Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things : near far
near in distance or time (this, these)
far in distance or time (that, those) singular this that
Here are some examples with demonstrative pronouns:
This tastes good.
Have you seen this?
plural these those
These are bad times.
Do you like these?
That is beautiful.
Look at that!
Those were the days!
Can you see those?
This is heavier than that.
These are bigger than those.

Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a demonstrative
pronoun stands alone, while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)
That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun)
Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for things only. But we can use them for people when the person is
identified. Look at these examples:
This is Josef speaking. Is that Mary?
That sounds like John.

Here/There
Here dan there adalah adverb of place [keterangan tempat]. Here menggambarkan sesuatu yang berjarak dekat
dengan si pembicara (seperti this dan these); there menununjukkan sesuatu yang berjarak relatif jauh terhadap
pembicaranya.

Here dan there bisa ditujukan untuk benda yang singular maupun plural.
Pemakaiannya kayak begini:
a. Here/There + is/are +noun
Here are my suitcases

Jika kita menggunakan pronoun [kata ganti orang] seperti ini:

I, you, we, they, he, she, it
Maka rumus yang digunakan adalah seperti ini:
b. Here/There + pronoun + is/are
Here they are

Berikutnya, penggunaan here/there sebagai keterangan tempat juga bisa dibalik dari rumus a maupun b:
c. Noun + is/are +here/there
My suitcases are here
Perhatikan bahwa here dan suitcases saling bertukar posisi dengan susunan di nomor 1a. Artinya sama saja dengan
nomor 1a.

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to
all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word
verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at phrasal verbs
proper.
Phrasal verbs are made of:
verb + adverb
Phrasal verbs can be:
intransitive (no direct object)
transitive (direct object)
Here are some examples of phrasal verbs:
examples
phrasal
meaning
verbs
direct object

1
 get up rise from bed I don't like to get up.
intransitive
phrasal
break He was late because his car
verbs cease to function
down broke down.

put off postpone We will have to put off the meeting.

transitive
phrasal
verbs turn
refuse They turned down my offer.
down

Separable Phrasal Verbs

When phrasal verbs are transitive (that is, they have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts. For
example, "turn down" is a separable phrasal verb. We can say: "turn down my offer" or "turn my offer down".
Look at this table:

They turned down my offer.

transitive phrasal verbs are
separable
They turned my offer down.

However, if the direct object is a pronoun, we have no choice. We must separate the phrasal verb and insert the
pronoun between the two parts. Look at this example with the separable phrasal verb "switch on":
direct John switched on the radio.
object
pronouns
must go John switched the radio on. These are all possible.
between
the two
parts of John switched it on.
transitive
phrasal
verbs John switched on it. This is not possible.

Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs? Some dictionaries tell you when phrasal verbs are separable. If a dictionary
writes "look (something) up", you know that the phrasal verb "look up" is separable, and you can say "look
something up" and "look up something". It's a good idea to write "something/somebody" as appropriate in your
vocabulary book when you learn a new phrasal verb, like this:
get up
break down
put something/somebody off
turn sthg/sby down
This tells you whether the verb needs a direct object (and where to put it).

Imperative
Definition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning or instructions, and (if you use
"please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and
subjunctive).
For example:
Give me that tape, please.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"
For example:
Come here!
Sit down!
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
For example:
Don't go!
Do not walk on the grass.
You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is
"let's not".
For example:
Let's stop now.

2
 Let's have some lunch.
Let's not argue
Let's not tell her about it.
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give
orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone
falls at the end of the sentence:
For example:
Sit down now!
* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last
word has a higher tone than the first word:
For example:
Sit down now!
* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
Watch out!
Look out!
Don't cross!
Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
For example:
Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.
Don't drink alcohol
Don't eat heavy meals
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
For example:
Please take a seat.
Please wait here.
Please hold the line.
Please don't smoke here.
Notes:
Note that an imperative sentence does not require a subject; the pronoun "you" is implied.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Definitions:

Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That is a
cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
Adverbs are words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs, and other
adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers how, when, or where.
The only adverbs that cause grammatical problems are those that answer the question how, so focus on these.
Rule 1

Generally, if a word answers the question how, it is an adverb. If it can have an -ly added to it, place it there.
Examples:
She thinks slow/slowly.
She thinks how? slowly.
She is a slow/slowly thinker.
Slow does not answer how, so no -ly is attached. Slow is an adjective here.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has an -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed.
Rule 2

A special -ly rule applies when four of the senses - taste, smell, look, feel - are the verbs. Do not ask if these senses
answer the question how to determine if -ly should be attached. Instead, ask if the sense verb is being used actively.
If so, use the -ly.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily.
Did the woman actively look with eyes or are we describing her appearance? We are only describing appearance,
so no -ly.
3
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman did actively look with eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.
Good vs. Well

Rule 3

The word good is an adjective, while well is an adverb.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Describes your odor, not how you smell with your nose, so follow with the adjective. You smell well for someone
with a cold.
You are actively smelling with a nose here, so follow with the adverb.
Rule 4

When referring to health, use well rather than good.

Example:
I do not feel well. You do not look well today.
Note: You may use good with feel when you are not referring to health.
Example:
I feel good about my decision to learn Spanish.
Rule 5

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form for comparison. For instance, to
describe one thing we would say poor, as in, "She is poor." To compare two things, we should say poorer, as in,
"She is the poorer of the two women." To compare more than two things, we should say poorest, as in, "She is the
poorest of them all."
Examples:
One Two Three or More
sweet sweeter sweetest
bad worse worst
efficient* more efficient* most efficient*
*Usually with words of three or more syllables, don't add -er or -est. Use more or most in front of the words.
Rule 6

Never drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparison form.
Correct:
She spoke quickly.
She spoke more quickly than he did.
Incorrect:
She spoke quicker than he did.
Correct:
Talk quietly.
Talk more quietly.
Incorrect:
Talk quieter.
Rule 7

When this, that, these, and those are followed by nouns, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun
following them, they are pronouns.
Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective here.
This is for sale.
This is a pronoun here.
Rule 8

This and that are singular, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns. This points to something
nearby while that points to something "over there."
Examples:

4
This dog is mine.
That dog is hers.
This is mine.
That is hers.
Rule 9

These and those are plural, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns. These points to something
nearby while those points to something "over there."
Examples:
These babies have been smiling for a long time.
These are mine. Those babies have been crying for hours. Those are yours.
Rule 10

Use than to show comparison. Use then to answer the question when.
Examples:
I would rather go skiing than rock climbing.
First we went skiing; then we went rock climbing.

Ordinal Number
Definition:
A number that indicates position or order in relation to other numbers: first, second, third, and so on. See also:
"Do not use the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when writing the complete date: January 15
is the date for the examination. However, you may use the ordinal suffixes if you use only the day:
The 15th is the date for the examination. . . .

"Write out ordinal numbers when they contain just one word: third prize, tenth in line, sixtieth
anniversary, fifteenth birthday. Use numerals for the others: the 52nd state, the 21st Amendment."
(Val Dumond, Grammar for Grownups. HarperCollins, 1993)

"When a cardinal number and an ordinal number modify the same noun, the ordinal number always precedes
the cardinal number:
The first two operations were the most difficult to watch.

The second three innings were quite dull.

Preposition

5
Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other
words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case,
gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Some common prepositions are:

about by outside
above despite over
across down past
after during since
against except through
along for throughout
among from till
around in to
at inside toward
before into under
behind like underneath
below near until
beneath of up
beside off upon
between on with
beyond onto within
but out without.
Prepositions typically come before a noun:
For example:
after class
at home
before Tuesday
in London
on fire
with pleasure
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence.
For example:
The book is on the table.
The book is beside the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.
Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.
For example:
The book is on the table.
Compound prepositions
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two
words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.
For example:
The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings.
The book is in front of the clock.
Examples:
The children climbed the mountain without fear.
There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions of Time:
English Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
months / seasons
in August / in winter
time of day
in the morning
in year
in 2006
after a certain period of
in an hour
time (when?)
at for night at night
for weekend at the weekend
a certain point of time at half past nine

6
 English Usage Example

(when?)

from a certain point of

since since 1980
time (past till now)
over a certain period of
for for 2 years
time (past till now)
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
earlier than a certain point
before before 2004
of time
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till / marking the beginning and
from Monday to/till Friday
until end of a period of time
in the sense of how long He is on holiday until
till / until
something is going to last Friday.
I will be back by 6
in the sense of at the latest oclock.
by
up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read
five pages.
Prepositions of Place:
English Usage Example

room, building, street, in the kitchen, in London

town, country in the book
in book, paper etc. in the car, in a taxi
car, taxi in the picture, in the
picture, world world

meaning next to, by an

object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
at for events at a concert, at the party
place where you are to do at the cinema, at school,
something typical (watch at work
a film, study, work)
attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the
being on a surface Thames.
for a certain side (left, on the table
on
right) on the left
for a floor in a house on the first floor
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
by, next to, left or right of somebody Jane is standing by / next
beside or something to / beside the car.
on the ground, lower than
under (or covered by) the bag is under the table
something else
lower than something the fish are below the
below
else but above ground surface
covered by something
put a jacket over your
else
shirt
meaning more than
over over 16 years of age
getting to the other side
walk over the bridge
(also across)
climb over the wall
overcoming an obstacle
higher than something
above else, but not directly over a path above the lake
it

7
 English Usage Example
getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
across (also over)
swim across the lake
getting to the other side
something with limits on
through drive through the tunnel
top, bottom and the sides
movement to person or
building go to the cinema
to movement to a place or go to London / Ireland
country go to bed
for bed
go into the kitchen / the
into enter a room / a building
house
movement in the
go 5 steps towards the
towards direction of something
house
(but not directly to it)
movement to the top of
onto jump onto the table
something
in the sense of where
from a flower from the garden
from

Linking Verbs
Linking verbs are verbs that do not show action; instead, the linking verb renames or describes the subject. In this
example sentence, "The kitten looked happy" the verb looked is used as a linking verb. Many times the verb
looked is an action verb because someone is looking for something, but in the example sentence, looked describes
the kitten in the predicate and that makes looked function as a linking verb. If the word happy is used in the
subject, then happy would have been an ordinary adjective.
Subject | Predicate
The happy cat | looked for the ball. "Looked" functions as an action verb.
The cat | looked happy. "Looked" functions as a linking verb.
There are more examples below and suggestions about how to tell the difference between a linking verb and an
action verb. The table below lists some verbs that are commonly used as linking verbs. Remember, the words in the
list are not always used as linking verbs; it is the FUNCTION of the verb in the sentence that determines its kind.

8
Words that may be used as Linking Verbs

Verbs that are sometimes Forms of to

used as linking verbs be are
[list may not be complete] sometimes
feel used as
taste linking
look verbs
smell is
appear am
grow are
remain was
stay were
turn be
seem being
sound been
become
prove