Workbook FM
Workbook FM
Workbook FM
1. A conical pointed shaft turns in a conical bearing. The gap between shaft and the
bearing is filled with heavy oil having the viscosity of = 0.2 Ns/ .
a. Obtain an algebraic expression for the shear stress that acts on the surface of the
conical shaft.
b. Calculate the viscous torque that acts on the shaft.
Integrating,
2.The velocity field is given as x and y are in meters and A=0.3 .
Find:
Solution:
(a) For streamline we have
(b) . At (2,8)
(c)
Integrate to get the function of the x coordinate of the particle as a function of time.
Integrate to get the function of the y coordinate of the particle as a function of time.
At s,
1.The velocity distribution for laminar flow between the parallel plates is given by
Where h is the distance separating the plates and the origin is placed midway between
the plates. Consider a flow of water at 15C, with m/s and h = 0.50 mm.
Calculate the shear stress on the upper plate and give its direction. Sketch the variation
of shear stress across the channel.
2. A female ice skater of mass 60 kg glides on one skate at speed V = 6m/s. Her weight is
supported by a thin film of liquid water melted from the ice by the pressure of the skate
blade. Assume the blade is L = 300mm long and w = 3 mm wide, and that the water film
is h = 0.0016 mm thick. Estimate the deceleration of the skater that results from viscous
shear in the water film.
3. The device in Fig. is called a cone-plate viscometer. The angle of the cone is very small
and the gap is filled with the test liquid. The torque M to rotate the cone at a rate is
measured. Assuming a linear viscosity profile in the fluid film, derive an expression for
fluid viscosity as function of (M, R, , ).
4.A flat disc rotates on a table and is separated from it by an oil film. If the torque
required to rotate the disc at 50 rpm is 3 gm-cm, find the viscosity of the oil.
6.The figure below shows pathlines of particles released at (0, 0) at a gap of 1 second
(0 t 10). The time indicated in the figure shows the time at which the particle was
released.
(a) Explain giving reasons if this flow is steady or unsteady.
(b) Sketch the figure and on it draw a qualitative pattern of the streakline of
particles passing through (0, 0) observed at t = 6s.
EXERCISE 2
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION - I
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
Solution: Taking pressure difference across each liquid column one by one
Similarly,
At free surface; dP = 0
Gage pressure at A =
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid
1. The tube arrangement shown rotates about axis AA at 600/ rpm. Determine the
levels in column C1, C2, C3in the new position of equilibrium. If the axis is shifted to BB
what are the levels? (The tubes are long enough to prevent spillage) The level h is
when the tube is at rest.
2. A partially full can of soft drink is placed at the outer edge of a childs merry-go-
round, located R =15 m from the axis of rotation. The can diameter and height are D =
65mm and H = 120 mm. The can is half-full of soda, with specific gravity SG = 1.06.
Evaluate the slope of the liquid surface in the can if the merry-go-round spins at 0.3
revolutions per second. Calculate the spin rate at which the can would spill, assuming no
slippage between the can bottom and the merry-go-round. Would the can most likely
spill or slide off the merry-go-round?
3. The tank is Fig. is filled with water and has a vent hole at point A. The tank is 1 m
wide into the paper. Inside the tank, a 10 cm balloon, filled with helium at 130 kPa, is
tethered centrally by a string. If the tank accelerates to the right at 5 m/ in rigid body
motion, at what angle will the balloon lean? Will it lean to the right or left?
4. A salt water tank is in the shape of a cuboid of dimensions with its depth being 10 m.
Due to the presence of salt; the density is not constant but varies with depth as
5. The system in the figure shown is open to 1 atm on the right side.
6. A log of 1m diameter supports water and oil (sp. Gravity 0.82) as shown. Find the
Weight per unit length of the log if the contact with the wall is frictionless.
7. Obtain the gauge pressure in terms of the two densities and the level
differences for the arrangement shown.
8. Compute the force required to support the gate shown at the bottom of the tank. Take
the width of the gate to be 1 m.
EXERCISE 3
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION II
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SURFACES
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SURFACES
1. Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank. Find the force on the gate if its width is w.
Non uniform pressure distribution over the gate surface, hence integration is required.
Consider an element of length dx at a distance of x from the top of the gate.
Solution: Non uniform pressure distribution over the gate surface, hence integration is
required. Consider an element of length dx at a distance of x from A.
Suppose now the container is pushed slowly under water (water density = ). Assuming
that the pressure of the air is trapped in the container is related to its volume by
Derive an expression for the depth h of the container at which the door will be turned
inward at an angle .
Solution:
Force on the door = Force due to water + Force due air trapped in the container
Absolute pressure due to water on the door at a distance lfrom the hinge:
Force on an element :
Solve to get:
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SURFACES
1. Given h, R, g, and the water density , determine the horizontal F force per unit of
length normal to the paper required to keep the S-shape gate closed. Neglect friction in
bearing O.
2. Given AB in the figure is 1.2 m long and 0.8 m into the paper. Neglecting the
atmospheric pressure, compute the force F on the gate and its centre of pressure
position X.
3. Gate ABC in the figure has a fixed hinge line at B and is 2 m wide into the paper. The
gate will open at A to release water if the water depth is high enough. Compute the
depth h for which the gate will begin to open.
4. The 1mdiameter log (SG=0.80) in the 2m long into the paper and dams water as
shown. Compute the net vertical and horizontal reactions at point C.
5. Gate AB in the figure shown is 15 ft long and 8 ft wide into the paper and is hinged at
B with a stop at A. The gate is 1-in thick steel, SG = 7.85. Compute the water level h for
which the gate will start to fall.
6. The quarter circle BC in figure is hinged at C. Find the horizontal force P required
tohold the gate stationary. Neglect of the weight of the gate.
EXERCISE 4
INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME - I
Integral Relations
1. A long, flat plate of breadth L(L being small compared with the length perpendicular
to the sketch) is hinged at the left side to a flat wall, and the gap between the plate and
wall is filled with an incompressible liquid of density . If the plate is at a small angle
(t) and is depressed at an angular rate.
Obtain an expression for the average liquid speed u(x, t) in the x-direction at station x
and time t.
2. An incompressible fluid flows past an impermeable flat plate, as in Fig with a uniform
inlet profile and a cubic polynomial exit profile
Compute the volume flow Q across the top surface of the control volume.
3. In some wind tunnels the test section is performed to suck out fluid and provide a
thin viscous boundary layer. The test section wall in Fig contains 1200 holes of 5-mm
diameter each per square meter of wall area. The suction velocity through each hole is
= 35 m/s. Assuming incompressible steady flow of air at 20C, compute a) , b)
and c) , in m/s.
4.A steady two-dimensional water jet, 4 cm thick with a weight flow rate of 1960 N/s,
strikes an angled barrier as shown in Fig. Pressure and water velocity are constant
everywhere. Thirty percent of the jet passes through the slot. The rest splits
symmetrically along the barrier. Calculate the horizontal force F needed to hold the
barrier per unit thickness into the paper.
5. The open tank in Fig. contains water at 20C and is being filled through section 1.
Assume incompressible flow. First derive an analytic expression for the water-level
change dh/dtin terms of arbitrary volume flows (Q1, Q2, Q3) and tank diameter d. Then, if
the water level h is constant, determine the exit velocity V2 for the given data V1 = 3 m/s
and Q1 = 0.01 m3/s.
EXERCISE 5
INTEGRAL REALTIONS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME - II
Integral Relations
Frictional effects are to be neglected. Velocity profile may be assumed uniform at each
section. Find
Solution:
BE
F =
2. When a uniform stream flows past an immersed thick cylinder, a broad low-velocity
wake is created downstream, idealized as a V shape in Fig. Pressures & are
approximately equal. If the flow is two-dimensional and incompressible, with width b
into the paper, derive a formula for the drag force Fon the cylinder. Rewrite your result
in the form of a dimensionless drag coefficientbased on body length .
Solution:The control volume is chosen such that the outlet is V-shape of length 2L as
shown in Fig. For such an outlet inlet is so chosen so that no fluid leaves out of the CV
from inlet to outlet. In other words, CV is enclosed by streamlines at top and bottom.
Solution: , , ,
We can also say by symmetry that (Same flow velocity and area in & -
directions)
5. Water flows at through a Y connector shown & splits into two streams
having equal velocity. The pressure at point 1 is . Find the x & y components
of force required to hold the Y connector in place. Neglect the weight of the liquid &
connector. The connector is connected to pipes at both inlets & both the exits.
( , , )
Solution:
Flow Rate: Q = ,
1. The 6 cm diameter water jet as shown in the figure strikes a plate containing a hole of
4 cm diameter. Part of the jet passes through the hole and part is deflected. Determine
the horizontal force required to hold the plate.
2. When the pump draws 220 of water from the reservoir, the total friction head
loss is 5m. The flow discharges through a nozzle to the atmosphere. Estimate the pump
power in kW delivered to the water.
3. Consider flow of water past an infinite set of blades which turn the flow through an
angle as shown in the figure. The blade spacing is and the width of the blade (in the
direction normal to the paper) is W. The effect of gravity can be neglected. In terms of S,
W, , and the density derive expressions for
4. The Sluice gate on a dam is raised to allow the flow of water as shown. Estimate the
force acting on the gate per unit width. Assume 1-D flow downstream of the gate and
the pressure distribution to be hydrostatic far upstream and downstream.
5. Water flows through a circular nozzle, exits into the air as a jet and strikes on a plate
as shown. The force required to hold the plate steady is 70 N. Assuming steady,
frictionless and 1-D flow estimate
6. The horizontal wye fitting splits the water flow rate equally. If and
and losses are neglected, estimate
a)
b)
c) The vector force required to keep the wye in place.
EXERXISE 6
DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR FLUID FLOW
Differential Relations
Velocity:
Now,
Solution: Assume
Navier-Stokes Equation
r component: (Simplify)
component: (Simplify)
z component: (Simplify)
Shear stress in annular gap:
Boundary conditions on
i. At
ii. At
Solution: Assumptions
2. Steady flow
3. Incompressible flow
C.E. For A: =
C.E. For B: =
1. y = 0 ; =
2. y = h ; =
= & =
1. =
2.
Equation 1
Equation 2
= =
4.An incompressible fluid flows radially through a long and thin inner porous cylinder
of radius , across to the outer, concentric porous cylinder of radius . The non
gravitational pressure at is and the radial velocity at the inner cylinder is . For
steady, laminar flow between the two cylinders, simplify the continuity equation and
the three components of the Navier Stokes equation and then solve them to obtain p in
terms of and .
Solution: Assumptions
1. Radial flow
2. Steady flow
3. Incompressible flow
4. At r = Pressure P =
Velocity =
C.E.
P(r, z) =
Equation 2
p(r, z) =
P(r) =
Differential Relations
Consider flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a long pipe of Radius R (L>>R)
caused by a pressure difference between the two ends of the pipe. Assume
axisymmetric velocity field with . Find
6. A liquid of density and viscosity flows laminarly down a wide flat inclined plate as
shown. After an initial developing flow region, the depth of the liquid becomes constant
at h. Show that the pressure within the fluid in the fully developed region is a function of
y alone, and is given by the hydrostatic pressure distribution with g replaced by g .
Obtain the velocity profile and the flow rate per unit width of the plate.
EXERCISE 7
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILARITY
Dimensional Analysis
1.A model propeller 600 mm in diameter is tested in a wind tunnel. Air approaches the
propeller at 45 m/s when it rotates at 2000 rpm. The thrust and torque measured under
these conditions are 110 N and 10 N-m respectively. It is known that and Tdepends
on diameter, D, propeller speed, , air speed, V, viscosity, and density . A prototype
10 times as large as the model is to be built. At a dynamically similar operating point,
the approach air speed is to be 120 m/s. Calculate the speed, thrust, and torque of the
prototype propeller under these conditions, neglecting the effect of viscosity but
including density.
Solution:
Primary dimensions:
Repeating variables:
Form groups:
When then,
Thus,
Solution:
Primary dimensions:
[ ]= ;
Repeating variables:
(By inspection)
(By inspection)
For dynamic similarity
Also,
Dimensional Analysis
Viscosity effects are negligible. Find appropriate pi groups for this problem and rewrite
the function in dimensionless form.
3.The power P generated by a certain windmill design depends on its diameter D, the air
density , the wind velocity V, the rotation rate , and the number of blades n.
1. In tinyland, houses are less than a foot high! The rainfall is laminar! The drainpipe is
only 2 mm in diameter.
Solution:Computing equation:
Solve for V,
Rate of draining =
Solution:Computing equation:
Thus, d =
1. The gutter and smooth drainpipe remove rainwater from the roof if a building. The
smooth drainpipe is 7 cm in diameter.
2. The reservoirs are connected by cast iron pipes joined abruptly, with sharp-edged
entrances and exit. Including minor losses, estimate the flow of water if the surface of
reservoir 1 is 15 m higher than that of reservoir 2.
3. For straightening and smoothing airflow in a 50 cm diameter duct, the duct is packed
with a honeycomb of thin straws of length 30 cm and diameter 4 mm. The inlet flow is
air at 110 kPa and 20C, moving at an average velocity of 6 m/s. Estimate the pressure
drop across the honeycomb.
4. The reservoirs in Fig contain water at 20C. If the pipe is smooth with L=4500 m and
d = 4 cm, what will the flow rate in m3/h be for z = 100m?
5. Fig shows a smooth inlet pipe, with or without a 15 conical diffuser expanding to a 5-
cm diameter exit. The pipe entrance is sharp-edged. Calculate the flow rate
a) without the diffuser
b) with the diffuser
6: For the series-parallel system,all pipes are 8 cm diameter asphalted cast iron. If the
total pressure drop p1-p2 = 750 kPa, find the resulting flow rate Q m3/h for water at
20C. Neglect minor losses.
EXERCISE 9
POTENTIAL FLOW
Potential Flow
Now calculate potential function from both the components and compare them
+ =
+ =
Solution:Stream Function
Potential Function:
Velocity Function:
1. Consider the superposition of a free stream and a vortex pair at (0,-a) and (0, +a) of
circulations I and I. Obtain the stream function of this combination and determine the
location of stagnation points along the x axis.
Find:
3. A flow is described by the stream function . Locate the point at which the
velocity vector has a magnitude of 7 units and makes an angle of with X-axis.