + 1.8 *30 f 0.9

D-3.Indications in Drawings - In the space provided for example, Medium IS:21@2,Coarse IS:2102,
for the purpose of drawings or otherwise, two etc.
methods of indications are suggested* b) The values of the permissible variations to be
shown in general note for dimensions without
a) Class of deviation required shall be indicated, tolerance indications.

104
 SP : 46-1988

ALPHABETICALINDEX
A
Cones, dimensioning and tolerancing 13
Abbreviations 19 Conventional representation of
Additional dimension 11.2.2.5(a) - common features, Table 10.2
Adjacent parts 9.3.1 - gears 10.4
Altitude, indication of 11.6.2.2 - axial section 10.4.1.1 (b)
Angles 1 IS.1 -chain wheels 10.4.2.6
Angle Section, Table 15.5 contours and edges 10.4. I I
Angular dimension, tolerance of, Appendix D 1 direction of teeth 10.4.1.4
Angular dimensional values 11.3.4.1 - pitch surface 10.4.1.2
Angular spacing, dimensions of 11.5.2.2 - root surface 10.4.1.3
Angularity, Table 18.1 -teeth 10.4.1.4
Arc end 11.3.3.5 - gear assembly
Arcs,1 15.1 -external 10.4.2.1
Arrangement of dimensions 11.4 -internal 10.4:2.2
Arrangement of successive section 9.2.9 - bearing, Table 10.2
Arrow heads 11.3.3.1(a) - diamond knurling, Table 10.2
Assembly drawings (gear pairs) 10.4.2 - radial ribs, Table 10.2
Assembled threaded parfs 10.2.1.7 - ratchet and pinion, Table 10.2
Assembly drawing, planning of 3 - repetative features, Table 10.2
Auxiliary dimension 11.2.1.1 (c) - screw threads
- assembled threaded parts 10.2.1.7
B -endview 10.2.1.4
- hiddon screw threads 10.2.1.2
Basic size 12.3.1 (a) - incomplete threads 10.2.1.6
Bearing, conventional representation of, Table 10.2 -limitofusefullen~h 10.2.1.5
Bok&,T;b; 15.2 and 15.4 - section of threaded parts 10.2.1.3
- P rated shafts, Table 10.2
Bulb angle section, Table 15.5
- sloated heads, Table 10.2
Bulb flat, Table 15.5
- splined shaft Table 10.2
C - straight knurhng, Table 10.2
- springs 10.3
- compres$on springs 10.3.1
Centre line, Table 6.1, 6.5(d), 11.3.2.7 -cup spnngsi0.3:5
Centring mark 1.7 - leaf iprings 10.3.4
- spiral springs1 0.3.6
Chain dimensioning 11.4.1
Chain lines, Tables 6.1 - tension springs1 0.3.2
Chain wheels 10.4.2.6 - torsion springs 10.3.3
Chamfers 11.5.4.1, 15.3, D-2.2 Common feature, dimensioning, from 11.4.2
Channel Section, Table 15.5 Contour lines 11.6.4.2
Coordinates 11.4.3.2
Choice of tolerance C-4
Countersinks 11.5.4.2
Choice of views 8.2.4
Cup springs 10.3.5
Chords 11.5.1
Cutting planes 9.2.5
Circular run-out, Table 18.1 designation of 9.2.4.3
Circular solid section, Table 15.5 position of 9.2.4.3
Circular spacing, dimensioning of 11.5.2.4 section in one plane 9.2.5.1
Circularity, Table 18.1 SeCtiOn in three planes 9.2.5.3
Classification of fits C-3 section in two intersecting planes 9.2.5.4
Clearance fit, Fig. B-3, C-3.1.1 section in two parallel planes 9.2.5.2
Coaxiality, Table 18.1 Cylindricity, Table 18.1
Coinciding lines
- order of priority 6.5 D
Colour, use of 9.3.10
Combined dimensioning 11.4.4 Dashed line, Table 6.1
Compression springs 10.3.1 Datum feature, Fig. 18.2
Commonly used fits Datum letter, Fig. 18.1
- for holes, Table C-4.1 Datum target, symbol, Fig. 18.8.
- for shafts, Table C-4.11 Datum triangle, Fig. 18.2

105
SP : 46-1988

Designation of - space, too small 11.3.3.3

- bars 15.5 -f spacin&, angular 1 J .5.2.2
- bolts 15.2.3.3 4 spacings, circular 11.5.2.4
- holes 15.2.3.4 - special requirement J 1.5.5.6
- plates 15.5 - spherical diameter 11.3.4.4
- profile section 15.5 - spherical radius I I .3,4.4
- rivet 15.2.3.3 - tapered features 13.3
- sheet 15.5 - welds 16.4
Deviations Diamond knurling, Table 1@2
for angular dimensions, Table D-3 Drafting aids J 7.2
for chamfers Table D-2 Drawing,sheet I
indication$.?drawings D-3 Drawings, typical examples of, Appendix A
positive; Fig. B-5
negative, Fig. B-5
for radii, Table D-2 E
Diagrametic representation 15.7
Diameter 11.3.4.4 Ed_gesof gear 10.4.1.1
Dimension 11.2.1 .I Element of dimensioning 11.3.~
- additional 11.2.2.5(a) Elements on a larger scale 9.3.8
Elevation 11.6.3.2
- arrangement 11.4 Elevation datum 1f.6.4.3
- auxiliary 11.2.1.1(c) End product 11.2.1.3
- lunctional 11.2.1.1(a), 11.2.2.7 End view of screw threads 10.2.1.4
- indication 11.4 Equidistant features 11.5.2
- dfJe;:;m3g 7.2 Examples, Appendix A

1 line21 1.j.2 F
- non functional J1.2.l.l(b)
out of scale 11.3.4.3 Features 11.2.1.2
1 square 11.3.4.4 First angle projection 8.2.2.1
- superimposed, running 11.3.4.1(b) - symbol, Fig. 8-3
- theoretically exact, Fig. 18.3 Fits B.4
- unit 11.2.2.4 Fits commonly used
Dimensional information 1 J 2.2.~ - for holes, Table C.4 1
Dimensional values 11.3.4, 11.4.2.4 - for shafts, Table C.4 11
- angular 11.3.4.1 Flatness, Table 18.1
- indication of 11.3.4.1(b), Folding of drawing print 4
- out of scale 11.3.4.3 - basic principle 4.2
- positioning 11.3.4.2 - for binding, F&4.1
Dimensioning 11 for storing in filing cab&et, Fig. 4.2
- arc, length of 15.4 Frames 1.6
- an assembly 11.5 5.3 Functional dimensions 11.2.1.1(a), 11.2.2.7
- basic ta er method 13.4.2
-bolts 1P.2.3L5 G
chain 1 I .4.1
Z chamfers J JS.4. I, 15.3 Gear 10.4
- .combined 11.4.4 --axial section 10.4.1.1.(b)
- common feature II .4.2 - chain wheels 10.4.2.6
cones 13 - contoursand edges 10.4.1.1
1 by coordinates 11.4.3 - engagement
- coordinate system 17.7 -bevel 10.4.2.4
- countersinks 11.5.4.2 - cylindrical warm,in cross section ~0.4.2.5

- elements of 11.3.1 - external 10.4.2.1

- elements of revolution 11.5.5.5 - internal 10.4.2.2

- general princi les 1 J - pitch surface 10.4.1.2
- gusset plate A.6 - root surface 10.4.) ,3
- hole I .2.3.5 - teeth 10.4.1.4
-- indic&ms,other 11.5.5 - teeth,direction of 10.4.1.4
- Indirect functional 11.2.2.7 Geometrical tolerancing 18
- limited area 11.5.5.4 -location tolerance, Table 18.1
- limited length 11.5.5.4 -orientation tolerance, Table 18.1
- method of 1J .3 - related features, Table 18.1
-~oblique 11.3.4.1(b) -, single feature, Table 18.1
- parallel J J.4.2.3 Geometrical toleranclng, symbols for
-- radii 11.5.1 -angularity, Table 18.1
repeated features 1J .5,3 .- circular run-out, Table 18.1
1 rivets 15.2.3.5 - circularity, Table 18.1
- coaxiality, Table 18.1
106
 SP : 46-1988

- cylindricity, Table 18.1 - termination of 6.6

Flatness Table f8.1 Leaf spring 10.3.4
1 parallel&n, Table 18.1 Lettering 7
- perpendicularity, Table 18.1 - dimensions 7.2
- position, Table 18.1 inclined 7.3
- profile of any lint, Table 18. I Lettering A, Table 7.1
iprolilc of any surlacc, Table IS.1 - specimen 7.5.1
- straightness, Table 18.1 Lettering B Table 7.2
- symmetry, Table 18.1 - specimen 7.5.2
total run-out, Table 18.1 Levels, indication of I 1.6
Grid 17.4 - on horizontal (plan) views 11.6.3
Grid reference, 1.8 - on sections 11.6.3
Gusset plate, 15.6 - on vertical section 11.6.2
- on vertical views 11.6.2
H Levels on site layout 11.6.4
Limits and fit, Appendix B
Half section 9.2.7 Limits of partial views 8.2.6
Hatching 9.2.1 Limit of sizes 12.3.3
- to indicat,etype of material 9.2.2 - in one direction 12.3.4
spacing between parallel lines 6.4 Line 6
Hexagonal hallow section, Table 15.5 - coinciding, order of priority 6.5
Hexagonal solid section, Table IS.5 - spacing of b.4
.Hidden screw threads, 10.2.1.2 -thickness 6.3
Hidden out lines and edges, 6.5(b) - thickeness ratio 6.3.1
Holes, Table 15.2 & 15.3 - type+f 6.2
Hole basis system C-2.1.2 Linear dimensions
- component of 12.3
I - IS0 symbols 12.3.,1
tolerances of, Appendix D
I-beam section, Table 15.5 Gcal sections 9.2.8
Incomplete threads; 10.2.1.6 Local views 8.2.7
Indication of deviations Location tolerance, Table I 8.1
- order of 12.4
- Limit of sizes, 12.4 M
indication of
- dimesnions 1 I .4 Machiningallowance 14.3.4
- dimensional Valves, 11.3.4 Maximum material condition symbol, Fig. 18.1
Indication of tolerances, 12.5 Method of indication of projection 8.2.3
Initial outlines 9.3.9 Multiple sheet drawings 1.9
Interference fit, Fig. B-3, C-3.1.3
Interrupted views 9.3.6 N
Intersections 9.3.2
- imaginary, 9.3.2.2 Negative deviations - Fig. B-5
- simplified representation, 9.3.2.3
Non-horizontal dimension lines 11.3.4.1
-true 9.3.2.1- Non-functional dimension 11.2.1 .l
I&metric projection, 17
- auxiliary view, 17.8 0
coordinates 17.5
1 examples Fig. 17.9 Oblique dimension line 11.3.4.1(b)
- representation Oblique stroke 11.3.3.1(b)
coordinate s stem 17.6 Order of priority of coinciding lines 6.5
1 withgrid 1T.4 Orientation tolerances, Table 18.1
- without grid 17.3 Origin indication, termination 11.3.X
Item Ust 2.4 Out line 11.3.2.7
Item reference 2.2 Out of scale -I dimension values, 11.3.4.3
- Presentation 2.3

K P

Knurling Parallelism, symbol of, Table 18.1

- diamond, Table 10.2 Parallel dimensioning, 11.4.2.3
- straight, Table 10.2 Partial section 11S.S.2
Partial views 8.2.6
I. Parts located ln front of a crrttinq plane 9.3.4
Permissible deviations 12.3.2
by out of drawing 1.4 Pitch surface of gear 10.4.1.2
Lgder lines 11.3.2, 11.6.3.1 PbfU&lgof assembly drawings 3
107
SP : 464988

Plates 15.5.2 - in one plane, 9.2.5.1

Position, symbol, of, Table 18.1 - revolved in relevant views 9.2.6
Positioning of dimensional values 11.3.4.2 - removed 9.2.6.3
Positive deviation Fig. R-5 - ribs, fastners, shafts, spokes of wheels - 9.2.4.t
Presentation - successive 9.2.9
- general principle 8 -in twointersecting planes -9.2.5.4
Profile of any line, Table 18.1 - in two parallel planes 9.2.5.2
Profile of any surface, Table 18.1 Selection of fits, guide for, Appendix C
Projection Sheets 15.5.2
- fast angle 8.2.2.1 Sheet type X - Fig. 1.4
- indication of method, 8.2.3 Sheet type Y - Fig. 1.5
isometric 17 Siile feature, Table 18.1
z lines, Table 6.i, 6.5(f), 11.3.2 Sizes - Designation of 1.3
- symbols Fig. 8.3 & 8.5 Sizes of drawing sheet 1
- third angle 8.2.2.2 - exceptional elongated size 1.3.3
- Projected tolerance zone, symbol, Fig. 18.7 - special elongated sizes 1.3.2
Sizes and layout of drawing sheet 1
- basic principles 1.2
Slope 13.2.2
R Sloted head - Table 10.2
Spacing of lines 6.4
Radial ribs, Table 10.2 Special indication 11.5
Radii 115.1, D-2.2 Special views 8.2.5
Radius 11.3.4.4 Spherical diameter 11.3.4.4
Rail section, Table 15.5 Spherical radius 11.3.4.4
Ratchet and pinion, Table 10.2 Splined shaft - Table 10.2
Recommendations for selection of tolerances C-5 Springs 10.3
Rectangular opening 9.3.3.2 see conventional representation
Rectangular solid section, Table 15.5 Square 11.3.4.4
Reference arrow, 8.2.2.3 Square end on shaft 9.3.3.1
Referenced sections-designation of 9.244 Square hollow section - Table 15.5
Refernece temperature B-2 Square opening 9.3.3.2
Related features, Table 18.1 Square solid section, Table 15.5
Relative position of views 8.2.2 Straight knurling, Table 10.2
Rc,,loved sections 9.2.6.3 Straightness, symbol, Table 18.1
Repeated parts, Table 10.2 Structural metal work, 15
Repetitive features 9.3.7, 115.3 Superimposed running dimensions - 11.3.4.1,
- dimensioning 115.3 11.4.2.4, 11.4.2.5
Representation of
see Conventional representation also Surface texture - 14
-bolts 15.2, Table 15.2 & 15.4 - direction of lay 14.3.2.5
-holes 15.2;Table 15.1 & 15,3 - indication added to the symbol, 14.3
- on projection planes 15.2.2 - indication on drawinns - 14.4
- ribs section, 9.2.4.6 - position of the specit%ation in the symbol 14.3.5
- rivets, 15.2, Table 15.2 & 15.4 - sampling length 14.3.2.4
- welds 16 - special characteristics 14.3.2
Revolved section 9.2.6 - symbols .14.2
Root surface of gear 10.4.1.3 - symbols with indication of roughness - 14.6.2
- symbols with additional indications - 14.6.3
Symbols for
- bars, profile sections, plates and sheets, Table 15.5
S - bolt, Table 15.5
- diameter 11.3.4.4
Scales - 5 - direction of lay, Table 14.2
- definition 5.2 - geometrical tolerancing, Table 18.1
- designation 5.3 -holes 15.2.1.2
enlargement scale - 5.2.3 machining - 14.2.2
1 full size 5.2.2 1 projection system, Fig. 8.3 & 8.5
- ratio 5.2.1,5.3 -rivets-Table 15.1 & 15.4
Screw threads - Conventional representation Radius 11.3.4.4
see Conventional representation 1 Slope - 13.2.2
Sections - 9.2 - spherical diameter 11.3.4.4
- arrangement of successive one 9.2.9 - spherical radius 11.3.4.4
cutting planes - 9.2.5 -square 11.3.4.4
1 half - 9.2.7 -taper - 13.2.2
- intersection - 9.3.2 -weld - 16
- local - 9.2.8 see weld symbols also
108
 SP : 46.1988

T Views - 8.2
choice of 8.2.4
T-Section, Table 15.5 1 designation ^ _,8.2.1
Taper 13.2.1 front 8.2.1.1
Taper standard 13.3.3 - interrupted 9.3.6
- dimensioning -. 13.3 - local 8.2.7
- tolerancing - 13.4 - partial 8.2.6
Teeth of gear 10.4.1.4 - reference arrow 8.2.2.3
Tension springs- 10.3.2 .- relative position 8.2.2
Terminations - 11.3.3 - special 8.2.5
- arrow heads 11.3.3.4, 11.3.3.5 - symmetrical parts 9.3.5
- leader lines 6.6 Visible screw threads 10.2.1.1
- sizes of - 11.3.3.2
Thick line, Table 6.1, 6.3 W
Thin line, TabJe 6.1, 6.3
Thin sections 9.23 Weld - 16
Third angle projection 8.2.2.2 Weld symbols 16.2
- symbol, Fig. 8.5 --backing run; back or backing weld (USA),
Title block 1.5 Table 16.1(9)
- position - 15.1 - butt weld 1 Table 16.1(l)
Tolerance - combination of 16,2.2
recommendation for selection C.5 - concave fillet weld, Table 16.3
1 symbols - 12.3.1(b), B-6 convex double-V butt weld, Table 16.3
Tolerance, indication of 12.5 1 elementary - 16.2.1, Table 16.1
Tolerance for -fillet weld, Table 16.1(10)
- angular deviation, Appendix D - flat (flux) single V butt weld, Table 16.3
- linear deviations, Appendix D - flat (flush) single V butt weld
Tolerance on angular deviations 12.6 with flat (flush) backing run, Table 16.3
Tolerancing cone 13 method of representation, Fig. 16.1
Tolerance of parts B-3 1 plug weld, plug or slot weld (USA),
Torsion spring !0.3:3 Table 16.1(11)
Total run-out, Table 18.1 - position 16.3
Transition fit, Fig. B-3, C-3.1.2 - relation between the arrow line and the
Transparent object 9.3.11 the joint 16.3.2
Triangular solid section, Table 15.5 - seem weld, Table 16.1(13)
True intersections 9.3.2.1 - single bevel butt weld, Table 16.1
Type of drawings - sinale bevel butt weld with broad root face,
- assembly 3.2 Ta%e 16.1(6)
- individual 3.3 - single J-butt weld - Table 16.1(8)
Types of lines 6.2, Table 6.1 - single U-butt weld (parallel or sloping sides),
Table 16.1(7)
- single V-b&weld, Table 16.1(3)
U - single V-butt weld with broad root face
Table 16.1(5)
Units 11.2.2.4, 12.2 - spot weld, Table 16.2(12)
Use of colour 9.3.10 - square butt weld, Table 16.1(2)
- supplementary -:16.2.3;Table 16.2
V
Z
Values of deviations 12.3.1.1
Values by digits 12.5.2 Z-section, Table 15.5
Vertical Views & Sections 11.6.2.3 Zeroline, B-6, Fig. B.l, B.2 and B.5

109
SP : 464988

INDIAN STAJUDARDS REFERRED

IS: 813-1986 Scheme of symbols for welding

IS: 919 (Part lj1963 Recommendation for limits and fits for engineering : Part 1 General engineering
IS:1076 (Part lj1985 Preferred numbers : Part I Series of preferred numbers
ISQ 3-1973

IS: 10?6 (Part 2j1985 Preferred numbers : Part 2 Guide to the use of preferred numbers and se&s of
ISO 17-1973 preferred numbers

IS: 1076 (Part 3j1985 Preferred numbers : Part 3 Guide to the choice of series of preferred numbers and
IS0 497-1973 series containing more rounded values of preferred numbers

IS: 2102 (Part ij1980 General tolerances for dimensions and form and position : Part 1 General tole-
rances for linear and angular dimensions
IS: 2709-1982 Guide for selection of fits
IS: 3073-1967 Assessment of surface roughness
IS: 3403-1981 Dimensions for knurls
IS: 4218 (Part lj1976 lS0 metric screw threads : Part 1 Basic and design profiles
1s: 4218 (Part 2j1916 IS0 metric screw threads : Part 2 Diameter pitch combination
IS: 4218 (Part 3j1974 IS0 metric screw threads : Part 3 Basic dimensions for design profile
IS: 4218 (Part 4j1976 IS0 metric screw threads : Part 4 Tolerancing system
IS: 4218 (Part 53-1979 1SO metric screw threads : Part 5 Tolerances
IS: 4218 (Part 6j1978 IS0 metric screw threads : Part 6 Limits of sizes for commercial bolts and nuts
IS: 7283-1974 Hot rolled bars for production of bright bars
IS: 8000 (Part I)-1985 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings : Part 1 Tolerances of form, orienta-
IS0 1 iOI-1983 tion, location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions

IS: 8000 (Part 2j1976 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings : Part 2 Maximum material principles
IS: 8000 (Part 3 j1985 Geometrical tolerancing on technicai drawings : Part 3 Dimensioning and toleranc-
1SO 1660-1982 ing of profiles

IS: 8000 (Part 411976 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings : Part 4 Practical examples of indi-
cation on drawings
1s: 9609 (Part l)-1983 Lettering on technical drawings : Part 1 English characters
ISO 3098/l - 1974

IS: 9609 (Part 2 j1985 Lettering on technical drawings : Part 2 Greek characters
lS0 3098;!3- 1984

IS: 101641985 Requirements to execute technical drawings for microcopyiqg

IS0 6428-1982

IS: 1071 I-1983 Sizes of drawing sheet

IS0 5457- 1980

IS: 10712-1983 Presentation of item references 011technical drawings

IS0 6433-1981

IS: 10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawings

IS0 s455- 1979

IS: 10714-1983 General principles of presentation on technical drawings

!SO 6433-1981

1s: 10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawings

IS0 6410-1981

IS: li3716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs on.technica! drawings

IS0 2 162-1973

110
 SP : 461988

IS: .10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawings

IS0 2203-1973

IS: 10718-1983 Method of dimensioning and tolerancing cones on technical drawings

IS0 3040-1974

IS: 10719+1983 Method of indicating surface texture on technical drawings

IS0 1302-1978

IS: 10720-1983 Technical drawings for structural metal work

IS0 5261-1981

IS: 10721-1985 Datum and datum systems for geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings
IS0 5459-1981

IS: 10990-1984 Code of practice for industrial piping diagram

IS: 11065 (Part 1)1984 Drawing practice for axonometric projection :.Part 1 Isometric projection
IS: 11065 (Part 2).1985 Drawing practice for axonometric projection : Part 2 Dimetric projection
IS: 11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features
IS: 116641986 Folding of drawing punts
IS: 11665-1985 Technical drawings - Title blocks
IS0 7200-1984

IS: 116661985 Technical drawings - Item lists

IS0 7573-1983

IS: 11667-1985 Technical drawings - Linear and angular tolerancing - Indications on drawings
IS0 4061982

IS: 11669-1986 General principles of dimensioning on technical drawings

IS0 129-1985

IS: 11670-1986 Abbreviations for use in technical drawings

111