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s& yue+ xxi
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yTT<{ u>+
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3. s& <T se+ 3
4. s& yue+ 4
5. 14e X_ |Ps+ s&sE\ jTTq 9
6. 14e X_ s&sE\ jTTq 18
7. s& |<+ 21
8. s& e+XeTT\T (=) 25
9. s& d+kqeTT\T 27
10. s& XK\T (=) 28
11. s& Hu n+#H 29
12. n<+`=+&M&T s& sC\T 30
13. b\jT yes& 33
14. nqbs& 37
15. nqyes& 42
16. es]s& 47
17. |<eT{ yes& 51
18. s#yes& 53
19. =+&M&T s&e+X+ (e+Xe+) 54
20. =+&M{ s&e+X+ (e+Xe+) 55
21. seTV+<es s& (jT yes&) s+ 56
22. seTV+<es s&e+X+ (e+Xe+) 59
xxii s& yue+
23. +<TLsT s& s+ 60

24. +<TLsT s& e+X+ 61
25. s&sE\ \| de+ 62
|]b\H eed ` $<q+
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ybs+
eTeTT ` <]
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32. ne T++ 97
33. >VsE yT& 101
34. =+&M&T H{ #] qy 103
35. 14e X_ <T|] #] 106
36. s& \|u<eTT 107
37. s & |u 112
38. s&s |Xd 114
39. =+&M&T |<X+ ` |eTT 115
40. =+&M{ sC\T |eTT\T 116
41. lX\+ 122

s& yue+ xxiii
s+&e u>+ ` s& |s+|s

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1. >q T<s& 127
2. HjTs\T H>eT 131
3. j\y& Hsd+Vs& 137
4. >< q|s& 145
5. bD qeT 153
d+|T d+ds :
6. yeTq 157
sjTs+> |eTTKT\T :
7. & \+ d+Jes& 179
8. zeT+<sT seTk$Ts& 187
9. .d.s& 193
10. $. y+ dTus&jsY 197
11. n>s+ dTsjT\T s& 201
12. & uy& >b\s& 205
13. dT Vq+<s& 211
14. eT] #Hs& 217
15. +>TsT n+jT 223
16. ueq+ y+{$Ts& 225
17. $jTudss& 227
18. H<TsTeT* Hsqs& 231
19. & y.jTdt. sXKss& 235
20. .$. s|TTH<s& 241

xxiv s& yue+
21. |* y+s& 245

22. &| {s& 249
23. =+& y+ s+>s& 253
24. uy& seT#+<s& 257
25. ]yT\ Hs& 261
26. |#\|* dT+<sjT 267
27. #+& |s& 273
28. s$ HsjTDs& 277
29. <+ jTs& 281
30. >TE\ jT\eT+<s& 285
31. qs s|Tes& 287
32. ;$Ts& qsd+Vs& 291
33. ds b|s& 295
34. _.$. dTus& 299
35. su\ <Xs<s$Ts& 303
36. |&\ s+>s& 305
37. n>s\ Xss& 307
38. +<T\ zT\s& 309
39. |~s& es& 313
40. m.d. dTus& 317
41. s=+& Hs|s& 319
42. @sdT njT|s& 323
43. m*$TH{ e<es& 327
44. |. +<s& 329
45. |. Hsqs& 331

s& yue+ xxv
46. ~]X\ y+ seTDs& 335

47. e>T+ dTseTs& 339
48. y~s seT#+<s& 343
49. eTTs& Vd{ 347
50. dT y+>s& 349
51. <=& seT#+<s& 351
52. eT<sT dTus& 355
53. \|* seTdTus& 357
54. eqT>T+ ~HsjTDs& 359
55. +<T\ H>sTqs& 363
dys+> |eTTKT\T :
56. seV<sY = y+ ses& 367
57. & |sT>T ys& 377
< |eTTKT\T :
58. T& y+>s& 379
59. >TD+|* |s& 385
60. es| s$Ts& 391
kVs+> |eTTKT\T :
61. dTses+ ||s& 395
62. & eT+ seT*+>s& 401
63. <TePsT s$Ts& 407
64. & d. HsjTDs& 413
65. s#eT\T seT#+<s& 425
66. es| |{_s$Ts& 431
67. .$. seTDs& 435
xxvi s& yue+
68. eTsT|PsT <+&s$Ts& 439

69. +& >b\s& 443
70. & myT.mdt. s& (eTe\) 447
71. jT<T\ u\X]s& 453
72. & b\ jTX<s& 459
73. . dT+<ss& 463
74. <+ udss& (#s+&sE) 467
$<s+> |eTTKT\T :
75. b. .mH. s& 473
76. . s+s& 477
77. <#] s$Ts& 481
des+> |eTTKT\T :
78. V#Y.jTyT. s& 485
79. _.mH. s& 489
80. _. Hs& 493
81. .$. s& 497
82. es| y+ seTDs& 501
|s+> |eTTKT\T :
83. .. s& 503
84. >C\ eTs& 507
s+> |eTTKT\T :
85. |.{. s& 511
ne< :
86. d<TZsT l HjTq 513

yTT<{ u>eTT
xxviii s& yue+

s& yue+ 1
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ke neds+.
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s& yue+ 5
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sf eqe V\T b&&e.
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| $&e+ <T. |uT\T |<] b<q s& \ b<q\
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|<qyTq n+X+> e+~. <s>+.
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s & \+ +> \& qqT qT ss #Te\dq neds+ @s&s~. >+
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s& dseqe deq k~s#{, $|+ s&

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s&C eTs= ke neds+.
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s& yue+ 9
14e X_ |Ps+ s&sE\ jTTq

14e X_ |Ps| s&sE\ jTTq>] = uejT #<]>sT
|s=HsT.
y+^ <Xe TTq # keeTTqT, zsT>+{jT +<T rjT keeTTqT
$+_+#T#T+&q 11, 12, 13 XT\ s & \E # > | seTTqT
b*+#T#T+&<T > #, rjT keeTT\ q|{ ed+#T#TH
jT## =+<sT s&MsT\T sde qT+&, <Xb\q bZqT#T eqT
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ydeTTq us=H<qT.
X.X. 1039 d+ eTH{ |+|*(u|) b+eTTq ee+<\
=$Ts& =&T bs& jTqTqT&TqT, X.X. 1085 d+ b+eTTq &]
|sb\&>T esk s& #Cs e <q T, |d~ #+~q s &M sT\T> >q&T#THsT.
M] XdqeTT\T u|qT, #CsjT+<TqT >q&T#Tq$.
X.X. 1061 d+ b+eTTq y\H{ T+ > >=+sEe< eTTeT& ;eTes+
njT|s& =&T q+s&jTqTq&= d{>qT+& < seTeTTq+<*
l ;yTXsk$T K+& B| <qeTT >$+jTT+&qT.
X.X. 1080 d+ b+eTTq T+> sC+< #&sE e< *+<y&
ds|s & jTqTq&T eTT<Td]jTqT qT<>eTTq+<T+&qT. &T >& l <seT
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10 s& yue+
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q&~] ds|s&, n+&|] nsTTeTs&, u+&|P& $Ts&, |+*y&
keTTs& jTqTys\T |d~ > qT+& l;yT Xs d<qeTTq y\H{ >=+qb\T
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s& _sT<+T \+<sTqT s&MsT jTjTT+<Ts \ #T#THqT.
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eTTk eTs& jTqTq"&= jTT<>qT+& qeTT&T us&qT, #\T
<qk esT"&T jTs+ >=$THjT"&TqT, eTs~jT>T ds|HjTqT
*d usEq <sseTT> jTqeT<\ >eTeT+<T (>T+sT \T~)
Msu <k$T |w+ j<e |\| u $T eTsTTqT, yT#q T K3qT <q$T
XdqeTT> ysTT+#qT. eTsweTT q+<* s&MsT $<eTTq d~C+<T#T+&T
\eTTqH rjTsE\e< >& =+<sT dH~|T\T> d~q+<T#T e].
n{y ] yTT< us=q<qy"&T s #s eTdH nqT $Ts&. "&T rjT
|uT eqT .X. 1050`80 d+\ eT< b*+q yTT<{ b\sEe< dH~|
+&, +N|s #sE\ sq jTT<eTTq y] sTT+ $T* |U
&dqT. n s H e+XeTTq esTd> eTT#dH, #eT|,
eT#eT| jTqT MsT\T<$ + sE\ =\TeH jTTqT q&T#Tq~.
eT#eT| .X. 1115`1158 d+\ eT< b*+q s +&e b\sE \eTTq
qT+& eT+<q>T+&~|&qT b\sE |] d+V]+ U>+#qT.
eT#eT| esT\>T s#s us&, H$Ts& jTqTys\T esTd>
s& yue+ 11
sT<<e e< (.X. 1156`1195 d+ eT< b*+qy&T), >D|<e #e]

e< (.X. 1198`1261 d+) dHqT\T> eeV]+].
sTTsTsTqT $T* |d<T\T> qT+&qT M]>\ _sT<e
\T|#Tq$. d\>TD>D\+s, |sH<s, eT+{ | sesXs, Ms\
CXs, es\;eT, sDs+>seT, $sDs, Xsk|s, |V+HjT,
X#>+>jT, dss, <Twq;s, k$T<Vs>+&, u<q<+&, eTqTeT
~, dTu
d+dT He~_sT<eTT\T us &j
T T, H s H$Ts&j
T T
eV+#T#T e].
us& usjT>T jTikjTT, H$Ts&jTT |\\eT]jT+<T esTd>
X.X. 1130, 1117, 1124 d+\ jT+<T l miXs, #X s, yTXs, HyTXs
<y\jTeTT\qT >{+ y H u<qeTT\qT >$+jTT+&]. us&
esT&>T eTs& >& $T* |d~>\y"& jTi k XdqeTTq q_
e]+|"&jTTH"&T.
H$Ts&, us&T H{ y+] d+kqeTT y] eT\|sTw"&T>
y] e+Xe[jT+<T" us=q&q #jT ]b*s& yTqeeT\T>" >q&T #$s &
jTqT esT >+q sTy #bee\ >u\|{+qT J$+jTT+&q
j*jT>T ek j |] bXs\jT yTT{ >{+ H$Ts&
jTqTeT >=+u$T H<eeTTq d+qT H$Ts& XdqeTTe\ *jTT
#Tq~. XdqeT+<T #jT sqT sTT+{|sT q& qqT, d +<s e TT\ q{
j+#&>, ek esT"&>T b\jTjT <jT] b*s & >
jTqT"&T>"& jTV+#e\d e#T#Tq~. |\\eT] s eT+|PseTT
qT+& y\T>{y] e+o\< y]e+X #]sT\T XsTT+ H$Ts&
k<sT "&>T us & , #jT ] b*s& esT"&TqT u s &j
T qT He+se TT
>\ #$s& jTT]>H \+] > y]sTs>\ d++<eTTqT" >|
C\bsTT].

12 s& yue+
#]sT\ =+<]|{ es qT >& #| &q s #s s &e +XeTT qqT,

y+] eT\|sT"&>T us& e+XeTTq d++<eTT <jTT s#s
s &b \qeTT s y\eT\E seTTqT d+b~+sjTT \+jTTHsT.
je+o\Hqd++<eTT >\ysq jTV+|s].
H$Ts& jTq+s e esT\>T f&jTT, $Ts&jTT yTq\T"&>T
#$s &j
T qT us &j
T T >D|<e #e] & dH~| T \T> yT\+>T#T es>
eTq>+{ |\\eT] seTT H$Ts& e b*+#T#T e]. y]
XdqeTT\ us &, H$Ts&T eV+q _sT<e q&T#Tq$. n# #$s&
b\qeTT +&Te\H j XdqeTT $TjTT Hb+eTTq >q&T<T.
>D|<e #e] (.X. 1261 d+) #bsTTq |eT #$s& e (<eT
|k~, sT<HjT&T\T) sT<eT<$ #e] ud> *jTT+&]. n+<T
|k~HjT"&yT eTT>{ sk|H#s _sT<TqT eV+#qT.
eT]jTT sjT|eTV+ _sT<TqT>& u+<qT.
#$s& e+o\|{ <XeTTq $+_+q MsyweeTeTTq uy+
d+|T d+dsDeTT Hs+_+, sTTs Vq\dT\ deqeTT> eeV]+#T e\
q|{ qT+&jTT y\eTysqT |] d~ H=+~qT >q&T#Tq~.
sT<eT<$ #e] #$s & e deTs q T >T]+ |\\eT] b\qeTTqT
y] |seTT CdqT q&TqT. >D|<e #e] #bsTTq |eT H,
eT *<+&T\qT |DeTTq H$Ts& eTqTeT\>T >D|s&, eTs& HeTjT,
eT\jT \T ysTT+q H>T\b{ XdqeTT\ ys$<y T q _sT<eTT\qT <] +qT
yjTbee\ q|{ |\\ eT] seTTqT, sT<eT<$ #e] #$s & e
|syTTq]jTT+&q \+|e#TqT. XdqeTT\ qT<V]+|"&q s,
jT d+eseTT\T esTd> .X. 1264, 1266 d\ H{$> >q&T#Tq$.
n|{ qT+&jTT s#s >VHeTdT\ $wjTeTT #] | d~><T >, #$s&
s& yue+ 13
e+o\ |u eTeTT> V#, ys y\eT \eTqT |] | >ys

H{qT+& H{e s bs+|s eTT> qH d\ eTT\ u*+#T#T eqTqT, >
ys H{ y+] d+kH~| T \jTT y\T>{ y] e+Xe[ e\q dw| & T #Tq~.
sT<eT<$ #e] \eTTqH X.X. 1216 d+ H{ >q >Hs&jTqT
MsT"&T $T* |d~ eV+ #e] keT+T"&T> ese q|seTTqT s<>
H+<s eTT |&e T{u >eTTq q~seTT eV+jTTqT >q&TqT. jTq
e< $s\ H<T "&qT dH jTT+&qT. "&T>& $T* XSs>dsT +& jTT+&qT.
s#] jTT XdqeTTqT{ #&> ds eT+&\eTT <y, T+TeTT,
eqTe, V\Te eTTq>T <TsZeTT\T k~+qT *d&. >q >Hs& H
_sT<e\T+&qT. deTd >TD>D\+s, d ss, kq>se, n]>+&us e ,
kVkT+>, rjTdHV, Ms$sDV, &T|\] |sesBXs,
Ms\ CX s, eTqT\es+&, MTds> + &, uj T \>+&, >+&s> + &, nu+ >
>+&usT+&, Vs>+&, V~eTTes>+&, &es|+&s, #><
Ms+, >eT[, <TwTs>sU se+, deTsdeTjT, <TssMses,
dyT* \ >=+&T>+&, |\keT\>=+&T>+&, @+~u b\T \>=+&T>+&,
yT&|* #jTHjT sdT+&, +<] HjT \>=+& T>+&, ib
;eT seTueT, sT|eT d+>eTseT, i\ C~X|, miTe=+& <eT
|Tq|T, u&#\THjT kDVsD, dVsus D, |e& sjT
e+XusD #is, #&<jT| dTs+>|Vs, sT<<e <DuT<+&,
]|P] V+& s+&, |s<+&, l keTH<<e~e lb<|<s<,
|s\k< eTTq>T _sT<eTT*"&T <]+q$.
M { sT<eT<$ sCs+ueTTq ~]+# keT+sE \H\
eTVMs>dsT "&T jTT<e & sTT+qT dw| & T #Tq~. M #]#s DeTT>
C|q, |_sT<eTT\e\H dT\ueTT> >V+|e#TqT.
|q qT&$q s&MsT\+<]eH sT >Hs&jTT Xeu"& jTT+&qT.
14 s& yue+
\eTTqH >q $s\sE esT"&T T<sqTq"&T $T* |d~

e $u E"&qT _sT<TqT eV+ s+>H< sejTDeTqT ~|< eeTTqT
s+ q +& H=d+> qT. +&jT >T $s\ sEq n]>+&us e
_sT<eTTq{ >+<eTTq yjT"&qT. n+<T# $s\sE>& H= dH~|>H
jTTqV+| q>T#Tq~.
T<s E q es b+qT <Tsj T e+o"&TqT, sT<eT<$ #e]
& H= dH~|jTT q>T eT\>T+& <+&~| $yVyTTqsqT.
T< sesT\ MTds>+& _sT<+T"&>T #$uT"&qT q"&T |d~
e#qT. _<T<eTT e\H sTT"&T >& H= dH> >qTq T. #$uT"&T
Ms|sTw"&>TjT > q +&eH MXsT"& ~|<eeTTqT s+ eT
+& +$T].
Ms||sT<<e #e] b\qeTT H{ (.X. 1296 d+) >qT<
sEq #e+jT+<T +q esjTkVD jTqTq"&T |d<T"&, j
#e] e< nXdH ~| eTTqT eV+jTT+&qT. "&T uds sejTDeTTq
us j
T jTqT. udssejTDeTT H=+~q esjT kVD j uVD
eT+jT 32 eT+T\ #T|<eTTq yjT&q y s<syTq~> >q&T
#Tq~. |q qT&$q >qe+XeTT ys+<sTqT esTd> sejTDeTT ysTT+
jTTqT q&Te\ jTq>& e+XeTT y"&qjTT, <q |P\b&H
bjTqjTT >V+|e#TqT.
"&T H=+~q sejTDeTTqT eT*sTquT, essT< <e&T,
udsT&T, njTsT"&T qqT q\TsTe\# ]+|"&q~. +<* = u>eTT\T
eq+eTT #jT"&jTTq$. esjTkVD |DeTTq |{deT
~ ]> qT+&q e#jT kVD .X. 1311 d+ H=<s eTT>$+ XdqeTT
ysTT+#qT. Ms||sT< <e& +qT >=+<sT s&|eTTKT\T<>T\T>
qTqT <s qeTT\T >\e. yes&, uus& eTTq>T |eTTKT\T dH~| T \T>
s& yue+ 15
qTqTqT ysT sT<<e |]b\H\eTT es qq> .X. 1323 d+ ]q

eTVeTBjT <+&j\ us&T#TqTqT k #]\ e\ <*jTT#Tq~.
|q qT<V ]+q s & |eTTKT> H+<< X e TTq qTqd eq s & qT
\eTTq qH\T+&& ys j+<<XeTTq>\ y]XdqeTT\qT { XsTT+|
e#TqT. { XdqeTT\T = ;yT Xs\jTeTTqqT, uy& eTX s\jTeTTqqT
eT]= #qT >\e. ~veTT> qT<V]+q | $wjTeTT\qT { 12, 13
XeTT\ s&MsT+<<XeTTq eTeTT> |\T& d+b~+, <Xb\q
uZqT#T, rjT # ke yddT \ T> qT+& .X. 1323 d+ b+eTTq
||sT<T jsT>+{ seTTqT eTVeTBjTT\T u>|sq |eT q<+
yes&# d+seTTqT k|+#T <V<$Ts \ +|e\djTT+&TqT.
rjTT\ |Hq+s+ |eTTK syT, $jTq>s sE\ m<TsT
*, dTqT\qT z&s <B|eq+> X_|\+ y*q #] s&~ `
s&sE\~. jTT< $<, |C |]b\q, d+^ kV~ bwD,
d+d |]sD yT{> *q s+ s&ss.
s & \+ #] >*q \+ n #] >+<\T #~y y]e]H \TdTs ~.
s&sE\T, s& <>T\T, s& dq+, s& |\T ks+ > \ b|~|
s& ks+> dsq e sysT>, |]b\H < |CXjTdT
sysT> #] #TTs~. H{ s& \dT\T, |\T C \TdT=q+
neds+. \+ |sT| sC k|sq~ s&q s&C d>s+> #|
>\T>TTs~.
s & #]qT >] |Pse\, kV+, sXdH\T, | j T T\T (<+&$ y)
\\T ` \T, \T ` >&\T, <y\j\T, n>Vs\T e>s\ |
k. eT| XdH\T, XdH\T, |sedT <s\T, #]sT\ j\T,
d+d ` \T>T kV+, eTTdyT #]sT\ s#q\T, rjTT\ #],
$jTq>s #], jTs|t j\ s#q\T, |s+|s> <\T, _sT<e\T,
16 s& yue+
e>s \ e\q s &# ] #\es *ds~. de#s\q{ >T~L] s|>

s &# ] qT |\+~sq l T|+ s|T y#sT\T, l eT<T\ |* >TsTVXs
l \TL] Msu<se, & H\] ys seTDjT, l .$. \Dse,
l e&~ nbse. l y] |us Xd, l eqe* seTw $,
l +<] Xs<T, l y<+ yssjTXd, l eT\+|* keTXKs Xs,
l dTses+ ||s&, l _.mdt.m. VqTeT+se, l _.mH. Xd l $.$.
dTus&, l eT eHs& eTss<s |eTTKT\T s&sE\, s& #]qT y*
rXsT. kV+ <s *dq s & #] e+<\ >+<\ | s #&s~. s &s E
ssq y\T <Ts<weXT \u+ <T.
s & \dT\ T dN\Tsj
T Ts& |P\ u q&Td || , <X< X \
s &C |T q#]qT >] #| e\ds<. |jT + s \ y] #] ,
Wq u+ >+ *s#s<T. s &s E\ #]qT <s +> |T= s & _e~
=s , s \ <&qTs& sD =s , <X$ <X s&T bT|& + $yy T q
| >\<T. ns<T yqT{ Xu\, <Xu\ s&sE\ #]qT, s&
|eTTKT\ de#s s Ue+>HH \TdT=qe\dq neds s &T >T]s#*.
#]<s\qT { d+> s&sE\ b\HeT+ es~.
s&T s$qT\ V+| b*s& ydq XdH { eT]jTT
yeTub\T XdH { \TdTs~. keTH<T&T ydq n< sejTD
eT+< nH eq~. = uejT #<] nH <e|s#&T. s&T <X
qT>TD+> XU|XKHsT. |+, sH{, y{{, bH {, yTTsd e>s
e+XHsT. 14e X+ TsTw\T +<<X+| <+&sT. <+&j
@|seTT Ts |uTe\ edyTs~. Vs<Te\+ |jTHjT
HjT+ +< Ts\ bs& zsT>\TqT s<> s+ k|s#sT.
n&qTs& y\eT MsT\T s#=+& ssT. n|&T |+s& s<T&T,
<d{ e+XdT & T b\jT dH ~| > dH q&| c q~ <{ |P+H&TqT
s& yue+ 17
$Ts#&T. b\jT esT&T yes&. |PsH&T s<> n<+

#dT= <d{ yes& syT\ bs+_s#&T. <T|] j Tq esT&T
nqbs& d+VdHq~ws #&T. s< =+&M&T es&T. jTq <T |]
jTq k<sT &T nqyes& sb\q #X&T. jTq dsdZ T \j nqbs&
esT&T es]s& |]b\q=#&T. jTq ss ed+sjT\qT
_sT<T HeT+ \<T. jTq q esT&T Msqbs& seTV+<eseTT
*| s+ |]b*s#sT. <Ts<weXT Msqbs& n\ eTsD+ #s<>
s eTV+<es sC q ueeTs~ jT yes& n~| #X&T.
es]s& eTsDq+s+ =s&M{ sC |<eT{ yes& sj&T
nssTs #sTT. |<eT{ eTsDs#> esT&T s#y es& d+VdH
q~ws <Tss|Z b\qCd V>$s#&&T (s#ye s& eTT& j yeTq
nH y<H=Tq~). b\jT yes& k<sT &T eTs & e+XE\T l]s& nHs&,
eT&e eTs & ~sT \T .X. 1430 es +<TLsT s<> |]b*+#sT.
=s&M{ ke+ $jTq>s sE\ eXyTs~. sTy >|T\ s<
bsTTs~. >+& |uT e\T |+ ysT, dt s&j +|ysT, _{wt b\\T
b*s#sT.
seTV+<es seTTqT |jT q k<sT jT\T&T LHs&
sT=+& s<> @\T=eTH&T. n sT y eTTeT& HjT&T sT=+&
@* nsTTH&T. <T |] q eTT&T d+>q s$T#&T . ds>q <T>TsT
esT\T. y] s s+ y\eTMsT\ s~ bsTTs~. n< deTjT+
=s&M{ H\T#Tq nqyeTT&T sT=+& H$Ts#&T. seTV +<es s+
jTyeTT b\qH 30 d+es\T eq~. jTyeTT n&s & kjT+>
H&T. n* |~jT H&T. n* Msu <s& $yVe&&T. Msu <s&
y\eT |uTe *s>jT # MsdsZ+ #s&T. ns{ seTV+<es s+
L& ns]ss~.

18 s& yue+
14e X_ s&sE\ jTTq

rjTT\ |Hq+s+ |eTTK syT, $jTq>s sE\ m<TsT
*, dTqT\qT z&s <B|eq+> X_|\+ y*q #] s&~ ` s&
sE\~. jTT< $<, |C |]b\q, d+^ kV~ bwD, d+d
|]sD yT{> *q s+ s&ss.
s & \+ #] >*q \+ n #] >+<\T #~y y]e]H *jTTqT.
s&sE\T, s& <>T\T, s& dq+, s& |\T ks+ > \ b|~|
s& ks+> dsq e sysT>, |]b\H < |CXjTdT
sysT> #] #TTs~. H{ s& \dT\T, |\T C \TdT=q+
neds+. \+ |sT| sC k|sq~ s&q s&C d>s+>
#|>\T>TTs~.
s & #]qT >] |Pse\, kV+, sXdH\T, | j
T T\T (<+&$ ),
\\T ` \T, \T ` >&\T, <y\j\T, n>Vs\T e>s\ |
k. eT| XdH\T, XdH\T, |sedT <s\T, #]sT\
j\T, d+d ` \T>T kV+, eTTdyT #]sT\ s#q\T, rjTT\
#], $jTq>s #], jTs|t j\ s#q \T, |s+ |s> <\ T, _sT<e
\T, e>s\ e\q s&#] #\es *ds~. de#s\q{ >T~L]
s|> s&#]qT |\+~sq l T|+ s|Ty#sT\T, l eT<T\|*
>TsTVXs l \TL] Msu<se, & H\] ys seTDjT, l .$.
\Dse, l e&~ nbse. l y] |us Xd, l eqe* seTw $,

s& yue+ 19
l +<] Xs<T, l y<+ yssjTXd, l eT\+|* keTXKs Xs,

l dTses+ ||s&, l _.mdt.m. VqTeT+se, l _.mH. Xd l $.$.
dTus&, l eT eHs& eTss<s |eTTKT\T s&sE\, s& #]qT y*
rXsT. kV+ <s *dq s & #] e+<\ >+<\ | s #&s~. s &s E
ssq y\T <Ts<weXT \u+ <T.
s & \dT\ T dN\Tsj
T Ts& |P\ u q&Td, || <X< X \
s &C |T q#]qT >] #| e\ds<. |jT + s \ y] #] ,
Wq u+ >+ *s#s<T. s &s E\ #]qT <s +> |T= s & _e~
=s , s \ <&qTs& sD =s , <X$ <X s&T bT|& + $yy T q
| >\<T. ns<T yqT{ Xu\, <Xu\ s&sE\ #]qT, s&
|eTTKT\ de#s s Ue+>HH \TdT=qe\dq neds s &T >T]s#*.
#]<s\qT { d+> s&sE\ b\HeT+ es~.
s&T s$qT\ V+| b*s& ydq XdH { eT]jTT yeT
u b\T XdH { \TdTs ~. keTH<T &T ydq n< sejTD eT+<
nH eq~. = uejT #<] nH <e|s#&T. s&T <X qT>TD+>
XU|XKHsT. |+, sH{, y{{, bH{, yTTsd e>s e+XHsT.
14e X+ TsTw\T +<< X + | <+&sT . <+&j @|seTT
Ts |uTe\ edyTs~. Vs<Te\+ |jTHjT HjT+ +<
Ts\ bs& zsT>\TqT s<> s+ k|s#sT. n &qTs& y\eT
MsT\T s#=+& s sT. n|&T |+s& s<T&T, <d{ e+XdT & T b\jT,
dH~|> dH q&| c q~ <{ |P+H&TqT $ Ts#&T. b\jT
esT&T yes&. |PsH&T n<+ s<> #dT= <d{ yes&
syT\ bs+_s#&T. <T|] jTq esT&T nqbs& d+VdH

20 s& yue+
n~ws#&T. s< =+&M&T es&T. jTq <T|] jTq k<sT&T

nqyes& sb\q #X&T. jTq dsZdT\j nqbs& esT &T
es]s& |]b\q=#&T. jTq ss ed+sjT\qT _sT<T HeT+
\<T. jTq q esT&T Msqbs& seTV+<eseTT *| s+
|]b*s#&T. <Ts< we XT Msqbs& n\ eTsD+ #s<> seTV+<es
sC q ueeTs~ jT yes& n~| #X&T. es]s& eTsD
q+s+ =s&M{ sC |<eT{ yes& sj&T. nssTs#sTT.
|<eT{ eTsDs #> esT&T s#ye s& d+VdHq~ws <Tss|Z b\qCd
V>$s#&&T (s#ye s& eTT& j yeTq nH y<H=Tq~). b\jT
yes& k<sT &T eTs & e+XE\T l]s& nHs&, eT&e eTs & ~sT \T
.X. 1430 es +<TLsT s<> |]b*+#sT. =s&M{ ke+
$jTq>s sE\ eXyT s ~. sT y >|T \ s< bsTTs~. >+& |uT e\T,
|+ysT, dt s&j +|ysT, _{wt b\\T b*s#sT.
seTV+<es seTTqT |jT q k<sT jT\T&T LHs&
sT=+& s<> @\T=eTH&T. n sT y eTTeT& HjT&T sT=+&
@* nsTTH&T. <T |] q eTT&T d+>q s$T#&T . ds>q <T>TsT
esT\T. y] s s+ y\eTMsT\ s~ bsTTs~. n< deTjT+
=s&M{ H\T#Tq nqyeTT&T sT=+& H$Ts#&T. seTV +<es s+
jTyeTT b\qH 30 d+es\T eq~. jTyeTT n&s & kjT+>
H&T. n* |~jT H&T. n* Msu <s& $yVe&&T. Msu <s&
y\eT |uTe *s>jT # MsdsZ+ #s&T. ns{ seTV+<es s+
L& ns]ss~.

s& yue+ 21
s& |<+
.X. 6e X+ qTs& sT\T, swLT\T s&T HsT. ns
|PseTT s>T&T HsT. 7e Xu s >T\sZ s<>
sw L T\THs, 7/8 Xu\ eTq &| XdH\ sT\T, s{&T ,
s&T Hs, .X. 973 H{ \+>D, sjT\deT s&+ q<
XdH\ <s \TdTs~. s nq> s+ n, >T& nq> eekjTeTTq
>eTsD u$T bs~qys ns+> >+ #]\T *bsT. s>T&
eT+> s&, s{&, s&> eT]=s<sT #]sT\T u$s#sT.
s&+ eedqT sVsq y] s&T n |*#sT. s&+ nsf >eT
deT |qT\ ed, |uT #*s |\T, HjT|sy Tq sj \T rdTe&+
yTT<q >eTb\H sj\T, u<\T sVs# eed. s&+ sVs#
|<q T s{& nHysT. n< |<+ \eT+ s&, s & nsTTs~. s & >eT |]b\q,
sD u< \T sVs# n~] nj&T. >eT |\ d+ e u< eVk&T .
Xs u<\qT b&&T. s& = b+\ (H\sT e>s) | n
L& ns{sT. b&TysT n ns+ <eTTs~. .X.11e Xu
qjTyTs~.
bNH+< y\ s& |<+ s&, s&, s & nqT s|eTT\qT
<*jTTq~ (s<] Xs<T ` s& d+). eT*sTq |+&s<T\ y]
ekseTT s n, lw<esjT eTTe\< s&T n
H* seTw $ bs&Ts+> eTVeTT s&T\T n, eTs& e
<sseTT s& n, +CeP] s|TTH<sjT\ sejTD+ s& n,

22 s& yue+
#eTLs ys$ ks+><s #]eTT s& n |<\T |ksTT n

kVrsT\T y\& s #sT. s& |<y T sqT sqT s&T s& s& jTsTT es{jT
#]\ n_bjTeTT. s& |<yT .X. @&$T~ X eTT\ \T>T
#\ XdqeTT\ s>TT, s>T& nqT s|eTT\T <sTT. s>TT,
s> T & |<e TT s& |<e TTq |Pss|eTT\, s> T & |<y T eeVseTTq
sG&jT sqTsqT s{&, s{&, s&, s&, s&, s&jT e] s& |<yT
ds|&s< <<| ns<sT #]sT\T n_bjT|&sT.
>TssT msus Xdq+ s& s& |<\Tq$. s& eTqT
|<eTT n~s |<+> ksd+ yjT&s~. sw L nqT ^sD
|< s&eTT nH <X|<+ #|&s~. bNH+< XdqeTT\ d+d
u>eTTq+<* swL |<|j>eTT \T>T u>eTT\ s& eTH
<X|<eTTq d+djT \TdT=qq>TqT. @&$T~ X eTT\ +<
<XeTT s>T&T s>TT nqT >ysTHsT. Ms s&T\jsT.
MsT seTT\qT q uu>eTT\ n~sT y{ >T> nqTu$dTs&].
\eTTq s&eTT\qTq$ $<yTq ] d+d\T. s& eTT\T nwu>
keTeTT\T >* nqTu$s#T#T+&]. M] eTTKe yTT< eekjTeTT.
s&eTT\ n~sT\T s&T\T, s&T\T, s&T nsTTHsT. s&, s& d+
ys uVQ\XseTT# es&, k+eTTqT eVs, jyTq
|Cb\qeTT qs+eTT> ks +eT+| >, >eT LeTT\| >
n~s+ nwu > ds d+|<\ nqTu$ s#+ n, n{y sT s& T \ |dT
eT>T#Tq< s&d+ Xs<T>] yd+ #TTs~. jTw u>\T:`
~, |eTT, \eTT, bcD\T, nD(actual privileges), >$T(Prospective
rights) d<eTT (The land cultivated), k<eTT(The produce of such kind) n

s& yue+ 23
L& \T|&s~. |Ps| |T+Te\ s = (reign kingdom, empire,

country) n, >TT, >Tf = guardian, town watch man, chief constable n,
>TT = lease or lessee, n *jTT#Tq~. swL |eTTKT\T nsf the
heads of provinces nH ns+ XdH\ #| &s~. nsTT ysT ysT sc\
ysT ysT ns*e&sTT. l d.$. y< |+&T& |s+ swL |<eTT
e y#e TTqT, n~s d#e TTH, s s&TqT yT$sq jTT d\ >e~| eTT
n .X. 12e Xs H{ XdqeTT\ n~sseTT #|&s~. |eTTK
#]sT\T +<] Xs< T > sT #] #s q+jT T $<+ > eTT+#sT.
@&$T~ XeTT\ +<<X+ s>T&T s>TT nqT <>ysT+&].
Ms s&T]. MsT seTT\qT q uu>eTT\~sT y{ >T>
qqTu$+#T#T+&]. \eTTq+<T s&eTT\qTq$ $<yTq ]d+d\T.
seTT\qT MsT nwu>keTeTT\T * nqTu$+#T#T+&]. M] eTTKe
eekjTeTT. seTT\ ~sT\T s&T\T, s&T\T, s&T nsTT].
s& |< |]DeT+
Xs<T >] (s& d+) yd+ |s+ $<+> q~.
s >TT

s >T&

s&

s& s& s & s &

24 s& yue+
l y< |+&T&q nseTT =ses d]> eq~ sw L |<eTT

e y#eTT, n~s d#eTTH ss&Tq yT$sq jTT >e~ |eTT
s s#T#Tq~. nse TT 12eX XdqeTT\ L& q&T#Tq< #] \T
sT. |&T s & |<e TT e y#e TT> C \<y T +<< X e TT
eeV]+|&T#Tq~.
5
yTq eT+ \yTT{ #\T
u s f&\
#<Te |< eTsjT C\< jTTfq
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
>+>eb\T >+f&qqT C\T!

>&y&q H\ KseTTb\T?
u>\TZ L&T |f&qqT C\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
X~>*Z #dq |D+T

=+#eTsTTq q~jTT" >=i><T
$q+T eTi eq +s?
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 25
s& e+XeTT\T
s & e+XeTT\T = #] \TdTH . |+s& e+X+, n<+ =+&M&T
sE\TqT, b\jT yes&, n\jT Msu<s&, n\jT y es& |+ e+X+
ys #] \TdTs~. nH jT yes& L&qT. <d { e+X+ n
kV+ #\# es~. <d{ n~s <yTq XeTT. |+, <d{
ss& fq =#, s+& ysTys = # \T|&s~. ms|<d{,
=+&<d{ nH $u>+ >& eq~. lH<T ;yTXs |sD+ |+ <d{
eTVqjT+T n |\]s#&s~. <d{ $&>L& n< lH< T&T e+X,
C, >|s+> oK+&+ yXs. ms|>& V]e+X+ <d{ ye
n d+u~s#&T. seTV+<es+ yes& e+X+ ysT CT\ #|&s~.
eT]= s&e+XeTT\T #] >eT+#e#T. n$ s#s s&e+XeTT, #i
s &e +XeTT, eT\ s &e +XeTT, $]j\ e+XeTT, >q e+XeTT, y$\ e+XeTT,
=|\ s&e+XeTT , sT=+& s&e+XeTT, = keT+ e+&* e+XeTT\T,
q keT+ s& se+XeTT\T |s=q&$. kV+, XdH\ eT]=
e+X\T #| &q$. kVD, <=s, y\# ] , s #s, #s s &, >q, y$\, $f \,
|seTs&, =*b, =|\s&, sT=+&s &, =H&, <&, msu\T, dseTs&,
u>~, e<jTs&, eT*s&, e>s +<<X eT+ #|&sTT. $
eT]= XK\T #] |dTq$. H& u<eTTqT {, yd >eTeTT\qT {
eq$.
|\T XdH\T, <y\j\T, \eTT\T, HDeTT\T, &eTT\T, kV+,
#]<s\T, $<ojTT\ y\T, #]sT\ $w w e\q s& b\\,
b*T\ |]b\H+XeTT\T, e+XeTT\T |+{ >T]+#e#T.
26 s& yue+
#] |]X<q n$X+ |<&q<>T l _.mH. Xd >sT q

<Z+<+ s&s dsd+ |\T s&e+X\qT >] | s=HsT. n$ s#s
s &e +X+, #is & e+X+, eT\s& e+X+, $]j\ e+X+, >qe+X+, y$\
e+X+, =|\s& e+X+, sT=+& e+X+, =+&M{ s+, sT=+& s+,
seTV+<es s+, +<TL] s+, qkeT+s& e+X\T, d+kH\
e+X\T, <d{ , <d |+{, <=+, y\# ] , #+<TiT, <+&, u>~, eT\ e>s
e+X\Tqe sT.
5
X~ #s eT~ jT\?
u+&X~ byT\?
X~ e|P \s?
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
|jTeTT $+<T |+&e+\#T

u |P | #T
b yTiT> sT$ +>sT #Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
eT> eT<+T#& MT"< q\> qT+&T

]&$\T < |]eT+T
>TsTeq y] >TDeTT >Ts?
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 27
s& d+kqeTT\T
s& d+kqeTT\ << d+kHBX\T * >=|#] eq~. n$
1. \+|PsY d+kqeTT 9. usy* d+kqeTT
2. LsT d+kqeTT 10. >b\| d+kqeTT
3. ><\ d+kqeTT 11. Ts&b+ d+kqeTT
4. eq|] d+kqeTT 12. H=deTT d+kqeTT
5. <eT=+& d+kqeTT 13. HsjTD|s+ d+kqeTT
6. b|q| d+kqeTT 14. <=+ d+kqeTT
7. eTTq>\ d+kqeTT 15. =+&sT d+kqeTT
8. s|* d+kqeTT 16. s{ q>s d+kqeTT

28 s& yue+
s& XK\T (=)

1. y{{ 19. >E\T
2. y\H{ 20. =D<
3. yTTsd 21. |&+ {
4. Hs{ 22. >T&{
5. nj< 23. >=qT>+{
6. |+ 24. <d]
7. b+>*H{ 25. HqT>T+&
8. bH{ 26. HsT
9. ueT+ 27. |
10. ]#{ 28. *
11. eTTq{ 29. ud
12. <d{ 30. =>s&T
13. zsT>+{ 31. jT&qT
14. >+& 32. s H{
15. eT|] 33. *>T+&
16. >q 34. dq
17. f| 35. k<s
18. +#&T> 36. n]{
XK\T XU|XK e+<q$.
s& yue+ 29
2010 H{ s& Hu n+#H

+<|<X sw+ ....................................1,50,00,000
s ..................................................... 50,00,000
s *+> s&T ................................... 70,00,000
$TH&T .............................................. 56,00,000
s, b+&#], n+&eH ............................... 5,00,000
$<X\ .................................................... 3,00,000
yTT+ ...............................3,34,00,000
5
$TseTT + #& MT"< q\>qT+&T
=i #& q" EiT eTqTqT
dqT\>T y] ks $TT+&Ts!
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

30 s& yue+
n<+ ` =s&M&T s& sC\T

rjT ||sT<T \+ (.X.1291`1320) s&T d\T>qT,
j>~|T\T>qT HsT. ||sT<T <+&j\T, jT T<\ s&T
(b\jTs &) |eTTKb eVs $j\T k~s#sT. .X. 1323 & d T H
|T jEBH T> esT&T pHUH zsT>\T qT $Ts#T= ||sT <
#e] +~s & rdT= bTs&> qs<qB s+ >\ e \+ #+<&
de#s+ #] +~. pHUH eTVeT< ;H T> nH _sT<T
bs<&T. n|{qTs& .X. 1325 es eTTdeTT\ ~|+ \T>TH\
$\$\&s~. dV s# eu $T sD Vs<<s , d+d \ufs <T
b\jTHjT (b\jT yes&) H + sT>TuT bs+uy T s ~. jTT<+
] yT# T \qT bs<* b\jT yes&, q w k<sT &T eTs & dV jT+
.X. 1325 ><e] |q q<T\ eT<>\ <D rs+< <X eX|s#T=
s & sC k|s n<+ s<> |]b\q bs+_s#&T. .X. 1325 H{
eT\es+ Xdq+ (|X+ eT\es+) b\jT yes& yT#_
+u<e n |s=q&s~. nsTT .X.1320H yes& <s D d+
sC k|s#& = kV #]\ #|&s~.
s& #] sq dsV#\+ qTs& <Dq +<TLsT es q rsd
b+ |\ u$qT sbs~sqT #] #TTs~. ~ eT&T sC\
#]. .X. 1325 qTs& 1448 es n<+ ` =+&M&T, seTV+<es+,
+<TLsT sC\qT |]b*sq s&sE\ #].
s& yue+ 31
s& #] kV+, XdH\T, &\T, <TsZeTT\T, \j\T, HD\T

yTT<q$ eTTU<s\T. #] |]X<q |s+> T|+ s|Ty#sT\T,
eT<T\|* >TsTVXs, \TL] Msu<se, H\] ysseTDjT, .$.
\ Dse, e&~ nbse, Xs <T , y] |u sX d, eH|* seTw $ ,
eT\+|* keTXKs Xs, dTses+ ||s&, _.jTdt.jT. VqTeT+se,
$.$.dTus&, _.mH. Xd, eT eHs&, y.y. s& jH\ e>s\T s&
#]qT, d+d y\T>T #sT.
kV|s+> lH<T&T, msq, u\dsd, yeTqu uDT&T =eTq,
eTTd+ s#sTT\T, $<oj\T, e+Xe\T, #Te\T, s& d+ ~s
>+<\T s&sE\ #]qT ||+#+~s#sTT.
nsTT s&sE ydq |eTTK >+<\T \yV *dbsTT #]
+<< T . ~ <Ts< w+ . nqyes& ssq kV seTD, d+^ seTD,
X+>s B|, d|X r ks{ , neTsTX , es] s & ssq ed+ sJjTeTT,
jT yes& ssq es] sJjTeTT eTq ns<TuT e. b\jT
yeTT esT\T nqbs&, nqyeTT&T |+&T . ns & eTTeTqe&T e*+>+
|D[qT ss#&T. ns<sT s &s E\T d+^, kV, H, \ bw .
$<+dT\T >Dy\T yjsDT\T, kVy\T, s y\T, y<+T\T,
HjT$<T\T, K> Xdy \ T nH+ . m+<s uVDT\qT <]s n>V s*
bws#sT.
eTs& ns&<+&\ b\jT yes& e< msq kq$ nj&T.
|<eT{ yes& kq+ lH<T&T $<~].

32 s& yue+
dT\u>V+> es&{
=s&M{ s&sE\ b\H \|{
e&+~
1. b\jTyeT X:1247`1275 .X.1325`1353es 28 d+
2. nqy X:1275`1286 .X.1353`1364 es 11 d+
3. nqyeT X:1286`1308 .X.1364`1386es 22 d+
4. es] X:1308`1324 .X.1386`1402 16 d+
5. |<eT{ X:1324`1342 .X.1402`1420es 18 d+
6. s#yeT X:1342`1346 .X.1420`1424es 4 d+
yTT+ 99 d+

s& yue+ 33
b\jT yes&
.X. 1325`1353
s & se+XeTTq eT\|sTw&T <=+ ns & n <+&$ yjT&
eq~ (.X. 1225 b++).
b\jT yes& s&s d+k|&T. n<+ s<> s& sC
k|s #&T. =s&M{ | j T T s &s k| \T <=s e+XdT \ #| + &>,
ms|>& , lH<T &T <d{ e+XdT \ yXsT. ms|>& b\jT yeTT <d{
ye n d+u~d |<+ yX&T. M]~ y\X] >eT lX \+ Mss
eT+&|+ Xdq+ <s \TdT+~.
s&sE\ |s eT{ n yeT n me> |dT+~. |<\
#] eq~. ~ k ><> L& #TsT. <=+ ns & s &s E\ |P&T.
\+ eT{ yeTT&T+&y&T. n e< |sTdy~ (dsy~) eq~. <
jTq nsD\ d<T \ T, j>T\ e< #] y] d$+ |sT dy~ d+b~+#&T.
|sTdy~ n+f < < d n~ +>seTT+~. yeTT&T <qT|j+
<&H&T. n~ >eT+q ns& yeTT& yd+#d |s Tdy~ CX&T.
sTT+{ >T \u{&T . yeTT&T ~>T\T eT+\ < V #dT H&T.
sTy =H ns& eT{ yeTT&T \= yeTT&H q |sTqT,
eT{ nH q \+ |sTqT ns & e+o\ |Tb ds HXq+ #kq
#| q+<Tq, b||] Vs e+o\ eT{, yeT n $&> >, *| >
|TqT k #]\T #TTq$.

34 s& yue+
b\jT yes& .X. 1325 s &s b\qHs+_s eTT&T eTs &

dH < &T> jT$Ts#TH&T. s T sE e+ e\q b\q dT_ s~.
eekjT+, ybs+ n_e~ #+<sTT. yT|* (|dT |X+ ) se
<s <X+s ybs+ ks~. eC\T, q>\T, \T e>s m>TeTT\T `
~>TeTT\ ne <ejT, |jTX{ e>s\T dV]s dT++> b\jT
yes& su+&>s u> <jT+ #LssT. n<+ s<> b\jT
yeTT&T s, jTT< sC $d]d 84 \T ]s#& T. .X.
1352 VeT dTqT\ <+&jqT |={&T. s<T eTs& b
>=|~. eTs& eTVMsT&T. s $Xs<T&T. $<e+T& T. $ |jTT&T.
jTqqT b\jT yes& ds dH < > jT$Ts#&T. eTs & XTsE\qT
]$T={ yT|* kBq+ #dT= b\jT yes& $j T+ #Ls&T.
s&s ] d+|<qT |+#&T. eTs& #<\y& (| { |X+ )
seT\ DT\ $>V \qT |w+ H& =+<sT #]sT\ n_bjT+. eT\es+
Xdq+ nH #TT+~. n|{ qT+& #<\y& s&eTes+ n |sT L&
es<, s&eT\es+ >e <y\j <eu>+> #& n+{sT
(nsTT |dT+ s&eT\es+ |sT >eT+ <T).
b\jT yes& sk|q, $dsD, |C|]b\H > d+^ kV~
\| <wk]s ms|>&qT kq$> jT$Ts#&T. ns+s+>
bsTTqT < #<\T|{bsTTqT> #|&TTq qqjT usqTy<
msq# |P]>$s U #s<&T. H{ d+|Ps \T>T us s&H&T.
msq V]e+X+ y yd b\jT yes& ns$T#&T.
|Cd+eT se\T #|{, lX\+, nV_\+ \ e+>
qTs& k$Ty] b<\ #+ yTT {s#&T. n$ H{ # #<s
y&T q$.

s& yue+ 35
|X+ eTDXs+ XdH { b\jT yes& .X.1353 es

|]b*sqT nse TeTq~. ms|>& (miq) q V]e+X+ >+<+ jTqqT
ye, eT{ye, b\jTye, nqeTye, <d{ye nqT |s |eT>
d+u~s#&T. V]e+X+ miq #|qT b\jT yes& < qT]<bDT&T,
>=| j<T&T, $qeT&T, <eu|sT&T. b<qT\qT $<e\qT <]s#&T.
uVDT\ n>Vs\#&T.
b\jT yes& s+ cq~, lX\+, V_\+, +<TLs T, sTq
rs+ es y|ss~. 84 <TsZ\T ]s#& eT+# Xdq+ <s \TdT+ ~.
y{ dH @ss#&T. <TsZ\ <sD, #+<\T, $qT=s&, u\+=+&,
=s&M&T, +<TLsT, =+&|* , <TqT<Tb\T yTT<q $ eTTKyTq $. nq e#s&
#+<\T <TsZ, eTT&T eTs & +<TLsT <TsZ n~| T H sT. =s&M&T,
=s&|* <TsZ\qT XTe\u<+> ]s#&T. jTq <s |c>TsT,
deT u <q |sX seT, nqes |sV keTbq nqT _sT<T HeTeTT\T
\e. eT\es+ yTT<q <y\j\ eH*#&T. seTrs+ NeT]
n>V s*#&T. es dy~ >Ts <T esT&T nqbs& sC
eTsD+ #&T. { b\jT yes& s &C |P&>T s &C , s & sC\,
b\q <T&>T, s<T&>T s& >ssD+.
b\jT yes& eTT>TZsT <T e. ysT nqbs&, nqe#s&,
nqyes&. <s T es\ T. |< es <=&+. s +&e es |sT *jTs<T .
| + > #| s<s. b\jT yes& s &s k| &T. sT y =+&M{
s &s E\T b\jT yes& d+ysT. jTq =s&M{ s d+k| &T. jTqqT
dss |d<+ \y n eT+# eT Xdq+qT yT#_+u<e n
eT\es+ Xdq+qT |s=HsT. eT]jTT |\y ~, |\e H, >H>+&,
MsHsjTD, n|]$T u<q |sXseT, l|sV \ ~sjT,

36 s& yue+
d+>eT <q T+jT nH _sT<T HeTeTT\Tq$. $jT + qy&q (eT< y&T)

ms|>& jTq kq$. ms|>& V]e+X+ yd jTq ++ #&T.
b\jT yes& ysTT+q eTDXs Xdq+
e+&T Xsk$T y+#dj
T Tq >eT+ eTD Xs+. ~ |X+ n<+
6 .MT. <D+> >T+&eT q~ <D| &Tq +T+~. ~ <D n
|r. # b\jT yes& e+&T Xs <es |P\T, + s eTT\ <qeTT
#jTT# d+d uw XdqeTT ydH&T.
Xdq \eTT : XX 1275 R X 1353
XX 1275 jT d+es Cw VQ #TsH&T e+& TXs <es
||PseTT> qeeT+|eTT #T bseTT\TqT, qesK $dqsjTT,
|T<eTsq T eT<V \eTTq |P Vs | eTT\qT <qeTT #dq XdqeTT.
n< ~qeTTq n<+ <>Zs s$q >eTeTT e*+> |w#dqT>
|s=q&q~. XdqeTT b\jTyes& e] XdqeTT> #] sT\T
|s=+{sT.
5
n\T &|&T \T H&+seTT>qT
dqT+&T |\T" \>qT
+#T y>TqT q+T y>TH!
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 37
nqys& @ nqbs&
.X. 1353 ` 1364
b\jT yes& d+q+ <T. eTT&T nHs& e #TsTq
nqbs& b\jT yes& <T rdTH& nqes+ Xdq+ #TTq~.
nqbs& .X.1353 sus+ n|s#&T. jTq n|{ b\jT
yes& dH HjT&T. .X.1353 H{ XTsE\ <&T\T q\Ty|\ qTs&
n~yTHsTT. s+ qT+& [s>s>T\T, yjTTe+ qT+& s#=s& y\eT\T,
VQeT\T, <D+ qTs& $jTq>s sE\T, jTT\T, y\eT\T ] sTy
sT n<s| jTT< s> ys+<] deTse++> |={&T. jTq
|q+& eTs &, yTqeeT H>s& >sq Ts& H]q jTT<$ |] ss~.
| d+es+ jTT<\T, > \T|\T k~s#&T. XdqeTT\ nqbs& |T'b\q
s D n $XwD eTT|j +#&q~. $qT=+&, u\+ =+&, =+&M&T <TseZ TT\qT
Xnu< <TsZeTT\T> s+#qT. 1323 H{ $|e+ <X+ eTVeTBjTT\
# eekjTeTT, yDeTT q+#qT. y{ eTs\ |qsT<] + nuj T Vde TT
#&T. y~, ks, Cw, jTTs<~ $<\ bV $T#&T. n+<T#
nqbs& |Cs+&H&T.
nqbs& eT\q, keTjT, jTeTH<yeTq eT+T\T> qT+&].
eT\q se|>& e+X+y&T. keTjT eT+ yT|* seqT n_e~
m>TeT, ~>TeTT\ ds + #d Xdqd+ u+ ysTT+#&T. jT eTH<
yeTq nqbs& \e>yTq eT+ dH|. ~ #\eTTKyTq ds[.

38 s& yue+
jTq nqbs& &uTeTT. njTTBH VeT <+&j bZ

y] z&+ ]$T={H&T. &T <sD <TsZeTTqT b*+#T#T+&qT.
neTsXsT |q'|c|q # #jT&q 1360H{ neTse Xdq+
#TT+~. jTT\T, y\eT\T ||T{+#> y] sTT+#T jTq |
d+es+ @< jTT<+ #jTe\d e+~. n+{ >*#&T.
yT|* se qTs& H\| ybs+ u> ks~. yT|* se
eTT|s+ n |sT+&~. yT|* se qT+& $<X\ ybs+ me>
sT>TTs&q~. XTsE\T, deTT<| <=s>\ u&< my ybsT\ m>TeT,
~>TeT ybs y] ybs edTe\T, dT\ ujT+ >\ |]d e
ybsT\ n~ sD *s#e\d es~. yT|* <s $\Tyq eC\T,
ek\T, <q+, dT>+< <y\T, q>\T, >Ts\T, @qT>T\T e>s ybs+ sT>T
Ts&~. ns eTTqT| yT|* se <s ybs+ >DjT+> +& .X.
1244 rjT >D|<e&T ybsT\ d+ ybs+ d+ nujTXdH
yT|* yX&T. y] b\q nq+s+ ] nqbs& q b\q .X.
1358 nujTXdH |qsT<]s, d+d+, \T>T, $T+ uw\ eTs=
nujT XdH ysTTs#&T. y{ |{ yT|* Msu <\jT eT+&|+
s+&T d+u\| #&e#T. ybs d++< $wj\ ]] q keTjT eT+
d\V\T b{+#&T nqbs&. Xdq+ $es\qT { eT\+|* keTXKs
Xs>sT *bsT. yT|* e ds|& ybs+ #j\qTq es\
d<Tbj\qT *d |q C#X&T. n> s se\ es\, Bb+s
es \ ybs ks\T *s#&T. m>TeT ~>TeTT\ dT+ s s#&T.
X d+. 1280 nsf .X. 1358 $&T<q | yT|* Msu <k$T
<y\jT eT+| d+u+MT<, $T, \T>T uw #s#&T n *b&T.

s& yue+ 39
ns yT|* s e e< nqbs& dy T VdtqT, ><eTT\qT ]sqT

XdH<s s+&T eT&T <Xu\ + es L& ~\ &\qT #&
>*>eTT. eT\+|* keTXKs Xs, $.$. dTus& yTT< q #]sT\T y{
\qT rsTTs >+<\ u<|]#sT. n|{ |\ \T>T uwH
HjT eT\+|* keTXKs Xs>sT k<s\qT |]o*s n_bjTs
UjT|]#sT. es _&s\T+&e. ybs d#qT #&T. = |qT\qT
s<T #X&T. ~>TeT dTs\qT +Z #&T. n|{ ybs |\qT #d yT|*
<s ybs+ #dy meeT+~ $T\ *s~. (yT|* Xdq+
<T|] |J\ e&+~).
s&sE\ \+ ne<ejT, |jTX{ Ts+ >=| H yD+
]|q Ts+. #H , d+V+, >y, |+Cs, \H+ eT]s <X\T, Bb\
|T\T, @qT>T\T, eTDT\T, >Ts\T, d], ss+, #+<q+, seT s+
yTT<q y{ ybs+ me> ]s~. s & s+ d]d+|<\ T\+~.
nqbs& kq+ u\dsd nH MXsT&TH&T. msq jTq kq
e\ sT.
nqbs& dq dMTsD, <TsZsD+, sD ePV eT+ nqTue+
es~. jTT<\ $jT |s+|s\ e\q jTq B|$C Msqb
_sT<He#sTT. \>&B$ sTTs#T# B|$C n _sT<T es~.
<T|] e\ #H HD\T, #\ HD\T n|{ |+>D b\T +#T
$>V\T jT|&sTT.
.X. 1360 VeT dTqT\ jTT<+ #d, y] z&+ es+>\TqT,
neTse kBq+ #dTH&T. .X. 1361 H{ neTse Xdq+ |s+

40 s& yue+
nqbs& n_e~, l<qy{| s+ (neTse) neTsXs\j Js<s D

#d neTsXsTD |q'|w #jT+ k+.
jTq kq+ e\T, >jT\T, y<\ |THb\T me> bw+|
&sT . Cw, jTTs< $<\qT bV+#&T. kq $<+dT\ u\dsd
eTTKT\T. nqbs& XdH\qT jTH s+#&T. d\T {+ #&T. uVDT
\ n>Vs*#&T. +&eH nqbs& y~ <s_e . eu sT&T.
<q<s\T n|]$T+> #X&T. uVDT\ n>Vs*#&T . |D\
d\T {+ #&T. TsTw\ <+&j \ qw| & q n>V s\qT |qsT<] +#&T.
=\sT , &T>\T, H>\, |# \ &| sT >e\qT n>Vs\T> e] uVDT
\ <q+ #X&T.
LTsT nqeT @ <=&+_qT yTq\T&T jT yes& $yV+
#X&T. jTyes& n]Ms ujT+sT&T.
n|{ ]q jTT<\ d+<s\ n<+ d\<TsZyTq+<Tq
<&T\qT T>\ <TsZ+ < >V+ s< ]<TsZyT q =+&M&T
es& eTqe|s Xdq+ e\ \TdT+ ~. eTqe|s Xdq+ X+ > d+d
uw qTq~ (< ~>Te e&yT q ~). @ d+es+HqB <$T<+ >
<s\T #]sT\ \_+#<T. esT&T es]s& qy&q+<Tq
nqyes& d+VdHBX D #X&T. nqys& m|&T eTsD+ qB K+>
*jTT <T.
n<+ q q>se TT. n+<T \yTq <TseZ TT +&qT. |ss E\ <TseZ TeT>T
]<TsZyTT{ s< kqeTT> qT+&, \eTT> s+|&e\d jTT+&qT. n{
<TsZeTT =+&M&T. nqbs& =+&M{ <TsZeTTqT \|s, = <TsZeTT> #d

s& yue+ 41
s<q& e]ydqT. eTqe|s| XdqeTT $wjT $TT

ku$eTT> e]+|&q~.
q yeT q|' |T' k\| sD
nb\jT d|' <+ +< edT+<syT
=+&M&T+ s<+ deT\eTY
<cc| yeTu<k' d$djT'
#XeT\ dTs+>' \<TeuXe <qes'
s+u|eH seTDHX ku ueeeTsre
kqy q|dq ]j+ |]d'
sV e~<H s+uTeeT b\jTY
| XeTT\ nq yeTq|' nqT#, nqbq|' n
+&eqT. sTy XeTT nqb q|jTjT jTTq~,
5
yT&|+&T #&" yT*yT jTT+&T
b $ #"& TsT>T\T+&T"
_iy eT~ _+ MT>Ts!
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

42 s& yue+
ed+sjT\T
nqyes&
.X. 1364 ` 1386
nqbs& eTT&T nqyes&. jTq .X. 1364 d+V dq eT~
ws#&T. n|{ nqbs& esT&T es]s& eT q ejTdT&>T#
eTT&T nqyes& dsVdqeT~w+| #XsT.
nqyes& <s |uT e. |Cs++> s+ b*+#&T. <s b\&H &T.
es]s& bjT+> |+ |<#X&T. $< H]+#&T. jTT<H|D\T,
s Hs&T.
nqyes& e#TH{ HsTr ~X $jTq>s s+, yjTTe ~X
s#s s+ $d]s es& s&sC |e< |T+{\T ydTH. w |]d
H\= es~.
dH dMT]s#T=, s, s++ |\TjTT<\T # d >+
b>=Tq sC |s seTV+<es eT]jTT & bs ]
d+b~s#&T. |&eTs lX\+ es sTTs Xdq+ yX&T. y+ sTTs#T
H&T. <Dq +<TLsT qTs&, sq dsV#\+ es |eq lX\+
qT+& sTq rs+ es s& sC $d]s| CX&T. jT qqT sl seTD
djT+es| n XdH\T |s=HsTT.
yT|* s eqTs& deTT<ybs+ |sbs~s|CX &T. $<X\qTs& d ] ,
seT, |T qks, Ve+T, >sT , >+<+ yTT<q dT>+< <y\qT d]s
>+ #dq ed+y\qT eT yTT<\T|{ ed+sjT\j&T.
s& yue+ 43
ed+y\ s+ | |sTw&T eTq<T & | d s<$jT | >eT+

=s&M&.
d+d, \qT <]s#&T. lX\+ MsseT+&b ]s#sT. s&
sE\ \<e eT\>seT. yT |P\ d+ >e\T >e <q+ Cd
\<e| u #TH&T. uVDT\ |jT+> n>Vs*, <H\T #d
~E\| |eT >sy\qT y*T#&T.
s$dsD, dT|]b\q, |Cd+eT+, d+d`d<#s sD, ybs_
e~ ~ |\Tbs\ sC dT_+ #X&T. # # sE\ dV s
bs<&T.
qdeT b++ >\ \, eq, ] <TsZ\qT sTTs k>s > MT \
d+>eT \<TsZ k<q s|T TseT n _sT<T bs<&T. seTV+<es sTTs
q|&T ydq lX\+ Xdq+ seTV+< se< q>s~ VQ$< d\<TsZ
esZ $<q \seT n ]+ #&&T . nH \<TsZ\qT sTTs#&T. sT=s&,
dsV#\+ sTTsq d+<s+ dsV#~ $+< b< |c| ]d+u
n _sT<T bs<&T. $jTq>s sE\T #=#T= edTHs * d y]|
<+&j Cd lX\ + es $Ts#T= 6`1`1378 ~q Xdq+ yX &T.
ns<T |Ps ~jT j\ \T|&sTT.
|\ # u+<es sVs#T= |\ V<j\ kq + d+b
~s#&T. Xs u<\T b&&T. deC eT++ #jT{ w#d
|C|]< #T]<bjT n _sT<T bs<&T.
jTq |s\>eT yq|* Xdq+ e]+#&+~.
<X~|+ #q_#eT s# Xu+
<+ djT+ #q $uy s>VsqT

44 s& yue+
$<+ s $~eTV| eTVu><jTq yeT

Dby duj+ d\ >TD < s d+Vdqd
e$T& |<H eT&T jTq deTs eT+. eTs= eT+ eT&+<T&T.
nqyeTT b\H\+ jeT jTT<\H bsTTs~. q eTT+<T s&sE\
\+ bsTTq b+\qT sTT+#&T. k<yTq yTs s$dsD ]s~.
jTT< jTq #TsT&T. @qT>T\qT +>BdTH $<H] |]H >
$Xw yswD esDbjTT&T n _sT<T bs<&T. k eTT sy \ us e &T,
]dUjT, sy\ yqjT _sT<T\T bs<&T.
=> kBq+ #dT q b+\qT s & sC *b&T. s&s |qT
X M<T m>sd eTVj+<<X |{_w d+e eTVu> n
]s #&&T . ~$<Ts+Z sTTs ~$<TsZ u n _sT<T bs<&T. d+V#\+
yTT<q $+< |s b<\ e< d+ u\qT |ws dsV#~ $+< b< |w
] d+u n |s=s<&T. n&s& nqyes& dH|. nqyeTT&T
seTV+<es seTTqT sTT+#T, b*+#T @ss#&T . X
keTs\ e\qH sTH{ <Xe TT s &s eTT *dqT. d+V#\+ yTT<q
$+<|s b<\ e< d+u\qT |w+ d+V#~ $+<b< |w ]
d+u n |s=+<&T.
k+|<sTT+> edTq ed+y (# ed+) |qsT<] s#&T. |
d+es+ =$T~ sE\T y\T ]>$. # |P]eTH&T eT<He+ ]>~.
sEq eTq+ eTTs<T nqTqT s+ | |sTw& eTq<T&. | d
s<$jT. | >eT+ =s&M&. # |P]eT H{ yT|* seqTs& d],
seT, |Tqks yTT<q dT>+< <y\qT |s =s&M&T M<T |\T,
d+<s\+<]| #ysT. sE dsqT\ +<Te >Tu[s#ys. H+,

s& yue+ 45
q+, +, Cq|<\T &èT> & s& &ysT. ns<T jTq

ed+sjT\T. <eseTT Xdq+ ed+sjT e]+H& $.
db\eT+u qjT' s ed+ + |es eTTs+
d] +eT >+<ks Ve+T sseTTUXs
ed+sjTX ed+ d] sDT#j+T yV'
|+ Ve+u |Tqes <s' ss K+&' s $s'
<q<s\T $|+> #d <sq yeTT&T> |d~ #s<&T. V+&,
\sT, q<s, >dVd, dTes <H\qT sVsqT Ve~ |+&T&T
|s=H&T. =+&M{ s & sE\+<] nqyes& <s T& je<s <X+
|r. Ve~ <q+&jT+<T #|q <s\ #X&T. deT u<qeTT\qT,
n>Vs <qeTT\qT uVDT\ #d $<\qT bw+#&T. +& \ eH
Xy #s sT&T. lX\ , es#\ |+#seTeTT\+<T q |sT Hy < eTT\
@sT #X&T. lo$XXsTq nH u>eTT\qT <eTT #X&T. jTq
Xy #s sT&> yw e <w+ <T . lLseTT, d+V#\eTT\+<T u <H~eTT\T
#X&T. w{\eTT\+<T e|P #dy& #] #TT+~. jTq <s kVdeTT\T
nqqeTT\T. n+<T# jTq ]dVjTT& #|&&T .
d+^ kV s+>\ nqyes& nTq kq+ q~. jTq kV
seTD, d+^ seTD, X+>s B| , d|X r ks{ , neTs X,
Xs>sB| nH >+<\ yX&T. $|b n uds#& VQ dVd
dTes<q d+w eTVMXsT&T n _sT<T bs<&T. $w|sD es
yH \+{ dsq jTq kq$. + u\dsd , $<~]. #H#sT&T,
|Xus j nH e\ nqyqT d+kq+ eHsT. e\ b+&
yT <H\T #X&T. VQdVd dTes<q d+w eTV MXs nq _sT<T
HeT+ b+<&T.

46 s& yue+
=s&M&TqT |]b*sq sE\ nqyeT u| eTVXw&

l eT\+|* keTXKs Xs>sT q s&sC\ #] > +<+ |s=H&T.
<s b\& eT]=s<sT #]sT\HsT. ns<T jTqqT <s q yeTT&T
n ]s#sT.
nqyes& >eT Xy #s sT&T. jTq \<e eTT |s+ <e&T.
s&seTT |s+ <yq<eTT n |r.
nqyeTT&T 1377 lX\ j y&* n# MsseT+|eTTqT ]+#&T.
MsseT+&|eTTq+<T nH MsT\T MseujTT \\qT, H\T\qT
>+&s q]+#T=, ]+#T= deTTqT b+<T#T+&s |r.
MsseT+&|eTTqT nqyes& q +& nqjTs& |Ds eTT {+H&.
b\jTyeTT \eTTq b>+> yTT {q |+#_+ seT*+>yT
MsseT+&|+ {H&. nqjTs& nqyeTT +& & T. +& eTT&T.
=+&M{ s & <e eT\>seT. yT <y\jTeTT >T+sT dq |*
\ nMTHu<T e< =+&| eq~. |+<d{ s& yT jT&\ u
n~+. sTH{ deT\ b+~q jTeTTq nqyeTT&T eT\>seTqT
1377 <]+ yT n+>s+ > u>eTT\ u $T |&< s eTT, eT\>sT,
neTqe\\sT nqT eT&T >eTeTT\qT eT\>seT deT]+#sT.
5
|Pq H+# T~ <q+T
e"q H+# eTqdT <&eTT
\eTTq H+# >TDeTT |<q+T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 47
ss ed+sjT\T
es] s&
.X. 1386 `1402
es]s& nqbs& esT&T. |s++ e<>\ es#\+
es] | ys#d jTTs& |s+ XsT | e\q s#&H qeT+
+& jTq es] s& n |sT |TH& =+<sT #]sT\T,
k\T #TTHsT. jTqH =eTs]s& n L& |\Tk sT.
|q+& nqyes& eTsDq+s+ es] s& |{_w #XsT.
n|{ Ts ><\THsTT. ueeTs~ jT yes& |<qeT+>,
<+&HjT> jT$Ts#&T. nsTT sTy eq |<eT{ yes&
eTT+<T>H ysd jTT<+ eqT #]sT\T #TTHsT.
jTT<\T bs+uyTHsTT. es] s& b\=\T, seTV+<es+,
dsV#\yT > [s> Ms={, +qT sTTs#&T. seTV+<es
L& s<> #dT= jT yes& eT++ s< s+ b*s#&T.
> *q # XdH\T yX&T. <D q +<TLsT qT+& s q + es,
|&eTs lX\+ qTs& sTq rs+ es s+ b*sqT #] #TTs~.
$jTq>ssE V]VssjT\T |s++, lX\+ $Ts#Ts
s> jT yes& dVs+ deTse++> |={ ] |s++qT,
lX\+qT kBq+ #dTH&T. n|&T V]VssjT\T yT e qLTsT
V]VssqT jT yeTT esT $yV+ #X&T. +<+
mH \e<T. sE |s++ |DyT +& yD +<+>
|d~+~.

48 s& yue+
jTyeTT&T deTsT&q b\&T. j<T&T. es] +f ejTdT

|<. jTyeTT&T yTT<> s+ sT>TuT keT+T\qT, s XTe\qT
nDyX&T. sT y [+> j |PqT=, seTV+<es+ qT+& <+&j
bs+_+, s eTV+<es| s&<=s\T n&s& jTq esT\T yes&
Msu <s& <=&s & dV s+ s+| <Ts+Z , yTT{ <Ts+Z , eTsT <Ts+Z , u+&|P &
<TsZ+, seT] <TsZ+ e>s\qT $jTe++> kBq+ #dT= es]s&
$j deT]+qT #], kV+ #TT+~. b+\q+{ *|
seTV+<ess+> #d, es]s& q esT&T nqys& s|~>
jT$T+#&T. n&s & T++ n+&> e+~. d+V#\+, + L& es]
s+ #]+~.
<q<s\ jTq s+ |{+~ |sT. q=&T Msq bs&, qT
<seT+ d+<]+q d+<s+ jTqqT q =&| LsT+& uT= y+&
+>s+ HD\ \ es] s & y{ <q<s \T #X& kV+,
#] ydes~.
=s&M{ q>s+ q yd+ =s es]s& >VsEyT&qT
]s#&T. yT& Vs< ~e ydTXd+ ys, |w, d, eT*,
$w nH <Ts\ ueH\ {. ~ +{d+u| yT&. B sD #Ts+
>=|~. B d+<]+#{ $$< <X\qT+& yT<e\T e#ysT. nsTT
B |<eT{ yes& ]s#& =+<sT ydq #] q<. B=
| #] eq~. qeP\] bTsE nqT <es \jT+ es&~ =s&M&T.
B#+ @&T { # mT, @&T y\T #TT =\ *q TeT #TqT
q]s |s < d+ueTT> #s, *| =s&M&T +{ d+u|
yT&qT, |<eT{ yes& ]s#& #] q~. y T& ~\,
yTX] <eqT |w+ qT =s&M{ | j
T Y \T|Tq~. yT&qT ]sq~
es] s&jT jTyeTT .X. 1395 H{ >|es+, .X. 1408 H{
s& yue+ 49
es]|s+ XdH\T y\&dTHsTT. #Te\T L& >VsE yT&qT >]

e]dTHsTT. >VsE yT& ~\ |P\+<TsT+< |<eT{ yeTT
|s+|s+ Xdq+ |s=+Tq~.
es]s& ss ed+sjT\T nH _sT<THeT+ q~. |
d+es+ #X< j<H&T ed+e+ #dy&T. B ed+ eeT,
#eeT, eT<HeeT *eeT |*#ysT.
y ne |jTX{ dVs+ ms eq~. dT>+< <y\qT
s <X\qTs& q ks H\ es] s& qT> sTT#y&T.
|jTqT dT>+<us&>s n<> jT$Ts#&T. ne |jT m& qTs&
@jT dT>+< <y\T # ys sT y \+ H{ lH<T &T q Vs$d
y ne |jTX{ ns$Td sX&T.
|sCs ss b<|+T\T #
\H+ +>sT yTT\ <#
dsV+Tq >+< d+<Ts+T\T <#
VsTeT+ \T VsT\T<#
>q d+X< d+eT< <eeTT <#
j+| {D eTT\T <#
u d]| deTT\T <#
N NH+s XD <#
>< >b\sjT yX uT+>
|\y~ u<q |sXseT
=eTs] s <y+<T L]VT&T
CD >C{ <ejT #$TX{
n |dTs#&T. n{ ~>TeT & dT>+< <y\qT es] s& qT>
#y&T. ed+e+ sE q s+ | s =s&M&T | |sT w&
50 s& yue+
eTq<T&, | d sr<$jT. } |+&>. sE =s&M{ e] <qeq

b+>D @qT>T nsu| }ss|> y dT>+<<y\qT |\|
#\Ts yy&. <] s<>H\T, ||<\T, {\T, #uq\T
e>s Cq|< V\Ts&$. y&T >=|<H, es]s& >=|<H
>] #T Cq|sY nysT >V , s s ed+sjT\T e s#s TT
& d. HsjTDs& >sT |Tq+> #b&T.
=eTs] #]eTT =s&MqT seTTqT deTT ed+eTT> s|>T
=s&MqT b<T=q{ eT{deTT ss ksueTT\T M#T
H{ ss ksueTT\T M#T n yX&T.
jTq \+q yT|*se q |TqqT #TsH es~.
es] s & dV > $, HXd |DT&T. ed+sJjT+ nH HXd
>+< sX&T. us T &T *|q u+ eT\qT bs<T|s# > dk s> kq qs
\eT |<]+#~. yT H+q = = u+eT\qT d]s >+<+
#s&T. es]s& J$+ \eT eTTKb eV+, s+ d+ q
bD>+ #dqT =+ kV+ \T|T+~.
sb\q \\+ es~. XTe\ <&#XsT. Ts du T\
<&#X sT. +<TLsT s & XK b<q+ eVdTq e#s& esT&T es
eTs&, es] s& b\q eq crs+ es $Ts#&T. <Tss
|]d T es]s& jT yes& syTq seTV+<es
y&T. n|{ # ns~eq esT&T Msq bs& # bj&T.
eqd+ > sbsTTq sE ms y< s #dH u+ .X. 1402 d+ jT
yes& e< qTeTd es{& =s<sT #]sT\T n_bjT|&sT . s s[
]bsTTs~. =s&M&T udbsTTs~. d+^ dsd eT>usTTs~. qs
qsq+ bsTTs~. X+ eTTds~.
s& yue+ 51
|<eT{ yes&
.X. 1402 ` 1420
nqyeTu| =&T s+ ns' \V\qT, s sE\ <&T*
\T|<\ #jT{ |<eT{ yes& =s&M{ dsVdH n~w+qT
#]sT\T u$s#sT. nT seTV+<es s+ jTyes& \+>
eH&T. y| $jTq>s sE\T <+&j d<+> eHsT. y]
nH y] \VqT\qT #ds~.
n<qT >eTsq |<eT{ yes& $jTq>s sE\| jTT<+ #d
>+ bsTTq sC =s ] bs<&T. sTrs+y| bsTTq sC
] bs<&T. es]s& KsT sE |<eT{ yes& =+&M&T
d+VdH $T+#&T.
seTV+<es+ jTyeTT dK q+<Te\q nq<e#&T&T
<TseTD |jT +#&T. n y\eTsE\ bs+ |<eT{kjT+
e\de dj< H]b&T. nT jT yeTT Te n& s&s+
|Hed q|&T jTyeTT es n* sC ysdTs\ yT
n&s & |P] dV seT+~s nq <e jTT<+ #d > * seTV+<es
n* u{&T. deTjT+ |<eT{ yes& nT $jTq>sE\T,
T n&s& eT< sTH&T. |<eT{ yes& qeT+ e$T& ds>jT
<+ VeT dTH |sCc #T\T *| seTV+<es+| <&#d
n&s & # z&bj&T. <T |] <esjT yT|* Xdq+ |s+ =s&M&T
s+ $jTq>s sE\ b<syT s ~. yT|* $jTq>s sE\ #s~.
|H>\ s#s sE\q jTT<+ #jTe\d es~.
52 s& yue+
|<eT{ yes& &| { |+ q sT<es+ <qXdq+. n~ X d+: 1341

$]HeT d+es+. |<eT{ yes& kq $<~]jTq lH<T&T
*sq K] |+ <. es cq~ s u> eTT&T e#s&
n|s q |PsT\T #dq |H jTH #X&T.
|<eT{ yeTT&T, eT+ |]b\H<& #] #TTs~. jTq Xe
eT_e. $<, eekjT+ n_e~ #X&T. jTq us d+q k>s+
nqT #sTe ]+ sT\ n+&> *+~.
jTq djT+> $. d+d+ |s&T &T. ><d|X qsT><\
yUH\T ss#&T. \T>Tuw +f <euw beTTK #&T. eTV<.
e\ $<+dT\ <H\T #X&T. ed+y\T #X&T. X eeT_e.
o`syTXs j\T #X&T. nMTHu<Te< eT\>seT >T& |q]]s#&T.
X <e\ >T {s#&T. jTq kq$ yeTqu uDT&T. jTq
yeTub\\ #] yX&T. |<eT{ yes& \+ =s&M{ ksd
dsjTT>eT #]sT\+{sT.
5
\eTTq H="&T >TDe+T" &T+&q
\eTT y\jTT y >TDeTT#
y\jTT eqeTTq eT\jT+TqT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 53
s#yes&
.X. 1420 ` 1424
|<eT{yes& esT&T s#yes&. * ds+. yT <q+
|uTe >qub\T LTsT.
s#ye s& e\+ H\T>T d+es |]b*s#& | j
T T\T #TTq$.
.X. 1420 qTs& 1424 es |]b*s#&T. +& eTsD+ $jTq>s
sE\T $s_s#sT. =s sC $Ts#sT. [+> >| <TseTD
s+ qT+& yTT<+~. s#yes& sus yjT bj&T. KCH
U nsTTs~. s|{ nd+<y T q |qT\T $~s#&T. |]{ dT++ $~+#&T.
bsTT |qT $~+#&T. |C+&, des+ m\jT nH * HjT #
(|]{ |qT ydq+<T) VeTj&T. +<T >T <s\T <=s<
eT\+|* ysHsT. =s&M{ s&sE\ e]y&T s#yes&.
b\jTyeTT&T =s&M{ sC k|s #&T. mH &<T &T, X| ,
w| #dq s+ eTD|Pds{ nqyeT, ess T\ b\q
C\eq+> |s deTTq Ks\ n~sVss~. yu y | sE\T
me\+ +&<T. |<eT{ yeTT #s\T, n nssZ eTT\T
< Ks+| qTs s~ XsTT. nj>T&q n =&T < eTTs#X&T.
eTVs s&e+X+ #] \ eTVsu~ uT> eq~. e+<jT
eyT nsTTH u eTT+ s{~ nHsT. l eT\+|* keTXKs
Xs>sT.
54 s& yue+
=+&M&T s&e+XeTT
eT ub\T&T
yeT ub\T&T
b\jTs& ` us nqe+
e#s& b\jT yes& nqjT <=& yeTk eT\

(.X. 1325`1353)
s& b|<eT{ H>

nqbs& nqyes& <=&+_
(1353`1364) (1364`1386) jT+&. jTs &
|<eT{ yeT e#
(1402`1420)
=eTs]s& <=&+_
1386`1402) jT+&. jTs&
s#ye s& nqb

(1420`1424)

s& yue+ 55
=+&M{ s&e+XeTT

eT ub\T&T

yeT ub\T&T

b\jT eT{s&
(us nqe+ ` &=&jTs& es)

e#s& b\jT yes& nqjTs& yeTk eTs &
(&=& yeTk)
nqjTs& esT\qT (2),
es\qT (1) < rdT=H&T

nqbs& nqyes& ye+ <=&+
(us eTqTe+) (us ;eT*+>s&) (us jT yess&)

es] s& nqe+ (eT\e+) jT yess& 2
(ss ed+sjT\T) (us jT yes& 2)

Msqbs&
(nqbs& 2)

s &b |< eT{s & H>s&

|<eT{ yes& neTsT e yU e#s&

s# yes&
56 s& yue+
seTV+<es s&s+
jT yes&
.X. 1395`1414
+<< X e TTqT b*+q es]s& +<T Vde, jTT~ws T q
lw e eT+eTT Hi| q dV jTXSs# d+> esTq T&qT U &d
|uT y, |+&T &, $|+& bw & U>+q e T |sTw&T jTyeTT&
|eTTK #]sT\T $<H \TL] b|jTXd |s=HsT . &T es|
bT&T. nqyeT u b\T <VT&T. jTq *< + &T\T D| , <=&+_\T.
es] TTe eT+_ jTq dreTD.
es]s& q sC $d]dTq \+ sE&T, \X* nsTTq
jT yes& seTV+<es q |~> |+| =s&M&T sC
b*s#&T. <Ts<weXT nHs>+, esT eTsD+ sDq es]s&
seTV+<es+ #] jTyes& e< eTsDs #&T. seTV+<es s &s
#] n+ jT yes&, jTq e+o\ #].
|<eT{ yes& =s&M{ |uTy jTyeTT | eTj&T.
n + &qT nH<e #&T&T |<eT{ yeTT & H&T. $jTq>s
sE\T s&sE\| jTT<+ |{s#sT. keT+Tq =|q HjT\T
|<eT{ yes& dV]s#sT. jTT<\ jTyeTT&T bj&T.
seTV+<es s+ #C]bsTTs~.
sTy eq ss&e es] s& (.X. 1414`1416)>, (jTq
|qejTdT&q+<Tq jTyes& $jT+&T n&s& us+ yX&T)

s& yue+ 57
eT&e ess &> , n&s &> , eT& nqbs&> , Msu <s&> s &
sC |Psyue+ bjsT. n&s& eT&e esT&T <=&s& .X.
1416`1420 es b*+#&T. eT& es]s&, eT& nqbs& .X.
1420`1423 es b*+#sT. Msu<s& .X. 1423 qT+& b*+#&T. &
.X. 1424 b& <esjT\T \+ $jTq>s s+ *dbsTTs~.
jTyeTT e+ >=|~. ueeT]~ es]s& nsf jTq
bD+. q esT es]s& n |sT |TH&T. njTq d+d
$<+dT&T. [<dT eT&T Hq n_Cq X+\eTT, e$$TeTT,
$ysojTeTT\ es] $jT+ (es] sJjT+) nqT yUq
>+<+ sX&T. mH >e\ es]|s+ n |sT|{ <y\j\,
uVDT\ <H\T #X&T.
deTsT& q sy. eTVj<T &T. jTT<\ $j\T k~s =s&M{
e+X+ y meS k~s#q+> s&sC sT~X $d]s|CX&T.
\ dsd T , +< s ~X =s&M{ sC $d] s| CX&T. es]
s& dH~|>, |<qeT+> |#X&T.
jT yeTT&T yw e u & T . [+> <+&j nq+s+ seTV+<es+
yDT>b\k$T yTT& #*+#&T. ><e] eT+&\+ me>
$c\jTeTT\ >e\qT <q+ #X&T. jT yeTT&T Xy\j\ L&
<H\T #d Xe ywe XK\ keTsk b&&T.
es] s& eT]jTT jTq us|sT y] |Db| d+ nH
>e* uVDT\ n>Vs\T> <q+ #X&T. .X. 1414H{ <seT+
XdH\T, .X. 1416 H{ XdH\T <q $Xc\qT \T|Tq$. mH <y
\j\ <H\T #X&T. n_\+ Xdq+ +<T k +. esT&T es]
s& |{q d+<s+> =s&T >e e\ e<e&H uVD $<sdT

58 s& yue+
<q+ #dqT =s&T Xdq+ \T|T+~.

jTyes& n*, V]Vs+\T LT. n* Ms u<s&,
V]Vs+qT Msu<s& Cw |T&T yes& sTT $yV+ #X&T.
jTyeTT Bs k+qqT =s&M&T s+, seTV+<es s+
mq{ eTse<T.
es .X. 1414 ]q s|] jTT<+ >se |q #
eTsDs#& #] #TTs~.
jT yeTT eTsDq+s+ n s+&e esT&T s+&e es]s&
sj&T. qq+ sCq+<Tq jT yeTT $jT+&T n&s&, s+&e
es] d+s &T> e+ seeVs\T sV+#&T. seTV+<es
sC | yTq nH<e& n&s& eTTu{&T. n&s& <sq>s
dTH| jTT<+#d >*#&T. n&s& sE&T. k$Tu |sjTDT&T.
jTq J$eT+ jTT<\ d]bsTT+~. jTT<\ esT\T yeT,
Msu<, <=&, nHs&T, eT+jTq n]jT{ *+>eT+ dV jT|&&T.
5
\eTTq H="&T >TDVqT"&Tq#
\eTT #&TqT y >TDeTT e\q
y\jTT #iq+<T yqT y&*qT!
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 59
seTV+<es s& e+XeTT

jTs& I
es
jTs& II Md. &=&+_

(D/o b\jT yes&)
jT yes& Md. <=&+_ (nqeT)

D/o nqbs&
es]s& n* jT+. Msu<s&

(.X. 1414`1417) (.X. 1423`1448)
5
|sH k<sT"&
|s <qeTT\ d|&! |s V#s
|sTq> Ty&T! bE&T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

60 s& yue+
+<TLsT s& s+
+<TLsT s& s #] VQ=~ <s\T L& #]sT\ \u+
<T. +<TLsT b+ eTs& dVjT+ b\jT yeTT&T sTTs
$Ts#&T. eTs & eTVMsT&T. n<+ sC ds dH < &T. & ujT
$Vs <XyTq +<TLsT |~> b\jTyeTT&T jT $Ts#&T. +<TLsT
s<> eTs&, n d+ysT d+T X + |]b*s#sT.
eTs& eTqTeT&T l]s& \+ s+ $d]ss~. l]s& =&T eT&
eT{s& \+ +<TLsT s&T $jTq>s keT+THsT.
eTs& |sT yT|* seqT sTTsq d+<s+ |ss~. n|&T
VeT dTH neBH VdH\ VeTHcqT m~]s s &s C <TH&T.
<q<s\T #X&T. y{ >TssT |<|P& Xdq+ X+&\ >E\T
m |~ \ D B T \, d > w&X H\ e\uj
T |<|P & n>V s+>
sTTqT X d+ 1326 Xdq+ q~. eTs& =&T nHs& +>TsTqT
<q+ qT X d+ 1328 Xdq+ q~. M] #] #T+&, |<|P&,
b, +<TLsT, =+&eTT&TdTb+, $TH&T <eT XdH\ =+
=+ \TdT+~.
eTs& eTqe&T l]s& k++ |{s#TH&T. &T eT+
kV_sT >\y&T. d+^, kV k~s# du$. n yH
nHys b#Ts& Xdq+ q~. |+\ ]e{ #sTe\T $s#&
XdH\T \T|TH.
+<TLsT s&T <jT] s+| <+&j #XsT. < +&j
l]s& eTT&T nHs& HjT + eVs#& b Xdq+ #TTs~. l]s&
=&T\T #Ts& eTTK|D+ #dT= b*s#sT.
s& yue+ 61
+<TLsT s&e+XeTT
eTs &
l] e#s&
eT&e eT{s& s+&e eT{s&
5
yiT|sT">T #] e+T" Ci#TqT
J&|sT">T #] #T Ci#T"
T+&T #] >Tie+T" Ci#Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
Vq>TDeTTy \Tdsq
m+yq &TeTT >\T>T!
"> &T| C sTTT #jT<
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

62 s& yue+
s&sE\ \| de+
s& sE\ \+ n >e e+&e #|e#T. @y = e+
$TqVsTTs|. >e\T djT+ bw+>, djT+ deT~> es&e #]
sT\+<s #|q d+>.
|]b\H eed ` $<q+

s&sE\T rjTsE\eH d+|<jT b\H $<H nqTd]s#sT.
s+ db+> deTeT #]sT\T u$s#sT. n$ 1. sE, 2. eT+,
3. s+, 4. <TsZ+, 5. X+, 6. dq+, 7. $T+ nH$.
sC sE ds~]. u$TjT+jTT sE<. n& q HjBX
&T. {\ s++ b{dT+&ysT. |]b\q sE eT+, dH|,
|sVT&T dVsT\T. me] $<T\T y]y. eT+H |<qeT+, eTVeTs,
eTV|<, n+T+&ysT. es] s& e+ d+|<j $&H& jT
yes&H |<qeT+>qT, dH<>q $js#T H&T. =s<sT
uVDT\H |< qeT+> $js#sT. b\jT yes& eT+T\T se|>&,
eTH<T &T. nqbs& eT+T\T keTjT, eTH<T &T. |<eT{ye TT eT+
e$T& ds>q. Ms+ uVDT. eT+ sE deq < +&~. s&
uVDT\ eq kV+ #] #|s<. @~ @yTH sE sjTyT T~
sjT+. |<qeTs sTy ns{ < |sVT<.
|PseTT |]b\H eedqT k\u+ d+ ueTT\T>, y{ deT\T>,
y{ HjT+seTT\T>, y{ H&T\T, d\eTT\T, >e\T> $us#sT. s&
sE\T y] kss+ =s&M&T, $qT=s& u\eTT=s&, n<+, <jT],

s& yue+ 63
, H\sT , es, +<TLsT, b~*, neTqu\T, #Ts&, <b&T, H>sTq =s&

nqT $u>\T #Xs \TL] Msu <se >] +<T \ #] >+<+ q<
dTses+ ||s&>sT +<T\ ks|T #] *bs T. |uT eTTK
<jT+ u$T dT. B <q w eT+] n, eT\q s+eTTq] n
nHsT. eTTdTq] HjT\T |+ se e+T |qT> ed\T #dq T b\jT
HjT Xdq+ #TT+~. < |< s &s E\ nqTd]+#sT . HjT+sT \T,
keT+T\T #*+ # | + sC<jT+ u>+. ysT dq + d+ $j+q~
bqT $T>~ |+ fysT. eekjT b\qT eZ]+ |qT\T ssD
#dysT. <qs|+ ed\T #dq |qT s#><\ e+& $. b\
|qT <qs|+ ed\jT~. , yXK ek\ |qT\ ed +&$.
b\jTyeTT NeT] Xdq+ dTes<j |s=q~. |\] (;| |qT),
\] (+{ |qT), <+&<jT+ (]eH\T) nH dT+\T+&$. rjTT\T,
s&sE\ \+ |qT\ u< me> e+&<. \T #*+# sT\
]q +> e+&~. lH<T & B<VsD. sT y q\>eTT \+ s T \
#T \ u&\ T yd =fy sT. dT+\T ed\T #dyqT dT+sT \T < dT+s
>T+&T nHy. d+\, se |D\ yD |qT\T+&$. m>T&,
~>T& dT+\T+&$. >qT>\|, s{\|, eT>Z\| yD |qT\T+&$.
|]b\H eed e]~ >eT+. >eT |]b\q uT\Ts&ysT. ysT
s& < |<|, sD+, ], |sV nqTysTs&ys T. >e eT],
eT], +k*, e&+, #*, eT+>*, X{, #s s nqT $Tsd<sT\Ts&ysT.
J\Ts&e. yTs\Ts&$. =s<] ueTT\#ysT. |qT\T s& <q
ueTT\qqTu$s#ysT. | >e >eTde\Ts& ysT. y] $Tsd\T,
yTs\T, <queTT\Ts&$. y{ ue eH\HysT.
H&T >e\T H\T>T s\T> es&$. sE>] nBq+ es&$ s#eP.
M{ sT\ eksT. dH|Tq HjT+sT\ kBq+ es&$
64 s& yue+
HjT+s|T. n+f C^s] >e\T. M{ nyT n~s+ <T. uVDT\T

e+Xbs+|s V\ nqTu$s#$ n>Vs\T. $> <e<H\T.
>e\ s& |uT e |~> es&y&T. jTH >e Hj~]
L&. u $T ]sT\ T. |qT\T sVs#~ sD +R>D&T k>T& \T j sT
#k&T. yTT<{ |qT\T ed\T #jTTysT $XuVDT\. sjT uds
eT+ y] =\+ j uVDT\qT @sT #X&. nsTT sD\
n+ eT+ |sT<T. ysT nk<T\, <TssTZ\. ;yTXs |sD+ M]
>T]+ #
: sDeTT qjT* |
sDeTT, sjT >TD~sDeTT, |H
XsDeTT, |>ys\qT
eTsDeTT HC\T eT+T+&qH n #|&+~.
s&, sD+ *d |uT+. y] y<+ s& >eT+ @MT s><T.
>eT+ Xsu < \ u< y]<. ] >eT s u T&T. sT\+<T >eT+
>d sT>T <=s>q+ e>s Hs\qT n]fy&T. n u]| eTs=
s uT&Ts&y&T.
|sVT\T ` uVDT\T | n+ >se+ bs<ysT. |\T ~.
ys, q , Xu~ H\ $#sD d+ |sVT e< > ysT. @ | yTT<\T|{\H
|sVT& deTjT sjT+ #j*. |sVT&T udTs T&j&T. s&sE\T
|<]+q uVDu ns*s\ #|qk<+. ysT u$T |qT\T>, s
|qT\T> @MT #*s#*q | <T. sE |sVT&T s& >&#~ <T.
sE yjTd+&T, sjTd+&T es&ysT.
sE\T |< #sTe\T ]s y{ eTseTT\ ({ u$T |]$T)
=s u> eq+> # |< <X+< |<jT, eH <X+<
s& yue+ 65
eq+ nHys eT\+|* keTXKs Xs >sT, & _.mdt.m. VqTeT+se>sT

y] #] >+<\ |s=HsT. eH\qqTu$s# ysT { eqsT\T,
eTseTT\ d+ |+ |<e+T $js#ysT / #*s #ysT. eH\|
|qT <T.
+<|uT + sc~ sT\T, dH~| T $ d+|T \T nH >D \T
(n+f+T) nHeT+~ e+&ysT. s+ sc\qT+, <TsZ\qT+ e#
<jT ejT $es\qT |<T\y> \T yd m|{|&T #|+ y] $~.
d+\, s e|D \ yD dTs\Ts&$. yD+| meT&(m>TeT),
~>TeT&(~>TeT) |qT\Ts&$. >qT\|, qH >qT>\|, eT>Z \|, s{\|
|qT\Ts&$. s&sE\ K]y&q s#yes& |]{ |qT, bsTT|qT s
mHH |qT\T $~s |C>V >Ts y]# bD\T j&. &T
|se T s+X&q +<Tq * > #s~q d$es+ jT\| n V+ #X&
#] yjT&s~.
eekjT+
s+ u$T nssE<. nqTue<sT\ |{\T e. uVDT\
n>Vs\Ts&$. s >e\ sT\T d$Tw d<+ #d, d$Tw> eekjTeTT
#d KsT\T u] s |uT | w&>e TT (=# |<e e+T) rdjT Ts $T>~
|Xe\ |seTT (&) |+#T=H<sT. eTT b\eTT, |{ b\eTT,
s, #\ nHy. +>s e&\HysT. +\T, #sTe\T $ ]
d<+#dysT. |\ eTTKe eekjT+. |uT eTTK <jT eqsT
eekjTyT. eekjT+ XS<T\T #dysT. #sTe\T, ue\T { ks\T.
@eTT, s{\T, |\ <s b\ {bsT<\ ]>~.
|+ e], Cq, d, #s , qTe\T, | eTTKyTq $. Cq|+f eTTKs.
Cq*, CqjT+*, CqqeTT, Cq|ds T Cq | H n, dTedT& H
66 s& yue+
CqL& s{&, $Ts$Ts sH{ Cq yTT\T qTMT nq lH<T

|<\T eTq <s+. Cq*, Cqs*, Cq|ds T | e> uT s#ysT.
dq+ L& eTTUVs\ {. |D\ <\T dqqeTT, n]d\T,
s\T, bjTdeTT\T, e&\T uTs#ysT. _jTeTT, \\T, |d\T, u\| #s,
Cq\T, d\T, $TqTeTT\T eTTq>T |+\T |+&s#ysT.
u\+, qH, s|+&T, K+&Xss, HsTT yTT<\>T s ueTT \Ts&$.
ns{|+&T, +\T |D\ es&$. | ns>& jTs<T,
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<q +>qT dTq n lH<T &T ybj&T. |\ T nejT+>, s&+s+>
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<TqTqT, dTedT+&q CqL& &T#TH. n lH< T&T |{ b+
>] $X<+> #b&T. |\ eekjT , |+\T, <jT eqs T\T,
uqedT\T nes&e nseTTs~.
sTrseT+<* \+u eTT\ @{ eT&e\ HH$<e TT\>T e] <qeTT\T
|+&$. e& nq+eT>T CT\Tq$. ><e] \+ VQ$< |\ eTT\T deT~>
e+&$. \eTTq <XeTTqT #q Csqdt (1327`30) nqT bXT&T
ydqT. \T>T<X| sE VQ||e+T&T. n seTT |w\eTT>
Cq, e], #s, H, ||<H\T, >T&T, >=sT, <Tq\T, b&, $$<eTT\>T
qH\T XweTT\>T |\eTT\T eTs+<TqT ueTT q{$ deT~> \_dTq$
n dTses+ ||s&>sT qy<T #XsT. ueTT\qT s T\T y] ysT
e rdT=H<s T . n+<T lH<T & eTq<VsD. s &s E\ |Ce\+q
qT *jTT#Tq~. yX\T L& eTq ueTT\ #sTe\T $+#sT.
|\| |qT\<s e# <jT+ <H<jTeTT, dTes<jTeT ss&T
$u>\T. <j\qT jT+ (s$q) nHysT. |uT (sE) <jT
s& yue+ 67
eqsT\T @&$T~ s\T> es&$. 1. eekjT+, 2. |]XeT\T, 3. yD+,

4. dT++, 5. | ; ` n&e\T (>s), 6. k+|T ks\T (q+<q
eH\T), 7. q><T s|+ nq#q+> #*+ #$. (|uT #*+ #$ +>s+
s|+ L& es&$).
H\ yT, ], n eZ]s#sT. |uT+ (sE) #sTe\T +\T,
q\ T ]+#~. |\T L& neds {, ed { #sT e\T eHysT.
] d<eTTq y, @eTT <s sT rdTHysT.
|uT+ \] (s{ |qT), |\] (; MT< |qT), bsTT |qT, |]{
|qT, | |qT, u $TdT, e, n~+ > ed es&e kV+, XdH\T,
\T|Tq$. ny y] ns #XjT L& #] #TTs~.
|uT eTTK <jT+ u $T dT. B w ||+ #eT], w eT+],
s+eTTq] n nHysT. eTTdTq] HjT\T |+ se e+T |qT>
ed\T #dqT b\jT HjT $\d Xdq+ e\q \TdTq~. HjT+sT\T,
keT+T\T #*+# |+ L& sC<jT+ eTTKu>yT. s#eP
ueTT\qT sT\ e#ysT. |qT\qT <qs|+ ed\T #dysT.
<qs|+ ed\T #dq <H s#><\T bd |u T<T>T\T |
e+&ysT. |qT\T |\] (| ;|) \] (+{ |qT) <+&<jT+ (]eH\T)
nqT 3 $<\T> eHjT b\jT yeTT NeT] Xdq+ \TdT+ ~. |uT
>qT\| <jT+ e#~. eC\ >qT\T, qT| >qT\T MT< |qT\~+ > ed\jT$.
eT>Z\ MT<, qH >qT>\ MT< |qT\Ts&$. ybs dTs\T, d+\| <jT+
|uT #s<~. |qT\T ed\T#d n~sqT dTs~sT nHysT. <
z&se $~s# dTs\T+&e yT|* Xdq+ \T|T+~. keT+T\T
#*s# |+ eTs= <jT+.
<j\ |Ps| |]b\\ \qT+& qy. y{H s&sE\
nqTd]s#sT. myq y{ |\T ess#sT.
68 s& yue+
|uT+ eT\<H @sT #d~. < 3e e+T>, 4e e+T>

|\| KsT #d~. $T*q yTT dq sVD KsT # dysT.
ueTT\qT =\T#T >& n b&e>\ f/< +&~. >&
=\qT <y\jT+ eT+&|+ #+ |fysT. ueTT\ $es\qT
>D e TTqT {\| ydysT. =\\T Cq\T, >&\ T =*#ysT. \+
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>&\TR+, 100 +\TR#\/K+&/| nHysT. e TT\qT e&\
|*#ysT. e& nq> nsesV. +T | sE e& sTT#ysT.
ybs+
ybs+ #dy] *\T, eTT eTTKT\T. *\ X{ nH _sT<+
e+&~. M] +<<X+, q& $T <X\ d+|\T+&$. d<X es
d+| d<o n, |s< X \T+ e#y] |s< o nqT |sT+ &$. yDC
|uT qT+ nqTeT |\T b+<*. <X+ b++ qT+ eTs= b+
+&<sT+ &$. e#s, y\sT, jTqeT<\, =+&M&T, +> &, n<+ , |s++ ,
+<TLsT, $qT=+&, =+&|*, H\sT, |<>+C+, |T+k\, <seT+,
|qT>=+&, seTV+<es+ H{ eTTK yD +<\T. M{ se |Dq
yT|*, eT|+\ \T| sV <sT\T+&$. yT|* qT+& |s++
MT<T> ] esZ+ +< s\qT *|~. +f\T, m<T\T, <TqbT\T,
>Ts\T, +#] >&<\ M|\| L& dsT\T ydT bjTysT. +&MT<
L& y$. <=+>\ u qT+& |+#T e{ jTT<\T L& rdT
bjTysT. q<T\T <{ | |&e\T+&$. |T+&$. eTTd+ dssT\
qT+& yT|* seqT b\jT yes& eTT&T eTs& ed+ CdT= s
se |D n_e~ #XsT.

s& yue+ 69
d+\T ]>$. edT e]& |<T\T+&$.

<s<X q s, eT\j, +&Hwj , NH, |+CT, d+VeTT, #=+,
|]j, ns_j, >y e>s # qTs& $$< edT ybs+, #+<H>sT,
ss, Ve+T, seT, s, d]~ dT>+< <y\ ~>TeT, #H e>s
<X\ qTs& N NHss XDT\T, DeTT\T, dT>+< <y\T e>s \ ybs+
ne <ejT, |jTd{ <s ]>$. lH<T Vs$d+ >+ < de#s
{ (~ ne |jTd{ ns$T#&T) Cb, dsV+, dTeT, eT\j,
s&#H, u{\ ybs+ ]s~.
|+Cs ss b<|+T\T #
\Hs +>sT yTT\#
dsV+Tq >+< d+<Ts+T\T <#
VQsTeTT+ \T VsT\T <#
>ed+X< d+eT< <eeTT <#
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dTs s<T #X&T ` H{ Free Trade Policy e. |{e |qT\ $<q+,
mE &bsTyTsT HjT eT\+|* ysT |s=HsT. s&sE\ (+<T\)

70 s& yue+
z&\qT >] es=b nqT ydt j&T |s=H&T +<T \ j&\T

|<$ . z& 150 qTs& 300 eT+~ ]\Ts&]. z& 6000 $T]jT| k\T
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10 q He\Ts#&&$. es\ qTL\eT>T 60 ><T\T z& qTs&&$.
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s &s E\T V +<e\T. V +<e eT eTTdy T b\\ e<qT+& s+ #{
+D+ THsT. Xe\T, ywe\T nH & +& ujTT\q V+<
eT<s \T>H u$+ keTsd + b{+, ne\+_+#sT, <]+#sT. V+<
d+d, d+|<j\qT s+#{ Xee, ywee nH~ #&<T.
b\jT yes&, nqbs&, nqyes& eu\T. es]s&,
jTyes& $wu\T. =+&M{ sE\ |T&sjTe+X+ ysT >TsTe\T.
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$Xk\T me>H eq$.
s &s E\T, y] <>T\T, |\ <sD = <y\j\T = n+<\qT
d+]+#THsTT. n{ y{ lX\+, |s++, neTse, b\=\T,
<seT+ eTTKyTq$. = <y\j\ eH* eTseTT\T #sTT+
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n+<T #<\y&H s& eT\es+ n L& #] #TT+<+ {sT. b\jT
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{+#&T. lX\+ ~>Te b >+> yTT {+#&T. Xe+ $d+> eq
rjT, s& sE\ \+ <ssD d+, <XV+ d+, |CeT+ d+,
s& yue+ 71
sXjTdT d+ MsXe\T *<q+ #dTHysT. *<q+ #dTH

>T&T\qT #+|&T >T nHy ( >=+TqT yT dTe+ *<q
$<q+). MsT\ >sys+ y] |eT\T \\| #+ \jT b+>D\
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#&e#T. eT|syTq $<y| <y\j\ eTs\T+&$. lX\+
>+{eTs+, $ueTs+, eTs+ e>s eq$. s&T y] s+ |s+
<e<+> u$+, <e | e\q es]s& |{H& H $Xd+
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lX\+ |dT e+& yX&, d b\<s, |+#<s n n+{s
#] #TT+~.
nqyes& = kbH\T {+#sT. lX\+ \jTKs\ +>sT
\X\T deTLs&T. leT*sTqk$T TLsT >e <s+> sTT#&T.
jTyeTT&T leT*sTq \jT+ qT+& KsXs+ es yTT {+#&.
.X. 1405 XdH { \TdT+~.
|+#se\T> |d~ #+~q \j\ neTse |d<yTq~. es
k$T sdTsT #dq jTT<+ sdT yT& e*+> nsTT<T
eTT\T> #X&T. eTT\T |&q |+#se\T. n$ neTse,
<seT+, esseT+(# ;eTes+), sseT+ (b\=\T), #
seT+(>TqT|P& ;eTes+) =*eTT neTse< |sD <.
+<<X *+> <XeT |sT. { lX\ eT*sTqk$T. s+&e~
<seT ;yTXsk$T. eT&e~ Xsk$T. n+{ s&sE\T |P\T
#XsT. u] $s\T #sT. eT+&b\T, >|s\T, bs\T, @sT #XsT.
72 s& yue+
nqyes& <seT+ ;eTH<q >s+ ]+|Cd < H, D, eT,

Xys, >j q eT+&b\T ]+#sT. seTV+<es+ es+&jT k$T
s &s E\T \<e +> s~+, sD, n_e~ w#X sT. jT yes&
us eT+_ {des+ nH >e es+&jTk$T dy +s\ d+
<q$T+~. seTV+<es+ |d< yw y \jT+qT s &s E\T |q]]+#sT.
s&sE\T \j\T bwD| X<eV+#sT. lX\+, |s++,
nV_\+, <seT+, neTse, d+V#\+, +&e* >TV\T, +<TLsT
HsH\jT+, yTT<q q <y\j\ bwD, <sD @sT#d,
uVDT\ n>Vs\ eT <eu #THsT. \qT <]+#sT.
eT\>seT >T&, =+&M&T <TsZ+, |, y\sT, +f|P&, =+&|*,
Be\~H, XLsT, |s++, yT|*, sT=+&, <seT+, dses+
e>s <y\j\T, eT+&b\| qksTT ~.
s & HeTDT\T H>eT, msTkqeT, +_, b+_, eT\ yT\ eT,
ds+_, n<$ (jT yes& es) (Msu<s& us).
HjTb\q ` d
s &s E\ \+ HjTb\q, \ $<q+ m e+&< n+> <s\T
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=+ <>Zs> q Xu\T qT y{ <sd\qT #s d+|<j\qT
me> b{+ e+&e#T.
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y] eTT+<Tq rjTT\T, |qTq $jTq>s sE\ <sd\qT,
d+|<j\qT b{+qT #]sT\T n_bjT|&sT.

s& yue+ 73
eT\+|* keTXKsXs >sT = $es\qT q s &s C\ #] >+<+

yXsT. HjT$<q+ <sXd >+<\MT< <s|& s T>TT+&< yXsT.
je\d, Hs<d, |sXs e<MjT+, eT]= <sXk\qqTd]+
HjT$<q+ +&<.
sC HjT|]b\q |<. d\VeT+&* dV s+ +&~. y] eTTKT&T
|sVT&T. HjTkH <sdu n, <sdq+ n nH y. Hs $#]+#
y] <sduqT\HysT. HjTduqT <sdq+ nHysT.
\T #\ ]q+> e+&$. e*|+#+, n+>#<+, >qT> |{
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=syjT+ yTT<q$ =.
u$T ><\T, ><\T, n|\T, neT\T, =qT>, ysd+,
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#|ysT.
eTT+<T nqTqT XdH\+f kV >+< M{ me <s\T.
be #s MT]be+ |<H s + . n be+ sTEe #dTe{
u> *q qT|>T +&T # |Te+ H{ HjT+ ` <s +. B eT&Te T
nHysT. n~ \+f |e. Hs+ #jTqf.
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k<sDeT eTTd+ s#sTT\T L& eT >+<\ yXsT. Hss|DqT <e
m<T |eD+ #sTT+ #|+#+ |<. Hss|D H<Ts=H e s+&T#
yqT > yq |{ksT. \+f Hs+ #jTqf.

74 s& yue+
Hs ysD, |]X<q >eT s uT\< u<. >eT | me.

s >d\T+&$. >eTdT\ dVjT+ L& rdTHysT .
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X~+#b n& u~T qw|]Vs+ #*+#*. n~ k<+ b sC
qw|]Vs+ #*+# @sT #j*.
X+ u <, sD , Hs* s~+#+, <=+>H \T y]+#+ ] $~.
+<T n#T e*, y* e* n s+&T $<H $<T\T+&$.
<+&q\T re+> e+&$. <X <V eTsD <+&q. = Hs\ #sTT>,
\T> =\+#+ +{ \THjT eTTdyT s#sTT\ >+ < yjT&
e+~.
s & sE\ \+ eTTdq nq+s+ +&T >|T \ b\q (MsT \T>T
ysT s n_bjT+) |<eT{ yes& kq$ lH<T &T \TeHXjT eTT
cqB rs+ u&T| jT&<=s\ e< (e&s E\ n_bjT+)
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|+& |qTqT \TqT #*+#q+<Tq jT&<=s\T $~+#sT. jTq
nqTu$+q \T lH<T #T |<eTT\ { #TTq~.
d $sE +s+T >*+#qT ><
|syT> H<Ts+& u>&<+&
ksueTT uTCd+uyTqT ><
q>] y{qT+&T q\>T+&T
+<Hw<s jT+|TjTT>+Tq
<*jTT+&qT >< >jTT>eTT
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s& yue+ 75
^ wyDeT >=bjT +|\eTT

_\_\T bjT ~\\T |d\T
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HT #*+T &++T &T qsT
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qsT>T#TH&T lH<T &eTs|]
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$ >] +&sT eTjT q yd+ *bsT.
lH<Tq n+ wyTq \T $~+|&q$. \T s&sE\ |]b\q
eTTdq y+H $~+#&$. lH<T ydq sE\T s&sE\ <
eTT+<{ rjTT\ |]b\H $<q+ *dqysT < ne\+_+q ysT <
u$+#e#T. |qT #*+ # nX Hs n+{ \ T |\>, uVDT\
>, $|+&T\> s&b\q *dq # +&<T.
nsTT uVDT\ Z+| \T < |+| \T e+&$. uVDT&T
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>eT+ qT+ Vw]+#ysT. n~ ~E\| s&C >\ u, $Xd+.
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de+ #Tss eed +&q~. |+#eTT\T R #+&\TsT eHsT.
es\T |\T eT\ , T+u\ N* s &sTT. ~ |Ps| #]. $
CT\T+&$. ujT\T, msT\T eTTKT\T. ujT\T |uT\T L& H\=sT.
es\T, \T, CT\ uVDT\T Ks>q, #+&\TsT n&T >Tq e+&ysT.

76 s& yue+
uVDT\T
de+ uVDT\T n>C $<~\T. sE\T >=|>se+
|P+#sT. + |\ d+> #| <T . \T>T yvjT+ uVD~
q~. s&sE\ \+ y\Te&q usJjT+ uVD |ue < me.
uVDT\+<T y<X d $<\T +ByT j
T Tq$. c&X s \, XuXue TT\
uVDT& neds+. X, d, |sD XdCq+ uVDT\ kT. |sD
XeD+ #jTTysT uVDT. us sejTD\T |e+#TysT uVDT.
$q{ qT\T +&| +&\T> e#ysT.
{ $w\# uVDT\T sE\ eT+T, dHqT, $<~sT,
B>TsTe, u<, |sVTHsT. s& #] uVD u n|Ps
|TeT s&sE\+&q uVDu us<X #] ysT# qe#TH
< n+ d+XjTyT qHsT dTses+ ||s& q +<T\ k+|T #]
>+<+ .
uVDT\ Xe\T, ywe\T, e<T\T, ksT\T, n e+&ysT. y~\T,
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|eT\q eHsT. b\jT yes& sTTq 44 n>Vse TT\ yH{
y], y\H{ y], <$& uVDT\ sTTqT >+<\ yjT&e+~.
w jTEs< XKqT nqTd]+# jTEXFjTT\T uVDT meeT+~ eHs
s &s E\ XdH\qT { \TdT+ < #]sT\T $e]+#sT. jT , us<,
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ee+{jT eT\+|* keTXKs Xs>sT |]X<q u$+#sT. s&sE\
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n<jTq+ #dq ys. s, XXd, ysD, c&sq, Cw, >D, >eT
s& yue+ 77
Xk |DT\T. n>Vs+ y<$<+dT\ \jT+. $<+dT\ e< n ~X\

qT+& $<sT\T e y]wyTq $<qT >TsTe\ +&H @+& s& e+&
HsT HysT. y] <]+#+ uVDT\T |$s+> u$+#ysT. n>V s\T
$<|s\T> e+&$. lH<T&T L& n>Vs\ yuy oK+&+, ;yTXs
|sD+ e]+#&. |uT de =+<sT uVDT\T, Xd $<T\ =+<sT
uVDT\T e+&ysT. VDT\qT <] n>>eTT\T> u$+#sT. |>&,
eT+, sE nH uVD |sT s&sE\ \+ e#jT. y] |\T
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+{ \qT HsTH y. uVDT\ >sys d++<\T+&$.
uVDT\T yu y | J$ nqTu$ +qT lH<T &T ;yT Xs |sD+
#b&T.
d <]sTT+|H]] <s|f&Ty
eD+>TjTeTT\T
*+|H]] >+>eT{jT MT<
d] |+&eTT\H=d\
de]+| H]] <+T\ y\
sVseTT\T eTT\ dsT\T
#s+> H]] K\ Hq&=eTT\
eT = #+>\ $sT\T
<eTeTT\, y+&jTTqT u& &&+>
uVDeTT\>VseTT\ q
yeTub\T &qTqT Msu<T
< jT*+| >MT eTTq+<T

78 s& yue+
y s|T+>s\T <]ks, +<+ bT yT& eTT\ Vs\T

ydT+{s, d> |<\T |T+{s, |qT>T y<T \T |PdT+{s,
y] y+& +>s\T n$T+> +{jT yXsT. (|&T e+
n<T).
s&sE\T uVDT\ 49 >eTeTT\qT n>VseTT\T> sTTHs =
XdqeTT\qT, kVeTT e\q *jTT#Tq~.
yX \T
yX \T ybseTT, d<eTT, |X bwD #dysT. yX XS< CrjTT
|{qysT yCrjTT\T. yX\ jTq <H~s\T \e. yCrjTT\
eD, eT{, yD, yb], yD yX \T \sT. s ~ yX \T #ssT. yX \
n ybs\Tq$. eT e& ybsyT \<T. eTH<d] nqTHjTq
$u<\ dd #|e\d+<qH&T. jTq d+|T d+ds nsTTe+&e#T.
yX \T ybs+ HsT. y] ne <ejT, jTq esT&T |jT
|s=+~q yX ybsT\T. y] dVd >r\THs. y] Xw, X{, eT{
nHys. ne |jTX{ lH<T &T Vs$d+ yd n+$ T#&T. \+
yde q |sD+, yXe+XdT<s+ nH >+< \T L& y\Te&sTT.
MsT =\T u<T\, <T|] CqT\, <T|] V+<eT+ y| yTT>Zs &
_.mdt.m. VqTeT+se q |]X<q sT.
yX \T XDT\T> @s& <X$ <X\ ybs y<M\T k+ <q e+T
q\T~X y|+ b|+ d+b~+#sT. sT+u\ L& dVTH sT.
|]b\\ ] eT< T #sT. |\T s#eTs<\ qqTu$ +#sT. M] ybs\
k+ z&\T, He\T, dq+ @sT #dTHsT. =+ y] dC,
$C ywe\T s> ~ HjTdeT+ < HjTeTsT\T rs+#sT.
s& yue+ 79
yX\T q>sXsk$T u\T. q>s\ q>sXsk$T <y\j\T

+&$. M] \<e ydM q|syTX]jTq. q |sD+ n
#] |sD+ seTV+<es #sE $wesqT&T |qT>=+& MT<
<& #dq|&T (VQX 7e X+) ydM qqT yV+ s+
#jTu> yT |+> ]+q n>T+&+ < V #dTq<
\T|&eq~. n|&T yT CqeT #s+ nqTd]+ V #dTq<,
yT J$q+s+ eT]jTT CqeT |Hq+s+ q < uVD #jT
e+< #]\T u$+#sT.
yX \ $XK|+, #+, #+<y\T, |T +k\, |] |s+ (|s |s+),
|qT>=+& yTT<q q>s\ es d+|\T+&$. n+{ *| ssV
d+|\T+&$. y{ deTd\T #]+#&$.
y] ybs sVk\T sT\ *jT+& & uw +&< >sq
ydq qsH< #] nH >+<+ yjT&+<.
\+ ybs+ yX\ <s ]>~. yT|* se <s n~+>
]>~. nqbs& $<o ybs nedseTjT dVs+ n+~+#&T. ne
<ejTd{, b\jT yes& &#sTT> qT+&>*q dyeTT&T. jTq
esT&T ne |jTd{ es]s& LsT$TT&T. n eTT&T
sTeT\d{. n|{ es\T d\$< ybseTT\T >$+ $]$> <qe]+
|uTe\ e\jTT |\T& >* \, $~ \* \ && |U
>+#sT.
V+< ke eed yX\T rjT \+. ybs+ y] @ e.
<\T, us d+ys #|+{sT. ne |jTd{ eT+q sTw
e+XusD+ n lH<T&T |s=H&T. yX\T |qT>=+& (|eT><e] )

80 s& yue+
nj<|s, nV#\ |uTe\eT #|+{sT. y Xe+X dT<s+ nq

d+d >+<+ b&<esjT\ \+ e+~.
102 yX\ >r\THsT. Ms+<] _q+> ne T++ y]~
+&q >+.
yX\T |\ d++<\T * eHsT.
jTT\T
k<sD+> jTT\qT sE\T> #] #TT+~. nsTTH rjTT\ H{
jTT\ d+K u> bZ sTT+~. s &s E\T #T se s+ ysH > jTT\
yy V d++<\THsTT. #+<e+X jTT&q s +&e V]VsT&T q esq T
jT yes& esT&T jT $yV+ #X&T. dse+X jTT&q
#&usE q esT&T ;eT*+> #&T nqyes& esqT #dTH&T.
\+ H{ jTT\T sC\T @\TTqT <.
MsT XS<T\T, $Xs\T, eTsT, >=\\T, |\T, &>\T, sTeT\T,
|<k\T, yT<sT, |sT, ud\T, T\T, s\T, y X\T, *\T, |+#eTT\T
s \ysT \sT.
$< ` ksd+
rjq+s \+ \T>T kV, d+d kV ed+
sTTe +{< #|e#T nHsT eT\+|* keTXKsXs >sT. eTTdeTT\T
< +d+ #dq < de]+#{ s &s E\T |jT +#sT. y~ $Cq |]s q
uVDT\qT >s$+, n>V s* $<`ksd bwD $j+#THsT.
n|{ n | *. nsTT lH<T #Te uV DT\T, ybsT\T,
+, \+, ds y&ys eq<. + L& # j sT #d+ <. me>

s& yue+ 81
|\T |\qT (#e >qT), |uT+ (|jT + >qT) y&ysT.

sE\T +>sT |T++ y&ysT.
$< eT|<q+> e+&~. sC<sD, d+|qT\ W<s+ e\q $<y|
]>~. M~ &T\ e+&$. e\ dVs+ &T\T q&#$. n es\ ysT
#<Te e#ysT. sEy |<T\, $CH #<TeH ysT.
jTTesE\ |+> y<\T, |sD\T, Vk\T, <sXk\T,
jTTs<+, usXd+, s >+<\T, y\T, H\T #|ysT. d+d
>+<\T \T>T nqTy<+ njT$. eT& d+>q ydq d\ deT+
s# T+;\ n+<TuT #sT. eT\q ydq sT+>< #] >k,
nXk, jTT<\ keTT\T #|&sTT.
s& sE\T y<+>\T, |sD Vk\T, e H\+s Xk\T,
s <sXk\T, nXXd+, keT, Xd<sD~ $<\T, us d+^
eT Xk\T nud+#sT. \* \T, d+^ HXk\ |\T >+<\T
y\Te&sTT. us X d+ bMD+ d+b~+ \e<$ es] s & eTqq
bTs+~. H\ | X\\T+&$. d+d e\T kq e\T>,
$<~] |<e eHsT. b\jT yes& kq+ eTV<e&H d+d
$<+dT&TH&T. jTq ysTT+q XdH\T d+d+ q$. nqb,
nqyes& \+ u\dsd, #H#sT\H |+&T\THsT. nqbs&
>=|$, |+&T&T. nH y\ +>sT HD\qT $|+&T\ <q+ #dy&T.
d+d uwqT bV+#&T. n+<T jTq VQdV d dTes< q d+w
eTVMXs n _sT<T+&~. u\dsd nqbs& kq$. #H#sT&T
nqyes& kq$. nqyes& L& XdH\qT d+d+ ysTT+#&T.
|<eT{ yeTT kq$ yeTqu uDT&T. jTq VQ>+< s . Xs s+ ,
X# + ~ nH |T +Te\qT s+#s&T. jTq kV #&eTD, kV
82 s& yue+
ke <Ts+<s, $ksueT _sT<T\Tq$. |<eT{ yes& eT+

e$T& d+>q. jTq CXdy. jTq keTd<+ >&s B|
nH yK sX&T. d+>ub\T&T, $XXsT&T, n|j#sT&T +
$T+q e\T |+&T+<s >\sT. V+<eT yc u~+#{ |\TesT
|\T >+<\T y\Te]+#sT. jTT>+H s+>H< sejTD+, ~|< e+
e+~. >q T<sE s+#& n+<T s+>H<T&T dVjT|&& =+<]
|]X<q.
se\ #|e\d+~ es] s& >T]+. jTq d+d
$<+dT&T. d+^, q cT&T. jTqqT ed+sE nH ys. jTq
q |sT MT<H ed+s JjT+ nq HXd >+<+ sX&T. jTq ueeT]~
jT yeTT&T [<dT Hq X+\+, e$ $T+, $ys
ojT+\ yUH\T yd es] sJjT+ n |sT |{sT.
|<eT{ yes& eTV$. lH<T &T jTq kq$ eT]jTT $<~].
lH<T&T yes& dsC #e] nH&T. \T>T u c #] lH<T~
| n<jT+. yes& d+d+ kV +eTD nH n\+s Xd
>+<+ yX&T. d+^ +eTD L& sX&T. >+< + sTeq+|s+
q<. n+> X+>s B|, d|Xrks{ yUH\T sX&T. kV
bw\ >DTq sqT\ |<eT{ yes& ds nqT _sT<T
b+<&T. d+d+< uw\bf s uw\qT <]+#&T . |<eT{
kqeTDT\T <sT. sT lH<T&, s+&eysT yeTqu uDT&T.
eT\+|* ysT eT s& sC\ #] |]X<H >+<+ lH<T&T eTV
y<y, n|s Vd nHsT. jTq wjTEdt, HjT, yXw, <sq, d+U
d<+, j>, Xy >eT, d |sD\qT Wbdq |{q y&, yeTqu T qU

s& yue+ 83
D+, c|]DjT+, bsr |]DjT+ nH H\T ydq ~ n |s=HsT.

jTq quT<jT+, s|TTH<uT<jT+ |<y\T yX&T. s+> VQ
>+<\qT yd |< >< $ksueT nq _sT<TL& b+<&T.
H&T k+< ysD Cw, >D , K> Xk\ n<jTq+ me>
e+&< nseTT+~. |<eT{ yes& jTTsZs $<~] nsTTq+< Tq d+d+
MT< \T>Tuw |# s TT k~+qf+ ~. \T>T d+d uw\ lH<T & k{
eTV$. lH<T &T >&&+ &eTu TqT z&+ q_w+ b+<sT. $ksueTT&
H&T. \T>T yue] *+~. \T>T $uw> s b+~+~. Vs$d+
yd ne |jTd{ n++ #X&T. lH<T&T eTsTs], |+&s<
#], X+>s Hw<+, oK+&+, es eTV+, ;yTX s |sD+, |{
#] e>s >+<\qT s+#&T. XdH\T L& =+{ sX&T. s&sE\
kq $> 34 d+es\TH&T. nsTT s &s |H q+s+ lH<T J$+
$c<+> eTTd+~. ~$ $esT >T+&jT ~>TZsq> |se T|~+#&T.
ms|>& bH&T b+rjTT&T. jTq |PsT\T H{ |X+ >T&s T
ds|&sT. b\jT yes& eTT&T eTs& n_eH #sTy s&s k|q
]> n<+ s&sE\ kq$ nsTTH&T. =+&M{ s&sE\ kH
n\+]+qT eT\+|* y] |]X<q #bsT. b\jT yeTT u sq yTs
ms|>& sV]e+X+ yd b\jT yeTT n+$T#&T. ms|>&
nsD|sXw+, qd+V|sD+, sejTD+, sV]e+X+ yX&T. me]
<sD nsD|sXc +B]+#& *jTT < |]X<\+THsT.
ms|>& ~ ++. jTq X+uT <dT&T |+< |sy T XsT&T
nH _sT<T\T \e.

84 s& yue+
Ms s &s E\ \+ bq, y] b\q q, nqjT, |s+ &T,

e\usjT\T, eT& d+>q, njTs >sq, e+ =eTq, l], yeTq
uuDT&T, u#eT+, =eTq, yH\+{ +&ysT.
lH<T&T e+>+> #\ #eT]+#&T. =+&M&T m& # d n&
\s e\T+&ys, >&<\T L& =+&M{ M<T sT>TT+&e y{ #
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|C Jeq+
|\ >=\\T, |+CsT\T, u+~\T, u>eTTysT +&ysT. eekjTeTT
eTTKe. ed< sD <eT\T, #&e TT\T, <T|T, >T+&TsTe\T, \|{sTe\T,
n+^\T, &#Te #TT \b>, yT& <e(VqTeT+T) $>V _\T,
= jTT+, #T{ , eTV LsdeTTH <=&H n lH<T &T $jTq>s
<ssT nH&T.
bq >w\T+&$. |kssTT, eeTT, <+eTT, seTT, yseTT,
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<bq K+&Xss\, s+u |\XD
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ed+y\T, H\T, jT>H\T, yH\ b\T, >=+& \T, +<T,
D, |sD XeD+ |\ $H<eTT\ =.

s& yue+ 85
s $H<\T, \T, b\T, >s&, +<C\T, p<+, \eTTw,

qeTTw, #Ts+>eTT, |*p<+ 4 |\T\T x 16 yT\T, 3 |\T\T x 15
yT\T, |* x 3 yT\T, yT, <&, <=+>\T, u>TZ\ || q&,
XS\| q&, b\T, n#q >+&T, zeTq >T+\T G >#jT\T, +<T
[, u+& qT\ |]VdeTT\T, _+<TeTr $<, |V[, wsT\T, m<TsT wsT\T,
|\T $H<\ q+~+#ysT.
_sT<T\T
s&sE\T s]+q |Tqs\ y] _sT<T*e+ ]+~. b\jT
yes& $X $X+us usD <<D uTC<+& n _sT<T jTeqT\qT
z&+ $jT+ k~+q|&T e&+~. jTq qjT eT+&s>+& _sT<T
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<q s , |C |]b\H #T s , MsHsjTD u <q |sX seT, nH
q>s|+s |c| VQ$<seT, >sb\, ><>b\, >T]
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dVC >MT \&$H< qTed+s, (*)\u+ <eTH ewu
$ d+#s sTD, b+&sjT >d+V, V+&, wy+D >MT rs
<y>Vs, n[jTes<s'K+&q, d+ sH deH d+q nqT
_sT<T\T \e.
nqyes& |+#seT |w >|T +{ H< e~H H |T +{H<,
sy yqjT K+& $eTy, ~$\ <T>ZH $u, $eT |+s
>V ]|sd+V, |C|] #T ]<bjT sseseTD djT+es
\_HjT ku>, eTVj+<< X |{_w , d+V#~ $+< b< |c|
Hd+ u , $jT se|(])s+u , d+>s >MT d$\ (d+>eT) d\ *<T>HZ

86 s& yue+
k<q s|T TseT, seTV+< se< q>s~ VQ$< d\ <T>HZ e>HZ $<q
\seT, d+>eT d d+| u , T+> # Ts >#(]|) \y]
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ysT jTT<\ $jT+ k~+q|&T, <q<s \T #dq |&T, y\T ydq|&T/
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d+<s\qT dksTT.
5
VqT"& $< *\qT H]q" >
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qT+&q+ +&T+&T &T
=\ V+d\&" >=s jTTqT
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n\C y ~s $Tq
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s& yue+ 87
yT|* se|D+
n|{ yT|* se|D+ H{ |X+ sT rsb+q eq~.
+>\T`Ns\ eT< rsb+q +>\T 40 .MT. <s+ eq~. {\$T,
|]|dt nqT >+<s\T (H{) >T+sT eT+&\+ u| dMTbq >\
yd\|seTT eTT| seTT nqT |sT >\ s e |D
eTT yT|*j
T jT
s]+#sT. yT|* nqbs& Xdq+ eTT| seT, >D|<e
\+ (.X. 1244`45) <dT j=+& |D eT, eTs= Xdq+ yq>se T
eeV]+#sT. esb nqT ydt j&T eTT|* n nH&T.
s e |D + <s rjTT\T, s &s E\T, $jTq>s sE\T ybs\T #XsT.
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sb, yT&sjTH b++, #H, >jdj <X\ ybs+ ]qT
s&jT>T#Tq~. <T|], s sE\T, rjTT\T, s&sE\T, $jTq>s
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T\T, |H<T\qT {, s n# <=]q y{ { .X. 11, 12 Xu\
#sE\T yT|* qT|j+qT sTEeTq~.
rjTT\ \+ yT|* je<s<X+ |U se |D +. .X.
1323 eTTdy T <+&j \ es+> |q yT+ ~. H yDC +<Ts &
ybs+ eT+<++~. b\jT yes& eTs& ] yT|* kBq+

88 s& yue+
#dT HsT. sT y nqbs& yT|* s e |Psyu e + #&T. Bb+s

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1358 sX q | (XdH) yX&T. ybsT\T s <X\qT+& q
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es \ qw| ] Vs+ #*+ #T $<q+ e+&~. ybsT\T dT+\T #*+ sj T +>
ybs\T #dHysT. yT|* e#T d<o, $<o ybsT\ ed ks\T
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yT|* z&se e< jT\&q

s& sE\ \| dyT Vdt (.X. 14e X_)

s& yue+ 89
|<, q z&\|, y He\ <s ybs+ ]>~. z& MT< H\T>T

n+dT\ T& e+&~. y{ ><T\T, eTsT>T<=&T, ns\ T, eks\T e+&
|jD ybsT\T, y] T+u\T, +|&T\T |jD+#ysT. d\,
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sE\$. q\qT { ~X\qT b\T= z&\qT q&|ysT.
yT|* qT+& s u\ ybs+<\ sV<] esZ\ T+&$.
yT|* qT+& |s++ , ] MT<T> +< s\qT \T| sV <]
esZ+ e+&~. nH e#s, $qT=+&, =+&M&T, =+&|*, |<>+C+,
+<TLsT, H\sT, <seT+, |qT>=+&, seT+& e>s # sV<]
esZ\T+&$.
n~ |qT\T, <=+>\ u&< , edT \T $T sD\ e\q rjTT\ \+
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XdH yX&T.
.X. 1323 rjT ke |Hq+s+ eTTd+ b\\ e\q eT
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nqbs& eT+ keTjT eTs= nujT XdH d+d+ (\T>T *|),
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#+#&T. n~ H&T L& eTq+ #&=#T. $T<X ybs dT\ de#s+
*jT{ $T uwq nujT Xdq bs+ #+#&T. XdH+X\qT
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yT|* $&be#T. yTeTT y] >s$+ |+|kyT n&T|+. @eP]

90 s& yue+
dsTH, mesH #T=, m|&H y]w |s+ neTTe{, s

<X\ syD #jT{ nqTeTkyT +\T *+#+. yT|*
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JqT\T us D \T, eTT\ds\T, |>& \T, s <X\ qT+& ~>TeT d+<s + >
eTT+<T n| dT++, &jT+ dT++ ed\T #jT+. +>s+ MT< dT++
s<T #dTH+. #+<q+ m>TeT dT++ eTT&e+T s<T #dTH+. ek\qT
><eTT\ =|s<T. d<o edTe\ MT< dT+\qT yqT{H me
ed\T #jT+. nujTXdq+ yjT&+~.
nqys& eT+ keTjT<s ysTT+q nujTXdq+ e+~.
Face A
1. jT qjT$ ` 17. +jD $Te`
2. X\' |V+ <` 18. + 9 yeTjT nqyP`
3. qo\' T<|` 19. q| s#+< e
4. ]b\' d+>&s 20. s+ n+qyP`
5. b\' nVe` 21. eTVb\XdH r `
6. qXqT y9eTu 22. uwD+ k|`
7. b\dqT' dT[]` 23. [+]Xdq d+u k`
8. XeTVX' k` 24. eTje`
9. [q]yPrX' X`
25. BeT
10. u >>HudjT9
26. nqT .... j`
11. >D rs eTV+`
27. .... nqyP
12. u<' |U eTT`
13. V@ |ses 28. eTV|[']
14. lkeTeT+rX` 29. ns< ....
15. s' eTj9< eT` 30. ~ ....
16. s>qqT+ k` 31. ...... l

s& yue+ 91
Face B
32. dd lXew9+T 52. B sTe\qT d[sT]
33. \T 1280 n>TH+` 53. [>=]qTysT > . . .
34. { $+_ d+es` 54. []eq ds n&d`
35. XeDX 8 e dd l[eT]` 55. eTT . . . . . y`
36. T nqyPjTs&+` 56. eTT |s<d eeVsT`
37. >ZsT yTTT|*+ >`
57. \qT n|eTTqT
38. +|e#T eeVsT\qT
58. []&jTeTTqT e`
39. eeV[s]\e# se{\
59. $T +>sT dT+KeTT
40. [B]b+s\ yeV[\9]`
60. e$T >+<eTT e`
41. qT sTTq . . eT
61. & dT+KeTT |Pe9 eT]`
42. . [d]q>+ueTT yT|*[]
43. HesT +|eHqT . . 62. j<qT eT+qT
44. . . ~+|{= +&T` 63. { e$T []qds`
45. yseTT y]+ y.......q` 64. \qT eT&dT+K`
46. +[C] + <sD #Ty` 65. eTT\T |Pe9eTj9<e`
47. seTT ysT m|&T ee` 66. qH =qTyseTT sT`
48. VseTTq+ usTT eH` 67. eq[qT]de9eTj9`
49. qT +|q y n| e` 68. [<]qT $X+ e#&yi`
50. #TyseTT me] [ds] 69. [>T]y]qT nujT`
51. [e]HqT eT[y]#\ 70. [|][<]eTT> eT[]
# : ` s& d+ (|J\T 469`470\T)

# : ` s& sdsdeTT (|J 496)
>D|<e yT|* Xdq+qT { yT|* qT+& @qT>T\T, >Ti\T,
s\T, |>&\T, #+<q+, y~, ss+, |sT, <+\T, +>s+, s,

92 s& yue+
>s+, dd+, b<sd+, |T, dT>+< <y\T ~>TeT njT$. |Tek\T, |T

edTe\T, ss+, |sT e>s\T #H qT+& ~>TeT njT$. $T]j\T,
j\\T, |dT|, \e+>\T, CjT, C| s b++ qT+& L& e#$.
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ydq nujTXdq+ eTq #\ $es\T n+~ksTT. \T>TysT, $T\T,
#jTT\T, sT\T se |D ybs $]$> y&THsT.
s&sE\ \+ ybs+ yT|* se qT+& $d]++~. dyT Vdt,
><eTT\T e\ jT|&$. eT]jTT yT|* <+&se\jT+,
Msu< <y\jT+, +HjT <y\jT+ ]+#&sTT. ~ |\ qeT\T,
eTkeTsd +, d+|<j\T, ybsT\ sb\T, ybs_e~ \T|T+~.
yT|* >T]+ =+ $|\+> \TdT+<+. sTrs+ n <>sZ
(|&eTs>) eT\+|*ysT b{\ dV *|q 14e X+ H{ dyT Vdt
eq~. (|dT+ sD dTyT yde+~). < b+ + #*jT* |
1977 d+es+ + es +& | | \ |j +q |+\T eTT\T+&$.
~$ |q deTjT| deTT<| #\ #] yTydb sTT+~. eTTq
z& <K\T <T MTsT <s+ deTT<+ eq< k\ de#s+.
eC\T, eD\T Cs bd neTTHys |<\T #TTq $& e+~.
b++ qT+& |&e Ts <<| MTsT <s+ n|{ +HjT
k$T <y\jT+ eq~. < eTTK<s+ <D + y| e+~. ~ |\ qeT\qT,
<e u \TdTH neX+. HsT > eTs= ns MTsT |&e Tsq Msu <k$T
<y\jT+ e+~. ~ s eTTK+> eq~. n&qT+& HsT > eTs= ns MTsT
|&eTs <+&se\jT+ eq~. ~ <DeTTK+> eq~. {H b+>T
#d n& sT |&eTs> CsT> e eqT, < y|q
(s q`<D + eTTK+>) +HjT k$T <y\jT+, <+& se\jT+, s +&e

s& yue+ 93
y|q (<Dq`seTTK+>) Msu<k$T <y\jT+ eq~. |\ yk\qT

>T]+ <s\T |dT+ e. <y\j\ T&, dyT Vdt T&
{ d eT+ sD |D[ yd >V\TqT u$+#e#T.
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>=| $>VyT< (<qeTT< eq T<T $>V+e) $]bsTT eT&T
H\T>T eTTeq~. eTT\ { e < T<T &T Ls= <q+
#dTqT> eq u>+ eTT &\T eT& |T=, &#sTT <q eTT<
eqT eq~. =& u>+| eTT&T\T |&T ed+ # &T q~. m&eT#sTT
L& n& #]q <qeTT< eq~. #T \ <qeTT< \sTT ns#
<s#+ # eq~. ~ neTse |sedTX\ u< <s#+ b*\
eq~. s+&es eTT m&eT# uT+ u>+> eq~. eT&e eTT qy\T
@$T{ k<sD e *jT<T. M{ &. eT eHs& >s T 17`07`2016
Bq dTqT $+ u\T #sTT+ #X& qy<T #dTH& *d+~.
n& $sY T & eHs& >sT eqT, #dqT yd eq~.
Msu <k$T \jT+, Msu <k$T, neTysT, e*+>+, dTVDk$T,
$HjT&T, q+~ $>V\Tq$. nsTT >T|<T\d+ <=+>\ T Msu<k$T
$>V+ +< $ @< |f+{~ (nsTqT {) rdT= bsTTHs k\
de#s+. Msu <k$T $>V + $]b> |sedTX KysT < $jTy&
y] ue H s* + C> #XsT. n~ |dT + |sedTX Ky] nBq+
eq~. < \eD+ >=|> e+~. <y\j_e TTK+> (oqyTj T Tq)
q+~ $>V eT+&|+ eq~. <y\jT+ neTTKyTq <s\T s +&T sd+ u\
| nuj
T XdH\T. d+ u H\T>Ty| \ eT]jTT d+ u (~ <y\jT+
>& qT= eq~) eT&Ty|\ nujT XdH\Tq$. $ d+u+|
H\T>Ty|\ rjTT\T, d+u+| eT&Ty|\ s& sE\T XdH\T
#+#s #]sT\T ssTT+#sT. s&sE\T ydq nuj T Xdq+, \T>T,
94 s& yue+
d+d+, $T uw\ eq$. XdH\ |eTT\qT, |P] bse TT\qT sT y

|J\ e&q$.
Msu <\jT+ eTT+<T q+BXsT eT+&|+ q~. eT+&|+ q+~ $>V +
eq~. <X+ + q+~ $>V + +< >T|< q + eq< <=+>\T e\T
]bsT. @MT <=sq+<Tq $&ysT. < eTs\ |uT+ ysT q+~
$>V n& e+ eTseTT\ T #XsT. 12`12`2016 nss s$>V \
<=+>\T q+~ $>V <=+*+#sT. dT |dT+ bdT y] $#sD
eq~. $>V+ L& <=]+~. Ns\ sT y] nBq+ eq~ (Ref. Cr. No.
100/2016 of China Ganjam Police Station). $>V\ <=+>\ eTTs $>V\qT
s <X\ #syd nyT |jT\T k>TTHjT k\ de#seTT.
<Ts<wyTeT+f >+ Msu<T $>V+ e< L& +{ |jTyT ]H,
Msu <T $>V + $s>> ={H |uT +, bdT\T < # \TdTb jsT.
|uT nHd e\q sT>TT+< #| | <T.(12`12`2016 nss
ys+ eTT+<Tq >+< de#s dsD s rdq q+~, q+~ eT+&|+ b{\qT
>+<+ eTT~+#&yTq~).
<+&se\jT+ e< 60/70 MTs <s+ jT dT ~\| seTT&T,
d, \ DT&T $>V \T \Hb\H +& |{e q$. <y\jT+ |dT e TTq
seTT&T, d, \DT\ $>V\T => eT< >eTdT\T @sT #dTHs,
k\ de#s+. b $>V\ de#s+ <T. VQX jT dT ~\|
|{ eq seTT&T, d, \ DT&T $>V \T e#THy . n$ n<T \#Ts+
eq$. k$Ty] eT+&|+ m<TsT> >sT&T $>V+ q~. >TqH
#<\y& se\jT+ eTT+<Tq L& q~. se\jTeT <DeTTK+>
q~. eT\es+ >\ Xdq+ |u >q >sT &T $>V + # eq~. yT|*
<+&se\jT+ eTT+<Tq | eT+&|+, $HjT&T, VsD|
bN\TTq qsd+Vk$T (=+ $]bsTT+~) $>V\Tq$. =~b{
s& yue+ 95
+HjTk$T $>V+ eq~. <y\jT eT+&|+ nsT>T MT< $H<\

|*`yT p<| ^\T, <& ^\T #&eq$. n$L& y
nsTTe+&e#T. > s+&T/eT&T Xu\T> n& >eT+, |\T sT. |Xe\
|sT\T ssT. dT ~\T |H q eT+&|+ d+u+| H><e
ueT # &e+~. eTs= \| n+<+> H><e &T # &eH&T. se\jT+
e<H s+&T H><e\ \Tq$. q\#<s| qu$ eq~. < ejTdT
\TdTH <s\T e. H>+<T \T #<\y&q #\eq$.
yT|* n <y\j\ T&T\T <<| $<+> eq$.
<y\j\T <<| # m<Ts<TsT> eq$. eT< e`sV<] dyT
Vdt es e+& e+&e#T.
sE\qT, es\qT, |\qT Xe\T, ywe\T e+& e+&e#T.
dj<\ |\T J$+#sT. n|&T $<+d #s\ qy e. b\\T,
b*T\T V+< <sd\qT, k+|<j\qT b{+#ys nseTT+~.
<$<y T q dj < \ J$\T s &s eT+{ eqe, H{ kV+, XdH\T,
<y\j\T, &\T \T|THsTT.
nsTT Msu<k$T \jT+ m<TsT> eq dT ~ $>V + eTT\T
T<Ty $>V+ n& e+~? mesH yXs? qT\ sTe+&
$>V + m+<T yksT ? n~ | q\ssTT # &~ . d++~ $>V \T
yT|* e. nsTT yT|* <>Zs 10/15 .MT. qT|] eq~. n~
u<, Xe|TsD\ |<XeT+{sT. n& $>V\ s q\y. @<H #] #
e+~. #]sT\T *.
s&sE\ |]b\H \+ ybs+ >T]+ eTq kV+ <s
me de#s+ \TdT+~. y] HD\T \u+ <T. s&sE\ \+
ne T++ yT|* qT+& |<jTTq HyD+ #ds~. lH<T&T

96 s& yue+
Vs$d+ y s+ ne |jT X{ n+$T#& T. >+<+

@jT <X\ qT+&, Bb\ qT+& @yT$T ~>TeTT\T ]>~ $<+ > $e]+#&T.
<X\T, Bb\T ~>TeT edTe\T
N(#H) |T ek\T
d+V+ @qT>T\T, eTDT\T
|+s ss b<|eTT\T
\H+ +>sT eT(yTT\)
VQsTeTT+ >Ti\T
>y d+eT< <e+
j+| f eTT\T
u d]
sTDd], >y #+<q+, n>sT, ss+, d]
e>s <X\T +eT s+, Ve+T (>T_ |sT)
5
m\T\T @&~ jTTq
q\T| q\T|> \T| s<T
=jTueT < ={q \T<T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 97
ne T++
s&sE\ #]qT \TdTH d+<s+ ne y] T+u >],
ysT s&sE\ eTyTyT V<jT|Ps+>, u<|P s+> dV#]+q
$es\T, y]<s s& sC *q ]_e~ eTq+ $d]+#eTT.
ne T++ yX \+~. MsT +N|s yX e+XeTT\ |sT>+,
=+&M&T s&sE\ b| $\d*q eD>+X+. M]~ +&qd >+. M]
#] *dq eT\ |sTw&T ne byDd{. esT&T <ejTd{.
jTq esT&T |jTd{. b\jT yes& <>sZ > yT*>&T. MsT MsXe \T.
<ejT nq<H~ se\T #d dT|d<T&H&T. <ejTd{ us e#+.
y] |jT, sTeT\H<T &T, #$Td{ nqT eTT>TsZ T e. |jTqT |s]
n L& |*#y. <ejTd{ HH<X\ ybs+ #dy& T. |jTd{
ybs+ +& dV]+, d++<\Hss#T= ybs yTe\
]s&T. |jTd{ us nqeT<$. y] e#q, $XH< T&T, qeT\T&T
nqT eTT>TsZ T e. Ms+ s &s E\ bue eTTq s . #\ deTj\
eT ybs d+|<+ s&sE\<qq >TeqT L& #bsT. sE, yb]
& +& s& sd+eT+ ney] b m+H e+~.
M] e+eTT lH<T Vs$deTT >+<+ $es+> #|&+~.
|jTd{ kV+ lH<T| >T] ~]+~. lH<T&T Vs$deTT
yd |jTd{ n+$ T#&T. ne y] T++ >T, >|s\T {+
nq<H\T #d, s |C|s se\T #d |\ eT+|sT #T eyT
s&s+ |\T dT_+> Hsq |]d *+#sT.

98 s& yue+
|jT =eTs]s& u> <>sZ H &T. =eTs] dT>+<X \ n< &H &T.
=eTs] _sT<eTT\+{ jTq L& <]+#y&T. dT|d< #] e
>*>&T. s &s + ]+ > dTds + > +&{ >\ sD\ ne T+
kV+ {. ed+eeTT\ ] nqyes&, =eTs]s& >sbT
|jTL < +~. |jTL ed+sjT _sT<eTTqT lH<T Vs$d+
e\q \TdT+~. =eTs]s& |uTeq | d+es+ ed +y e\dq
d], +eT, |Tqks, d+eT<, Ve+T, >sT, >+<ks yTT<q
dT>+< <y\T deTLs y&T. N, d+V, ysTT, VQsTeT+, \H, yTT<q
<X\ qT+& <q q edT yVq eD\qT |+ sTTd ed+eeTT\
ejTeT+jTT u]+#y&T. y\ e# <X $<o |<\, #esT\,
|jT dHH\T #dy&T. MT<T$T* |jT n+<>&T. sdC. \\Hq
eTq<T&.
|jT qq+ qT+& H ybs+| <d \y&T. k+ H\qT,
d+~, s < @sT #dTH&T. |jT <se+T&T. keTT >]&\T
Hs&T. z& <=+>\qT L& djT+> m<Ts=H <skVk\T \y&T.
|jT T+;\T s\T, dT>+< <y\T, s s+, |< s>~ eTDT\T,
X*<H\T ybs+ bT bso <X\ qT+& >Ti\ ~>TeT, d+V+,
#H , eT+>*j, us, >y, d]j, C+_j e>s <X\ qT+& s d+|<\ T
edTe\ m>TeT ~>TeT ybs+ #XsT. H ybsyT>> sV<] ybs+
L& ]bsT. ne T++ @jT edT ybs\T #Xs lH<T n+<yT q
|<+ #<eTT.
|+Cs ss b<|+T\T #
\H+ +>sT yTT\<#
d+V+Tq >+< d+<Ts+T\T <#

s& yue+ 99
VQsTeT+ \T VsT\T <#

>ed+X< d+eT< <eeTT <#
j+|{D eTT\T <#
u d]|{ deTT\T <#
NNH+sXD <#
><>b\sjT yXuT+>
|\y~ u<q |sXseT
=eTs] s<y+<T L]VT&T
CD >C{ <ejT #$Td{
+<TeT\+>, s&sE\ \+ H ybs+ s<X\T, Be\
]+< \TdTe#T.
|]XeT\T
s&sE\ \+ >eT |]XeT\T $]$>H kq$. 1. qH |]XeT,
2. u\+ |]XeT, 3. b\ |]XeT, 4. dT>+< <e |]XeT, 5. @\T e&T,
6. us D \ |]XeT e>s \T |\ e\q, |\ #, |\ =s k>T#Ts&q$.
M{bT jTT<eTT\ j e+&&~.
|]XeT\ ed |]XeT n>kq+ s&q~. eTTK+> |\H&T $qT=s&
deT\T ed |]XeT |{s~ |sT. | +{ s+ e&ysT. s+ujTq
@ e&H n lH<T&H&T. ed |]XeT nqT+< +> s+>T\ |]XeT
ks~. |>eT+ *eT+<T, s s+>T\T jsjT$. H |ys\
s&T> b~ es&~. <Ts&q sTTs{, ee&q sTTs{ <]<eTTs&<
y&T.
qH d+\T ]>$. <qeTTq, _jTeTTq qH =Hy. @&Te\
_j eH&T qH e#~.
100 s& yue+
q\TbT |T |]XeT L& me> es&~. dq q\T \T,

|T\T sE\ q$. |T y*|T, VAsT, |*>sT|T, <jTs>
|T, H|T, e|T, nqT s\Ts&$.
s+>T\ ede TT\ =s s+>T\ es&~. s jT, *eT+<TR +&>,
eT+w, \, |dT| s+>T\T me y&T es&$.
eTsT\T T\T #d &eddt m>TeT #dysT.
5
beTTq <T b|w Je+T
n{ beTT C|qf $qTqT
K\T >TDeTT eqT |TqTesTqT sT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
yeTT b\Tyd |eT" u+q

C"<T $i r| #+<u<T,
z>T H>"> jTTE"&TqT
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b\T |+#<s b|s |+&

C\" ud e+&" $s<T
{\ eqe\ >TDyT\ \TZs
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 101
>VsE yT&
=+&M&T <+&$, k |jTT\T >VsEyT& $wj TyT lH<$
><qT $e]dTHjT eT\+|*ysT |s=HsT.
>VsEyT& (>VsE k<+) #] lH<TqT, es]s& <
|<eT{ yes&qT, $jTq>s sE\ s+&e V]Vs sjTT\Tq
eTT&|& eq n<TyTq &+. k] lH<T&T $jTq>s #e] s+&e
V]VssjT\T kq+ <]+#&T. d+<s+ sjT\T meS ]+#
+{ d+u+ yT&qT ]+#\ e+< nH&. n+<T lH<T&T n+{~
=+&M&T n|{ eq< q |uTe >=|<q+ #f+<T #b&T. sjT\T
XsbsTT #d seT y>T \qT |+b&T. |H lH<T &T q |uT e |sT e,
q |sTe, b+& e+&{ q sTTw<eeTTqT b]+ =+&M&T e
s&sE #|>, yH+H {#T +f jT&TsT mT >, jT&T y\
yX\+ eq TeT#T (Mymiosa arabica C) #TqT qe\sT >eT+
qT+ sT +{d+u| yT& >VsE yT&qT ]+#sT. lH<T&T #|+~
eT q$T jTqqT qT\ d]+#sT. < #]<s+ <,
>VsEyT& eq< eT\+|*ysT s]+#sT. es]s& mHs\
ueH\qT {+#&, y{ |UyTq~ >VsEyT& n s]+#sT.
nsTT #Te |<+ >VsEyT& |keq eq~. n~
@ eT{yeTq sTTsTe<+&T
s#yeTq H\TZ eseTT\H
$T+ {] >VsEyT&, =+&
M qi+&T s&T u$~ jTX\T
102 s& yue+
yT& |keq |<eT{ yes& |s + |s+ Xdq+ \<$ n++

n e+~. =+&M&T | j
T T e+~. >VsEyT& | sV & e T.
B >T]+ ls+> eTV+ nH e+ q<.
$.$. dTus& nH #]sT&T L& lH<T <qT #b&T. nsTT n~
$jTq>s b&< e sjT\T \+> #b&T. |<eT{ yes& d++<+
<H&T. #]sT |s+ >VsE yT&qT ]+q~ es] s&
n, jT yes& ysTT+q .X. 1395 H{ >|es+, .X. 1408 H{
es]|s+ XdH\T sTEe #dTHjT sT. yT& n<TyTq
&eT, $<ojTT\T L& >VsEyT&qT <]+#{ e#ys #]
#TT+~. H{ >TsEyT& nH eT{~qT =+&M&T k\T
#|T+{sT. >VsE yT&| = >+<\T L& y\Te&sTT.
5
eTTw y|#T yTT<\+ |\
s> eT*\" e#T
sj+&T #T"&+<T\qT
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y& >\d yT\">T#Tq"

>y>H +Tse
<{+< u\Tq #+<eT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 103
=+&M&T ` H{ #] nqy
=s&M&TqT >T]s |+> #|=qe\djTTq~. s\eTT qTs&
=s&M&T eTVq>sy T s ydyT |U H=s~q~. <+&$ #\ $es\T
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s<eTT# yjT&q #]eTT. 1810e dseseTT yT+ L& <X# ] \qT
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104 s& yue+
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bsH eT+~syTq~. #H ed+Y|TsY \<T.
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dMTbq ss>HjT\ \jT+, &>\u$ s&&$. u$ >VsE yT&
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l Msu <\jT+, |U H eTd<T , nsY #<] eTd<T , q\eTd<T , >TeT eTd<T ,
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s&sE\T e#T eTTs<T \+ eTVeTBjTT\ \+ @s &qT
u$s#&s~.
\T
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s& yue+ 105
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qT+& |{ =+&M&T +&q q>seTjTT, $<s <XeTTq eTTK|D
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5
b\ &+ >\T#T qT+&H
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106 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 107
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108 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 109
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s& yue+ 113
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114 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 115
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116 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 117
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118 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 119
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120 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 121
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122 s& yue+
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s& yue+ 123
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yT|* Xdq+ yT|* Xdq+ d+u+ yT|* Xdq+ d+u+ yT|* Xdq+
d+u+ s| |\ sT |\ <D+ |\ d+u+ |&eTs |\
s& yue+

nqbs& yT|* Xdq+ nqbs& yT|* Xdq+ nqbs& yT|* Xdq+ eT\es+ Xdq+
k
d+u+ sT |\ ` d+u+ s| |\ d+u+ |&eTs |\

l s& yue+
yT|* seTTK+> >\ Msu< <y\jT+
yT|* Msu<\jT+ eTT+<T yT|* Msu<\jT >&\|

q+~ eT+&|+ \qT |]o\dTq ds

s& yue+ m
yT|* se\jT+
yT|* se\jT+
eTT+<Tq eT+&|+ `
Xq d+u+|
H>+<T dV
yT|* se\jT+
e< dT H\|
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\D, d $>V\T

n s& yue+
yT|* se\jT+ n_eTTK+>

qeTd]dTq >sT&T $>V+
>D|<e&T ysTT+q Xdq+, yT|*

|+\T (149 qT+ 173 es)
yT|* se\jT+ eTT+<T

yT|* se\jT+ e< dT d+u\ eT+b + |{q
~\ H>+<T $>V+ #s+ #q |<+

s& yue+ o
yT|* <+& se\jT+ eTT+<Tq eT+&|+
yT|* Msu<\jT+ eTT+<T

eT+&|+ q+~ $>V+.
B 12`12`16 nss $>V+ <=+>\T
s*+#T bsTTqT bdT de#s+
(<=]q~ ` q>+C+ yT|* se\jT+ eTT+<T d+u\
eT+|+ |{ eq VsD | b{
bdt dwH q~) N\TdTq qsd+Vk$T $>V+

p s& yue+
yT|* se\jT+ e<

eTTK eT+&|+ nsT>T|
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u$

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126 s& yue+

s& yue+ 127
>q T<s&
(>q >Hs&)
n<+ , =+&M&T sE\ +f dTesT X+ eTT+<T ysT >q e+XE\T.

sE\ keT+T\ >q e+XE\T dT|d<T\T.
>q T<s&
>q e+ojTT\T s & \ d+CT\T. \|seT d+|qT\T. sT<<e
dH HjT\T> e+& nH jTT<\ sT<<e $j\qT #L ssT.

128 s& yue+
sT<<eq T<sE @ T<s& #\ $<jTT&T. |jTyTqy&T. q]+q

yT\Tq n_eq+> T<s& q s+ +<sTH&Tq b\&T>
jT$T+#&T sT<<e&T. seTT +<sT s+ ;eT< e #&T +<
e+&&~ . sTT+ sT<<e &T +<sT sC T<s & b\ #X&T.
jTT<+ s s< eseq|seTT <+dyT bsTT+~.
T<s& ke+ eTVkeT+~| |<$ jT$T+# &&T.
ke |eT d]V<T\ qT b&T u< \T L& T<s & | +#&sTT.
sT y ]q jTT<\ L& sT<<e $j\ s &q XSs>dsT &H &T
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sT<<e <+&j ~\yTq eseq |seTTqT T<s&
|q]]+#&T. nH ueH\qT, sC+'|s\qT, sDyd| ueH\qT, eT+,
keT+, <+&HjT, |uT ~sT\, d \ yd >V\qT ]+#&T. ~\yTq
y\j s <y\j\qT, ue\qT, |qsT<] +#&T.
T<s& <eu|sT&T. lseTT s~k&T. djT+> $, s#sTT.
lseTT sTD e\q ~|< s+>H< sejTDeTTqT yd \T>T kV
#] deTT kqe$T+ eH&T. >+<$ T|{ eTT<D\T, |qsT<D\T
b+<TTq~. H{ Cq|sY nysT >V &. d. HsjTD s& V<su<T
\T>T $X$<\j b<\T> eq 1989 d+es+ \T>T $X
$<\jT+ <s s+>H< sejTD+ >+< |q'|#TsD #sTTd s+>H<
sejTDeTT \T>T kV eTD|Pd> ud+# . \T>T y\Te&q
sejTD |<eTkq+ eV+#~ eTV>+<yT n |d T+#&T. B
#s |+>[ \++ |] yd sejTDeTTqT s+q $ >q
T<s&. q +& $\ <sDX |s B y\sTT+ s+> H< sejTDeT
|]&qT n #]qT L& #b&T. >+<+ u\+& < bs+ue TTq
eTT+< T<s& yX&T. sT<<e&=sE T<s& +& $\ u|
s& yue+ 129
|* qT>Tq sejTDeTTqT s+|CjTT& #|> me]# ysTT+#<eT

#q #jTTq|&T, sCkq T<T\+<sT $ksueTT&T, $\sTe,
$uE&T, $|s+<sT&T, |] sq \ebD, |sTw +eTD n>T
T H+H< sejTDeTqT |s |Ps+&\qT
T< u| | ~|< #+<dT yX&T. nH s+&qT q esT\T
# u|, $\ u| yXsT. eeTT s+&qT esT\T
s+Hs s+& bs+u+ #|HsT. sT k<sT\T L& eT +&
T< u$uT CqTkseTT s+& s+qT #|HsT. $\Tq
>Hs&jT L& |sT+&e#Tq #]sT\, kVrsT\ rsqeTT. >q
T<s& k<sT&T es<s& L& =+\eTT syTqT.
s+>H<T &T |+&]|s+ y+#dj T Tq b+&Ts+> $(s) \H<T &q
rs+#sT #]sT\T, kVrsT\T.
qT>Tq>\ sejTDeTT\+{ s+>H< sejTDeTT yTT<{~. ~
~|< yjT& sejTD+. ~ y sejTDeTT e bs >jT #
eT<Ts yT b> b&T=qT k\u+ >\~> jTTq~. |e+<T\T ksd
eTVeeTT\ T<s & n>+\$T#sT. deT s+>H< sejTDeTT
#<Te nsdT&T , sT\T #<Te> $q ssdT&T s |r.
sTy yeTq \T|>H |C$ nj&T. +{ eTV |sTw\qT >q
s&\eTT |U\eT #|MT =<Te?
>q >Hs&
T<s& Cw esT&T >Hs&. w esT&T $s\ qs+<T&T >Hs&
zsT>\T sT<eTVsEq n+>s &T> qT+&, y] CqTkseTT +<sT

130 s& yue+
H&T y[ eseq|s sb\H useTT rdTH&T. ke |eT

uu>eTT\ d+sD u< rdT= |d~ >+#&T. >Hs& sT<eT<$ dV<
jTT&, yT k<sT> eeV]+#&T. yT djT, n\jT keT+T\T,
e+&*\T, deD, b+&, #sE\T seTTqT #T\q> #d s
u>eTT\qT $T+#+ bs+_+#sT. >Hs& q dq \eTT#
seTTq |e<eTT +& b&&T. sT<eT q esq T >Hs&
$yV+ ]|++< #] #TTq~.
>q >Hs& k<sT &T $s\ qs+<T&T. k<sT *sTes rjT |uT e
<X Teq j<esE$T+q su>eTTqT ] d+b~+ sjT#sT
<TsZeTT H$T+#sT. M]<sT Ve, ee sC\qT sTT+ w, T+>u<
q<T\ q&$T |<X e TTH$T+, keeTTq #ssT. >Hs& |\T#
<y\j\T ]+#&T. <y\j\ <| B| Hy<eTT\ e\jTT eH\qT
<H\T #X&T.
.X. 1245 ` 1246 H{ >Hs& b\q eTTdq~. jTT<e TT eTsD+
qT u$+#sT.
sT y n ue (b+_ us ) eT\ >T+& <+&BX &T ese q|s
sb\&T> .X. 1276 es b*+ eTsD+ #&T. +{ >q e+Xb\q
eTTdqT #] #TTq~.
s& sE\T ~H s& C Xus+u+ #XsT. MsT seTT
|eT b++qT |jT>, n<+ eq s& sE\T keT+T\T>
sT b+eTTqT |dHs #|e#TqT.
{ s&sE\T H{ s& \dT\ |P\>T, y] ys deTTqT
sysT b+<T >]+#<>T n+XeTT.

s& yue+ 131
HjTs\T H>eT
HjTs\T H>eT \T>T >& , s & C ] q e. HjTs\T

yT _sT<T. yT #D e+{ |CX*. eTsTdT e+{ BX*. #+<sseTT
+<T\T >]+#<>T &|&T#T. |{ <=]q #]< s\qT { H>eT
=* eTVeT+D eTV eT+D n+{sT #]sT\T.

132 s& yue+
H>eT +q>sY >T eT+&\+, sy* >e #+~q s$Ts&

es. |+|&T es n =+<sT #]sT\HsT. Ms>Zs& es n
# \T|&+~. yTqeeT yTbT d+>s& us. sy* y]+{ &\T.
>Zs & yTq&\T eT]jTT y&T | n+{sT. yTbT\ eTs & yTq&\
L& =+<] s#q q~. yT~ |+s& e+X+.
sy* >eT b++ sTe\T, eTXS y<T\T |\TT+&> s$Ts&
|&T >e\b&T >e T++ dV e\d e#&T. |+&
]q eT&TsE\ usqT sTT+~. |q]yV+ #q #jT<T.
#sTe d+ u$Te{ s$Ts& s]+#&, VHj TT&T s$Ts&
b+<T>\ n&e\ [ #T ]rd #+b& <q+ | e+~.
keq e q nkeq |u |&T #]b >T] +|
+~. sjT D+ #d VHjTT&T q >=|< #D&T #|q
s \D\ yT eTu$+qe #]sT\T #] sXs T. yT
HjTs\T, | HjTs\T b\qT $w+> bw++~.
y eTT+ q\eT\ n&e\ qT+& ] edTq nqT>TsE H>eT
<$T $+<T #dq+<T yT y>q esMTjT> @&T|T&jT\ \+
eT+|<$ es+ ]+~. b+~+~. >TsC\ nqT>TsE n+'|s+ dV
d++<\T n+~|#T+~. nqT>TsE eT+ <=&HjTT esT&T
VHjTT~ w+ <T . keTT >]&\T, >Ts| k, j
T T<+ H]+~ H>eT.
5 uw\T H]+~. Xys<s\T.
nqT>TsE eTsDq+s+ q\>eTsE b\H deTjT+ nqT>T sq
es+ (|+), q\>eT sE =\Te XX eT+D nsTT+~. |Cs+yT q ,
Xse+yT q b\q #d+ ~. sT y T++ eq ys e TT\ VHjTT&T
nqT>TsE |eTVw $\<$ eT]jTT esT&T eT*<e e#s
s*bj&T. q\>eTsE >TsC\ H\TTH&T.
s& yue+ 133
e#s x >TsC\ &|+ <eTT\ H>eT de+ &> > * VHjTT&T

z&b> +< H>eT| &+~. |+<+ wsT\ |s+ VHjTT&T @&T
d+es\T e#sqT e<* eT+&~ #s&T. wsT\T eTTX eTs\
q\>eTsE, eT*<eq jTT<eTT s>, H>eT d+~ |j T+#>
VHjTT esT&T u\#+<T e\q d+~ #& s+|P& |{ jTT<+
]+~. jTT<+ VHjTT&T >*#& =+<sT #]sT\T, H>eT
>*+< =+<sT #]sT\T *bsT. |{ jTT<+ .X. 1181`82\
]q< #]sT\T s]+#sT. jTT<+ H>eT >*+< sT|,
eT<dT b#* y|T n+X\qT { \TdT+ < dk +> s|+#sT
#]sT\T.
H>eT us u>e\T #~$+~. H>eT Vj+ |&T u> n_e~
#+~+~. >TsC\ b++ #sT e\qT $++~. >TsC\, n&>=|\, p\\T,
>T+&|*, $T]j\, +>yTXs+ #sTe *|{ \e. H>T{ s+|P& e<
q {++~. >e\b&T #qeT*sTqk$T <y\jT+, >TsC\
bXsk$T >T&, w yTXs\jT+ {++~. >TsC\ Msu<\jT+
]++~. nqd\T, |<\ sq<H\T #d+~. T\H< TH dV
s& >TD+ yT~. yT <qo*, eqey~.
sD sT<eT, sa \usTT +f H>eT eTT+<T\| MsH].
|{jT T<+ =* \T>T Ms>< n |r. m|&T \+ #d+ < #]<s\T
e. e] $sjT ] sy* y q dT\+{ |\
|+|{+< y&T | e+~. #] n+^]++~. & eT\jTl>s
q s* HjTs\T >+<+ n+^]+#sT.
sy* H>eT $>V+, eT+~s+ eq~. 5 d+es\=k] =\T|\T
sT>TsTT. >T& # rs |\T y] b #\T +{sT.
neyd sEq |{jTT<+ bs+uyT+~. H{ n< deTj bs+_+
134 s& yue+
5sE\T Mse+ #ksT. Mse+ s+|P& eTsD+q VHjTT&

es+Z y] jTT<\qT |PksT . B =DeTT\ e+ n+{sT. sT y
e# esZ s @< qT+ VQ b&$T es H>eT s| q bs& eTsD+ q
y] ds+ >TsC\ y\T sT>TsTT.
H>eTqT >] $_q n_bj\ |\T >+<\T y\Te&sTT. yT
dT>TDejT, <s s>\ HjTs\ =+<sT >+<\ |s=+f, <sT>,
e+#>, V+s*> =+<sT #]\HsT. u+>TSsT yde\T
|eTTK Ms>< #]sT\T & +s\ y+ dTuse >sT q >+<+
\T>T Ms>< $eTT |{ Ms< #eTT n< jT+`281 |
H>eT Ms><\ #|&qT <Tws\TqT, #Ts\TqT <T. yT nq\eT>T
sjT | *q T~X* n s+<+> yXsT. |{sE\ VVjT
e+X+ |{ jTT<+ eTTd+<.
|{ jTT<eTT, |{ #]| lH<T&T, eT\jT, =+&jT, |+>[
\++, eT\+|* keTXKsXs , \TL] Msu <se, nsE e++,
>Ts+ #Hs&, sjTb\T, jT..jT+. #s, & & sT |uss&,
eTT~>=+& Msu<$, y.V#Y.. yVHse, s+{\ >b\w, |\ysTT
*+>eT], sT| y+\ qsd+Vse, s$ \HsjTD |uT\T |\T
>+<\T yXsT.
\TL] Msu<se >] HjTs* <seTT |s+ jTT<ekq+
]+~.
jTT<e TTq eT*<e j<T \+<sT Msd seZ TTqT b+~]. Vq eeTT
$T* jTT+&qT. Vq HjTs* jTT<eTT #jTT#T+&q T. eT*<e&T
HjTT #] HjTs* m~]+#qT. HjTs\T y& uDeTT# eT*<e
sdTqT K+&+#qT. n|&T HjTT&T Xw&jTqT. q jTT<eTT\+{
+< biy HjTs* m<TsT> usTT z Ms HsTTUeTD! $jT\!
s& yue+ 135
s|D! dT+<! eT] j Me. d+\ d<Ts\e. e dq

n+jTT n&]bsTTq~. H seTTqT L& K+&+#TeTT n \e+ \&qT.
HjTs\T \u sTTq~. $#s d# dseTT VHjT&! e Ms eT>T
|{ |sT \T| |{q eTV MsXK sT\ ]e *\ >+Tq dTds + T\T>
|w+#T $w<e n+X+Tq ne]+q eTVqTue&e. m&\ H
<weTT <T . qT sTT+#T H se TT <T. ~ n+jT T \eXeTTq ]q~.
HH z&bsTT. qqT $ T+|eTT. H seTT K+&+ q\>eTsE eTVeT+y
] >+#TeTT n qT&$q~. n|&T VHjTT&T HqT sjT T<Tsq d
s+#<H? < $jTeTT. |{ b*+#>\ keTseTT \<T n <T\T
#|qT. + q\>eTsE n#{ e ||fqT>TqT ~ b<# ]jT
VHjT b<_e+<qeTT >$+#qT. HjT&T XueTdT n B$+#qT.
HjTs*, VqqT sTe] L& q @qT>T| sTe+\ LsT+& CdT =
sDs+>eTT qT+& s< #sqT. s&+seTT>, sTVeTT>, XeTT>
s s+&T CeTT\ ysT >TsC\ |y+]. (#: & &sT |uss&
>] |{ useTT | 197).
H>eT X+<jT y. V#Y. . yVHse sT. jTq b. +s\
y+ dTuse >] n+^]+#sT. =+<sT s#sTT\T V HjT,
u\#+<T <y+XqT b~+qT eT X+< HjTs\T >+<+
sXsT.
sjTb\T ysT \e! e<T HjTs* e+{ _&H < X e T+<q u+Hy
n+ b+bj&T.
{ |Tq#]>\ s&e H>eT s& #+<+ s&
y\T>T+~.

136 s& yue+
5
|< #<Te <T |sT u> <T
T<T\T yT#<q Ts <T
... \<T H qT\Tq V<jTeTT
eTV $qjTo\! eTe\!!
5
s& yue+ 137
sH{ dsT&T
j\y& Hsd+Vs&
(k+ j<T&T)
eTsD+ : 22`2`1847
Hsd+Vs& 19e X_ |Pss+

sjT\deTH*q eTVMsT&T ` sjT\deT d+VeTT.

138 s& yue+
Hsd+Vs& +& |<eTs& ` j\y& C^ssT. #+#TeT\

jTs$Ts& ` H=d+ C^ssT. Hsd+Vs& * de T n, us d<eT
n C^s s& HXsTT+ J$+# Cq|< e >jTq |>T+
e<>\ e+X e+ e+~. |s y] e+XdT\ e+~. Hsd+Vs& +{|sT
eT<\ ys eTC] ys, eT<\ y] +{qT+& |sy]+{ <T eH&
k #]sT\ #] Xeq< +& >b\s& uH CT\ <s+>
*bsT.
Hsd+Vs& s|q>T& >eT+ |{&, j\y& >eT+ |]
|<y&j& sD+ e\q j\y& Hsd+Vs& n jTq |sT
ds|&+< ><\T #TTHsTT. jTq y{{ XK #+~qy&T. y{{
s & L& se+X+ y&T. jTqqT <=sy] qsd+ Vs &, sC qsd+ Vs &
n L& |*#ysT. MsT 66 >e\~|T\T. yd+.
+>jTT\T (<eT+&\ sT dsY. <eTdt eTH (1800`1807) M]
ueTT\qT, \qT, 66 >e\qT eX+ CdT, +& eTs& H\ &u
sbjT\T e n+f usD+ #ysT. M] jTs$Ts& yT<sTqT eX+
CdT = H\ ysTTsbjT\T e #ysT. jTs$Ts& =&T Hsd+ Vs &
eTsD+#&T. sTy jTq j\y& Hsd+Vs& <T rdTH&T.
_{wysT <TesT e e{ s]+#sT.
j\y& C^ssT nq<eTT\ |+|\ eT+> >TZ e
Hsd+Vs& jTq e H\ 11 sbjT\ 10 nD\ 8 |d+~.
Hsd+Vs& 1846 d+es+ yT H\ se\dq 11 s.10 n: 8 |: e
ee\d+~> pH H\ eTw K ydsTT y\+ VosT
e< |+b&T (q esT&q |<dTujTqT |+|H& =+<sT #|sT).
VosT e ebeyT +& Hsd+Vs& neVq #X&T.

s& yue+ 139
qsd+V <d] +< + <ds? qsd+V <d]H seTqT b nH&.

n+ .3`7`1846q |T seT nsdT ys+{#&T. VosT eTs=
100eT+~ b> L& ys+T sTT#&T. H=d+ yT<sTee\dq e
q e s]+#+, q e qT edH kqq+ Hsd+Vs& |
sD s| eT<V+ |H+&T >+\ qsd+V <d s <>Zs ek&T
dT n n< e # VosT TsT #X&T. n|{ _{w y]|
es\T s|~<T+THsTT. ~ _{w y]| |<eT kjTT< sT>TuT,
eTs&T nq> 10`7`1846 Bq Hsd+ Vs & 700eT+~ ujTdH
deTLsT= ||>\T sTT\+ |D+| <+&&T. |d< #]sT&T
+& >b\s& |]X<q\ |s+ Hsd+Vs& , q dq+ f| & |
eq u+<\y&T ysd+>TqT #+|, < <#T=, # n+ >\u{,
V osT sdT qT, ysd+ >T sdT qT rdT=bsTT H=d + <>sZ T q qjTH\|
=+&MT< y\jT+ >TV <|{&T. eTT& H&T feq
805 sbjT\ 10 nD\ 4 |d\ &TqT }&T= bj&T.
nsTT |uT ]sT\ Hsd+Vs& VosTqT #+ |< +B>
e+ rdTH&, VosT s|Ty#sT\H uVDT&, &|<sT,
<T>TsT bdT +{T #+|H& q~.
n|&T H nqTqqT &| + > s T . jTq de#s+ e+~
bdT \>\ <s yT yTT<\T |{+#&T. es qjTH\| =+&|
>TV sdT\qT qT>=HsT. Hsd+Vs& d+ bdT \qT j\y&
|+|> y] Hsd+Vs& u~ |+b&T.
=~sE\H Hsd+Vs& 9000 dq+ js+~. \T n|{
HsTT. dq + T&ysT, #+#T\T, ujT\T, e&s \ T, jH<T\T, uVDT\T
HsT. s MT+<sT\ dq + L& & dV jT+ |{ + #sT. sT>TuTqT

140 s& yue+
nD yjT{ _{w |uT+ &|, s\T, ], + u+, d+<u<T

qT+ dH |*|+#sT.
23`7`1846 Bq _{w dH, Hsd+Vs& dH < \sT e<
|T sjT T<+ ] sTy| \ dq + qwy T N{ |&q +<Tq _{w dH q&T|Tq
|tH+T yH q dq+ d{M&T bj&T. Hsd+Vs& dq+
eTT+&b&T bj&T.
eTs&T _{w dH\T eTT+&b&T e< Hsd+Vs& d q+ \|&sTT.

u dqqw+ sTy|\ ]+~. Hsd+Vs& +u+ V osT +>+s&
lydseqT #+| dq+ = #s&T. me] <=s<T. +>jTT\T
Hsd+Vs& T+ duT\qT +~+ &| #ssT. |T&q d\
<s Hsd+Vs& # L| rXsT. jTq mseT\`q\eT\ =+&\ eT<
|sTkeT\ =+&\ >\ >H< <y\jT+ H& \TdTHsT. jTq
e+eTw +|&T CqeT \+#$TqT L| qT b+rjTT\
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s& yue+ 141
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O.R., Vol. 113
Sentence of the Foujdaree Udalat No.11 on the Calendar of the Special
Commissioner of Cuddapah for 1846.
9th January 1847
Prosecutor Circar
Prisoner Majjaree Narasimha Reddy
(Seal of the Court)
The Court of Foujdaree Udalat on a deliberate consideration of all the
circumstances of the case in evidence before them being of opinion that the

142 s& yue+
proof against the prisoner "MAJJARE NARASIMHA REDDY" is sufficient to

convict him of the crime of Rebellion, Murder and Robbery, do convict him
there of; and under the provisions of Sec.2 Regulation 1 of 1834, and section
10 of Regulation VIII of 1802, sentence him to suffer death by being hanged,
so soon as conveniently as can be after the receipt of this warrant, at a spot to
be selected by the authorities of the District near the town of Koilkuntla and
his body to be subsequently suspended in chains on a high gibbet to be erected
on the said sopt.
Adverting to para 12 of the Special Commissioner's letter, the Court of
Foujdaree Udalat beg leave to recommend to Government that either the
Magistrate of Cuddapah or one of his Assistants be instructed to select the
spot on which the capital sentence (if sanctioned by Government) shall be
carried into effect and likewise to be present at and superintend the execution.
The Court of Foujdaree Udalat direct that their sentence in trial No.11 from the
Special Commissioner together with the whole of the proceedings held in the
case, be transmitted to the Officiating Secretary to Government in the Judicial
Department, for the purpose of being laid before the Most Noble the Governor-
in-Council, to the intent that the court may, in conformity with the provisions of
Section 5 of Regulation XX of 1802, Regulation 1 of 1834, and Section 5 of Act
V of 1841, receive the orders of Government before they direct their sentence
to be carried into execution.
True Extract
Sd/- J.H.Davidson
Registrar
9th January 1847
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GADE CHENNAPAREDDI
V
EMPEROR
The Kottapakonda Riots Cases.
Referred Trial No.17 of 1910 and Criminal appeal Nos.137 to 15, of 1910 and
Cr.I, Appeal Nos. 161 to 163 1910 and Crl. Appeal No.205 of 1910.
18th August, 1910.
GADE CHENNAPPAREDDI AND OTHERS
V
EMPEROR
Indian Penal Code-Act XLV of 1860-Sections 302 and 149-Murder-Com-

mon object of a mob-Liklihood of murder being committed.
At the annual Sivarathiri festival at Kottappa Konda which is attended by

innumerable people, a constable S. and the 6th accused got drunk and grew
disorderly. Both fell down unconscious. The Sub Inspector with other con-
stables came to the spot and arrested the 6th accused as a murderer. A crowd
collected round them. On the way a constable S. was struck with a stick who
in return killed one of the crowd with a bayonet. This inflamed the crowd who
arrived at the Police Station and demanded the release of the 6th accused
which was refused. The 1st accused took a prominent part in the riot from the
attack on the Police Station when he incited the crowd to throw stones and
beat the police to the burning of the tents the final act in the riot-The constable

s& yue+ 151
S. then got into the hands of mob and was murdered and burnt. It was held
that the 1st accused was guilty under sections 302 and 149 of the I.P.C. be-
cause it was a common object of the mob to take vengeance on S. Who had
bayonetted one of their number and the 1st accused should be taken to have
known that S. was likely to be murdered if the mob caught him.
Trial referred by the Additional Court of Session of the Guntur Division

for confirmation of the sentence of death passed upon the said 1st Prisoner in
Case No.27 of the Calender for 1909 and appeals against the sentence of the
Additional Court of Session of the Guntur Division in Case No.27 of the Cal-
ender for 1909.
S. Swaminathan for prisoners.
T. Richmond contra.
JUDGMENTS.
Munro, F. I think there are sufficient materials in the case of the 1st ac-
cused, especially considering the leading part which he undoubtedly took
throughout, to warrant a conviction under the 7th Count. The result is that I
confirm the conviction on all counts except the 2nd and also the sentence of
death and other sentences passed except that the fine of Rs.500 imposed
under section 436, Indian Penal Code is remitted.
Sankaran Nair - I concur.
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qT+& 1428 es =+&M{ s+ #dq s &s E\ &| { y &q s#ye s&
jyeTq eTT&T, =eTs] yes& esT&T. yeTq * eT\eT. e~q
*e+{~ qsk+, q>] +k* n_seTjT. n&T \+_ ej
d$dTH &T. H&T j n_seTjT s |<jT eTT e |<X + b+<eT
#|q eqT yeTq $H&T. eTsTH&T H je< n_seTjT
sbj&T, qqT |+|H& #|> j yeTq |<Xe TT #dH&.
yeTq CjT, $s& <X<X\T ] |<s|eTT> |\ |<XeTT\T #d
es {s| de~ b+<qT. n_bjT+ dsq~< nq+
wXs>sT n_bjT|&sT. qejTT> $#e], |< uwDY Cwy >]
nHsT.
$d $s# <\T>T M<T\ H= |y>
eTd*q s&sE\T eTTeqT&T yeTq ...... nH&T.
yeTq dV $+ |<C {, edT deTT<j { jTq
sT+u\ e < n<T Xe d+|<> *q k<sD |
160 s& yue+
e n qTH | |C\ n+X\T, <VsD\T, ue+, uw >Tq eq<

n~\T rs+#sT. jTq e+XeTT, \eTT, <XeTT\qT >] |*eTTq
s #s kVrsT\, #]\ ]q~.
yeTq |<\|q, |<C\+|q, e+&*\|q jTq #]eTTqT
]+#e\d eq~. n+<Te\q yHsTT. |<eT+> d.|.uH yeTqqT
y\T>T q+<Tq jTq #dq |]X<H |*yT sT\ esZ<syTq~.
yeTq }sTqT >T]+ |\TesT |\T~X\ |k$+#sT. yeTq |<\
|<+.
}sT =+&M&T, |eT M~
eT>+|* yTT<{ M&T
~ |]X<\ # <=s u> eT\T |{+~. |< +H
=+&M&T, eT>+| d++<+ +& #| &+~. |> eT>+| \ T
H\T><T \ eq$. eT>+| |X+ +>\T <>ZsqTq<,
&| <, H\sT <, =+&M{ deT<, s T <
|\T$<\T> n_bjT|&sT . =+&M&T eT>+| m eTT&|&+<
*jTT <T . yTT+ MT< $T<X + , yTd sT sw+ ]q +<T & =+<sT
=+ sj =#sT. b|dsY mH. >| >sT e+ q |]X<H >+<+
|C$ yeTq @~ @yTH yTT+ MT< yeTq q |<\ y&q |<C\+
e\, d$s+& |d e\, d\ He\e\, sjT\deT y&H sjT+ |dT
#jTe#Tq eTT+#sT.
yeTq |\ s&>] _&. eT<s> sT T++. bH{+{ y&
eTV$ lH<T &HsT. yX*eTT e, dHkXeT+ rdT= j nj&T.
w\T +& H=& <Xd+#s+ #X&T. s&seT>T seTV+<es+
yTT<\T $jTq>s s+ es ]>&T. $T<X+ L& d+#]+#&T.
|{ $TH&T yeTq |s \Tq$. \+_ ej q>] +k* n_seTjT
s& yue+ 161
nqTy |<X e TT b+<T se\dq< #| e\T $, deTjTeTTq

n_seTjTqT ysT| |+| yeTq qT |<XeTT d] +#T bsTT,
d]+ CqT&, n_seTjT e|D\T #|, $s& |\T b+\T ]
|< s|eTTq |\ |<X e TT #jT T#T T< {sT| de~ w& H &
=+<] n_bjTeTT.
BqH<sD, V]H<sD jTq se\T. n>es\ y] n<'
]+#&T. eT&#s\qT es+#&T. ds eqe deq+ jTq d<++.
f jTq n>es\ y], |sVT\, eTTK+> uVD kVrsT\
es& #\+ bT |s +& nD><=&&T. +>+&T <ojTT&q
d.|. uH, l e T+ seT*+>s& eT]=+<sT kVrsT\T jTq |<\qT
y* |\ #+ #ss \yTq n_bjT+ q~.
yeTq $, |C$. | jTq |<\, |u<\ edTe. |\
dyT, dTyq yeV] uw Xe> y\~ |<\T $T+
#b&T. n$ = |\, = d.|. uH <s eTT\ |, =
|\ H\\| mq$. jTq |<\T V|<X\T. = $T+, eTj+,
q& uw\ nqTe~+#&sTT. +^w + #|<T. +^w
nqTe~+#+ e\q eTT+<T> sb K+&, yT| |eT <X\ y|+
||+#y|yTH&T yeTq.
yeTqqT usrjT |{ nHsT. eTq<X |eTTK y nHsT. yeTq
V+<Te. V+<eT b|~\| q V|<X+ k+~. uVD~
ueC sd+#&T. @y = |<\T | n y\~ #+<dT,
$X<_seT $qTsyeT eT+ k>sTT.
y e Tq $ > nkeqT& T . j T q eT + n< e T, Ms X e &
d<+r]+#sT |<\T.

162 s& yue+
VeTq> ys |s<XeTTq <T

VeTq> H jT\T
qT H]q Hb V+T
qT y<p& Hb Je+&T
n+s \T| q&b V+T
e HsT>+> yb e&e
jTsT jTsT HsT>T +T
eTTjTq> H$T eT\+T qj
dT\T dTT\T ejT d+kseTT\T ejT
<qeTT |TqeTT ejT qTe ejT
ejT >\Ty&T eTsE&>T j
nq$ <VsD yeTq n< y\T. yeTq >=| eqey~
ds eqe deq+ jTq d<++. ndXqT, ese edq T N<]+#T H&T.
deC d+dsD ~X> q&|{ H |u<+ #X&T.
q |u<e T+ y\~ |< #+ <dT #X&T. y\<T\T |<\T
yeTq$ <H y<q q~. $X<_seT $qTsye T nH eT+ me |<\
y&&+~. B eTq b+rjTT\T, bXT\T me] ys ysT ysT ns\T
#bsT.
$ sCXjT+ qT+& |\|s+ #jT+ yeTq |jT+> >V+#
>\+. $ yeTq |C$ yeTqj&T.
yeTq dV$. dV+>H $. sT>TuT $. d+|T d+k]. yq
&j T y&T, yeTq |< + $q \T>Ty&T+&& . j Tq |<\T n+>
| bbjsTT. n$ d\T. jTq nC w\T =\\T. y]
q`yTTq{ & jT+.jTdt.s & >s=sT . yeTq eqey~. <Xd + #s+ #d

s& yue+ 163
Xe> |<\qT #|+ y& #bsT. & d. HsjTDs& >]

nHsT. k+|T <Ts#s\qT TTjT\T #jT{ |< eCjTT<+>
|j + \T>T $qT Cq|<T \ H\\| q]+|Cd q yTq |C$ yeTq
nH&T.
<$& $X$<\jT+ ysT yeTq| | X< #bsT. +^w, |+#Y,
$T+, eTj +, q& uw\ yeTq |<\qT nqTe~+| CXsT. &|
yeTq $X$<\jT+, yeTq |]X<H +<+ k|+ #&sTT. s d$TysT
||+#+ n uw\ = uw = $ m+|Cd |DT\# y]
J$+, d<++, $+| >+<\T ysTT+#sT. |s+|s \T>Tuw
yeTqqT m+| Cd, jTq| |]X<H >+<+ ysTT+ ||+ #+~+#sT.
+ yeTq |sT| kVr d$TT\T, ke dyd$TT\T, $Cq dyd$TT\T,
uq deC\ <T. yeTq b+&wH, yeTq $>V\T, yeTq <y\j\T
y*XsTT. $TH&T, s, eTVsw\ yeTq jT+ y&T \T sT|THsT.
#H s & q d+|T +ysT qe] 19e B yeTq jT+ sE n s]+#>
n<sEq u+>TSsT, eTqsw+ eTq |uT+ L& yeTq jT+ y\T
sT|THsT. eTq +< |uT+ yeTq b_qT $& T<\ #d+~. <
+< e&yTq~.

164 s& yue+
yeTq> |C$>, $> |sTb+~q \T>T e\T dTeTr Xs

<q, MsV+<k$T, |\TesT X e\THsT.
yeTq ~>+s+> H&, nH d+#]+#& |{ =+<sT qeTTsT
` y~ksT . |{ \T L& n> |#T ]+#sT. $>V \T L& n> eT\#sT.
&| eqTeqT d+\q+ #d C.&._. >_ 1857 yX&. H{
e|{ y b\ qT+& |Xe\T edTq|&T }] q&M~ b]+q s+&T
&\T Td\T =&T bs&TT+&> n+<s #dT+&bj s> y{
n<*+# bjs. n|&T \X* yeTq eT>d]> q++ e y{
s+{ =eTT\qT s+&T #T\ e+ H{ yjT> &\T $&bsTTqe.
d+<s+ q yTT\|+# }&b> < rD+> #d \ }+ }
n+ ~dyTT\H qb{ qTbsTT <T|] ~dyTT\H jjTH&.
n+X+| |&T #]+ |j q+ <T . H{ eqTe ydq de#s+
n~.
yeTqqT >] |eTTKT\ n_bj\T q$. yeTqqT y\T>T q
+>jTT&T d.|. uH 23`11`1824 Bq nH&T.
d.|. uH
This author has attained great celebrity in his own country and in the
adjacent parts of India; some information regarding his country and language
may however be acceptable to the reader.
Telugu is a principal language of the peninsula of India. It is ancient and
has been highly cultivated. The nation of the telugus was in former times very
powerful, and its princes gave considerable encouragement to literature. The
works of its ancient poets are numerous and very voluminous. It possesses a
very scientific grammar, and a system of prosody nearly as highly polished as
that of the Greeks. In this and some other respects the language is
acknowledged to be more difficult than Sanscrit.

s& yue+ 165
It is peculiarly somooth and elegant in its sound, and the poets have
cautiously preserved its euphony. Hence Europeans have called it the Italian
of India. The student may at first think this remark, which is no new one,
unfounded; as the pronunciation is strong and decided; and as the mixture of
Sanscrit terms often gives it a degree of roughness. But the pure rustic dialect
as well as that of the poets is altogether different from this colloquial language;
in the pure dialect most of those Sanscrit words that had harsh sounds are
softened till they are as smooth and melodious as pure Telugu.
With Sanscrit it is closely connected; as closely as English is with Latin.
But at the same time it is as truly original and nearly as copious as English.
Like English it has borrowed its scientific terms from another tongue; and
these Sanscrit additions are daily increasing. Thus the language is becoming
less pure.
During the eighteenth century, the incursions of the Mohamedans
effectually crushed the literature of Telangana; it has fallen low; and the colloquial
dialect has become equally corrupt-men are now rarely met with among them
who can read or explain the classical authors of the language; a knowledge of
prosody is yet more rare.
Twenty five years of peace in Telangana under the British government
have now afforded opportunities for some revival of literature. The establishment
of the Honourable Company's College at Madras, and the encouragement
there held out to good scholars in the language may have effected some revival;
but much remains yet to be done. No poem or classical composition in Telugu
has hitherto been printed; and I believe no translation of a classic into English
has been attempted.
It now remains to give some account of my author, VEMANA, whose
writings are peculiarly useful to those who study the language, the style being
simple, and the variety of topics very extensive. These adages exemplify

166 s& yue+
thousands of words inadmissible into more dignified poetry. The thought and
connection are often abstruse while the terms used are quite familiar.
Of his history, little is known. He was not a Bramin but a Capoo, or
farmer; a native of the Cuddapa district and born, I believe, in the neighbourhood
of Gandicotta. He lived in the beginning of the eighteenth century. It is said that
in verse 707 he has fixed the date of birth which is believed to have been his
own. This date coincides with A.D. 1652. The date is given in the cycle of sixty
years; but which cycle is intended is unknown. Many verses, however, prove
satisfactorily that he wrote in the latter part of the seventeenth century when
the Mohamedans were governers of that part of India. His family was powerful,
but he renounced the world and became a sanyasee or ascetic. He calls
himself a Yogee.
These verses communicate hardly any idea of his history or connections,
and like all solitary ascetics (sanyasees or yogee) he has dropped his family
name - calling himself simply Vema or Vemana at pleasure. This solitary life
has led him to address all the verses to himself, which, if this be not recollected,
certainly looks like the grossest egotism. This practice is far indeed from being
peculiar to Vemana.
[The name Vema and Vemana do not appear to be used by the Telugus
of the present day. Vema or Vemana in Sanscrit signify a loom. (see Wilson's
Sanscrit Lexicon, page 854, and the Sabdartha Calpataru Vol. II, page 199). I
believe these names to have been practical titles alone, without a definite
meaning. Thus it is well known that the titles or names of Dante and hafiz
were not the original names of those poets; the first of whom was named
Durante or Durando (see preface to Cary's Dante) and the second Muhammed
Shemsuddin].
These poems have attained very great popularity and parts are found
translated into Tamil and Malayalam or Canarese. Their terse closencess of

s& yue+ 167
expression sometimes renders them difficult to translate with elegance; but

such passages exemplify the manly force of a language that in the common
dialect is often weak and verbose.
Of his aphorisms many have become common proverbs. Parts of them
are evidently close translations from sanscrit works, particularly the Hitopadesa
and Bhagavat Gita. In a few of these every word is pure Sanscrit.
Vemana was evidently, in philosophy, of the Vedanta school, a disciple
of Vyasa, whom Sir William Jones has (in the Asiatic Researches, Vol I, page
362) entitled the Plato of India. With the mystic tenets of Plato, those of Vemana
closely correspond while his moral doctrines as closely answer to those of
Democritus.
These verses are chiefly of three classes: moral, satirical and mystic. In
the morals, many verses occur, breathing a spirit of devotion truly extraordinary
in a Hindu. The satirical part is chiefly directed against the national religion and
customs particularly against Bramins. None of it is personal. The mystic portion
is chiefly of use as exexmplifying the powers of the language. The reveries
contained in this chapter are of a strangely abstruse nature and furnish a
remarkable instance of a powerful mind searching for the light of truth which is
lost in the darkness of heathen ignorance. The style of this and some other
parts renders it easier to translate the verses into Latin than into English. I
have, however, left none in Latin (aliess) that appeard to deserve an English
one. To the more difficult verses I have subjoined a Telugu interpretation For
some parts of this comment written in Telugu, I am indebted to two very learned
Bramins who taught me the language, its grammar and prosody. They are
Tippabhotla Venkata Siva Sastri of Masulipatnam and Advyta Brahmia, the
Pandit belonging to the court in which I have the honour of being assistant
judge.
To the mystic portion I have appended such notes as appeared requisite.
Further elucidations of the most ample nature will be found in the Bhagavat

168 s& yue+
Gita, with Dr. Wilkins's commentary and in Sir William Jones's essay on the
Mystical poetry. Poetry of the East appears in the third volume of the Asiatic
Researches; It would be easy to refer to many other authors; but to save the
reader trouble in an enquiry that can gratify nothing but curiosity, I have subjoined
a short explanation of the system.
Most of the Verses in Vemana are written in ataveladi metre which
consists of four lines; but the fourth line, with some exceptions, is a mere
refrain or chorus in these words- Viswadabhirama Vinura Vema.
It is perhaps impossible to meet with a complete copy of this poet in a

manuscript of any antiquity. The principal sources from which this edition is
complied are nine. These were collected from Bellary, Cuddapa Madras,
Vijagpatnam, and the city in which I wrote. Few of these copies contain above
five hundred verses, none came up to seven hundred. The number, how ever,
that I have succeeded in collection is 2,100.
Of the state of the manuscripts, it is not easy to give a correct idea.

Errors of the grossest nature in orthography, metre and rhyme deface every
line; and erroneous words are substituted to elicit a sense that the transcribers
thought proper to prefer. Thus they have eluded many of the difficulties in
thought or expression; and the corruption is indescribable in verse.
Vemana having written the tadbhava word guramu (for gruhamu) a house,
the copyists in defiance of metre and meaning have gurramu, a horse.
To remedy such errors I prepared a general index to my manuscripts,
showing the place each verse occupies in each copy. For the verses in no two
copies had the same arrangement. By this aid, the true reading has, I hope,
seldom been lost, the correct metre I trust never - the mosn frequent corruptions
were substitutions of Sanscrit terms in defiance of measure, for pure Telugu
expressions.
To the remarks on mystic philosophy, I have subjoined a short explanation
of Telugu prosody. The statements are taken from the Bheemana Chandassu,

s& yue+ 169
but the arrangement and mode of explanation are my own. Sir William Jones
has remarked (As. Res. I-XVII on Panini) that "since grammar is only an
instrument, and not the end of true knowledge, there can be little occation to
travel so rough and gloomy a path." To teach myself the science, I was obliged
to reduce the rules given by Bheemana in a veryu fantastic from to their real
import; and a mode then occured to me through which by degrees I learnt the
whole with care. The original is so mysteriously complex that the failure of
most aspirants even amont Bramins to a knowledge of prosody is not surprising.
& eT+ seT*+>s&

& eT+ seT*+>s&>sT yeTqqT >] de#s+ jT m
#s, Hs y+fX sse >sT q |]X<H >+<+ Works of Narla
*bsT.
Ordinarily, the Radio Talk of Dr. C.R.Reddy should not have found a
place in this compilation. But two extraordinary considerations have induced
me to include its text as Appendix II. The first reason is this: With one mighty
blow Dr. Reddy broke the conspiracy of silence against Vemana. In a book of
literary criticism, called Kavithwa thatwa-vicharamu, which he published in
1914, he spoke of Vemana as one of the best and most original of poets. For
boldness of expression, for capacity to debunk superstitions and to expose
pretensions, Vemana, he said, was without compeer among Telugu poets.
Strange as it may sound, this was the very first occation when Vemana was
recognized by any Telugu scholar and critic. Dr. Reddy continued to hold this
high opinion of vemana till his very end, for he broadcast his talk on Vemana
only a few months before his death. Now, the second reason for my decision
is this: Dr.Reddy's Radio Talk is now available only in tape in the A. I. R. Stations
in Madras and Vijayawada, and there is no knowing that the tape will be
preserved.

170 s& yue+
What follows hereunder is the text of Dr. Reddy's broadcast made from
A.I.R., Madras Station, in 1950.-Ed.
Vemana is a poet of Western Andhra, the mountainous tract with being
less accessible than the coastal to influences from the north, was less
Aryanised, and retained to a greater degree its robust independence of thought
and spirit. Sanskrit culture had not pervaded there to the same extent as in the
Circars, and we had, therefore, fewer translations and more originations.
Vemana was a villager by birth. And, if we could refer to the caste of a man
who had discarded caste, a Reddy.
By no means a learned man, not at all a pundit, but a man of profound
thought, of great reflective power and penetrating intuition into life and its secular
and spiritual problems, his poetry is a spring, pure and undefiled, entirely
spontaneous, and original in thought and in style. In three short lines he gives
us a whole poem. If brevity is the soul of wit, there has been no greater wit in
the world. All his similes and metaphors are drawn from woods and fields, and
rural scenes and atmosphere. He is both a poet of nature and a natural poet.
I said that his deep intuition penetrated into the problems of life, secular and
spiritual. The two are one. It is the hypocrites whom he denounced that pretend
spirituality while grovelling in sensuality. In common with the genius of Hinduism,
Vemana holds that the supreme end to be pursued by man is, the liberation of
the individual Soul from the cycle of births and deaths and its absorption into
Paramathma, the Supreme Soul, which pervades the universe. Moksham or
liberation, which is not different from salvation and absorption into the universal
spirit, is the objective of every wise person. But this objective cannot be gained
if you are worldly and attached to the world. That attachment has its root in
sensuality and that sensuality shows itself not merely in lust and in greed but
in all that produces or enhances ahankara, egotism. That is to say, the feeling
of pride, and the placing of the self above others. Every idea or institution that
differentiates man from man and makes him think himself to be different and

s& yue+ 171
superior, is a form of ahankara, or egotism, of self-love and self-pride, which

inhibits the possibility of your being absorbed and dissolved into the eternal
bliss of the universal spirit. Accordingly, Vemana attacks with ruthless logic
the different religions current in his time-Saivism, Vaishnavism, Lingayatism
and Buddhism-since the followers of every one of these religions considered
themselves to be separate from the rest, and superior. Further more, this
superiority was not based on real virtue and merit, but on pretension, on
externals, through appeal to superstition, though hypocrisy and deceit, through
retuals and symbols that degrade the soul instead of exalting it.
Even the idea of an avatar of God cannot be regarded as true, since
God is everywhere and always, and there is no sense in saying that He takes
for us a special birth.
Vemana's style ranges from bitter and caustic to mild sarcasm, gentle
irony and sweet humour. Humour is his characteristic. He does not argue
philosophically, but hits hard so as to inflict a mortal wound, and makes these
infamous pretensions ridiculous.
It was Voltaire who laid down the grand maxim that in dealing with
superstition there is no use arguing, for superstition is not amenable to reason.
Sneer, and make it ridiculous. That will have more effect. Here is an instance
of the Voltairian humour of Vemana. In disproof of avatars he says:
kanaka mrugamu bhuvini kaladu ledanakaye
Taruni vidichi poye Dasaradhiyu
Thelivi lenivadu devu detlayeraa
Viswadabhi raama! Vinura Vema!
Note the irony of the term taruni which means youthful woman in the full
flush of her beauty. If it had been an old strumptet it would not have mattered.
But imagine a God leaving a young and beautiful women behind in pursuit,
through greed of gold, a deer.

172 s& yue+
Many people impress the multitude by performin gsacrifices and claiming

thereby a superior spiritual status. But as is well-known, before the performance
of the sacrifice could be commenced, the yajaman must get shaved and
bathed. And here Vemana's flashing wit strikes like a lightning.
Sakala yajnmulaji sakala theerdhambula
Thalalu goruga kunna phalamu ledu
Manthrajalamu kante mangali jala mechchu.
Evils like social inequalities, gradations and degrations based on birth,
are, generally speaking, attacked on two grounds. Firstly, on ehical grounds
as being wrongs; secondly, on utilitarian grounds as weakening society, and
leading ultimately to its destruction or subjugation by a stronger power. Vemana
adds yet another line of attack. Such distinctions produce pride in the superiors
and abasement in the inferiors, both of which are inimical to the salvation of
the soul. Usually in most religions the idea prevails that individual's salvation
could be acquired irrespective of one's conduct as a member of society. It is
to the immortal credit of Vemana that he propounded the view that if you want
to get absorbed into the universal spirit after your death, you must first get
absorbed in universal humanity while you were alive, and this sublime feeling
he expresses in the following verse:
Voori vaarikella okka kanchamu petti

Potthu kudipi kulamu poliya jesi
Thalanu cheyi petti thaganamma cheppara
I wonder whether Vemana got this idea of eating fraternally from one
plate, without distinction between man and man from Islam, for there is one
reference in his works to Islam:
Annita paripoornu dalla mahatmudu
Even granting that this line is authentic, I do not think that Vemana derived
anything from anybody from he derived everything from himself. He wonders

s& yue+ 173
why people do not realise that in spite of their pretensions to be different from
each other, and higher or lower, they are just humans of like nature, of like
essence and, alas! destined to a like end:
Baapa danaga nemi? Bhakthu danaga nemi?
Jogi yanaga nemi? Sompu leka
Yenni perulaina ninajudu pani deerchu
There is not an aspect of Hindu religiosity in its externals which has not
been the target of Vemana's satire. Can we get salvation by bathing frequently?
Well, then, all the fishes must be saved. can we get salvationby smearing
ourselves with vibhooti? Why, then, a donkey rolls frequently in ashes? Can
we get salvation by eschewing eating of meat and taking to vegetarianism, as
though that is a religion?
Akulella thinna meka pothula kela
kaaka poyenayya kaaya siddhi?
Loku lella verri pokillu poduru.
As Regards the superstitious, what can you do with them? They are
perverse by nature. You can straighten the snake-gourd (potla kaaya) by tying
a stone but how can you ever straighten a dog's tail?
Potlakaaya raayi podugu thratanu gatta
Leela thoda vanka leka perugu,
Kukka thoka katta kudurunaa chakkagaa
In point of fact, character and nature are superior to knowledge. You can
read Vedas, recite mantrams. But your book knowledge many not leave any
impression on you, unless you are of the right nature. This is like Christ's
parable: The seed may be sown, but whether it will produce a good crop or no
crop or a bad crop depends on varied factors. The superistitious man is like a
donkey carrying load of sandal-wood. The donkey does not get perfumed
thereby:

174 s& yue+
Heenu denni vidya lila nabhyasinchina

Ghanudu gaadu moraku janude gaani,
Parimalamula gardabhamu moya ghanamoune?
Preparation for moksham, or freedom from samsara consists in
eschewing ahankara and avoiding the temptations that bind you to the world,
namely, lust and greed. Bhagavan Ramakrishna's warning against kamini
and kanchan are well-known. In addition, all forms of egotism and ahankara
must be overcome and over-thrown. Bhagavan Ramakrishna claimed that he
was lower than the lowest of castes and denounced caste system and caste
feeling. Vemana is the poetic anticipation of Ramakrishna. If you want to be
one with God, you must be one with man. Caste is not only a social curse, a
political blunder, but one of the worst hindrances to moksham, an anti-religion,
which hypocritically poses as religion. get rid of it.
s <X\ |eTTKT\ n_bj\T

bXT\ n_bj\T =
"The plato of India" - dsY $*jT+ CH
"Vemana a Rebel poet" - yTsY sY.myT. yT=H
"Popular poet" - d.$. >esY
"Far in advance of his age - V esY
'The one great poet of the people" - &T.V#Y. yTu
Teacher and preacher" - m.&. us{
yeTq qq |e ` C.&._. >u.
\T>T |eTTKT\ n_bj\T =
"Vemana true and rare genious" - Hs y+fX
sse
"Vemana poet of nature - Natural poet" - & d.sY.s
&
|C$ yeTq ` eTsT|PsT <+& s$Ts&

s& yue+ 175
yTq \T>T yTTyT T< $+ #| qy&T yeTqjT ` \T esV \se

~\+ q, eT<\+ yeTq, <T
jTT>+ >TsC&, \T>T kV+ eTVe\T ` ll
yeTq sj ` Xc~ seTD e\T
ke $|e$ yeTq ` & |<se
=* \T>T nuT<jT $ ` Xl
~s$ yeTq ` & jT+.jT+. $H~
e $d+ &T yeTq ` & <.H.Xd.
yeTq| y\Te&q >+<\qT =+{ #|+<eTT.
My discovery of Vemana - C.P. Brown
Verses of Vemana - C.P. Brown
Hindu manners, customs and ceremonies - J.A. Dubois
The Musings of Mystic - MTsY
nVeT< UH
Vemana, A South Indian poet - $*jT+ +u
Vemana - R.M. Macdonald
The folk songs of South India - Charles E Goves.
Some mile stones in Telugu literaturre - .sY. dTseTjT |+T\T
Vemana, His poetry and philosophy - G.V. Krishna Rao
The heart of India - L.D. Barnett
Vemana, the Telugu poet and saint - C. Ramakrishna Rao
Vemana ` Hs y+fX sse
yeTq ` s|* nq+ w Xs
|C$ yeTq ` & jTH.>|
yeTq d+|Ps J$ #]eTT ` u<q\T - e+>] dTuse |+T\T
Saint Vemana and his philosophy ` Telugu Academy
yeTq j ` ~ys y+{e<
Vemana through Western eyes - V.R. Narla
yeTq #] ` +&sT eTjT
176 s& yue+
|C$ yeTqj ` eTsT|PsT <+&s$Ts&

yeTq ` dsE\T ` >+<+ nbse
$ $#seTT ` & d.sY.s&
XyvjT dsdeTT ` y<+ y+w Xs
bq`yeTq j>eTT ` ~>e* y+ese
yeTq #] ` ~|< e+
yeTqj J$eTT ` |+#>T\ ~HsjTD Xd
yeTq$ ` \eT] \qsd+V+
eTVj yeTq ` H<Tq] >+><sse
yeTq ` qesY
yeTqs& ` jT. s|Tes&
yeTq yes& ` |\ o|
yeTq \ sjTeTT ` +&sT eTjT
yeTq j, $ ` = dHsjTD #<]
yeTq \ sjTeTT ` \\ y+ dTus&
yeTq |<\ b]dt| ` & jTH. >|
\T>T y[\T ` yeTq ` \T>T $X$<\jT+
deT>+< kVeTT ` sT<
yeTq $|e+ ` seTw
yeTq ueq ` & jTdt. >+>|
dsj (yeTq) ` |*#s k+ese
yeTq j^+< #]eTT ` |Psj
#sT\T
yeTq ;sT\ ke <<+ ` & jTdt.$. s|Ty+<se
ysTT y\T>T\ yeTq ` & s#b+ #+<XKss&
$ e+< |> |<>+<eTT\T, ydeTT\T, HeTT\T, $eTs\T
eq$.
s& yue+ 177
+eT+~ ||+# yT<e\T, \T>T yT<e\T &$q #] yeTq~. +

$ks+> @ $|q #s s><T. sD+ jTq ||<+ ke |H<T\|
eq<.
<T \ & jTH. >|>sT yeTq| |]X<q #d |#T ]+q |C$
yeTq >+<+ beDqT d+]+#T= de#s $d * eq~.
<X$<X\ $wjTdsD #d |#T]+q >+<+ ~. n+<T X+| \+
qT+& |#TsD eq yeTq \qT b+<T|s#sT. nsTT # ]sT\
yeTq J$+eq H{ \T \_+#<T. = = >+<\ eq \qT
d]+#sT. yeTq esdT, yw<sD| L& @_bjT+ <T.

178 s& yue+
nH\T yeTq ke +qqT >] dTHsT. +<|<X

|uT + yeTqj $Cq +<+ &| k|+ #sT. |sH y+fX sse
$jTy& yeTq $d +<+ k|+ #sT. jTTHk y]d+ *b]j
HsjTDeT] nqTy< VseT+ #|{ sT . s \T y*>{ >Ti+
y+s& >+<\T |#T]+#&T. l y+fXs $X$<\j T+ yeTq |s+
@ss#sT. u+>TSsT (uV ) >TsY yeTq XeT+ |{&T . s+>H
yeTq deC\Tq$. yeTq b+&wHysT, +<$X$<\jT+ysT, \T>T
kV n&MTysT >+< |#T sD #dT H sT. +<s w+ | >+<\jT+
yeTq| kV+ eq~.
~] sTyT <s+ {sT| yeTq de~ eq~. <
<ss\THsT. b++ #\eT+~ |\ |sT yeT |< + eHsTT.
|]X<\+<s {sT| bsTTeqys. {sT| | #
X|+ yTT<{ ~ys+ H&T yeTq Vy\T sT>T sTT. s& eTVq
du\T, s&yD d+, eT]s d+\ e#sTT. s& HuT<jT d+|\T
$T+ HsTT. q\#sTe yeTq y\T sT>TsTT.
yeTq de~ ` \jT <X+

yeTq de~ >s>T& <X+

s& yue+ 179
sT sh|
& \+ d+Jes&
Peasant ....... The President
qq+ : 19-5-1913
eTsD+ : 1-6-1996
\+ d+Jes& eTVs #] *q sjT <Ts+<sT&T . +<sh

#], us<X #] de+s #] >\q sjT y. &T<T&T\
180 s& yue+
J$+ d| kq j<T&T. >=| CrjTy~. sj \ =

yTT |q HjT&T. Ks\q+<Tq eTVHjT&T.
d+Jes& nq+|s+ |Hq~ &TqTq \sT nH >eT+
19`5`1913q +#&T. +& q|s&, * dTeT, us H>seT
d+Jes&, +& >eT eTTqdTT, <ssE, >eT |<. k<sT&T sXKss&
(d.|.).
* dTeT ]yT\y] &|& T #T. dTeT nq ]yT\ dTus&. dTus&
=&T Hs&` |eTTK d.|. (e]dT) HjT&T ` jT+.jT.m. > #X&T.
rjTT\T, s &s E\T, $jTq>s sE\ \+ >\ s &s E\ ysdT \T>
d++ e+& T++ y&T d+Jes&. qq+ qT+& k+<eT+
d&T. 18 d+es\ ejTdT >eT +>dt $T{ n< &H&T. +&
q|s& eT<bq w< <eT+ bZH&T.
d+Jes& \sT |y
T> $< Hs&T. 9e s> es #~$ eT<dT
~jTTk| d\T #s&T. eT<dT $.. wMTqH $<]. ]
nq+|PsT e, nq+|s+ >esyT+T sY jTdt.jTdt. jT.d.
#~y&T. k] $<] K<sT {| |T= ed |b nu+s
|{&T . n~ *d eTs&T d+Jes& 200eT+~ $<sT\ # K<sT {|\T <] +|Cd
#&T.
1929 d+es+ >+B nq+|P sT eq|&T d+Jes& ]+# &&T .
n|&T 16d+es\ ejTdT. Vd\T $<]. $<sT\qT Crj<eT+
#&T. K<sT y&+ bs+_+#&T. <X+ udq+ eT>TZTq<,
dT Ls 1931 #<T ee, jTTeq d+|T + |{ <eT+ =#&T.
& u>sE |{_ dseTjT, >={b{ VjT>s\T +< b$jT
+>dt $T{ s<] #XsT. 1940 1941 nsdT &&T. 1942
neTse C\T UB> y&T. C\ T d eT], *+>| , |X+,
s& yue+ 181
y+se, eTsE H&sY, $.$.]., jTH..s+>, H{, nq+XjTq+,

n\] dHsjTD >s |]#jT+ @s&+~. 1942H $&T< eTs\
nq+|s+ nsd C\T eq|&T +< b$jT +>dt s<]>
n\ us +>dt $T{ysT jT$T+#sT. 1942 H\sT C\ T s* +#sT.
1945 s+&e ||+# jTT<+ sTy $&T<\j&T.
1946 eq m\ nq+|PsT jesZ +>dt nu]>
q ue eTdT nu] ]yT\ Hs&| b{ #d >*#&T. sC+> s#H
Xdqdu (Constituent Assembly) mH&T.
1949 |.jTdt. esk$T sC>] eT+es+Z yTT<{> bV_wH,
n&e\T, Vd+> XK\ eT+> |#d |sT #TH&T.
1950 b$jT +>dt b m mH..s+> | z& eTs\ 1951
m >*#&T. s& I eT |*+> e+~. sjT\deT I dssT |*+>
e+~. s+>, |X+ sJHe*#sT. 1952 ueeTs~ ]yT\ Hs&|
b{#d z&&T.
1952 +<sh (uc |jTT sc\) <eT+ e+~. 19.10.1952
b{ lseTT\T eTsD B #|{ 57sE\T B #d bD+ e~&T. n|&T
d+Jes& sh +>dt n<&T. +<sh+ d+ |eTTKT\ #s\T ]b&T.
2.10.1953q s \T HVA +<s h+ |{ + #&T. n|&T d+Jes& +<
+>dt d# s Y b HjT&H &T. V d qT+& m & eH&T. +>dt
+<T e+~. +<T\T =\+#T e< d+V+ |X+qT ] +>dt
eTTKeT+ #X&T. qT &|P{ eTTKeT+> eH&T.
1954 |X+ eT+esZ+ n$Xd+| L*bsTT+~. sh| b\q
e+~. 1955 eT<+s m#sTT. eTdT b\+ me> eq~.
uy& >b\s& eTTKeT+ #jT T qT b{qT+ | H&T. >b\s&
eTTKeT+ nj&T. d+Jes& s+&e sTq
k>sY HVA# X+KTk|q eTTKb eV+#&T.
182 s& yue+
1956 +<|<X d+ V<su<T eTTKeT+ sTZ\ seTcse

#s\T ]| +<|<XqT 1.11.1956q k~+#sT. n|&T +<|<X yTT<{
eTTKeT+> |eD+ #X&T. 1958 l y+fX s jTe]{ >se &s {qT
>s$++~.
1959 HVA <w u> |&&T. 1959 n\ us +>dt $T{
n<& CrjT HjT&H&T. n|{ d+Jes& ejTdT 47 d+es\T.
+< |uT ksTT eTTKHjT\ &H&T.
1962 <D#\+ qT+& XdqduT & +< |<X +>dT b |e<+
qT+& |+ s+&ek] +<|<X eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. $jTy& e<
cq~| s >TsY`yT `s& _& {+ #&T. u <#\ + e< ><e]| s& _&
]+#&T. .X. 14e X+ b\jT yes& lX\ + e+ > yTT
&, d+Jes& lX\+ s&T sD+ #X&T. lX\+ V& m\ bC
#&T. H>sTqk>sY bC sD+ y>e++ #X&T. #+<uT HjTT&T
eTTKeT+ nsTTq|&T lX\+ bC \+ d+Jes& k>sY n |sT |{
>s$+#sT. $<s+>+| <w k]+ u*\ $<, s T|
$X$<\jT+, = b*f , yT& J\T |{+#&T.
1963 & .jT.se dV s+ ds #sTT+, pH H\ |< qeT+
HVA>]# lX\+ bC X+KTk|q #sTT+#&T. & .jT. seqT
sj #&T.
dT sT CrjT+ yTT<\T |{&T. sY.{.d. @sf+~. c
yTT<+~ CrjT+. ~ 1966 < c esZ &T| eT+>
e+& 1966 d+Jes& $>V $s>=Z{ w \Te XsT. #*+#< jTq.
s\T CrjT+ #dq|&T y+ VsT bsTT+~. sTy
dT|+sT bsTT+~. d+Jes& ]{ b bsTTH jTq| n_j>+
e+~. jTq de<q+ n|& $ { sT yjT < dT|+sT yT+{ #d+ ~.

s& yue+ 183
ydy jTq ]{ b <T { n|&${ yjT<T . sT yT+TqT

>s$d 26.2.1964q eTTKeT+ |<$ sJHe #X&T.
sh+ s T \ $]$> $<T# ds| s #sTT+#&T. eekjT |]X<H
+<\T k|q #X&T. V <su<T sC+<q>sY , eekjT $X$<\jT+
k|q #X&T. lX\+, b#+b&T, e+X<s, H>sTq k>sY bC\ sD+
ds |P] #s\T #|{&T.
1964 HVA eTsD+ #&T. V<sY Xd |< qeT+j &T. jTq
_H{ d+Jes& d eT]jTT >qT\ eT+ nj&T. 1965 $XK d b+{
<eT+ e+~. n< d+es+ b jTT<+ L& e+~. qe] 1966
V<sY Xd eTsD+ #&T. V<sY |< qeT+> eq|&T ><e]|
seT+& e< s&`yT`s\T _& ]+|CX&T.
1966 +~s>+B _H{ {HbsT, ]+, d$ @$jTwH
eT+> #X&T. +~s>+B d b+T X+KTk|q #d+ < | bs+u+
<T.
+~s>+~ d+Jes& eT+es+Z qT+ | + du dsT > |bC
#kq #| L& e | +~. d+Jes& | +&|+&+{ nu] H { $XH<+ qT
b{ |{ z&+~. d+Jes& > *#&T. <X H\Ze ds H &T . n<T+ > du q T
q&b&T. me] \T k><T. nTq HqT |eD\qT b{d +>dt
bsyT+ b sJHe #X&T. +>dt y& n+<]y&j&T. HqT
"Watchman of parliament" nq CsTTr |sT&T. s <X\ &*>qT
rdT&T.
17`5`1969q +~s>+B d+Jes& q +{ |* sh|>
b{#jTeTq~. <TsT<X+ yT &T| eq< =+<sT d+XsTT+#sT. yT
|T{+~. u+>TSsT deyX+ d+Jes& UjT+ #XsT. dsT |<$
sJHe #X&T. sh|> d+Jes& nu] +~s>+B |bC #d+~.

184 s& yue+
$.$.] +&|+&+{> b{ =#&T. >+<jTy<T\+ d+Jes& \

|sTdTHsT. s& esd +~s>+B yT HjT+ e+&<
mu&#sT. nd d+>T\ d+Jes&| s|+ yXsT. yqTbT
bs+uyT+~. &T, eT<+ |#d+~. <TssZ+> +~s>+B $|t e<T.
n+s |u <+ H<+ +~. d+Jes& z&bj&T. +~s>+~ <Tws \
||+# nsyT+~.
1971 du m\ d+Jes& z&bj&T. 1972 | \+>D
<eT+ e+~. d+Jes& es+#&T.
1973 y< |]\ & AIMS y&T. +~s>+B Vd\T
jTqqT |seT]++~. <X |]dT\T n<q+> eH. jT|X HsjTDY
<eT+ bs+_+#&T. <XeT+ ]>&T. d+Jes&, C.|. <eT+ #s&T.
]yT\ Hs& L& *d <XeT+ d+|Ts d$T <s ]>&T.
12`6`1975q mH dT +~s>+B es+> rsT e+~. yT
sJHe #jT<T. |<>H k+~.
25`6`1975q +s meTs |{+~. HjT\q+<] nsdT\T
#sTT++~. d+Jes&| >V s+<eTT, | $~++~. d+Jes&
nsdT #d <D us< X + s> &TT+< yT | esZ\T de#s $T#sTT.
1977 qe] duqT s<T #sTT+ m\T |{+~. n|&T qb
$s$++~. d+Jes& qb $se duT&H&T. +< 42d
qb nusT\qT |& d+Jes& & q+<\ qT+& >*#&T. yTTs
|<qeT+ nj&T.
26`3`1977q d+Jes& yTTs]<XjYT dsT> \u{ >*|+#&T.
yTTs] |<+ |s+, 1977 p d+Jes& @ê+> <X 6e sh|
nj&T. n|{ es jTH=& @ê+> mqT& sh|. 1982 es
sh|> =qk>&T. |H q |uT+ |&bsTT+~.

s& yue+ 185
<XjYT s, sh| < d+Jes& #sDYd+> |<qeT+ njT

neX$T#&T. >dT |\ yTC]{ sTEe #dTeTH&T. bsyT+T
n&T>T|+&H #sDYd+> =*bj&T.
1980 eT[ +~s>+B > * eq|&T |< qeT+> yT# |eD+
#sTT+#&T.
sh| \|]$T <{q sTy seTw V> q sh+ s
ed+#eTq> n+^]+# nq+|PsT e#&T. 1989 sh|> q
nqTuy\qT >+<+> sX&T. HqT usrjTT&qT. @ b+, sc
#+~qy&qT qT. n+<T H eTsDq+s+ HH & e+f n& H n+jT \T
s|+& n e] sE s&T. 1`6`1996 Bq qTyj e\q
u+>TSsT dsZdTHsT. u+>TSsT <>Zs \V* e< de~ #jT&&T.
<T|] +<|uT+ jTq| >se d+> jTq b{ bd
k+|qT, bd esTqT $&T<\ #d+~.
V<su<T jTq |sTqT |{+~.

sC+> Xdqdu duT&T>, s+&TksT sh eTTKeT+>, s+&TksT
CrjT +>dt n<>, s+&TksT du dsT>, <X 6e sw|>
@ê+> mqT&q HjT&T> |\TesT <XHjT\# |dT+|& e
d+Jes&.
186 s& yue+
eTsC H&sY nHsT

"Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, a strong force in the country. A force for peace,
stability and progress".
yC|sTT nHsT
eT+ eTqdT, e+ *q d+Jes& Xj\T d<+\T *q
ys+<] dTV<e d++<\T * $\D |+< $<T\T sV+#&T
|.$. qsd+Vse nHsT
"Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy is adequate, effective and eminently appro-
priate for the role he is called upon to play".
nT\ |Twt nHsT

"A person of ability, capable of solving complicated issues of great
importance".
k~ * nHsT
"Sanjeeva Reddy is a man of greate energy. He loves adventure. He has
a restless curiosity".
d+Jes& @ |<$eH $<TT |eV+#&T. @ &^ H &{

|]b*+#&T <X. d+Jes& yTTq> yTTq>&> u$+#sT. jTq
$|e s+. \T B]q sjT y. |eTTK sE&T . q |eD\qT
]+q e T e. jTq Vj+ | s &, \sT m>s d J$+#sT. d+Jes&
sj \ q sE T +<s h+qT, nT <X+ qT jTq +&
@ sjT |]DeT+ s><T. <<| 1930 d+es+ b+\ qT+&
d+Jes& H, d+Jes& #TH sjT +, |uT + q&+~. d+Jes& X+ >
>T]+#&+~. +{ Vs #] >*q |eTTKT&T, s& C nqseTDjT
d< dsDjTT&.

s& yue+ 187
zeT+<sY seTk$T s&
qq+ : 1`2`1895
eTsD+ : 25`8`1970
eT<dT |d& (Madras Presidency) nq> $TH&T, +<, s,
s b+\T {> eq b+ |$TjTsY @ eTTKeT+> |#dq
\T>T eTVT& zeT+<sY seTk$Ts&. eTD, X~, <Xu, <eu,
<sdue+, ko\+, ks|sjTD+ e+{ dT>TD\T \e.
188 s& yue+
$TH&T $\T|s+ , ~+&eq+ |D d]V<T >eTyTq

zeT+<sT eekjT T++ +#sT. M]~ \T>T s& T++.
jTq 1`2`1895q +#sT. ysT u\+qT+& |e|>H |]eT[dT+ <qT
m~>sT. d|esq, eTD, bsuy\T *ZqysT. |<]+ eT\+> |<
#<Te\T #~y neX+ \T><T. >eT+H ysY d& sY d\T b<$T
$< b+<sT. e<$T bsX\ 8e s> es #~ysT. $<] <X qT+&
>TsTu, <eu *jTT+&HsT.
#<T e+f ||+ # Cq+ $Tq nq~ ysT q$Tq d +. |\ eTTK+>
s T \ >&| q \+ n~+ . y] $T+ nk<sD |u, +>+ k<sD
|]Cq+ +&~. \T>T, V+B uw\ ds+> e{&ysT. ds+ >\
dbsTT e+{ysT. eTV>+~ >] d+<X\, n_bj\ T&H&T.
k+ d+>eT+ nH >\T #d, s>syd+ nqTu $+q <Xu&T.
y] < X u , < e u s +& T +{ $ . < > \ =+D eTTKeT+ >*q
Bs< ] .
zeT+<sY seTk$Ts&>sT eT u\+ qT+& eTV>+~ >]
n_bj\ ]+|&, \<=s\, y] |]b\q es+> k+
d+>eT+ bZHsT. 1920 H>|PsY ]q +>dt deyX+
bZHsT. s <Xsj\ #TsT> bZHsT. 1930 |
d>V+ bZ, eT+ sjTy> |sT b+<sT. 1932 dVjT
ssD<eT+ bZHsT. 1940 d>V HjT + eV+#sT.
1942 \<=s\qT <X e~*b+& (Quit India Movement) nH <eT+
bZ, s>s qT nqTu$+#sT.
eTTKeT+ :
1947e d+es+ |e] 28e Bq eT<dT sw Xdqdu +>dT b
deyXy T q |&T eTTKeT+ |<$ zeT+<sYysT, +>TsT |X+ |+T\T
s& yue+ 189
>sT b{|&sT. b{ eTsC H&sY eT<T zeT+<sYysT eTTKeT+

|<$ #|{ sT . 23.03.1947 qT+& 06.04.1949 es ysT eTTKeT+>
HsT. n|&T m+&yT+{ XK, V]H<sD XK\ sV+#sT. j Tq
eT+esZ+ ue\+, dTsjTH, yeTT\ LsjT, \] #+<eT[,
y+se e>s\T duT\T> eHsT. <T|] m\ +>dT HjT\T
d. s>b#], +>T] |X+, |. dTsjTH >s\T nqTL*+H
eTsC H&sY es+#sT. n|&T esk$TsC eTTKeT+ njsT.
<T|] sC+> sD nd+; duT\T> mqT&sT.
zeT+<sYysT eTTKeT+ |<$ #|{q =~ eTq <X
k++ e+~. 1947 >dT 15e Bq ysT eTTKeT+> +&, |Tq+>
k+ ~He y&T\qT sV+#sT. Xdqdu k +| y&T\qT
sV+# deTjT+ y] |d+>+ # $\Tyq~.
|\+<sT $<sq, <q<H\ deT~> J$+#*. |\
H$Tq L&T, >T&, & deTLs*. |<]+ s*+|&*. |<y,
<qe+T\H & $<+> XdH\T jsT #jT&*. <X_e~ =s
| sT bT|&\ ysT <{+#sT. <>dT\T , T~#Ts+
u<jTT+> <X_e~ w#j*. |\+<sT eT + yT*, eTq
eT+<s+ use eTT<T _&\eTH ueq deC_e~ bT|&*.
ysT eTTKeT+> q|&T >e\ ] keT *> $< +>
|uT+ ssTT+e w #ksT. n+<Te\q eekjT eTTKeT+> |\#
|\Te&HsT.
eTTKeT+> |#d+ ~ s +& \+ eyT nsTTH, ns k< eTsTTq
s\T #jT>*>sT.

190 s& yue+
V+<<s d+k|qs+>+ Xdqs|+ <*+~. <[T\, s V+<

ndX\, |\+<s <y\j\ |yX+ *d Xdq+ #jT&+~.
<e<d s|e|{ Xdq+ #XsT. d+|Ps eT<bq w<
neT\T|sq |Tq y] #\TT+~. 25 sEq \T <TD\T
eT|& sTT. \+ eT< w<+ e\q |uT | KCH 18 sbjT\T
qw+ y{\TT+< n~sT\T #|q|&T zeT+<sY y] e*$: 18
sbjT\ <jT+ d+ |uT+ kssTT <TD\T q&|, Be\q |\
81 qw+ @s&TT+< <T*#sT. $<+> y] de+ m&\ >\
Bs<w eTq \TdT+~. k++ d~+q sTy V <su<T d+kH
us<X+ $q+ >$+#{ |eTTK b bw+#sT. MTH H+<
$<H s*d Xdq+ #XsT.
k<q\T :
|Cd+ e TyT < jT+>, s T d+ e TyT |se e~> m+ ue\T e
n|\T eT+psT #jTT |D[qT sb+~+ neT\T #XsT. ue\T e
eq+ |{+#sT. sT\ eekj yT ueTT\|s eq+ |{+
$|yyTq esT #sT. 10,000 bsX\ jTLs \ \qT |+#
|< $jTe++ >$+#sT. #iTe\T, >T+\T |P&rd { keTs
me #dT> $jTu] y+#sT. e] e>qTq dsD <s q T +<+
bs& |+#T d| TH sT. s T \ eekj s+< $<+ > uy k>s,Y
$&sY q\qT T X+k|q #XsT. |]jsY V& m\ bC
zeT+<sYy] \+q+< bs+_+#&+~. sTe @s&q|&T <D
$TH&T |\qT <q dV jT+ <T=HsT. $T uc_e~ bsX \
q @sT >$+#sT. <y\j\ $T+ |sT ysTT+#sT. $T
|uT V+ >|s+ +< dyTe jT nq y zeT+<sYysT
#]+#sT. eT<dT |uT+ s|q yTT<{> $eq+ =|++~ s&>s.
s& yue+ 191
b>&\T :
zeT+<sYy] <Xu, dys\qT # eTT>Tq H{ HjT\T
mH s\T> ]+#sT. H{ |<qeT+ HVA>sT zeT+<TsYy] kq
|{q e+> ]+ #sT. sC>sT |$yT q > r]+#sT. nD<T s > sT
zeT+<sY seTk$T <T, >+~ seTk$T n n_e]+#sT. mH.m+.sY.
dTsjTH>sT, qT |#jT&T, sT\T | #jTT nqTeT+#
eTT&T zeT+<sYysT n X|T+#sT. n$HX*+>+ysT, |]b\HeT+
<j<D\T #& |]b*+q eekjT eTTKeT+ zeT+<sY n
b&sT. .X. &. C. jT\*>sT, k<sD >eT+ eekjT T++
+, #H q>s+ $<qud+, eTV>+~>] yTq w&T> qT+&,
k+ bs+ #TsT> bZ, K<s T <TdT\ neT+ eTTKb eV+,
jTTe\qT y y] J$+ #<T e bT eT+ >TD>D\T >*qZ bsT\T>
D #Ts\qT dq eTV|sTw&T n ]+#sT. $TH&T eJ
eTTKeT+ &.myT. sT D~>sT, k+|T b|~> ]swqT *+Z #T
yqT&q CT\qT {> #]q |T q zeT+<sY >] < T+~ n nHsT.
>&+ |]jsT> b>&\q+<T=q zeT+<sY y] C| V+> #H
|uT s\j\ deTT<j zeT+<ssY nsdqsY yT nH |sT
1998 >dT H\ eTT |{q T> *jTCXsT. zeT+<sYy] X_ d+<s + >
y] >eT+ 40 \\ sbjT\ ejT+ y] $>V, eTDeT+&b
]+#{ @sT >$+qT *jTCXsT.
|<M $seTD :
eT+yTq |]b\q, |\qT K+&+# >TD\T *q zeT+<sY y]
CsTTr\qT zs H{ +>dT H\ T, y] eTTKeT+ |<$ qT+& =\+#
|jT+#T#THsH ys\T y\Te&>H, H sJHe |uT ks\qT
L& e< 06.04.1948 qT+& eT >eT+ eekjT s+> XwJ$
192 s& yue+
n++ >$+#sT. <T |] jTq >sys+ $TH&T d{y nd+; ue H

jTq |sT |{sT. eT<dT |uT ] d\V<sT> jT$T+#sT.
<eu :
eTTKeT+ |<$ e~*q sT y zeT+<sY>] eTqdT <e u y| k+~.
e\sY J$+q b++q+< Jeq+ k+#sT. e\sY u&T. sT>H ]
J$j =qk+#sT. jTq w e\q e&\sY b+| eekjT u eTT\T
n~ kse+yTq ueTT\T> es&sTT.
X< dHsZ \jT+ k|+ , < <s >TsT\ bsX \, n|sY s<q \T,
|< $<sT\ ed >V\T, <eu L$T, seT*+> e\sY dyd+d\T
@s&sTT.
24.10.1947 $jT <X$ TsEq k$T $yq+< $<eH bs+_+#sT.
nHs> >T] nsTTq zeT+<ssY e&\sT ` &\sT 25.8.1970q
|seT|<+ b+<sT. y] de\T sdsDjTeTT\T.
s &> ] <X de\qT >T]+ us |uT + 25`8`2010 Bq jTq |sT|
bd k+|qT eTT~+ $&T<\ #XsT.
zeT+<ssY y] J$+ sq |d+. < qT+& H{ s\ys ,

u$s\ ysT >& HsTy*+~ m+ +~. y] e\q |u$T\sTTq ys
, |u$T\T e\dq ys+ eT+~ HsT. s&C ] q sjT
HjT\ seTk$T s&jsY~ | kq+. (kq+ - sTq>] udsY, #H )
s& yue+ 193
.d.s&
qq+ : 4.5.1902
eTsD+ : 27.02.1976
.d. s&>] |P]|sT d+u[ #+>\sjT s&. +& y+s&, *
>+>eT. y=*> T++. H{ s sh+ sT +>sT|
\ d+u[ >eT+. neTeT >]~ s T |+ \ sC|.
n& neTeT >]+{ +#&T. bsX\ $< ..|t #~y&T. \+&H
194 s& yue+
q $<. 1920 d+ eT<dT _.m. #~$ +>sT |+ k~+#&T.

1926 eT<dTH #~$ jTsT |{ |#TH&T. eT+e.
1927 sj\y| yTT>Z&T. |C| b k|+#&T . n~ sTb.
|C$TeT+&* #sTT*b&T. || |&swH> (|C d+jTT |+>) |sT
e] 1935 qT+& 1937 es n<&T> eH&T. eTV>+B sT
q+~] eq|&T jTqqT *d k+<eT |s|T&H& T. q b
us CrjT +>dt b $q+ #X&T. | m bZ 1933
sT usT n< & >eT>eq ;< _ |\ eTyTyT s T HjT&T>,
|<\ HjT&T> |sT #T H&T. +>dt b, k+<eT+ eTTKb
eVd yTd sT sh+ eTTKe nsTTH&T. <eT+ bs |{e T _{w
y] =ss =jT nsTTH&T. jTq #dq k+ bs+ m,
]\qT s\qT dMT]+ #dq bs{\T eTs= mT. 1938 d>V
deTs+ nsdsTTH&T. ..m|t. +>sT > ]\ d>V+ bZ
#] dw+#&T. 1940 |C |<T\ du +>dt nu]> >\Tb+<&T.
1942 >+BJ |\T| yTs { +&j < eT+ bZ b+rjT HjT +
eV+ 12.8.1942q nsdT &&T. 1944 $&T<H&T. 1944 HjT
$<qdu b{#d >\Tb+<&T. 1946 yTdsT 6e yT dsT +>dt b
eTVdu n<& b deTs HjT+ eV+ y TdsT sc eTTK
HjT&H&T. us sC+> (sD) Xdq du + >dt nu]> mH&T.
us sC+> s\ sH&T.
k+q+s+ yTd sT d+kH~| q d+kH us< X + $q+
#jT{ es+#> yTdsT d+d ~yH seTk$T yTT< *jsY #s\T
]| keTsd +> yTd sTqT us< X ksue~s+ +< #&T. <T |]
d+u s< X + yTd sT sc 24.10.1947q |<eT eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T.
30.03.1952 es |<$ <B|eq+> sV+#&T. s< yTdsT qT+&
s& yue+ 195
u+>TSsT es&T. 1952`57 sdu duT&T> sD+#&T. +<+

b]X$TXU eT+> #X&T. mH s>s\T @sT #sTT+#&T.
1957`62 sT du jes+Z qT+& m +<eT+jT >VsD
XKqT sV+#&T. 1961`63 +< yD eT]jTT |]XeT\ XKqT
sV+#sT. & d |t mH$T k|+|CXsT. 1963`64 du
+>dtb HjT&> HsT.
u+>S sT $<qk< sD HVA >]# 13.07.1951q X+KTk|q
#sTT+#sT.
q Vj+ u+>TSsT V#Y.jT+.{, _.V#Y..m, s+, _jYT,
<TsZ|P sY qTeTT` s>s\T, $TH&T Hy * *> T s>s\T @sT
#sTT+#&T. +< >VsD XUeT+>, +< yD |]XeT\ XUeT+>
|<e\T sV+ deTs |C HjT&T>, b\H<&T>, s+E>,
+< HjT\ |sT>+#&T. q X kes\qT >T]+q +<|uT+
jTqqT 1964`1971 eT< |<X >essT> jT$T+#sT. jTq 100e jT+
y (jTq eTsDq+s+) 2002 sh|uT+ sV+#+ >]+#<>Z
$jT+.
.d.s& @ b++ y&H s sh+, <X+ \T>T C+& m>sdq
s& |eTTKT&, s& C ] #&T.
5
q MTqT & <seTTbsT
u eTs"&q us<T
kq*> q*<j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

196 s& yue+
5
q MTqT & <seTTbsT
u eTs"&q us<T
kq*> q*<j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 197
$. y+ dTus&jsY
qq+ : 18`12`1909
eTsD+ : 6`6`1982
y+ dTus&jsY < yeksTT T++ +#&T. M]~
\T>T T++. \T>T, y] euw. +& y *+> s &j
sY, * yeT\e.
|<T#] |+#Y y]+< q|&T |<T#] k++ =s k+
<eT+ ]+~.
198 s& yue+
1946 H|yT yTjTsY m\T ]>sTT. |uT b| b{#d

H>Z&T . n+ eTT+<T jTq +& L& yTjTsY> #X&T. jTq eH |<T#]
yTjTsY> . eTTT| mH&T. s sjT HjT\T, |\T |+#Y
|uT+| bs+ #XsT. |<T#] us<X+ u>eT, us<X+ $q+
y\, us |uT+, sC+>+ +< sy\ ysT <$T+ |+&{
eVsY HVAqT d+|~+#> |+#Y ysT y[bjT es MTs de+s
|uT+ q&T|=qe\d+<, sT>TuT #jTeT d\V sTT#&T.
31`3`1954q y+ dTus&j sY eT] 11 eT+~ HjT\qT \T|=
k++> |<T#] de+s |uT @sT #XsT. k+<eT+
< yT + ~. e]> bH |< qeT+, us |< qeT+ eVsY HVA
d+|~+|\T ]b&T.
13`10`1954q bH |uT + |<T#] us< X + *jTT n+^s+
*|+~. 1`11`1954 |<T#] d++ e+~. us<X+ $qyT+~.
sY @ y+ dTus&
1`7`1963q nd+; m\ y+ dTjTs&j
>*#&T. |_ esY eT+ nsTTH&T.
sTy 1964 ]q m\ eTs\ nd+; XdqduT> >*
11`9`64q |<T#] sw s+&e eTTKeT+> m+| & 8`4`1967 es
|<$ sV+#&T. jTq b+&#] usrjT |<eT eTTKeT+. <T|]
m\ L& >* 6`3`68 qT+& 17`9`1968 es s+&ek] sw H\Ze
eTTKeT+ |<$ sV+#&T. y+ dTus& esT&T $. y<*+>+ s&
L& eTTKeT+> #X&T.
y+ dTjT s &j
sY $$< |<e \ |<T#] de #X&T. b+&# ]
sw `|s {y u+ n< > #d |<T#] `|s {y | > |s=+<&T.
|\T nuT<jT se\qT #|{ |<T#] ds eTTU_e~ #X&T.
s& yue+ 199
y+ dTjT s&jsY 6`6`1982q dsZdTH&T.

jTq C|s+ us |uT+ bd &bsYyT+T ysT 5 s. bd
k+|qT $&T<\ #d >s$+#Tq~.
eT]jTT jTq b{ |<eT bd esTqT $&T<\ #d+~.
bH <X+| k+<eT+ q&|q <sX*, y+ dT us&jsY.

|<T#] us<X+ $q+ #sTT+q s&jsY n>>DT& T.
5
q yTTd* & jTqT">T" BjTT
u" >T# u+>|&TqT
kq*> q* <j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

200 s& yue+
5
\eTT y"&T *$T# y\jTTqT
>*$T y"&T \eTT ~>TqT
>T\eTTq uT$ >*$T medTMT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 201
eT<dT b$qT yTT<{ eTTKeT+

se V<sY
n>s+ dTsjT\T s&
qq+ : 15`10`1856
eTsD+ : 25`11`1921
b <D s&T &\sT \ esTeT\ | eT\jT
|sTe n>s+ >eT+ +#&T dTsjT\Ts&. +& seTs&, * e

202 s& yue+
neT. us\T n*y\eT, dTu<. +& seTs& >eT eTD >sY. n#yTq \T>T
T++. H\sT b++ qT+& y] T++ $TH&T e\d y[+~.
jTq eT<dT sc yTT<{ eTTKeT+ nj&+f \T>T ys+, s &y s+
>s |&*+<.
jTq~ eT< s> eekjT T++. &\ sT b<$ T $<ud+
]+~. 1875 eT<dT $X$<\jT+ qT+& |u<T&H&T. _.m. &^
L& #~$ 1882 &\sT HjTy< e #|{ nq\+ n>XD
HjTy< |Cd++<\qT |+#T= <j\qT n_e~ se\ yd
|C_eH b+<&T.
u\+H n*y\eT $yV+ ]+~. d+ks+ k><T. dTu<
nH nesTT |$T+ |+& #dTH&T. T++ |<T.
Vw]+#sT. e d+b~+q <q + dsTT+{ &$& |<X + k+ ue q+
]+#T= J$+#&T.
dys dede eTT \TTq dTsjT\Ts& &\ sT |\T
C ={sT . &\ sT q>sd u m\ sT>T $jT+ b+~ 1905 &\ sT
q>sdu #sH nsTTH&T. |<$ 15 d+es\T |#X&T. &\sT
n_e~ $Xww #X&T. n|{ eT<dT sw+ <T. &\sT y<X\,
bsX\, s&T ~s n_e~ |qT\T #X&T. CsTTr>, > |#X&T.
deTjT+ HjTeT] eTTdb*{ #*+#e\dq |qT #*+#q+<Tq
HjTeT] nL& #&+& HjTeT] yVH | #s TT+#&T.
&\sT s& $<] \jT+, e<T\ XsD\jT+ >TsT, eTTd|
s\jT+, eTTd| Vd\T, es{, d\+ yTT<q$ dTsjT\Ts&
w. $ jTq dys <sH\T.

s& yue+ 203
1911 d+ _{w |uT+, \ usT\qT @sT #d &\sT

\ usT =* n<> dTsjT\Ts& jT$T++~.
1917 d+ usT #sTT. n~ssT \qT n< \T> jT$T+#\
_{w |uT + ss TT+ <q s{ usT =* n< > dTsjT\Ts&
jT$T++~.
dTsjT\Ts& d>eT+ 30 ms\ d dede, |<|\
|j>+ =s sdsTTq <qo*.
dTsjT\Ts& sC+> sD Xdqdu m sC+> sD $wj
#TsT> bZHsT. sC+>+ ]+#&+~.
1919 _{wt |uT+ e+f>T ` #yT|sY d+dsD\T e#sTT. B
|s+ <+< |uT $<q+ neT\T e+~. deTjT+ eT<dT sw+
u> q #<Te\T #<TeqysT uVD es d+| q&bsT.
uVDsT\ n V\T y\ y] &e+&. esZyT ddt b>
e]+~. _{w y] qTdq =+~. ddt b _{wys T >T]+#sT.
<+< |]b\H $<H e+f>T `#y T |s \Y T ssD #dq+<Tq _{w |uT +
$<H n+^]+ 1920 eT<dT Xdqdu m\T ]bsT. Xdqdu
m\T ]q 98 kH\ n~ u>+ ddt b >\T> n| { >essY
$*+>H eT]jTT ddt b eTTKT&q >sd{ >s\T +
dTsjT\Ts& eT<dT (|<q) eTTKeT+> |uT+ @sT #jTeT
V+#sT. n 17`12`1920 Bq dTsjT\T s& eT<dT yTTyTT<{
|$TjTsY> (eTTKeT+>) |<$ d]+#sT. jTq eT+esZ+ bq>
sC, .$. su\qT dVjTeT+T\T> jT$T+#THsT. nHs>+
e\q 11`7`1921 Bq sJHe #X&T. <Ts< we XT 25`11`1921q eT<dT

204 s& yue+
dT| dsdZ T & H &T. jTq C| s+ \T>TysT &\ sT q>s+ q&u&T

jTq |sT MT< D eT+&b ]+#sT.
jTq J$\+ &\sT eTTd| #sH> #dq de\ >T]+|>
seV<sY _sT<T >s$++~ |uT+. usT n<>
deTse++> #dq de\ ~yH V<sY _sT<T >s$++~.
eTTKeT+> n+~+q de\ ] V+~ +>sT | d TsjT\Ts&
_{w |uT+ >s$++~.
1913 =+<sT s& |eTTKT\T <D<X s& d+|T+ bs+_+
dTsjT\Ts& n<\T> mqTHsT.
jTq eTsDq+s+ q dsd =+u>+ &\sT s& $<sT\
dVjs $j+#\ dTsjT\s& q M\THe sXsT.
+{ |Tq#]>\ s& s&C \e+.
5
\eTT >\T>Ty"&T >+T >\y"&T
$<# $iM>Ty&T
|d+&>\TZy yd =&T\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 205
& uy& >b\s&
qq+ : 5-8-1907
eTsD+ : 9-3-1997
>bs&>sT H\sT , Ts&b+ >eT+ d+|q T++

+#&T. >b\s& +& |{_s $Ts&, * de T. us \ +eT, d+q+
wyVH, s<cs&, nqs<s&, sM+<, nq+ s&.

206 s& yue+
Ts& b+, H\sT\ b<$T $<, +<sT CrjT $<\jT+

X\ $<, 1927 X+H jT+.m. #~y&T. sM+<T |jTw&
s<&H&T.
k+<eT+ eTTeTs+> ]> sE nq #+<XK ss & es+Z >+B
|\T| yTs 1921 9e s> #<T e dV jTssD <eT+ bZq+
sjT |kq+ bs+uyT+~. #<Te |Psj 1930 | d>V+
bZH&T. yb&T ;#Y | e+& C\T&T. 1931 mdd duT&H&T.
1930 eTT+< eT& eT<dT sh+ sjT+ eTTeTs+> bZ 1937
qe] sC eT+es+Z |]b\H XUeT+> |#d |\ <>sZ H &T.
8`5`1938 H\sT >=| leT+T&q es| s$Ts& es
\ +eTqT eT<dT |jT|H X\ b+>D+ $yVe&&T. es|
s$Ts& >=| $bw\T. \+eT L& X+H #<Teq~. 1939
yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+ d+<s+> _{w |uT+ $u~+ eT+ |<$
sJHe #X&T. +>dT eT+T\+<s sJHe\T #XsT.
1940 e d>V+ bZH&T. 1942 { +&j <eT+
bZH&T. 1930, 31, 32, 33, 40, 41, 42, 43 d+es\ 4 d+es\T
C\T J$+ nqTu$+#&T. m, _, d dT\ UB>, &fq> H&T. q
usL& C\T J$+ nqTu$++~. |eTTK >+<jTy~> |sT>+#&T.
1947 (eT&) eT<dT sh|uT+ ] XUeT+ nj&T. eT+&sT
seTk$Ts&, esk$T sC eT+esZ\ eT+> #X&T. 1948`49\
sh Xdq du +>dtb HjT& 1952 |e] es |<$ e+&
|\ de #X&T.
| +<sh <eT+ bZH&T. +<sh+ e+~. s\T
s<. +>T] |X+ |+T\T eTTKeT+ nj&T. jTq eT+es+Z
]X KqT sV+#&T. sjT sD\ e\q eT+es+Z |&b sTT+~. yTT+

s& yue+ 207
MT< 1947 e] qT+& 1952 |e] es eT<dT eT+> |#X&T.

1955`56 +<sw s+&e eTTKeT+> |#X&T. 1955 H>sTq k>sY
bC |< HVA# X+KTk|q #sTT+q |<\ |<. V <u< eTTKeT+
sT\Z seTcse d+|~+|\T ]| 1956 qe+sT 1e Bq +< |<X
@s&{ eTTKs sT. n|&T |<eTqTw\ |+<+ ]+~. <
d+\T #dq @&T>T] sT. 1956 d+Jes& eTTKeT+ nsTTq|&T,
eT+esZ+ ]XK sV+#&T.
1957 bsyT+{ m >*#&T. 1958 +<+ |\T|| +<+
HVA eT+esZ+ ]XK dVjT eT+> |#d, d$ m|+&#sY,
s $qXK eT+> 3 d+es\T |#X&T. n|&T sdu duT > eH&T.
1962 |e] du b{#d Te\ |#s bbj&T. nsTTH
b > *+~. 1962 @| HVA eT+es+Z +<+ de#s, |ksXK
_H{ eT+> |#X&T. 1963 eTsC |<+ e+~. |<+ |s+
b sj nqTd]+ sJHe #d k<sD bsyT+{ duT> H&T.
1964 HVA eTsDq+s+ V<sY Xd |< qeT+ nsTTq|&T
+>dt bsyT+ b |HjT&T> m &&T. n> +~s >+B
HjTsq|&T bsyT+T +>dt b |HjT& H&T. 1967
+~s>+B nu sq | s |<X >essY> jT$T+#& 62 ek\T >essT>
|#X&T. deTjT+ q\T>TsT eTTKeT+T\T |eD+ #XsT. n+<T
d+es+ sh| |]b\q. n|&T H >essT, H eTTKeT+, 1972 p
1e B |<M $seTD #d H\sT #s&T.
d+ deTs+ \T, |uT+ |<e\T, kV J$+ de\T,
q J$+ (1907`1997) eTTK |T {\T> jTH #| H&T. sj \
y| +<TMT<e eTs=y| kV+, Kq+ e+{ \*\ |

208 s& yue+
yyV, d de+s+> |+#T+ e#&T. 1946 qT+ \T>T

uc d$T n<>, 1951`57 +< jTe]{ b #H\sY>, 1957
+<|<X kV n&MT @s&q|{ qT+& 1982 es n<\T>, 1978
qT+& +< kV n&MT sV duT \T>, 1963 qT+ m$T< Cq|s+
$T{ n<\T> e+& nT sj\ T \T>T kV + dek
nsTT deTTq >sy\qT b+<&T.
>b\s& sM+<H< s>sT w\T. q +{ X+ H |sT
|TH&T. esT sM+< |sT |TH&T. sM+<T kV+
nqTe~+#&T. kV n&MT nysT nqTy< |jT b+<sT. n+
$yV deTjT+ \>\ |+& Vde |< $X $ sM+<T
Cq~qyT \>+> qe \ HsjTD, n\] u|&T >] bsV+, leH
#esT\ s>b#] deT+ \+eTqT $yVe&&T. us L&
sM+<H< s>sT kV+ | eTe #|+~. eTsTd{ sE d+s\
$ de{ $XH< dHsjTD, wXd, ll, eT\es| $XXsse
bZHsT.
1936 $<o |sq\ |eTTKT\qT *X&T. jTq +<Te\q
*X&T. jTq J$+ \T u>yTH kV+ y| yTT>TZq~. jTq
s+q >+<\ =: ysTT kjT>eTT\T, X $\T, yT`(yT |+#e TT\T
` 5 y\T), \yV, kV dT+<], |dq eT+], |]eT s+>\T,
k>s dMTs\T, eT\jT esT\T, d|es+, ksu sH\T, yq \T\T,
dT*+>\T`Tcs\T, <ej`+><, sM+<T sT H{\T, $dsq , }s,
[<dT ` dsD, sM+<T eTV, $\T e>s\T #|<>Z$.
+<, +>, e+>, s uw\ |yXyT <T b+&+ d+b~+#&T. H
kV eekjT+ sM+< kV| e>DH n H #| H&T. nsTT
ueu X\T, eTqT#], useTT u> #~y&T.
s& yue+ 209
1989 eT<dT s\ nysTqT, 1990 & .$. se, Cse nysT

(qjsY)qT, kV n&MT nqTy< nysTqT b+<sT. H\T>T $X
$<\j\T jTq &s{ >s$+#sTT. m& @ nysT &T eH,
kVrsT\ #ysT. kV ~ L& @sT #X&T. n_qe uE&T>
|sT b+<&T. kV, k+d s+>\ q Ks\q+<TH&T. \* \
| X< me.
sC+> sD Xdq du duT&T> m us sC+> s#q
b\T|+#TH&T.
>b\s& sj qT, kV+qT nC XTe. |<e \ eH #&T.
\T>T uc $k nseTs w #X&T. jTq XjT+ d+<s+>,
w, >T+sT, |X+, H\sT \ s#s TT\ d+| \T \T>T uc d+dr
#qjqT jTq #~$q eT|+ qT+ H\sT es sV+ y
\]+#sT.
jTq eT# eTV eTw. eT*q+ n+ eTq e. nC XTe,
$y<sVT&T, <seT], kVr |~&T, k<T du$, deTTq d+dr
|sT&T.
>b\s& Ce+. \T>T |{ T&. q < | $es\T
>b\s& >s #sT.
s& C, +<|\ sdsDjTT&T.
5
jTT >q"&T <*+| & HsT
$jTT $q+>&T $djTeTTq
d+|<>\y db+_~
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

210 s& yue+
5
>=&T{e" _<T" >T+& >=+bsTTq
u\ qT" +&T s\
_y q&T> u+T <j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 211
dT uVq+<s&
qq+ : 28-7-1909
eTsD+ : 20-5-1994
Vq+<s& >T+sT sTe$T 28`7`1909q +#&T.

+&: y+cs&, *: #(X)jTeT, us: s|TeeT, nq y+>s&. jTq
>T+sT |]wT #sH> #XsT. y+>s& eTs= nq y+s&. jTq

212 s& yue+
=&T y+ cs& sheT+> #XsT. T++ yTT<{ deeT+

|#THsT.
Vq+<s& qsdse|, eT|+ Vd $< qud+#sT.
_.m. eT<dT |d& J #~y&T. s L& #~y&T. y+&+
_.m., _.m. #~$ jTsT> qsse| bd T |{&T . >+B>] <eT+,
+>T] |X+ >] kV#s+ k+<eT+ #s&T. n< sjT
|yX+. 27 d+es\ ejTdT 1936 +>\T usT #sH nsTTH&T.
25`5`1940H&T s|TeeT (#jTeT yTq&\T) $yV+ ]+~. 1941
k+<eT+ C\T nqTu$+#&T. 1942 { +&j <eT+
eT nsdT &&T. y\sT C\T eH&T. 1945 qe] es C\T J$+
nqTu$+#&T.
1946 eT<dT Xdqdu qsds e| jes+Z qT+& +>dtb
nu]> eTdT b nu] |\T|\ ejT| >*#&T . 1947 |X+
|+T\T eT+es+Z |&b sTT+~. zeT+&sT seTk$T s & eTTKeT+ nj&T.
1949 |Pdb{ esk$T sC eTTKeT+ nj&T. eTT>T ZsT
eTTKeT+T\ \+ Xdq duT&T> eH&T Vq+<s& . n+#H\ $T{,
|_ n+T $T{, u eeVs\ $T{\ duT&T> eH&T.
1952 Xdqdu m Vq+<s& z&bj&T. 1955 m
|s + |s+ qT+& +>dt nu ]> > * XdqduT &H &T. n|& +<s h +>dt
$T{ |<q s<] nsTTH&T. n|&T n<&T n\ ] dHsjTDsE.
1955 +<sh +>dt sjT du >T+sT ]+~. n|&T H>sTq
k>sY sD X+KTk|q HVQ eq d+<s+. du\ Vq+<s&
Vq d+|<&T> eeV]+#&T. du HVA <w |&&T. sTy
+<|<X e+~.
s& yue+ 213
1957 d+Jes& eT+es+Z k |]b\H XUeT+> |#X&T.

n< eT+es+Z ]X KqT, b+>XKqT L& sV+ keTs s|+#T
H&T.
d+JejT eT+esZ+ ]XUeT+>, HjTXUeT+> #X&T.
sTy d+Jes& eT+esZ+ dVsXK sV+#&T.
1962 m |s+|s+ jesZ+ qT+& eTs\ >*#&T. d+Jes&
eT+esZ+ ], dVs XK\T sV+#&T.
d+Jes& dT s CrjT+ dT sJHe #jT > 23`2`1964q sh
eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. 30`9`1971 es deTse ++> b*+#&T. b]X$T+>
sc eTT+<T q&b&T. s +> XjT dT, H>sTq k>s,Y b#+b&T, lX\ +
&yT\T, $XK s>s s|\ q #sTT+#&T. \+>D \+u&\
w& CT\ < *+#&T. +, b XK\qT ysT #XsT. d& bdtqT
bs+_+#&T. mdt.d., mdt.{., esZ\ y] >V\ sD+ # XsT. msTe\
s>s\qT bV+#sT. eTTqsT |\qT _.d.\ #]+#&T. eT&T
uw\ d neT\T|s#&T. sh+ BHEL, HMT, IDPL, V+<kH T,
MIDHANI, usY &q$T @sT #sTT+#&T. ><e]| s\T s&T e+q
sD+, T+>u < &yT eTseTT\ T, dyT +T b \ sD+ ]>sTT. jT._.
d&jT+ sD+ #sTT+#&T. u> <>\T e#sTT. lV] nDT|
+<+ k|+|CX&T. ksY n_e~ #X&T.
q <eT+ e+~. n|&T \>+ y+>s e +eT> H&T.
deTse++> nDyjT>*>sT. \+>D <eT+ \+>D |Cd$T
@s& m yTC]{ dT >*+~. \+>D |Cd$T +>dt $q+

214 s& yue+
#jT{ #Hs& eTTKeT+ #jTe\d e+~. +~s>+B #Hs&

eTTKeT+> #d+~. | \+>D <e deTse++> u]+#&T.
wqc\T nqTu$+#&T. eTTKeT+ |<$ e<\Te\d e+~. +<
m>u&T.
Vq+<s & 3`6`1977q us CrjT +>dt n< &H &T. +~s>+B
+>dtqT N* +~s +>dt |{+~. n|&T +~s>+B +>dt b qT+&
dd+& #dq <se+T&T Vq+<s&. 1977 s& +>dT n<&H&T.
eTTKeT+> q|&T |.$. qsd+ Vse d ++<s &sTT. jTq
Vq+<s& eT+esZ+ #\+ |#X&T. Vq+<s& eT+esZ+
|#dq |.$. qsd+ Vse, eT] #Hs&, \>+ y+>s e, $jTudss &
<T|] sh eTTKeT+THsT.
1979 +<+ yT, f*eTwH , |H H XK\ eT+> #X&T.
6e |HH $TwH #sH> jT$TT&H&T.
20`2`1988 qT+& 18`1`1990 es eTVsh >essT> #X&T.
|]b\H< &T> |sT #T <XH jT\ s H &T. n~s es+Z
eT+|sT #TH&T. eVsY HVA, V<sY Xd, +~s>+B,
sJy>+B\ yT| b+<&T. nd+; sT y bsy T +T m+{ y]H
de<q+ dTe> #|y&T. &T>T esZ\ >T b<+ n_e~
#X&T.
\| >+B {| ~*\ q eTHuy\T *|y&T.
n b\ d++<\T Hs| 60 d+es\ sjT J$ <X
deT]+#&T.
s& yue+ 215
+< |uT+ s&>] d]+#T+ b _ $&T<\ #d+~.
eTs=k] Vq+<s& |kH \TdT+<+.

qd\+ : sTe$T, H<+& eT+&\+, >T+sT.
d>eT+ : u&T, H<+& eT+&\+.
#<Te : u&T, >T+sT, qsds e|, eT|+, eT<dT, y+&+.
k<sT\T : y+s &, jT+.m.m., y+>s & jT+.m.m., |]wY #s H.
1931`33 : \ usT, usT duT&T.
1936 : +>\T usT n<&T
1941 : b$jT +>dt $T{ |<q s<]
1946 : jT+.jT.m.
1956 : H<+& d$T n< &T, qsds e| u $T qU u+ n< &T.
1957 : d+Jes& eT+esZ+ #]
1960 : <y<s+ d+JejT eT+esZ+ ]XUeT+> #].
1962 : d+Jes& eT+esZ+ #]
1964`71 : +<|<X eTTKeT+

216 s& yue+
1972` : se ] d+|T+ duT&T.

1974`77 : +< +, eTwq XUeT+.
1977 : m..d.d. n<&T.
1979 : +< |]XeT\ XUeT+
1988`90 : eTVsw >essT.
+>\T #d |X+ |+T\T>] |sT|{ b+ |\qT rs
TTD>dT\qT #X&T.
T++, sj\ us s|TeeT >] dVs+ >=|~.
nHs>+ yT dT| #s> n# 20`5`1994q eTsD+#&T. | s&
m\|&T >TsT+#Te\dq HjT&T> |sT b+<&T.
5
yT" |{ yT&#qT >T&Te">
\ eqT HX>
_y q&T> u+T <j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 217
& eT] #Hs&
qq+ : 13`1`1919
eTsD+ :2`12`1996
#Hs& +&: \s&, *: T#eT, us: k$, esT\T cs&,
sM+<s&, X<ss&, es: edT<s&.
\+>D d]|s+ >eT+ +#&T. eT<s> sT T++.
=+& y+ s+>s& yTq\T&T . <s X*. |Cs D >\y&T. bsX \, X\,
218 s& yue+
$X$<\jT+ #<Te\ |<eTXD rs k~+#&T. 1935 KeT+

+<eTVdu deyX bZH&T. CrjT uy\T > \y&T. 1941
jTyT._._.mdt. #~$ =H C+ |uT+ <>+ #d q#, C+
es <eT+ #s&T. s+&T q]+> yT\T |{ |<s>T \ de
#X&T. yTT<{ qT+N | \+>D shy~. q L& rjT
n|sT |TH&T.
+< jTTeq d$T, jT+>yTH &u{+> kd{, d&+{ +>dt
k|+#&T. |\T kV, k+d d+|\ d++<\THsTT. sjT
ys|qT q&b&T. &y{ b k|+#&T. kw*dT \qT \T|H&T.
sjT <e\ #TsT> bZH&T. 1942 +<e TVdu qs
d> |#X&T. 1946 d{ +>dt k+&+> $T{ duT &H &T. V <su<T
d{ +>dt qs d nj&T. +>dt .jTyT.|. >| bs+u
duT>, qs d> #X&T. +< b$jT +> dt $T{ #
d+es\T qs d> |#X&T. <T|] \+ |.d. d. e]+> $T{
duT&T> <<| 30 d+es\T #X&T.
1950 * bsyT+{ duT&H&T. y+H +>dt bsyT+{
b $|t nsTTH&T.
1952 =* ks m\ V<su<T d{y nd+; duT>
m &, 1952`1956 \+ V<u< sh+ sTZ\ seTcse
eT+esZ+ eekjT, b+> XK\ eT+> #X&T. eT+ < 1953
syT q>s+ yeksTT #s\ &*>wH y&T. sTy 1955 syT
q>s jT|t.m.. qsqT +&jTH &*>wH &|P{ &sT> y&T.
+<|<X @s&q <T|] $su< jesZ+ qT+& Xdq duT>
m 1957`62 eT<\+ |_ n+{ $T{ duT>, mdyT{ $T{
s& yue+ 219
#s H>, +< |<X `\+>D b+rjT n_e~ $T{ #s H> m+| &&T .
n_e~ |D[\ <T\qT d]+#&T. b#+b&T bC sD $Xw
w#d eTTKeT+ d+Jes&# |+#&T. 1953 HVA# |H~ssTT
ysTT+#&T.
1962 +&sT jes+Z qT+& Xdq duT > m \+ d+Jes&
eT+es+Z b+>, |+#sTTrsC XK\eT+> =H 1964 Vq+<s &
eT+es+Z ], |]XeT\T, eT]jT {dt XK\ eT+> =H #XsT.
1967 eTs\ Xdqdu +&sT qT+& m ], $<, eT]jT
{dt eT+ XK\T sV+#sT.
1967 +<+ sdu mqT&&T. +<+ +~s>+B
eT+esZ+ >qT\ XUeT\T> #XsT. 3 s>s\T ]+#
sjT+ rdTH&T. +>+&T us |uT |~> y&T. 1968 sT
rsT e\q sJHe #jTe\d e+~.
1978 yT& qT+&, 1989 dqYq>sY qT+ Xdqdu mHsT.
meTs sD+> +>dt b |P]> <, eTs\ q |u T+
|&bj 1978 yTq +~s +>dt |uT+ eq|&T #Hs&
6`3`1978q +<sh eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T.
| \+>D <e ks~ nsTTH&T. \+>D |C d$T
b k|+#&T. <eT+ reksTT #]+~. m#sTT. nsdT\T #XsT.
m 11 du kH\T #Hs& |C d$T b >\T#TH&T. sT
d\ |<+ e+~.
#Hs& <eT+ e\qH dT Vq+<s & eT+es+Z =\be\d e+~.
+~s>+B e| \+>D <eT+ eTT+#&T.
220 s& yue+
eTTKeT+> s+&T <X\ #X&T. 6`3`1978 qT+& 11`10`1980

es \>+ y+>se sTy eT]jTT {. n+jT eTT+<T k],
3`12`1989 qT+& 17`12`1990 es jTH.{. sese sTy eT]jTT
H<TsTeT* Hsqs& eTT+<T k] eTTKeT+> #X&T. q |<M \+
$XK|+ dT sT CrjT+ #X&T. qT @sT#d q yTqeeT
=+& y+ s+>s& |sT s+>s& n HeTsD+ #X&T. |+#sTTr
m\T b sV +> sb\ sj T + rdTH&T. |+#sTTr m z{+>
bZHy] ejTdT 21 qT+& 18d+\ Z+#&T. <>T\ |<M $seTD
ejTdT 55 d+es\ qT+& 58 d+es\ |+#&T. y] Ju\qT
+<|uT <>T\ deT+ #X&T. c\qT eT<dTe{ 15`6`1978
eTTKeT+ sT D~ |+<+| d+\T #X&T. sh+ y< $X$<\jT+
@sT #Hs& |uT+ n+^]++~. ] eqsT\ $wjTyT +<`sh
|uT \T |q]s+#\ |\T|#sT. #+<\s& n || \T #dq >\qT
dk+>, deTse++> |=>*>&T.
1974 +~s >+B ]| s |<X >essY> y&T. | \+>D
<e eTT+q+<T VQeT> k+ sc >essT> #dTq<
sjT HjT y&T e+~. skH, |+Cu, $TH&T, b+&#]
>essT> L& #X&T. <T sc\ >essT> #dq | Tq #Hs& >]<.
|+Cu |X+ H\=q{ #Hs& sDeT sjT esZ\ u>{.
q| +~s>+B |esq d]> q+<Tq 6`2`1983q sJHe #&T.
1984 $jTy& Hwq &y { |+ { |{&T . +~s>+B eTsDq+s+ ,
sJy>+B, +>dt qT+& y[bsTTq |<q #Hs&, Xs < |ysY\qT 1988
] +>dt V+ #Hs& +<|<X +>dt $T{ n<>
jT$T+#sT. 1989 bsy T +{ m #Hs& ks< + +< |<X 40kH\T
<sTT. n~ #Hs& e\Hq *+~. 1989 &d+sY 3e Bq s +&ek]

s& yue+ 221
+< |<X eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. sJy>+B V sT y |.$.qsd+ Vse

|<qeT+> q deTjT+ eT+eT+&* d#q yTs skH >essT>
jT$T+# &sT. q| |q+#jT \|{q y] >TDbs + #b&T.
31`5`1992q $TH&T, b+&# ] sc\ >essT> |<M u< \T d]+#&T.
eTTKeT+ jT\*qT m<Ts=q+<Tq yT >essT| jTT<+ |{ + #>, #Hs&
d.sY.|.m|.t qT & qT+ s$+ sh bdT \> n<T| |{&T . y+H
m\T s> jT\* z& sTD~ eTTKeT+ nj&T. >es sY |<$
n+ |w q >essY #Hs& &q <X+ C={+~.
2`12`1996 Bq dsZdTH&T. 4e Bq dsd +#H\ +~s
bsY n+jT \T ]>sTT jTq esT&T eT] X<s s & |dT + sj
HsT.
#Hs& <skVk\Tq sjT HjT&T. |uT+ L& s& C
n+&> H&T. <X+ eTsTes s& HjT&T #Hs&.
5
@$T >=+#Te# H$T ">=be
TTy qsT"&T Ty
<qeTT # ">T <H#{ H">T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

222 s& yue+
5
qTe <e]keTT q< bw+|
<e yTe]keTT <#T=q">
uD yTe]keTT b]bqT \
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 223
+>TsT n+jT
(seTcs&)
qq+ : 8.2.1929
eTsD+ : 1986
n+jT *< + &T\T \+>D yT< uqsT #+~qysT. us
eTDeT.

224 s& yue+
n+jT V<su<T dTHCsY s& d #~y&T. #<Te &T

V <su<T *H +| sE sD\ L> #X&T. J$+ TbqT
u$+#&T. f& jTjTH &sH&T.
11.10.1980q eT] #Hs& kq+ eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. deTjT+
+<+ sT eT+> |#dT H &T. <X+ m&q+ |< eT+ +<
ydT= sTy Z+#&T. jTq VjT+H y.jTdt. sXKss&, #+<uT
HjTT&T sh+ eT+TH sT. 20.2.1982q +~s>+B d#q| eTTKeT+
|<$ sJHe #X&T. ueq+ y+{$Ts& #] #X&T.
1984 d+<u<T jesZ+ qT+& du mH&T. jTq
VjT+H ds+#Y | m\T |<eT+> ]>sTT. n< Vj+ zT
V ejTdTqT 21d+\ qT+& 18d+\ Z+ nqTd]+#s T.
jTq Vj+H 1981 V<u<T VQdH k>sY T< $>V+
@sT sTe jT&q$.
2006 df]jT{ eTT+<Tq bsT {. n+jT \T+_ bsT n
|sT |{&T.
<Ts<weXT 1986 n\eTsD+ #+<&T.
jTq us eTDeT d+<u<T jesZ bsyT+T du Ts*>
eTTwsu< jesZ Xdq duTs*> |#d+~.
jTq T++ s& \dT\ +&|sT e\q *jTyT m&
s& \ He |j+qT <T. s& \+qT H >s$+# <T.
sD+ *jT<T. |&T sD+ d+ yeTT. { s& \dT\+ qT
>se+ <eTT.
5
s& yue+ 225
ueq+ y+ s$Ts&
(y+{yT)
qq+ : 18-7-1931
eTsD+ : 5-4-2001
y+{$Ts& >T+sT eTTb >eT+ +#sT. us jT|<,
eT \dTs\T. y] esT&T eTT>TZsT es\T. jTq jT+.m.,
jT.jT._. #~$ >T+sT jTsT e #X&T. jTq >< y+s&,
226 s& yue+
jT|<\T L& jTsT> |dT |#XsT. jT|< 1967, 1980

$qT=+& qT+& jTyT.jT.m. > >\Tb+~+~. |.$. qsd+Vse eT+esZ
duTs\T.
y+s$Ts&, #Hs&, n+jT eT+esZ\ $<XUeT+. Xdq
duT &T bsTTH 24.2.1982q eTTKeT+ #d+ ~ +~s>+~. eTTKeT+
nsTTq|{ qT+& s& \HeT+ rddTH&T. sD+ jTq *j*.
jTq eT+esZ+ y.jTdt. sXKss&, Hs #+<uT HjTT&T, H<TsTeT*
Hsqs& eT+T\T> #XsT.
jTq \+ jTq #dq eT+| z|H jTe]{ |+.
20.9.1982q eTTKeT+> sJHe #jTe\d e+~. 5.4.2001q
qTeTX&T.
s& jTq +q sD+ |<\L *jT<T. eTTKeT+>
|#dqy&T qT eTq$T|&T #|+THeTT. |&T eTw.
5
|{bjT e{ qsT\T u$T
TH$T ysT H$T
|q" C<\T |y y
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 227
$jTuds&
qq+ : 16.8.1920
eTsD+ :27.9.2001
$jTudss& +& Hs&, *: y+eT, us XeT\eT, d+q+:
esT\T eTT>TsZ T , es\ T eTT>TsZ T . |< esT&T jTds|Xs &, jT+.|.
s\T eTT| Vd\T eT]jTT yTy]jT bsX\
#~y&T. bsX \ Vd\ T q|&T +<T\ zT\s& L& $jT udss &
228 s& yue+
>~ e+&y&T. zTs & K<s T \T $jTudss & TeT #&T.

n<= rjT nqTu $jTudss&. s\T eT<q|* _.m. #~$,
eT<dT _.m. #~$ HjTy< e e#&T. eT<dT yTT< 1936
CrjT +>dt n<&T u sC+<|k< s\T #dq |d+>+ $jT
udss & T q~. 1939`45\ d& + T +>dt n< &T> eH&T.
1939 s+&e ||+# jTT<+ \+ _{w C+&\qT s&>] +<+
>\ u{sT . us +>dt |\qT <] + }s+|\T #X sT. eTV>+B
C n+ H<\T #d <e\T #X&T. {+&j <eT+ bdT\
# <\T eT&T H\\T dT| bH&T.
1950 >< se+X #+~q cs& es XeT\ $yV+
]+~. >eT|+#sTTr qT+& m~ | eq e. |]wT #sH>
1955 qT+& 1961 es |#X&T. eTs\ 1964 L& |]wT #sH>
m &&T.
1955 m$T>qsT ~du jes+Z qT+& b{ #d, $jT udss &,
<y<s+ d+JejT Xdqdu > \Tb+<sT. m HjT+{ X+ss &
$jTudss & z&+#&T. 1955`61 eT< \+ |_ n+T $T{ duT \T>
m &&T. 1961`62 $T{ n<&T> |#X&T. 1958 n\
us +>dt duT&H&T. 1962 bsyT+T m\T, nd+; m\T
*de#sTT. Xdqdu kH b{#d z&bj&T. 1964 s\T
dVs es{+> d+|\ deK n<&T> jT$T+#&&T. |<$H
nyT] d+<]+#&T. eTs\ 1983 m$T>qsT jesZ+ qT+& Xdq
duT> >\Tb+<&T. du sTksT nq> 1977, 1984, 1989, 1991,
1996, 1998\ m &&T. yTT+MT< Xdqdu 5ksT m &&T.
CsTTr esT|sq sjT HjT&T. yTsT |s+ e+{ e+.

s& yue+ 229
1964 Vq+<s& eT+esZ+ duT&T. 1968`70\ +<|<X

&eT+&* n<&H&T. 1971 ], dVsXK\ eT+> |#X&T.
1978`79 +>dt N*q|&T $jT udss & s& +>dt +< |<X $T{
n<&H&T.
jTH.{.sese |u+H uqe+ y+{yT T&, jTqqT
~+ $jT udss& 20`9`1982q eTTKeT+ #XsT. +>dT eTTs
><\T e#sTT. jTH.{.sese _jT+ s +&T sbjT\ kq m
#|+ $jT udss& s. 1`90 |d\ #&T. |r| X\ e\q
+>dt z&+~.
sTy |.$. qsd+Vse |<qeT+> #dTq deTjT+ +<+
, ddt, +| n|sY XK\ eT+ |<$ sV+#&T.
eT 9`10`1992q sh eTTKeT+> |.$. qsd+Vse>sT |+bsT.
+>dt eTTs ><\ e\q eTs\ 1994 \T>T<X+ | +>dt z&bsTT+~.
eTTKeT+> ~be\d e+~.
jTq eTTKeT+ Vj+ &|\\ >&TjTwH es $<
|yX|{&T. <>\ d\ 30 X+ y\ sTe*#&T. = _.d.
$TwH 14 \ y] yqT&q \ ysT> #ss T. <X+ =*k]
sT\ |{<sT bdT|d\T, u$TV |\T #sT.
CsTTr, eTTd{ q+ sj |s<T . sj \ HeT~>
<syT |X+ Jeq+ >&T| 27`9`2001q qTeTX&T.
esT&T ds|Xs& s+&T <b\T bsyT+T m &&T. ,
CsTTr *q sjT HjT\ |<e TT&T> #| <qysT $jT udss &.
jTq <s HjT&T. nuT<jTy~. CrjTH. 1991 \df& M
ds H+.1> eq e $jT udss&. jTqqT |<jTq> sjT
HjT\T >s$+#sT. s&+<] |<jTH.

230 s& yue+
5
n <qeTT\qT nq<qyT >=|
q* +f |TqeTT <T
mq >TsTq Hq&T <j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 231
& H<TsTeT* Hsqs&
qq+ : 20.2.1935
eTsD+ : 9.5.2014.
Hsqs&~ H\sT y&T. sT T++ +& dTs$Ts&, *
XweT, us s\, esT\T q\T>TsT syT esYs&, usY esYs&,
>yT esYs&, nX esYs&,

232 s& yue+
y&T b<$ T $< #X&T. n~ Hsq s & >] Hq u\cs &

q&T|Tq $< d+d. sD>T+ bsX\ $<, H\sT X\ $<.
y+fXs $X$<\jT+ b<jT D |u<T&H&T. jTq y&T
$<d+d\ jeq+ #jT e\d e+~. < >MTD $X$<\jT+>
sb+~+#&T.
Hsqs& dede X< #b&T. V]q $<] <s d+|T+
<s ke de bZ, |uT n~s+ <s dVj\T me>
#jTe# sjT+ y| eT&T.
1969 |u<T\ jesZ+ qT+ XdqeT+&* b{#d z&b j&T.
|jTq+ +#<T.
1972 |.$.qsd+Vse Hsqs& sdu duT #X&T. 1978
es sdu duT&> H&T.
1978 n|{ eTTKeT+ eT] #Hs& q eT+esZ+ s$q,
|]XeT\ eT+> #{#&T. s XdqeT+&* duT&T> mH&T.
1982 y+] Xdq duT&T> b{#d z&bj&T.
1988 |.d.d. n< & 1989 yT H\ es |#X&T. 1989 qe+sT
y+] jesZ+ qT+& Xdqdu mH&T. 1989`1990 sh _H{
eT+> |#X&T.
1990 &d+sT +< |<X eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. 1992 nsT es
eTTKeT+> |#X&T.
n~s+ d+ b\T es eTqd+ <T. yTT<{ qT+ +~s>+B
eT< T > H&T. sj $<j
T Hsq s & <VsD> #| e#TqT.
sJy>+B eTsD+ Hsqs& +>rd+~.

s& yue+ 233
jTq $<y ` <s&T. l y+fXs $X$<\jT+ b\eT+&*

duT&T> =+\+ |#X&T. |.$. qsd+Vse CrjT $< d\VeT+&*
n<&> jT$T+#&T. $T{ dbsT\ yTs <s$ < |yX|&+~.
z|H d, z|H jTe]{\qT |yX|{sT.
sh+ => yT&, &+, +]+> X\\ nqTeT #&T.
B| VsTysT #dq yK d+~+ eTTKeT+ |<$ sJHe
sTT#&T. +>dt b yTC]{ duT \TH, sJHe #X&T. n~ jTq H .
1998 >T+sT u| du kH b{#d > *#& T. eT< +s
m#sTT. 1999 qsse| du kH b{#d >*#&T.
2004 $XK|+ du kH b{#d >*#&T. HjT& |
| n_eq+ +&> > \e{ b+rjT |]<T \T+&e *+~. |uT
|<\+{ q |yTjT+ q~.
q esT\+<] sj\ <s+> |{ dHk +&
#dTH&T. =&T |sT k<sD+> eq yT+> EqT s<T #sTT+#&T.
sj TbT nqTu$+#& yqTbT e.
|.$.qsd+Vse |<qeT+ e{ s&T Hsqs& .
<+ >\ e. sT<, >\ eTs& >s y< dVjT+ q dT
<s #X&T. n m+eT+~ ] dVs+ n+~+#&T.
H>sTq $X$<\jT+ >se &s{ y\qTq|&T eTTKeT+>
eq+<Tq dT+> sd]+#&T. sTy y+fXs $X $<\jT+ >se
&sT +~.
HsH s& us s\ 2004 qT+& eT+ |<$ eHsT. 2007
qT ]|q <& Hsqs&, s\ { |+#THsT.
s&C >ssDyTq e Hsqs&. 9`5`2014q |seT|~+#sT.
234 s& yue+
5
X# eTqTE jTTe >\y
sT>T#T+<TsT ueT ~|
eTT]u+&eT+<T eTTdTsT ">\ u+
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 235
& y.jTdt. sXKss&

(jT&T>] d+~{ sXKss&)
qq+ : 8.7.1949
eTsD+ : 2.9.2009.
sXKss & +& sCs&, * jTeT. us $jT\ , =&T >HVq
s&, LTsT w]\.
sXKss& &| |*y+<T\ +#&T. d+|q s T T++.
sCs& |<|\ HjT&T.
236 s& yue+
T++ n+<]B deeT+. eTd+d, #s\T n deyT.

nsTTH \+ s&>H +& sjT+ T++ rdTq~. s&sE\+<s
V+<Te. nsTTH T++ eT q$T\ d e eT+ d]++~. +<T
me] @ | D \ +&e\dq neds+ <T . n$ e> , T+|s q$T\T.
sXKss & uV yT, Cs dyT y[H | d+es+ sT| L& y &T.
eTkeTsd+ b{+#&T.
sXKss & >T\sZ, sT|\ y< $< |P] #X&T. eT\eT&T>T
+|tu dT| y< T > |#X&T. sT y |*y+<T\ k+ dT|
]+#T= 20 |&\ dT|, u, ms jT{, |swH ~jTsY @sT
#dT = y< de\T yTT<\T |{&T . |<\ y< de #X&T. jTq Vdy d
eT+< &| qT+& s>T\T e#ysT. b*f L& bs+_+#&T.
9.2.1972 Bq $jT\ $yV+ ]+~.
sj\y| jTq <w eTs*+~. 1978, 1983, 1985
XdqduT&> |*y+<T\ qT+ mH&T. &| bsyT+{ jesZ+ qT+&
9e, 10e, 11e, 12e du\ mH&T.
XdqduT> |*y+<T\ u+#Y H s|+#&T. e
u+>T ]sjTsT |P]ksTT |+#&T. |*y+<T\ b++
176 >e\ eT+{ |<+ k~+#&T.
yTT<{k]> 1980`82 {. n+jT eT+esZ+ >MTD_e~ XU
eT+ |<$ #|{ sT . sT y n< eT+es+Z |T|] XeT >MTD d+ e TXK\T
sV+#sT. sT y ue q+ y+{yT eT+es+Z 1982 m CXU eT+>
#XsT. $jT udss & >] eT+es+Z 1982`83 $<XUeT+> #XsT.
\T>T<X+ |uT + +>dt nH<> q|&T 1983`85\ +< |<X
+>dt $T{ n<&T> |#d +>dt @ ~ nsTTH&T. eTs\
1998`2000 s+&ek] +<|<X +>dt $T{ n<& H&T. |C
s& yue+ 237
<e\T sV+#&T. \T>T<X+ b\q ||H jT bqT deTse ++>

sV+ y] >T+& s |]>+ \T>T<X+ b\q #T|{&T.
|\ #sTejT |jT+, |\ u<\T \TdTH | jT+ 2003
@| eT+&Tf+& +<sh+ n+#T\qT sXKss& #dq |C
|kq+ b<j <X+H eTsTe $jT+. #y qT+& #|s+ es
1470 .MT., 68 sE\ b<j |\T $Xw+> d+~+#sT. +>dt
ss\ V+ +~. HjT\ eT+ +~. jTq +>dtqT
|\ #sTe #&T. |\ u<\T HsT> \TdT usk sTT#&T.
<XH jT\T sXKss & n>XD HjT&> >s$+#sT. n<= dTes< jT+.
*+> 2004 m\ +>dt |Tq $jT+ k~++~. 175 kH\qT
<+#Tq~. \T>T<X+ b 47 kH e#sTT.
14`5`2004q sXKss& yTT<{k] eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T. sTy
2009 m\ L& $jT+ k~+ s +&ek] L& 20.5.2009q eTTKeT+
nsTTH&T.
yTT<{ k] eTTKeT+> |eD+ #dq y+H n< jT._. d&j T +H
m\ y>q+ #dqT>H sT\ $<TT |\T| yTT<{ d++
#jTyT sT\ $<TY usTT\T 1192 T e| #X&T.
\ sT\ Tq |<y] d+ sJy s>l |< |yX |{, | |<
s+&T \\ sbjT\ KsT es |uTyT u]+#TqT qsqT d<TbjT+
L& *+#T sTe\#&T. 3d+es\ 2 1/2\\ sT|<\ dVjT+
n+~+#&T. +TqT ks |\+~+#&T. >eT+ 104 ddT,
|D + 108 ddT sXKss & |yX |{+ <. q k+ u $T 310 ms\qT
|uT ds+&sY #X&T. eTs= 1000 L& ms\T d< + #X&T.
sTybsT\, eTV\ be e& |< + |yX |{&T . y] Jequ
+& sh|> +#&T. >MTD b+ |\ +~seT \T |<+

238 s& yue+
|yX|{ |\ n~ d_& ] dVjT+ >V\T {+#&T. ukBq

|{\T eTV\ sTT#TqT sTe*#&T.
s+&T sbjT\ _jT+ |<+ |< >MTD, |D |\ *
rs&T. \sT\ y]# swH e>s\| d+es 2000 sbjT\T
d_& |uT+ u]+# |<+ #&T. |<y] H\y dsT\T L& sTT#&T.
$<sT\ |P] |E
]sTT+sTyT+{ |< + $<]+ |j H\T b+~+~.
jTdt.d., jTdt.{., _.d. $<sT\ |s yH\T |u T+ u]+#TqT
sTe*#sT.
yTH]{\ ]swH $<q+ |yX|{&T. ]qT\ yTH]{ d+eT
se\T #|{&T. +<|uT+ y] NREGA b>+ +< |\
|jHq+~+ #+ <X+H yT{> eT]jTT \T>T |\T eTsb
$<+> dVjq+~+#&T.
2007 yT H\ > ]q es n\s bsyT |d++
us<X b< eH #&T. n& >essqT s |eTTKT\qT *X&T.
nyT] Twt n<&T> eq|&T, jTqqT +<sc s|+ eTq
k+d, $<, yeksTT, b]X$T eqsT\qT, neX\qT jTq <w
#] eTqsh U nyT] <w |{&T.
qT <eT+ +<sh+ HeTsb+& #s\T rdTH&T.
{ ms\ u$T k>T]e{ \jT+ \|{ 70 < yTsY,
MT&jT+, yTqsY ]>wH bC\qT 46,000 y\ sbjT\ KsT 5
d+es\ |P]#jTT |< s|\q #X&T. n+<T 9, 10 |<\T
|P]#X&T. = ny+s#sTT. |P]> ]e+f sXKs s& n|s
u^s<T&jTy&T.
2009 m\ sXKss & <{ T nb\T n+f \T>T<X+ ,
\+>D shd$T, eTw b\T, |Cs+ b *d @qTK+>

s& yue+ 239
s+>+ ~ z&bjsTT. +>dT b s|q 156 eT+~ XdqduT\T

>*#sT. 33 eT+~ bsyT+T duT\T >*#sT. (yTT+ 42 kH\T). |*+>
sXKss& s+&ek] 20`5`2009q eTTKeT+> |eD+ #X&T.
|<, eT< s> esZ\, &T>T esZ\, s +>, e<sT\, | +
eTV\, $<sT\, b<jTT\ n+&> *#&T. eTV k~]
k~+#{ djT+ dVjT d+d\ 1 { 25 \\ eT+~ |+#q T ks +
*+#&T. 60 d+es\T +&q eTV\ s. 2,000/` < |+#qT *#&T.
+~s + |<+ eT+ |*\qT k~++~.
|uT |<\T, se\T, m | bTHj \TdT e{
|uqT |{ s#+&qT #s\qTH&T. + 2`9`2009 Bq
nkT> eTTe [++~. sE u`420 V*|sY q\eT\ n&e\
|> |jDdTq|&T +Hs& |e<y, yesD bL\y >
V|sY n+T+& b>, +<|C+ ~# n& T>, &T> n
~\T | { s~+#sT. 3`9`2009 <j q us |< qeT+ s\jT+
qT+& sXKss& |jDdTq V*|sY +H |+ |e<+ q\eT\
n&e\ s\T 74 .MT. <s+ |*bsTT+< < |jDdTq
sXKss&, jTq dw d dTVD+, N|t dL]{ |dsY yd, >|t
|H u{j, |H jT+.jTdt. s&\ <V\T >& >T]+# d (e\+
\T <s+> >T]+#&jT) HjT |{++~.
dsT&T nd$ T+#&T. \T>T |\ s & N T eTTHsTT.
s\T |uT dT| Xe|\T sV+#sT. &T|\bjT |uT
+#H\ T+ #s\ |s+ Kqq+ #XsT. sTy =DC{ sXjT
eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T.
Y.S.R: A doctor with a finger on public pulse n ys |ks d+d\
=j&sTT. kj>+B, sVQ >+B, eTHy VH d+> ~ s <X HjT
\+, sh HjT\+ |Tq+> y\]+#sT.
240 s& yue+
+< |uT+ s&>] d]+#T+ b esT eT]jTT b _

$&T<\ #d+~.
sXKss & eTsDys e+<\ d+K e\ T, c e\q >, V\

e\q> eTsD+#sT. y] T+u\ z<sT esT&T >HVHs&
sheT+ z<sT j #X&T. >HVHs& 29`11`2010q +>dt b
sJHe #d, 16`2`2011q Y.S.R. +>dt b k|+#&T. =b s|q
m +& $T+q yTC]{ >*#&T. * $jTeT L& >*+~.
8`7`2010q sXKss&| >se+ &| y.jTdt.sY. n
|sT |{+~ H{ |uT+. |\T jTq| |eT +<<X+ }ss
jTq $>V |w\T #d @{ |+&T>\T sT|+THsT .
sXKss& q|{ qT+& j>, yjeT+ K+> #dy& T. deTjT
b\q, qeTTqy b\q eTTU+X\T> |TH&T.
sjT J$+ bs+u+ qT+& sXKss&, +~s>+~, sJy >+~,
kj>+~ T+u\ $<jTT&T> eH&T. 1983 +~s >+~,
sJy>+~ sc d+<]+q|&T y] nqTy<&T> |#X&T.
sXKss&, Vs+ \T>T<q+, #sD dys, eTqdT
|D[<+ , eT&eT | q&, e | < , yT+&q rjT, <sD ,
| |T<\ ` sB yTT<q d' duy\ jTTeq +>dT qT+&
Xdqdu\T, du\T q&y[ eTq sheTTKeT+> sD&T.
jTq~ sc >H |]jT&. s& X+ eTs= n<jT+ eTTd+~.
5
s& yue+ 241
.$. s|TTH<s&
qq+ : 4`9`1924
eTsD+ : 4`3`2002
s|TTH<s& H\sT $sTePsT >eT+ k<sD sT T++
+#&T. _.m. &^ nHeT jTe]{ qT+& rdTH&T. ]Xd+,
keXk\ m+.m. &^ \ $X$<\jT+ qT+& rdTH&T. m.m._.
L& #~$ jTsT |{qT rdTH&T.
242 s& yue+
nHeT $X$<\jT+ dH{ 1947 mjsT. s+&ek] L&

mH&T. b<jTT\ jesZ+ <s nHeT $X$<\jT+ n<jTq
mH&T.
HjTy~> #H , V <su<T V sT\ |#X&T. $Tq dukH{ y
bdsY >+< s+#&T. >+< +<|<X VsTysT ~>Te sT\
|j > >+<+ > db sdT #XsT. jTq n< n+X kj HjTX\q
u~+#&T.
1962 =*k] sdu mqT&&T. sTy eTs s+&TksT
L& mqT&&T. 1966 \+&H ]q eTH bsyT+ deyX+
us<X b<+ eV+#&T.
1977 +~s>+B eT+esZ+ rdT&&T. HjT eT]jTT +|
eeVs\XU eT+> |#X&T. bddt |f+{+> #{ #&T. d |sTw\
eekjT |qT\ yH\ & +& e+&T #{ #&T.
]XU eT+> H\T>TksT Cy n+srjT ] d+|T+
us |~esZ HjT> bZH&T.
bH, sH, l\+ <X\ ]q dj ] eT+T\ deyX \
us |~esZ HjT+ eV+#&T.
+>dt bs+ |s Y kw*dT s#sD _s sD+ jT+> sY #+<XK sY,
yVH <]j, w+Y\ eTTKkq+ sV+#&T. +>dt |>o\
d<+s\ eTTKT&T> >T]+| #TH&T. 1980 jo\ sj\
qT+& y<=*>&T.
1990 |s >essT> jT$T+#&&T.

s& yue+ 243
1993 |eT u+> >essT> jT$T+#& 1998 es |<$

sV+#&T. n< deTjT+ eTD|P sY, ]k, $TCs+, d + sc\ >essT>
n<q| u<\T sV+#&T.
CsTTr\ |sT>+q sjT HjT&T. $Tu w. yT<d+|qT&T.
dVo*. kw*dT eed k|q, sVD |]|+#&T .
kV+, k+d se\ me bZHy&T. +>\T s=+&
Hs|s &> ] |\T|| q+~ X ~ *d +>\T s#s TT\ d+|T + eTVdu\
bZH&T.
jTq us & ds s& |eTTK >sX y<T\ y<T\T.
5
qT MTqT Hie+d e+
>\eT+<T ]D uT$
X <* qsT"&T H> #&be
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

244 s& yue+
5
X b|C n+{+fqT
X# jTT\T ydbs
# $&T#TysT X<T+<q
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 245
|* y+s&
qq+ : 19`7`1933
eTsD+ 7`12`1999
y+s& &| HjTq eT+&\+ qsk|s+ >eT+ +#sT.
+& y+s &, * |\eT. us y+\e T. <s T esT\T y+seTDs&,
s<cs&. <sT es\T.

246 s& yue+
y+s& &| +, H\sT e+&, H{ | X+

#+<XKs|s+ eT+&\+ s&>] =|* ds|&&T. sjT+> n+#
\+#\T> m~ CrjT sj \b bw+#&T.
b<$T $< 5e s> es &| qsk|s+ nud+#&T.
H\sT $.sY. +&jT{ #~y&T. 1953 _.m. #~y&T.
] H\sT e+&> 1959 qT+& 1964 es y*>+& deT
n<&T> |#X&T.
1962 ]q Xdqdu m\ <jT] XdqduT> msTT
1967 es |#X&T.
1967 ] XdqduT> m 1971 es |#X&T. yT T<{ qT+&
+>dt n+&> eH&T.
1971 ]q du m\ e* jesZ jT+.|.>, sTy
1977 ]q du m\ +>\T jesZ jT+.|.> esTd>
eT&ek] 1980 ]q m\ +>\T jesZ jT+.|.> m
1984 es |<$ eH&T. +~s>+B wy T q HjT&> m~>&T. 1962
+< |uT + ]XU dV jTeT+> |#X&T. 1984 eTs\ jT+.|.>
b{#d nddT $jT+ k~+# bjsT. uy& b| s& >*#&T.
q sjT J$eT+ +>dt b nuT q KsT#X&T. q e +H
qT n_e~ #+<&T.
y+], ] b+ n_e~ m+>H w#X &T. ] b++
=+<sT |\T e] nq+ +THs+f n~ |* y+s& we\Hq b+
|\+<s \TdT. 1968 &=\y>T| q ]+ d.jTdt. |s+ #sT e

s& yue+ 247
eT[+#&T. d.jTdt. |s+ eT+&\+ |\T >e\ $<TY ks+

*+#&T. ] b++ $<, y< de\T, s&T ks\T $]$> *+#&T.
n+es+, d.jTdt. |s+, |<sEb+, q\eT&T>T b+\ V dqT @sT
#sTT+#&T.
C +< <eT+ |+< <eT HjT> |#X& T. y+s&
nHs> >Ts d] VeTsC eT\+> >T+sT |yT dT|
7`12`1999q T ~Xd $& # & T . n~ s +# H \ n+ j T \T
]>sTT. &|, s\T, H\sT, |X+ \ +>dt HjT\T, s
b\ HjT\T |< d+K Vs y\]+#sT. <T| ] jTq esT\T
y+seTDs& &.|.{.d. duT&T> m +& bqT s]+#&T.
|* y+s& C|s+ ] 10 \\|> KsT#d bsTqT
jsT#d jTq $>V bsT k|+#sT.
|* y+s& eTse{ M s&.
5
X dyd jTq\+T #]
>" _jT>{ >TT <*d
*q{y"& Hij jT+<q
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

248 s& yue+
5
#|&q |Xe #s+T +&\T
|{ |i qTqT |s> ><
><e+{y"&T >| <=
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 249
&| {s&
qq+ : d|+sT 1889

eTsD+ : 27`1`1981
{s& sT eT<q|* \ {s&>]| +#&T. +&
d<s &, * H>eT. us seTdTeT. esT\T : y+s$Ts&, seT#+<s&,
& jT#+<s&, dT<s qs&, >b\cs &, jTu ssY & (sw |uT |< q
s<]), dTs+<H<s&, Vsesqs&. yTT+ m$T~ eT+~.
250 s& yue+
s T $<ud+ #X&T. 1911 +>+&T y[ usY`m{` #~y&T.

s & \+ n|{ usY`m{` #~$q ysT sH #| e#T. &| HjTy~>
bdT bs+_+#&T. sjT\deT leT+T\T q T+;q dT<|*
>e #+~q =qT<T\ seT#+<s& es seTdTeTqT 1917 d+
$yV+ #dTH&T. s &| jTq dsydyT+~. 1914 d+
eT<dT VsT & |<$ neX+ s> D]+#&T.
Crj<eT+ #] HjTy< e| X< #|<T. >&# s V]
dseTse, \] dTuse e>s HjT\T, ss\ *d sjT\deT
n_e~ w#X&T. lu> &+& d++ #dq y] {s& sT.
1922 eT<dT sw Xdqdu m & |uT+ &|
|~jTH&T. sjT\deT eT ysD |uT+ w #X&T. 1927 qT+&
29 es eTs\ XdqduT &H &T. T+>u < bC sD <eT+ q&b&T.
k++<eT+ bZ C\T nqTu$+#&T. 1929 d+ duT&T>
eT<dT Xdqdu mH&T. 1929 >+B sjT\deT |sq d+<s+
>+BJ y+e+& |sqqT jT|<+ #d, $s\T d]+ >+BJ
deT]+#&T. 1931 b{+&, 1937 b{ e+& eT<dT Xdqdu
mH&T. 1939 +>dT <XqTks+ sJHe #X&T. 1942 {
+&j <eT+ bZ C\T nqTu$+q k+j<T&T. |qT\
ssD<eT+ bZH&T.
uc|jTT sc\ <eT+, lu> &+& s|\q |eTTKb
jTq<.
1946`47\ eT<dT sw+ +>T] |X+ >] eT+esZ+
(30`4`1946q |X+|+T\T >sT #qsw eTTKeT+> |eD+ #XsT)

s& yue+ 251
<y<jT <s<jT XUeT+> |#X&T. +<sw+ @s & |X+

|+T\T>] eT+esZ+ s$qXKqT sV+#&T. 1957 d+ \s&|
qT+& Xdqdu mH&T.
1964 qT+& `1979 es +<|<X XdqeT+&* duT\T>qTH&T.
{s& usT duT>, +>dt n<>, |<X +>dt
b< >, n\ us +>dt duT >, +< eTVdu n< \T>, sjT\deT
sTe ysD d+|<> nH |<e\q~w+ e> q q HjT
|{eT s|+#THsT. y+fXs, +< $X$<\j\T &s{ |{\
>s$+#sTT. ls+>+, eT<Ts, sTq* <y\j\ V]qT\ |yX+
#sTT+HsT.
d+<s+ jTq T++, us seTdTeT >\qT, n_e~
se\qT L& #|e\d+<. us {s& $X\ V<j, >s
seTdTeT se\T L& k. yT J$+ >] #|< {s&
J$>] |]|Ps+> \TdTqT <T. <] @ sT @ seT+
#|{H <] u>keT+ eq~.
seTdTeT 1928 deTH MTwH sqT sd+q seT+
bZHsT. 1930 <TePsT dTeT, bD qeT, qe \ujTeT,
<D+sE \ujTeT, >TeT&<\ <TsZujTeT, T\TdT k+eT], u>sE
|{_d seTjT, |X+|+T\T e>s HjT\ *d <eT+ bZHsT.
yT 1938 &| usT n<\T> m mq de\+~+#sT. sTy
>+B>] |\T|| |<$ sJHe sTT#sT. <T|] H\T>T <Xu\T &|
|sb\ d+| duT s*> |#XsT. l y+fX s, +< $X|]wT \
dH{ yT+sT> |#XsT. +&j kw ysY usT duT\T>, sw

252 s& yue+
d+eT d+|T+ duT\T>, |t ddt n<\T> ns k<yTq

de\+~+#sT. &| d\ X\ @sT <qdVjT+ # d, |uT+
#s\T ]| k~+#sT. X\ &| seTdTeT, {s& |uT d\
X\ n |uT+ HeTsD+ #d+~.
sjT\deT dseTTU_e~ T++ >+ #d+~. ysT
jTe\ |{+ ~ |sT. usus \ qT sjT\deT s <jT+ nHysT. {s &
27`1`1981q eTsD+#>, yT 12`4`1982q \+ #XsT.
n+{ >=| <+|T \T s &C e+&+ s & C >]+#e\dq $wjT +.
5
miT <=s HH >=*q
T<T e{ u+
>=&T{e b\T >] #|H
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 253
=+& y+ s+>s&
qq+ : 12`12`1891
eTsD+ : 24`7`1970
y+ s+>s& >] +& #Hs&, * T#eT, us T+>u <eT. y+
s+>s& eTT>TZsT k<eTDT\T, k<sT&T.
19e X+ dT (|&T jTq |sT MT<H q s+>s&
) |<eT+>s+ +#&T. k+|<jT s T T++. n|&T |s \ T
254 s& yue+
T+u<. n~ dsUd+ b++. dsUd+ n+f C+ qyT k+

u$T.
>eT+ bsX\ q+<Tq |+> b<jTT <s b<$T
$< H]+#sT s+>s&. q $< V<su<T Hs d\T #~y&T.
q|{ qT+& +^w, sT<T, d+d+ uw\ n_yX+ q~. \T>T
|+> HsTH&T.
#~y&T. |& e #X&T. |<\ s| q +> |#X&T. dT e.
<jT+ e. e qT j sT#d dT \T q&b&T. 1918 e |~>
eTJdt m` eC ydt (nd+;) m s+> de\T #X&T. $Tq
&Cdt >+< sT< uw sX&T. dTses+ ||s & bs+_+q >+&
| bV$T#&T.
sV<sY = y+ ses& HjT d\V<sT> e+&y&T.
|Ps| V<su<T d+kq sj\ =+&+ e =+& y+
s+>s&. |T< e. +<| eTVQ&T e&b{ y]| >TsTue+. \+>D
+>dTb bD<. \+>D || ]>&T.
ke se\ <suT&T. d\ bsd V\T $+T
|q]yV\T, $+Te\ dV , <y\j\ V]qT\ |yX + , u\$yV
s<+, eT& $Xk\| es |>o\ d+dsD\T #|{&T. n|\
ed <sq ysD #+ y\ |jT+#&T.
1936 XdqeT+&* >&TjT{ jesZ+ qT+& mqT& &T.
$Ty~> |sT&&T. d\ bsd V\ _\T |yX |{&T. $<s+>+
|\Tde\T djT+>qT, |C|~>qT #X&T. 1940 C^sT |Cd+|
k|+ < <s sT\ d+e bT|&&T.

s& yue+ 255
+<qd+|T+, +<eTVdu |eTTKb eV+#&T. s+>s& e\qH

+<eTVdu sj e+~. eTVdu 1943 m\T eq|&T,
n< |<$ d+|<jTT\ |q s+>s&, jTTe\T, yeT| ueC\+ y]
|q <+ ms& b{ #jT> s+>s& >*#&T.
s& d+| neT\ dVs+ n+~+#&T. dTses+ || s&, s
V<sY = y+ ses&\ <s s& d+|T+ | w #X&T.
1946 d{ +>dt @s&> $Ty< esZ s+>s& Hj T&H&T.
>+BJ +q u $T esYqT #&q T nH d+| sjT + q&b&T.
sC+> (sD) Xdqdu mH&T.
1952`56\ sTZ\ seTcse eT+esZ+ s$q, mC XK\
eT++ sV+#&T.
+<|<X $se+ d+<s+ #dTq |<eTqTw\ |+<+
d+\T #dq |<eTqTw\ sT.
+<|<X sc =*> @s& eT+ esZ+ s+>s& |eTTKeT+
nj&T. sh+ sj\ s+>s& beTTKqT >eT+#e#T.
1956 d+Jes& eT+esZ+ +, s$q, eT< w< XK\ eT+>
|#X&T.
1960 d+JejT eT+esZ+ |eTTKeT+> |#X&T s+>s&.
sTZ\ n_bjT u<+ eq|&T C.$. qsd+>se eT<#&T.
y+ s+>s& nH ke se\qT #|{, bV +#&T,
#jT #&T. #\ kVr k+d d+d\ d++<\THsTT. lw <esjT
+<uc \jT+ b<\T> |#X&T. u\ dsd +<uc \jT+,
yeTq uc \jT+, +< ksd |]wT @sT\ s+s d++<\THsTT.
|< $<sT\ $<, ed ks \q me> w #X &T. s& Vd,
256 s& yue+
u\Ts bsX \, +< dsd r u*\ bsX \, s & u*\ Vd , +< $<\jT+
k|q, sV<sY y+ses& eTV X\, y+ s+>s& u*\
Vd\ T, +~s eTV dy d<H yTT<q ke dy se\ |P]ksTT
eT>yTq+<Tq, n<T de\T #dq+<Tq V<su<T # T eq b+
#d s+>s& n |sT|{ |uT+, |\T jTq de\qT
>T]++~.
C+ sT uwq s, b uw\ eT+ |yX+ d+b~+#&T.
df]jT{ L& sH y&y&T. HjTXd #sT\T> L& |#X&T.
\+>D b+ sj\ s$ HsjTDs&, .$. s+>s&
s <D <y\T.
.$. s+>s& k<] X+seT & eT] #Hs& esT&T.
s+>s& @&T>TsT esT\T, q\T>TsT es\T d+q+. ys+<sT,
y] d+q+, y] eTqTeT d+q+ eT+ ksTT\ e+& |sT>+#sT.
s+>s& \+>D | nHysT. jTq \+>D #D |r.
n\H{ s& sE\ {sT =eT n |r. qyT\ b\q \T>Ty],
V+<Te\ c\ $eTT u< eV+#&T. |>o\ uy\ ~y\T |{
|\ esZ<s&H&T. & eT] #Hs& e+{ s& HjT\ esZ<].
eTs+<s sjT HjT\ ~>].
s& eTDVs+ n<T eTD.
5
n\qT T>Z|{ q|@& jTeTqT
>\qT >=+#T \" >qT<T
\qT u>u> MTrsT ><=
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
s& yue+ 257
uy& seT#+<s&
qq+ : 24-11-1894
eTsD+ : 19-3-1973
seT#+<s& H\sT Ts&b+ +#sT. +& dTus&,
* eT\eT. us eT\eT. +& eTsD+#> yTqeeT <=& y+k$T s&
>]+ |]>&T. e* bsX\ $< yTT<\T|{&T. eT<dT |jT|
J #~$ _.m. |{ b+<&T. qejTdTH sj\ |y+#&T.
258 s& yue+
n|{ uVD es <eT b> ddt b $s$+ eq~. b

ss> _{w y] #sTyH&T.
1919 esT >eT eTTqdTT> | bs+_+#&T. sTy Ts&
b+ >eT eTTqdT> | bs+_+#&T. sT y Ts&b + >eT |d&+ T>
mH&T. \ usT yT+sT> |#X&T. 1929 H\sT usT
n<&H&T. m&TwH usT n<& # |uT bsX\\T @sT
#X&T. eT<dT #~y sE\ |]jsY seTk$T HjTsY |Hk\
]T&H&T. seT#+<s& +>dt H dsy~. \T, d+d
|]sD q J$+ beTTK#&T. jTq eqey~, < Xu&T.
n+{ $T+ <je. ued#y~. |eT, d+, jTq bDyjTTe\T.
1924 ddt b s|q eT<dT Xdqdu m\ b{#d
>\Tb+<&T. ddtb eTTK HjT&> m~>&T. eT<dT |d&
eTTKe> m~>&T.
1930-37 eT<\+ eT<dT sw d{y \T n<&H&T.
jTq wb> eeV]+ du duT\+<] qT+& eTqq\T b+<&T.
|uT+ eTTKe> $wjT sj\ |eTTK ejTH&T. $< d++~
$wj\ #=se #|+#&T. $XK|D+ +< H |]wT k|+
10 d+\T n<> #d H s+> de#X&T.
+< $X$<\jT+ dH{ yT+sT> eeV]+#&T eT]jTT l y+fX s
$X$<\jT+ yTT<{ |]b\ d+|T duT&T> |#X&T.
1937 +& s$q $T{ yT+sT> jT$T+#& |uT +&
s $q ]sT\ sD+ w#X &T. u jeq ]sT\ sD+ X<# |
|uT u eTT\T, e\ u eTT\ $u> $es\qT qy<T #sTT+#T |uT
esZ<syTH&T. 1943 eT<dT n\s nkdjTwH n<> #d,
keT\, e*`qTePsT H k<q w#X&T.

s& yue+ 259
1952 H{ #s s+> s+>|yX+, d+ b $se+ ]+~.

+>dt b k+<eT+ q&|+ eTT+<T+&> sjT sD\ e\q
d+b $s$ ++~. d. s>b#], jT+.sY. eTk, b|d s Y jTH..
s+> d+ b eTTKHjT\T. b swXK n< &> mqT&&T
seT#+<s&.
yTsT bC , H |]XeT\ $T{\ duT &> eeV]+#sT. ><e],
c |\ ] $#sD d+|T+ duT\T> |# X&T.
1952 H\sT bsy T +T jesZ +&|+&+T> m &&T .
bsyT+T Hwq &y{ b &eP{ &sH&T.
H\sT |\ |q H\T>TksT Xdqdu mqT&sT. Xdq du
<\T> |#d |sT |UT\T b+<sT. |\ de #X&T.
1969 bH y[ n& yeksTT $wj\qT n<jTq+ #X&T.
seT#+<s& \* _e. +< H |]wT n<\T>
($XK|D+) =+\+ |#X&T.
seT#+<s& ybss+ >+ L& H&T. +< d+ {| +|, Hwq
$T +&d eT|+ k|+#&T. +&j dyT+{, eT<dT eqd
k|+#&T. eT<dT yT nkdjT{ n<&H&T.
s & ysd y\T>T\ +|q seT#+<s& s & de+ eTse<T.
5
H=qs< =|eTT>{
=+&eTT#T \ >=*qT
VqTH=< s>T\T+&T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
260 s& yue+
5
\&Ty >eTs jTiT+>T
de&Ty k$T jTiT+>T
u+&uT" u+& yTiT+>Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 261
]yT\ Hs&
qq+ : 11-2-1917
eTsD+ : 28-7-1976
Hs& >] +& dTus&, * ~\eT us \+eT eTT:

s+>s&, cs&, seT<dTs& es: dTC # se<$, e<$.

262 s& yue+
]yT\ Hs& >]~ nq+| s+ ]yT\ >eT+. u keT T++.

+& +>dt b. us sh| \+ d+Jes& eT]jTT Hs&, ueueeTs<T \T.
d+Jes& * ]yT\y] &|&T#T.
Hs& bsX\ $< >eT+H ]+~.Vd\T $< ~jk|
V d\T n&j sY. jTdt.jTdt.jT.d es ]wy, X\ $< eT<dT
\j , m+.m. eT]jTT uHsdt V+< $X$<\jT+ #~y&T.
$X$<\jT+ $<] jTjTH n<&H&T. jTH =* +<<X
jTjTH n<&T. $<] <X qT+& deq+| <w k]+#&T. \j
jeqeTT, Hs&, eVsY HVA Vs+> |Hk\
Vsq +<T, <T |] seTk$T eTT<*jsY d eT] eT< ]q m
|#s[q+<T, yd s#H b{ eTVeT<;H T> q T |X+ d+q+<T
#\ksT ]eH $~++~.
$X$<\jT+H eTdT uy\ ]T & eTdT nsTT \>
L&>{&T. us<X+ e]C neT\T #jTe# qe& T. $X$<\jT
|\| \BX&T. eTV>+B n~ *d e|D #|eT Hs& K
sX&T. Hs& |<T. sd]+#&T. #+& |s& , \+ sXKss&
L& n& eTdTHsT. Hs& 1939 uHsdt eTdT b sT
\sY nsTTH&T. Hs& 20`10`1943q $yV+ ]+~.
\+>D sT\ bs{ eT<T |{+ sjT\deT <eT sD
u<\T d]+ ukeTT\| bs+ #X&T. u |+|D jTq <jT+. q
+&| L& <$T+#&T. T++ q u> eq u $T |<\
|+#&T. +{ |Ck$T $|eesZ+ ne\+_+#&T. 1940 eTdT
<eT+ @&~ C\T nqTu$+#&T. #TsTq J$+ nqTu$d
CrjTksTT HjT ksTT m~>&T. b esZ\ jTq {.mH.> dT|]T&T.

s& yue+ 263
jTq J$+ C\ T J$+, nCy d+, Xdqdu +, d u du +,

nd+; || HjT+, sh+ |_ n+{ $T{ # sH +{$ =
u>\T.
1952 sw nd+; m\ sh eTdT b nu]> ue \+
d+Jes& | b{#d, C\T +& L& >* eT<dT sh Xdqdu m
Xdqdu || HjT& |_ n+{ $T{ #s H nsTT |uT
eTT#eT\T |{+#&T.
1957 bsyT+T m\ nq+|s+ du jesZ+ qT+&
eTdT b nu]> b{#d >*#&T. |& \jT z&bj&T. 1962
|\sT qT+&, 1967 nq+| s+ qT+& m\ +< |<X sh Xdqdu
mH&T.
e\+ m\ <s, Xdqdu\ <s $eTT k<+ < 1969
Xdqdu du sJHe sTT#&T. n|{ eTdT \ ue ks|
=\ d.|..> =+<sT, d.|..(jTyT)> =+<sT N*bsTTq|&T Hs&
d.|.(jTyT) H&T. \yT D d.|..(jTyT) L& q y> n+<T
bsTT+~. d.|..(jTyT) qT+ $&bsTT +< |<X $|e sT\ deTqjT $T{
k|+#&T. n|& qT <eT+, l kjTT< sT>TuT e#sTT.
$|y<eT sD n+yTH&T. <X+ T $\$\&TT+< u$+
<| $|y<e\ eH&T. T us<X+ >+ <+ sX&T. |*+>
|uT + dT|{ C\ T+|+~. dwqT sT L& qT q$Tq T us< X +
|]dH $q$+#&T.
d#, CsTTr, $|y Hs& |sjT|<yT bj &T. +
+~s>+~ neds |]d $~++~. nC+ y&T. V <u<T
dT, bsr|s+ dT Hs&| e#sTT.

264 s& yue+
q J$eT+ |uT \, bdT\ bs{\H bsTT+~. |Cde

n+eTj&T. ~ _{w e\dy<+ - key< es+#&T.
ukeTT\| |, |s jTT<+ #X&T. XdqduT &T>, bsyT+T duT&T>
|uT+| bs+ #X&T. +& L& |+#<T.
1940H s+&e ||+#jTT<+ eTq<X+ b es+> jTT<+ -
< ] |ue+ |d+ ydq+<T nsdT & C\ T[ 1 d+es+
nqTu$+#&T. sTs| C\T qT+& $&T< C\T y\T|* y{ s>H
us sD #+ +< &fq> nsdT #d rdTsT bdTysT. $&T<H
1946 |X+ ]HqT +< nsdT #XsT. d+e s+ C\T H&T.
1951 yTT<{ k<sD m\ eTT+<T &fq> s+~+#sT. C\T e+&
>*#&T. |+< <eT+ nsdT nsTTH&T. 1962, 1964 us sD
+<q \ +< nsdT #XsT. 1969 |y+ {y &fq H +< nsdT #XsT.
VsT ssT d+es+ &d+sT 1e Bq $&T<\ nj&T. n<
&d+sT 19e Bq usrjT d 121m dH, eT]= dH\ +<
(us<X+| jTT< e>s\T) Hs+ y| nsdT #jT> 1972
$&T<H&T.
es> 25-6-1975q +~s>+B neds |]d $~+#> nC+
y&T. nHs>T&H &T. y+{eTjT nH esT|sT V <su<T kj
qs dT| #s&T. 28-7-1976q <jT+ ndTe\T uX&T. q #\T
seT b]e <V +{ s*dT+&> <] \sT e< bdT\T sTH|
uj kBq+ #dT s nq+|s+ >esyT+T dT|
rdTsT. Xy\>~ XyqT+ +<Te\TL& #&{ M< bdT\T
s]+#sT. *d #]q y~ q+ |T{sT. & \+ d +Jes& L&
@eTj sTT+ yD #d ujTe H #&jT+& n e& #jT>
e& T Vd e< Xe| ]> es |\ d+<s q neX$T#sT.
s& yue+ 265
sTy Xy \+ ~jTsY es 30,000 eT+~ | rdT= ysT.

]yT\ Hs& ks d|+ yXsT.
{.mH. - ]yT\ Hs& sJ bs j<T&T. |<|\ u |+|D
jTq <eT+. $|e s<ks~. ujT eTdT\ y>+ #\< reqT
#|q e. ukeTT\ =eTTdTq |uT\ es. >+, eTD,
B, XeT, bs + jTq d+|<\ T. 30 d+es\T |& |\d+ k+q
kVk| J$j q 60e jT eTTd+~. |\T, HjT\T, e\T,
|T q y\]+#sT. us< X | >=| bs j<T &T {.mH. (]yT\ Hs&)
nH&T q dH. sT&T e ]yT\ Hs& nH&T $<H $X+.
eTq ]yT\ Hs& nq+|s+ <=]q essY y &s+ nH&T
ll.
{ s& j<T&T eTs\ m|&T +#THq eTq+ y #&e \d+<.
5
\ eTT\" >s+sT" &iT>TqT
sT |\ yTiT">T eTT>qT
* HsT">TqT <qjTT q+T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

266 s& yue+
5
yT\& edq \&
&\T eTTi& qT+&H
n>\E"&q q{T |\sT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 267
|#\|* dT+<sjT
qq+ : 1`5`1913
eTsD+ : 19`5`1985
dT+<sj
T >] +& y+{$Ts&, * Xwe T us (eTVsh jTTe)
@ \eT.

268 s& yue+
dT+<sj T ~ H\sT ePsT \ n\>b&T >eT+. k+|<sTT,

u keT T++. 50 ms\ d<+. jTq nq, eTT&T, q\T>TsT
n\T.
b<$T $< }H M~&. #TsTqy&T. yeTq, dTeTr X\T,
\T #bsT &. <[T\T | sT\T #<Te+{s&.
qq+H \ $e| w+> e+&y&T. $wjT+ +{, jT{
y<q\T #dy&T. <[T\qT +{ sy*+<q * bsT |THy&T.
q nqT 16 d+eseTT\ ejTdT 42 d+eseTT\ ejTdT ye{
+{ es+#&T. e k><T.
sTeSsT ne< e+& eT&T, H\T>T, nsTT<T s>T\T ePH
#~y&T. ue ~ sD+> y]H y[ @\sT, seT+& s +& #~y&T.
>+<\j\qT u> |j+#T= +<TL] MsX*+>+, \eT] \
qsd+V+, bqT>+{ \qsd+V+ >s\T ydq d+|Td+dsD\ >+<\T
#~y&T. Crj<e >] #q yTT<+~. >+B dd +< qH
jTq d>V esZ n+^]+# b j&T. >+B s&+s, ndX
ysD, dT+<sjT | |ue+ #bsTT. n|{ seT+& q fs]dT
+< jsT #dTH&T.
#<Te eT<dT e]+~. 1927, 28 d+es\ {|H V +<
Vd\T 9, 10, 11 s>T\T #~y&T. >+BJ |d\T, jT+> +&j
|, $yq+<, k$T seTrs, <j q+< dsd |d \T #~y&T. ke
se\ bZHy&T. e jTq duy\ |H<T\T.
deTH $TwH VwsD<eT+ bZH&T.
+&jT{ \j J #~y&T. J> X+& ydq sjT
nsXg+ >+<+ s sjT nsXd >+<\T, s> sT, HVA >+<\T
#~y&T.
s& yue+ 269
n+ \j u+usTT qT+& jTTeq d+|T+ |~> eq

V#Y.&. sC |]#jT + #dq eTdT |D[ dT+<sj T qT |u $+#d+ ~.
26-1-1930 us CrjT +>dt ysT @sT #dq |<e T k+~q+
}s+| $<] HjT&> |eTTKkq+ bZH&T. >+B {|\
mes se\< yTHyT+{ysT >+B{| w~+q|&T 500eT+~ $<sT\ qT
>+B {|\ rdT&T. e HjT \D.
q d>eT+ yeTq jT+ dV|+ uH\T @sT #X&T.
T+;\T, >eTdT\T es+#sT. sVsB yTT<\T |{&T. deq+
d+, <[T\ d+eT+ d+ \&& <[T\, X$T H qeT+
*+#&T. _{w y] es+> { #f CrjT C+& (n|{
+>dTysT rs+q C+&)\qT {&T . XdH\+|T q #dq+<T _{w ysT
dT |{sT. |&+~. 18 d+es\| ejTdT y& u\ HsdT\ C\T
|+bsT. sT y seT+& C\ T |+bsT. C\ T eTdT UB \ |]#jT +
@s&+~. u>Yd+> dV#sT&T eesqT *X&T. $&T<\ s ue e<
u+>TSsT y[ us eTdT <eT bs+u&q nMTsY V<sYUH
|]#jTyT+~. eTdT b V+#&T. dT+<sjT #s&T. eTdT
b #] k+ dT\T+& yT$T q u>+ d nq n$T jTq
&TqT eTdT b #&T.
1932 eTq nysT es+> >+B #dT q <eT+ X$T\
*d ]>&T.
1934 b +< $T{ duT> jT$T+#&&T b sjT+ |s+
+< +>dt kw*dT b s<] nj&T.
jTq| 1937, 38 s+s+ bdT | e+~. seT+& kw*dT
b du #dq |d+> eq dT 2 d+es\T |&+~. $&T<\
270 s& yue+
s bdT | e\q nC+ &T. 1941 es>y qT+& | +#T=

+< e#&T.
1942-43 u+usTT b +<&T. n& sVd +<+
qT *X&T. yT~ u+usTT(eTVsh) b$H. d+ u+ <.
eTdT b T++. <s #]+#T=, n+^]+#T= |+& #dT HsT.
<e\ +eT d+q+ e< ss TT+#T HsT. @ \eT eTdT
b sVd se\ #]+~.
sTe e+~. sTe |qT #s&T. ||+# jTT<q+s+ |Cy\Te
eTdT b y| eT[+~.
1946-51\ \+>D C+ es<eT+ bZ sT ||Tq
q&b&T. kjTT< bs+ #s&T #X&T.
m\ |s+ yTT<+~. jTq J$+ eTs= bs bsTT+~.
1952 bsyT+T m#sTT. +< qT+ 18 eT+~ bsyT+T
duT \T eTdT b s| q mH sT. bsy T +T |< q ||+ eTdT
bjT. dT+<sjTqT sdu (+< qT+&) mqTHsT. || HjT>
L& mqTHsT. du m.. >b\H || HjT&T. 19`5`1952q
=* |d+ >+ n<T+ > #X&T. HVQ <w &T. 28`5`1952q bsy T +T
&{ | |d+ +#&T. 16`7`1952q uc|jT T sc\T, +<s h+ @ss#\
nq~s _\T sdu |yX|{&T. 2`9`1953 uc | jTT sc\qT
es+q & _.sY. n+u<sYqT es+#&T. dTBs |d+>+ n+u<sY
y<q ydy \T e es+#&T. +< |<X V <su<T s< y\,
V+B CrjT uw y\ y~+#&T. $<X+> $<q+| +>dt| re+>
$sT#T|&&T. sT\ yT\Td+ $$< |b<q\T #X&T.

s& yue+ 271
bsyT+T d\T| bjT <sy~. d+, n+<T s&j,

|+# G #= (K<sT$) jTq d. n+<THy jTqqT e TdT >+B
nHys.
1955 +<|<X Xdqdu eT<+s m#sTT. b{#d >*#&T.
1955 qT+& 1967 es +<sh nd+; eTdT b Hj T&T.
|uT\ #eTT |{+#&T.
1953 eTdTb eT<Ts du b b*{s m &&T.
1962 #H jTT< deTjT+ nsdT&&T.
1964 b $&bsTTq|&T d.|. (e]dt) |<q s <] nsTT
1975 es b q&b&T. d.|..(e]dt) |<q s <] nsTTq y+H
nsdT &&T . 1976 $&T<\j&T. |C <e\ s s B |#X&T.
1978 e]k]> Xdqdu m 1983 es =qk>&T. 1982
b +<|<X XK s<]> |#y&T.
T , us @ \eT *d
#H <X+ b $T{ Vq+| dT+<sj
y&T.
19-5-1985q nHs>+ dT| ndTe\T uX&T.
dT+<sjT usrjT |\ eTqq\T b+<&T.
bsX\ $<] <XqT+& yeT| ueC\+ y|H H&T. n+sq+,
\$e\ | +{, M~ bs+ #d jT|&&T . dV |+ uH\T @sT
#X&T. <s eTdT. eTdT\ L& n+{ ysT+{s #|eTT.
b VfeTsY. yeT|+ e+& du z] |e]+q e. >+B
s&+s, dX<q, dd+ q#sTT dT+<sj T. J$eT+

272 s& yue+
nH >&b&T. H |eD\ |<eT k dT+<sjT. b ueC\+

nqTd]dTq+<Te\ s& nH \He |j+#T<jTq. s&C
jTq s& H eT k++>H u$dTq~.
#Tb\T qT\T #<+<T ]\q

mqT|>=&T b\<+ Ve
|<T>Ts&Te b{+| eTj
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 273
#+& |s&
qq+ : 1-7-1917
eTsD+ : 9-11-1984
|s& >] us jT\eT, esT\T: sXKss&, $jT yVHs&,
#+< XKss&.
|s& s\T y\T>&T >eT+ sT T++ +#&T. 16
ms\ e>D u$T>\ T++.
274 s& yue+
eT<dT ~+& d.|. +]+> #~y&T. jTTejTdT qT+&

|#\|* dT+<sjT kV+. uHsdt jTe]{ ]yT\ Hs&
kV+. +]+> #~y|&T $<], CrjT k+< eT+
bZH& yTHyT+{ ysT jTqqT Vw]+#sT. # <Te dd
#| |C<eT+ #s&T.
194651\ ]q \+>D kjTT< bs deTjT+ \T, d,
*<+&T\qT e<\T= eTVuq>sY |#jT{ y +&>
esZeT<+ nsdsTT C\T &T.
1952 k<sD m\ eT<dT sh Xdqdu q+~=sT
jes+Z qT+& eTdT b nu ]> +>dtb nu] eT<s T dTus& |
b{#d >*#&T. 1955 m\ . njT|s& | b{#d z&bj&T.
1958q njT|s& |H b{#d z&bj&T.
]yT\ Hs& *d ukeT es bs{\T #X&T.
1964 <X sD #+ +< nsdT & s +& $~+#& V <su<T
d+ C\T >&b&T. C\TqT d~j>+ #dT= || +# eTdT
<eT+ ` < |]DeT+ >+<+ sX&T. 1967 nC+ y&T.
1968 qT q$Tq $|e d<+ T& #sD |f+<T
d.|.myT $u~ + eTT\T>T n&$u |{&T . n|&T ]yT\ Hs&, <e\|*
y+fXsse, = y+jT, |s& @_bjT+> ysT. 1975 es
n&eH nC+> e+& bs+ q&b&T. jTq bs{ |{+~ |sT.
1975 d.|..(m+.m) +< $T{ duT& 1979 qs d
nj&T. 1980 | eTVdu |<q d nsTTH&T. \+>D $|e
ss\qT jsT #X&T. kjTT< $|y es+>, KeT+ b+ n&e\T

s& yue+ 275
nqTyqe n& kjTT< \>* jsT #X&T. es+>, KeT+, +q>sY,

sT><e] \ ~yd\qT dMT]+ y] V\ d+ <eT+ #X&T.
us eTdT <eT+ dw+q =~eT+~ e]dt dT d<+s\
|s& |eTTKT&T ` sdsDjTT&T.
T+ J$+ d+|> nqTu$+#<T. jTq J$+ <e
n+y T + ~. C| \+f db H T+u* |{+ #Ts n us jT\ eT
y<q e+ #d+~. y]<sT *d |s+ #d+~ 15 d+e s. yT~
nq+|s+ se=+& \ >&|< VsT. * <+&T\
LTsT. 30ms\ ysdTs\T. yT 17d+es\ ejTdT |s&
|+&s TT+~. XsT +>s+ dV |s e+~. ]yT\ Hs& d++<+
~s&T. yTL& usH <eT]D. |sp y]+{ 50eT+~ <
e#ysT. uH\T n&. |+&sTTq d+es Tb |{ \+>D
<e y&T. nC+ qT+& jT e sjT + <s |\ HjT+
#jT>\q m bZH&T. es q d, q us d, +>s+ n+
<eT+ ss+ ]bsTT+~.
<sT |\\T #<Te yqu&sT. sT &^ #~y&T. sjT
sTHsT. <sT =&T\T >eT \ V >$+#&s #TsT.
nC+H e+& 9-11-1984q \ >T+&y~ eTsD+qT
s &j #| q ys <s us jTq eTsD \TdTq~. H\sE\ s
b ss\ T nd \ T |+| s #XsT. jTq eTdT b nsTTH T+
eT]jTT y] +<T esZ d+|<jT+ b{+#sT. |dT + y\T>&T #+& |s &
|] d.|. q>sY |qTq y+|+ d|+ yd j TqqT |\T >TsT
#dT+THsT.

276 s& yue+
|s & eTsD+ $|y <eT+ Ms| TD sTT+~. |\ |H , e]dt

dt $|e d<+| nCjTX|q n#+#\ $Xd+ H jTT<H>
*q |s& \yTq $|eb ]+#yT <jT+ ~ s& q+ s+
|eVdTq s &C y] k< eT n+<s qe*+<. |C <eT+ nd \ T
$T*H #\TqqT=H C #+~q |s& <qT&T. jTqqT q s&C
<qTs\T.
5
|Ls jq+T sT#T\"
| +& |\eTT<T,
n|y"& jT~ d+|qT&T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 277
|<$uwDY
s$ HsjTDs&
qq+ : 5-6-1908 eTsD+ : 7-9-1991
qq+ : 5-6-1908
eTsD+ : 7-9-1991
HsjTDs& >] us d<$ (q]ds& LTsT). HsjT Ds& q\>=+&
uTeq] dMT|+ u|* 500 ms\ ukeT T++
+#&T. b<$T $< k+ }, e<$T $< uTeq], +sY
278 s& yue+
V<su<T C+ X\ #~y&T. X\ $<qT eT< |d

d+|T d+dsDy| <w eTs&T. 1928 +<e TVdu eek| s H &T.
23 d+eseTT\ ejTdT (1931) V]q dyd+| k| +#&T.
d+d |<q s<] < C+ <X+ sh y|+> 100 bsX\\T,
2 $<] ed >V\T k|+ q&b&T. ke HjT+ k~+#{
|jT +#&T. m\| & n&T >T esZ\ n+&> eH&T. ke se
bZH&T. $+T $yV\T, nsd e+{ ke n+X\| HsjTDs&
|#X&T.
@&e C+ MTsY kH UH jT+ b\q es <eT+
qH> |d<T&H&T. XjTk<q sjT+> es H +>dt,
sY.mdt.mdt., V+< eTVdu\ y] dVs+ b+~ bs&&T .
>+B |\T| k+<eT+ bZH&T. 1930H V<s u<T
d+kq+ <eT+ sV+#&T. 1934 >+B V <su<T V+#&T.
sw H kw*dT $|e +, X$Tq bs # q + HsjTDs& ]+#sTT.
jTTe\qT b>T#dT >*>&T. <ojT eTdT> |s=+<&T. +<e TVdu
u>+>H eTdT b @sT ]+~ C+<X+ . +>dt b yT yK ]
ne\+_+#+ L& sDyT.
1941, 1944 d+es\ ]q Ce+<eTVdu\ n<
eV+#&T. 1944 ny< ` $Ty< _s\T> b N*bsTT+~.
kjTT<bs+ <X k++ e#| bs+u+ y\ <X|&&T
HsjTDs&. yTC]{ duT\T es+#sT.
HsjTDs& Ms \+>Dy~>H +&{ w|&&T. $< +>
\+>D eTT<T_ & nsTTH&T. Ms \+>D bsT_& <=s! >Tb!
u+#H! nH y] <]+#{ HqH&T.
s& yue+ 279
|\ d+, deq d+ >\T #X&T. <THy&~ |<\ |+|D #dq <seT].
1947 k++ eq sT y V <su<T d+kq+ d+<X + >
=qk>TT+< C+ qyT C< V <su< nq|&T +<e TVdu kjTT<
bs{ |\T|+~. HsjTDs&, <+ ms&, eTK+ yTTVjTTBqT
bs |q| d+\T #XsT. <= #] ||TH<eT+. C+
bsT s k+~. \ ~ ms\T |< |\ +<e TVdu |+ |{+ ~.
<e HsjTDs& HjT+ eV+#&T. n|&T nsDyk
nCyk y&T. <T|] nsdj&T. 1951 us|uT e& e\q,
d #s |{+q+<Tq C+ +bsTTq+<Tq kjTT<bs+ eTTd+~.
HsjTDs& |s| $&T<H&T.
<X+ =* ks m\T |{+#&sTT. 1952 |<eT ks
m qZ+& du jesZ eTdT b nu]> +>dT nu ]|
b{#d s |<X HVQ eq yTC]{ +f me > *#&T. m
qZ+& n nd+; kH\T eTdT >\THsT. 1957 sh
Xdqdu, 1962 s+&ek] du mj&T.
HsjTDs& m|& q |<e \d+ |jT +#< T . q ks+ d+
|#jT<T. \+>D neTsMsT\ ks dT k|+ \+>D |\ $eTT
d+ bT|&&T. 1991 qT+& jTq |] ks CrjT VQeT |
@{ dTHsT.
1967 djT+> sjT $seT+ |{+ =y] #T#&T.
1968 \+>D deTsMsT\ d+dqT k|+ k+ MsT\ |qH\ =s
|jT+ d|T&H&T.
280 s& yue+
1978 +< $X$<\jT+ >se &sT eyT ||Ps

_sT<T d]++~. 1991 eTsD+#&T. n|{ HsjTDs &
M\THeqT sX&T. < qT eTsD+q|&T us >E|Pd rjTe\<,
qT<{ uT eqTe\< q] n yd, nsTTH me] d+ y]~
qT yT w |syT #jT e#Tq sX&T. eT]jTT q nd \ T m& >+>H
< @<H q~H \|e\<, qT &<q yqT &<qT q #qTH
#\eT, q #H q de~ eT yX&T. HsjTDs& eVsY
n+f w+. jTq |ue+ jTq MT< e+~ u\T <<| jTq eH
jTq M\THe ydTH&T.
1992 +<|uT+ HsjTDs& #dq de\qT, >\qT >T]+
|<$uwDY >s$++~.
HsjTDs& <s + kw*dT dek<q . |&T jTq <s\T, n;c\T,
eTq eTT+<THsTT. s& U \|+ |{ s&C u<.
5
|T |s<T |{ $&Tes<T
|fH$T _jT" e\jTT"
{ $&Tq" s>" #TyT\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 281
<+ ms&
qq+ : 1905
eTsD+ : 27-12-1978
ms& >sT +q>sY d]d\ \ >\|* +#&T. jTq
\+>D eTdT <eT s. eTdT b <s+ ]q \+>D
kjTT< >] bs eTTKj<T&T. ms& eVsY HVA >] kw*dT

282 s& yue+
uy\ ]T&H&T. 1930 k+ deTs+ XdH\+|Tq <eT+

H& d>V _s y[, d>V+ #d sT H\\T nqTu$+#&T.
+q>sY V]q de d+| n<\T> |#X&T . +q>sY
d]d\ e&b{ VqTeT+se |+T\T>] n<q 1941 ]q H\Ze
C+ sw +<eTVdu Vq d+|T s<]> |#X&T. <T|]
n<&H&T. s$ HsjTDs&, &.$.se >s\ kV#s +, esZ<s+
q&#&T.
1938 V<su<T d+kq+ bsd\ d+ ]q d>V +
bZ C\T&T.
1939 eTdT b du+ rdTH&T. \+>D eTdT b
$T{ s<]> |#X&T. C+ s+X b\qqT L\<jT& |\T
jTT<\T #|{ |uT jT++> <+d+ #j\ q |\T||
11`9`1947 q d+\T #dq eTT>T]Z jTH=&T . $T>ysT s$ HsjTD
s&, eTK+ yTTVjTTBH. H\T> |> nCyd+ e+& kjTT< >]
bs+ q&b&T. n+<T eT&T d+es\T C\T nqTu$+ 1951
&d+sT $&T<H&T.
1951 k<sD m\ +q>sY jes+Z qT+& du mH &T.
n|&T || &y{ |+{ nu]> |.$. qsd+V se| >*#&T. 1956
eTdT b d+ $T{ duT &H &T. $X+< sD w#d q y]
jTq eTTKT&T.
1958 k<sD m\ +<|<X Xdqdu T>Zs+ jesZ+
qT+& mH&T.
1964 qT+& 1970 es sdu duT\T> eHsT. eT< d.|..
qT+& d.|..(m+) y[ ] d.|.. e#&T.
s& yue+ 283
1972 +q>sY +<T] jes+Z qT+& +< |<X Xdqdu

mH&T.
2006 ms & jT+ y\ ms & +#T $>V +q>sY
n|{ +<|<X eTTUeT+ y.jTdt. sXKss& $w]+#sT.
X jT+ d+<s + > ms & \>q +q>sY k>T{ bC \
<T\T $&T<\ #jTT n|{ eTTKeT+ sjT+ rdT= ms& de\qT
>s$+#sT.
T bD\ + |C <eT+ e+&, | |uT+ |\
d+eT+ d+ |#dq |\TesT >eTsT\T s&\+ e+&+ >]+#<q
$wjT+.
5
nq"> qq"> s> eTXsTT\T#TqT+&T
~q"> ~q"> yeTT B| >\T>T
k<qeTTq" |qT\T deTLsT <sq
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

284 s& yue+
5
|qTysT +&|+&+T
\T] qT\\ qT+&T" <|
| qTysT eT | iT">sT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 285
>TE\ jT\eT+<s&
eTsD+ : 27-4-1997
jT\eT+<s& $<] J$+ qT+& eTdT d<+\ ]T& b

ss> | <eTHjT&H&T. key< es+> bs+
#X&T. ukeT es bs+ |& |\ $eTT L*<+&TqT

286 s& yue+
bs+_+#&T. L*<+&T |sT ed|qT bs+_+ sV+#&T.

C.mdt.sY. Xd >] dVs+ b+<&T.
n\ us UY eTpsY d+|T HjT&> je<s+ |s{+ <X+
|\T# eTpsY d+|\qT k|+|Cd ukeT es <e q&b&T.
deT> eekjT ] #+ #T w#X&T.
1962 |{ |X+ es|s+ bsyT+T jesZ+ qT+&
du mH&T. bsyT+T ]yD $|+#&T.
1964 eTdT b <eT+, eekjT ]<eT+ N*+~.
jT\eT+<s& eekjT ]<eT |q e+& >T+sT |<e&|P&
>eT+ eekjT ] eTVduqT sV+#sT. =u nqT ys|qT
bs+_+ d+b<&T> |#X&T.
jT\eT+<s& ]\ eekjT ]\ |q * y] nu>
J$\qT yTsT>T|s# |jT+, <eT+ q&| & = eTdT b
d<+\qT nqTd]+#bj&T.
n{ |<\ |b, sT s&. q J$ |<\ XjTdT n++
#X&T. n{ s& HjT s&C m\|&T >TsT+#Te\d+<.
5
q">\TZ | |\T qT+&">
z>T HseTT +#T H=sT\">+
#\eTT+T">+ + qqT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 287
qs s|Tes&
qq+ : 1924
eTsD+ : 9-4-2015
qs s|T es& >sT {\ eT+&\+ e{e T] >e #+~q qs eT\eT
` s+s&\ +#&T. |{q 11 sE\ * #bsTT+~. y] <s| +<T e
esTd |<Hq |+#TH+<T rdTsT. y]~ q T++. #<Te
| {#sTqT L& |{sT.
288 s& yue+
16 d+es\ ejTdT e#|{ |+q Hq, neT L& #bjsT.

] +& e< =#&T. +& eT |[ #dTH&T. de *, +& |X e\T
jT{ |+bsT. eTqdT w| & + ~. y eP]y #\eT+~ u+usTT,
dsY\ |qT eHsT. sE de * sbsTTq] qH eT+~.
n+ sbsTTqs V<su<T y[ n_& +<q eTV V |
~s&T. m sE\TH |\T &>yT J$e n jT= |dT\T+&
{{ +&H s u+usTT y&T. u+usTT q eP] =+|* seTDjT
yTdt | ~s&T. < > & C[ $T\T ]> H\ 13 sbjT\T
J+ | ~s&T. n|&T ejTdT 18 d+\T. n|&T VQ{ f&
jTjTH <s+ ]\T dyT ~>sT. n& qT+& nVeT<u<T
sY ns$+< $T\T #s&T. f& jTjTH <s ] deTd\| <eT+
y| q&b&T. k+ bs+, { +&j <eT+ e#sTT. ys+{ C
nsTT+~. ] d>eT+ e#&T. +& <sD sTy+~.
nC+ eq eTdt HjT\ |]#jTyT+~. b<s #T|
b++ |CdeTd\| bs+ ~>&T.
1952 se T |+&s TT+~. >eT deTd\| <w k]+#&T. jTTe*
L&>{&T. d+|T+ |{&T. #sTe |P& rXsT jTTe\T. b\ *
~>T&T\T k~+#sT.
sj |y+#&T. 1959 qT+& 1964 es ds+> (|{eT])
|#X&T. n< \+ Hs{|* HHu |]wT duT&T> mH&T.
1964 qe+sT eTdT b qT+& $&& e]dt by| &T.
kjTT<bs+ #dTH& |uT+ nsdT #d+~. 1966 es C\T J$+
>&b&T.
1967 qs kq+ qT+& myT> b{#jTeT b <++~.
b{ H>Z&T . deTjT+ >e\ s&T, $<TY ks\| <w |{ k~+#&T.
s& yue+ 289
1972 m b{#d z&bj&T. sTy 1978, 1983, 1984,

1989, 1994 m\ qs myT> esTd $j\T k~+#&T. d.|.myT.
Xdq du| H> |\TesT eeV]+#&T. {.&.|., +>dt |uT\
\=#y&T.
u\+ qT+ |CdeTd\| bs+ #X&T. <|& es+> |#X&T.
s|Tes& q |CJ$+ |\ VQeTTK de\+~+#&T. 1950
qT+ d.|.. b duT >, ss> , sT> n+<] dT|]T&. 1973
;;q>sY ` q&& s\TesZ $dsD <eT+ #X&T. |C d+|\T ]+#&T.
^ ] d+|T+ >sy<> m mC $<H, +{ |<
es+> <eT+ #X&T. >eTde\ d+| @sT #X&T. #H
]\ deTd\| bs&&T. | deTd\qT, |]cs\qT dTe> #s {
sT& H\T, Cq|< b\ |<sq*#&T.
|uT sb\ \T>TH s>\ |uT+| | T{&T.
nd+; \ \T>TH sTTe+& |uT \BX&T.
=+\+> w>sY y |] Hs{|* $TH dT| b+<T
bD\T $&#&T.
s|Tes& J$+ deC n<jTq+ #dy] bs>+<+ . jTq q
J$+ sEqT L& e< bjT<T . jTq Xj \T sjT s+>+
5
y] <sj\T.
qTeTT $i>H sTTsTeiT eTTeiT

jTTe#T" >eTeTT>qT
eTqdT $i>H eTi #ss<j
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

290 s& yue+
5
" i#<eT jTT\eT+<+sT
eT<T #fsT">sT <sqT qsT\T
eTT CsT#Ty"&T <e+T>&=
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 291
;$Ts& qsd+Vs&
qq+ : 1922 eTsD+ : 9-5-2008
qq+ : 1922
eTsD+ : 9-5-2008
\+>D sCs H~] kjTT< bs+ ]|q j<T&T ; $Ts&

qsd+ Vs & q\>=+& ]\ => &+ >eT+ 1922 d+ +#&T.
jTq +& s$Ts&, * #=eT.

292 s& yue+
q]+Vs & @ qsd+ Vs & eT+H. H\Ze bs+ qT+& ds| #~y&T. 1938
qZ+& #<Te e+<es <eT+ #] +<\T, Vs\ T #X&T. 10e
s> V<su<T #~y&T. >e\ ukeTT\ es+> eekjT
L\qT, |< s +> L&>& T Tq s$ HsjTDs&, <e\|* y+fX sse
sT|Tq eTdT b se\ | ]T&H&T . 1942, 1943, 1944
d+\ ]q C+ sw +<e TVdu\ bZH&T. +<e TVdu sesZ
$T{ duT&T> mH&T. eTdT uy\y| yTT>TZ #| b sD+
jo\ b bw+#&T. =* s+ eTdT eTTKHjT\ sH&T.
jTqqT eTdT HjT\+ _.mH nHysT. _.mH. <esT|\
>eT+ jTTe\ kjTT< De{ +< @sT #X&T.
ukeTT\qT, sCsqT m<Ts=y\+f kjTT< $|eyT >T esZeT q$T
<\qT @sT #dTH&T. _.mH. \+>D kjTT< bs+ yTT<{
Tb e n, jTqqT \+>D k> u$+#sT. _.mH., jTq <eTT
n+f sCsT bdT\T >&>&&ysT. jTq k<] eT\T ds+ jTq
n+&. 1947 b&T | <+&j _.mH. |< >T]+| +~. sCsT
_s\T @sT #dT s T \, |\\ , d\ <q eq bD\qT <#T+THs
*d 19`5`1948q es+> =&+& sCs _s+| kjTT< <&#d
=+<] eTTu{&T.
b\] ]q du sCsT bdT\ qT+& >{ || Tq m<Ts+~.
#* \eT \T, b\+| & T+duT\qT sCsT, ukeTT\T ={
|+qT <#T=bsTT |&T dT |{q|&T _.mH., q < duT\T b\]
bsTT \eT sD> * yT b\+ |+qT ] yT CssT. n|&T
bdT\T <XeTTU >+&\T _.mH.qT nsdT #d #|{ n\$> neeq+
#XsT.
s& yue+ 293
1946 _.mH. nC+ bsTT y{#] es+> s+< <q+

M edqT esd nH >e\ <e ]d, C+ kjTT<
>+&\ bdT <&T\qT esd jTTe\ kjTT< D #&T. T+>T ],
sT , HeTT\ >e\ sCs | kjTT< <&T\qT #X&T. sCs | <&T\
>] <\qT ]+#&T. <THy&< u$T se, u $T |+|+
se _.mH. <e\|* y+fX sse *d #|{ &T . <<| eT&Ty\
>e\ |~ \\ ms\ u $T \+>D |\T >eT $T{\ HjT +
kBq+ #dT= |+#THsT. <<| eT&Ty\ >e\ C+ |uT
d+ _+|Cd |CsC\qT k|+ #sT. C+ |uT +| sT>TuT #d eTT+<T
k>sT. #sTe |P&\ rd n~ VsT\qT k~+ #sT. jTjTH
dH\T L& |y+q+<Tq _.mH. dq+ nC b+\ #sTHsT.
20-10-1951q |#\|* dT+<sj
T , eH deeqjT>s\T _.mH.
#]+#+&H \+>D kjTT< bs $seTD sjT+ rdTHsT. B
_.mH. es+#&T. #s\T ]>sTT. =+\+ kjTT< bs $seTD
rdT= m\ |y+#sT.
\+>D kjTT< bs $seTDq+s+, _.mH. 1954 es nC+
e+& nsdT & 1957 m\ ds| Xdqdu mH&T. sTy
1967 L& Xdqdu mH&T. sTy eT&TksT $Ts\>&
jesZ+ qT+& bsyT+T eTdT b s|H mH&T. q\>=+&
eTdT b s<]>, s T d+|T + n< &T>, CrjT \eqsT\ ksTd+|T +
duT> |Cdy |see~> u$+ J$ ss+> ]+#sT.
eTdT b (e]dT) <[T\ HjT+ s>+ < u$+
b qT+& jT e k++> eTdt b @sT #dT= ] <
d.|..(jT+)H $q+ #d e] eTTw+ es eTdT>H eH&T.

294 s& yue+
_.mH. d+dsDy~> L& |d< T & T . $+Te ds |+& #dT H&T.

q k+ u$T |<\ |+#&T. TTe\+ bsj<T. <jT+
Xs K, eT\T ds+, dsd , X\es& <e\ HsT. \ T nqTu$ +#sT.
\+>D #] @&T <Xu\T _.mH. sV+q b nseTs+.
sT\T, u$T, eekjT L\T, _.mH. bD+. ukeTT\ udH
re+> es+#&T. C+ |uT, sCsqT, C+ bdT\qT m|&
m~]dH J$+#&T. u $T, uT d+ ]q \+>D s +> kjTT< bs+
||+#+ >]+#<>Z |< |CjTT<+.
s+&Te+<\ ms\ eT+<T\ + |{H uk$T eed qT+,
y{qT+ deC $eTT+ #jT{ Tb |{ n>u>q *q _.mH.
sjT d], bs d], s&+s, ks Jeq+, n+ ue+ H{
s esZ<s+.
{ s&j<T #] dTess\ *+#e\d+<.
5
#+|"<qjT{ XTe q#"
H &T djTs<T
bd"> yT\T#d beTqTf #\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 295
ds b|s&
qq+ : 10-9-1929
eTsD+ : 28-2-2007
ds b|s & >]~ |X+ y*>+& eT+&\+, dsy]b+ >eT+.

+& e\=+&jT, * =+&eT. us dseeT. b|s& +& y*>+&
1937 V+< msTT&& b<$T bsX\ H\=* n+<T V&edsT>

296 s& yue+
=H, >eT+ bdt eds T > =H, >eT eTTqdT> =H |#X&T.

qT y*>+& ds|&sT. b|s& <sT k<sT\T, <sT k<eTDT\THsT.
n+<] |<y&T b|s&.
b|s& 1939 m*yT+ d\T $<, 1942 qT+& ] Vd\T
$<, 1945 mdt.mdt.m.d. 1947 H\sT $.sY. $< (jT|.t m.),
sTy eT<dT +]+> #~y&T.
qq+ qT+& yeT| ueC\+ e+&, $<]> eq sE eTdT
HjT\, d+|\ |]#j\T * 1945 eTdT b du+
rdTH&T.
eTdT b se jTq #d Xk\T. >TE\ jT\eT+<
s&, m.. >b\H, |#\|* dT+<sjT e>s |<\ |]#j\T *>sTT.
m\ eTdT b nusT\ |#s+ #X&T. jTTe\, |<|\
*d <e\T #X&T. |P& eed| bs+ #X&T.
eTdt b N*q s d.|..(jTyT) #+~ <e\T #X&T.
|X+ d.|..(jTyT) df]jT{ duT&H&T. ] \T $T{
duT&H&T. | d+&qT b d+ y+#&T. >e\ n esZ\ |\
d+#]+#&T. eTTK+> jTTe\T, sT\T. eT+ bdT\T, nsdT\T,
s+<\T, C\TJ$+ nqTu$+#&T. bd+ |sq\T, bs{\T #X&T.
b d+|<j\ |syT 7`8`1952q $yV+ #dTH&T .
1962 <jT ] Xdqdu jes+Z qT+&, 1967 ] Xdqdu
jesZ+ qT+& eTdT b nu]> nd+; b{#d z&bj&T.
n\T|sT> | eTyTyT y] u<\ T |+#TH&T. 1972 ] Xdqdu
jes+Z qT+& d+T&T> b{#d > *#&T. n|{ b+rjT sj \

s& yue+ 297
#s nedsyT+~. 1978 es jT+.m.m.> |#X&T. j m\

d+<s\ \T | $T> d yTT+ ] bsTT+~.
XdqduT&T eTT+<Tq, sTy L& c \ d+, y\T>=+&
bC d+, es|s+, +u+, ], b~* ~s |<X\ >TsT,
k>T{d+ <eT+ #X&T. |, b> s T \ u<\ | |uT \qT |+#&T.
jT+.m.m.> q k+| @MT<T . deTjT+ ] sY.{.d.
dT &b #&T. yb&T ]sjTsY +< nHjTT u eTT\y] n|s<+
+& jTT ueTT\ e k>T]|+#&T. ePsT s&T |qT\T, yTqsY
]>wH |qT\T, <[T\ ueTT\ |{\ |qT\T #|{&T. _.d. eT]jTT jTdt.d.
d+eT $T{\ duT&T> #X&T. n_e~ d+d du T> |uT+| sT\T,
L\ d+e e& k~+#&T.
XdqduT > q e# |qHq T L& bd+ >+ #X&T. +>\T
dT+<sj
T ue q+ |n +dT sD k+& T $j+#&T.
b @<H >+ q $<q+. d, &T, \+, s>+ n+{ |\d+
$j+#&T. d+| jTq <q +. n+<T jTq s & q+ |D |#Tq
e> >se eTs<\T b+<&T. jTq |\ eTw. s& eTw.
5
e& H] eTqdT s\"Cd
|s>" _jTeTT #| &\q
H=]# keTT\s e#TH
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

298 s& yue+
5
y#" >dT Md+ _
y+"~sT>Ty"& yiy&T
|* q & |*q |\TH
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 299
_.$. dTus&
qq+ : 4-7-1903
eTsD+ : 7-6-1974
dTus& >] |P]|sT u\es| y+ dTus&. s \T sTT\+
sT T++ +#&T.
1926 eT|+ HT _.m. #~y&T. eT<dT $X$<
\jT+ _.m. #~$ q+<\ HjTy< e bs+_+#&T.
300 s& yue+
1938 yTT<{k], 1949 s+&ek] s\T usT #sH> #d

| eT+|sT #TH&T. sT |b> sT\ nuT<j X$T+#&T.
1941 e d>V + bZ, sTH\\T C\ T q qTu$ +#&T. 1942
{ +&j <eT+ bZ eT&T d+es\T C\T J$+ +CePsT
C\T nqTu$+#&T.
1955 sjT sD\ +>dt HjT\ $u~+ +>dT b
sJHe #d d+ nu]> m\ b{#d >*#&T. <T|] +>dT
d+d | n_eq+ >+&, m\ |* \T s|+q |\T& \+e\ >+&
eTs\ +>dT e#&T.
1962 sTT\+ jes+Z qT+& +>dt b nu ]> Xdqdu
m +<|<X nd+; dsT> m &&T.
1967 eTs=k] sTT\+ qT+& Xdqdu m eTs\ nd+;
dsT> m &&T. s+&ek] dsT> m& e dTus&>s.
XdqduqT VQ+<> q&|q dsT> |sT #THsT. Xdqdu
ys+<sT du >se eTs<\qT, $<T \qT >s$+#*+<q+{&T. 1970 E
eT+T\T Xdqdu de<H\T deT]+#+ C|+ #dTq+<Tq sdq>
dsT |<$ sJHe #XsT.
1965 eT]jTT 1968 bsy T + |~esZ duT \T> sc y&T.
1970 \+&H eTH bsy T + nkdjT wH du b< + eV+#&T.
1971 |.$. qsd+ Vse eTTKeT+>qTq \+ |eTTKeT+>
|#X&T.
1972 C +< <eT+ +<s w s#sD d$T n< > <e
q&b&T. eTT deTd| |eTTKeT+ |<$ sJHe #X&T.

s& yue+ 301
1973 \>+ y+>s e eTTKeT+> eq \+ | eTTKeT+>

|#XsT. <Ts<weXT |<M sVD \+H |seT|~+#&T.
dTus& yqT{ s + k+j <T &T. _eq+, n+] B jTq
k] \D\T. CsTTr jTq eH q \D\T.
w+ sjTH> s& ] q sjT HjT&T. sw
HjT\T |T q+> y\]+#sT. s \T b+ |\T jTq +#T $>V
sTT\+ k|+ eT |eTqT #THsT.
5
yq ]jTq e#TqT eT+T
yq >T]dH ei< biT
ei< ie s+&T esTd HiT>T&
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

302 s& yue+
5
|{q qT\ u$T qT+&q
TH >+T | <|&T
jTeTT qsT>T#T qT+<TsT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 303
su\ <Xs<s$Ts&
qq+ : 30-11-1907
eTsD+ : 9-6-2005
<Xs< s$Ts&~ H\sT e*. eT<dT $X$<\jT+ qT+& _.m.
&^, uHsdt $X$<\jT+ qT+& m.m._. &^ b+<&T. =+\+
jTsT> bdT #X&T. 1940 k+<eT d>V + bZq+<T
C\T nqTu$+#&T. 1941`1951 \+ |_ bdLsT> |#X&T.

304 s& yue+
jTq yTT<{k]> 1960 H\sT e* jesZ+ qT+&

|m Xdqdu mj&T.
1962 H\sT ePsT jesZ+ qT+&, 1972 H\sT
n\sT jesZ+ qT+& XdqduT> mH&T.
196770d+\ e* jesZ+ qT+& du duT> m
|#XsT.
<Xs<s$Ts& 28-1-1975q +<|<X Xdqdu dsT > @ê+>
m 14-3-1978 es |<$ |#d duT\+<] s seT\+
#X&T. jTq Vj+ yTT<{k]> nqTd esZeTT\ $T{, yqT&q
s>T\ d+eT $T{, $T{\qT @sT #XsT.
jTq nH |<e \qT sV+#&T. sh s& syD n<]{ nq~s
duT> <T d+es\T |#XsT. +&j `|s{y n&d{y
]bsT $T{ b<>, eT<dT d{ `|s{y u+ n<\T>, &d
`|s{y u+ n<\T>, +< `|s{y u+ n<\T>, d
+< b+> n+& &e\|tyT+{ $T{ n<\T> |#XsT.
dsT>, dsT>, -|s{y kd{\ yTHyT+{q |]|Ps
J$ >&| 9-6-2005q dsZdTHsT.
s&C esZ<s&q s& >] m\|& | e+# Te\dq<.
5
yq s&jTTqT uD+T b&
q"& <<+ |TqTq
>q"&q MT"< >* jTT q&#Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
s& yue+ 305
|&\ s+>s&
qq+ : 9-11-1917
eTsD+ : 1-7-1991
s+>s& |X+ s#s eT+&\+ nqTeT\M&T #+~qy&T. +&
y+>s&, * |#eT, eekjT<sT\ T++.
1937 =|+ +>dt b kw*dT $u>+ H+ ]q
sjT bsX\ D b+<&T. 1939 <\sT e d>V+
306 s& yue+
bZ sT H\\T C\T nqTu$+#&T. 1940 s\T +>dt

|<q s<] nj&T. 1941 s\T +>dt n<&H&T. 1942
{ +&j <eT+ bZ eT&T d+es\T C\T nqTu$+#&T.
1948 eT<dT sh XdqduT> mj&T.
1952 eT& eT<dT sh Xdqdu +u+ jesZ+ qT+&
mj &T. 1952`1955, 1955`1962 \+ XdqduT > m &&T .
$X+< @s&H s+>s& +< |<X sh +>dt $T{ =* n< &H &T.
1960 d+JejT eT+es+Z de#s eT]jTT |D[ XUeT\T>
H&T.
1966 s\T k d+d\ sT|q @ê+> jT+.jT.d.>
mqTu&&T.
1968`1972 es XdqeT+&* n<&T> |#X&T. 1972`1974
es Xdqdu dsT> |#X&T. +<|<X s+&T du\ (Xdqdu,
XdqeT+&*) n< &T> |#dq @ e. 1974`1978 sh ] XUeT+>
| #X&T.
1970 <X + e] qb $s $+q|&T qb #] 1978
<\ sT jes+Z qT+& qb s| q XdqduT &T> mH &T. 1983
Xdqdu b{#d \T>T<X+ # z&bj&T.
1985 Xdqdu d+ nu ]> b{#d > *#&T. s \T>T<X+
b #s&T.
1`7`1991q dsZdTH&T. sTy jTq &\T \T>T<X + b
XdqduTs+~. |\T $<d+d\T sV+ $<s+> <V<+ #X&T.
CsTTr, H q e T& +&T \TyT k.
s& <s+ k+#T=q s&.
s& yue+ 307
n>s\ Xss&
qq+ : 1.7.1934
Xss & s T sT| Ty+ +#&T. eT<dT wj

T H
qT+& &^ b+<&T. eT<dT |d& &T jTyT.m. #X&T.
eT<dT jT.jT._., |V#Y.&. #X&T.

308 s& yue+
1967, 1978 sT sT| Xdqdu jesZ+ qT+&

jT+.jT.m.> mH&T.
1978-1983 Xdqdu \+ 7-9-1982q Xdqdu dsT>
mH&T. 16-1-1983 es dsT> |#X&T.
1980-1981 eT<\+ |uT d+d\ $T{ n<> |#X&T.
1981-1982 eT<\+ &|P{ dsT < n\, $Xc~s\ $T{\
n<> |#X&T.
*+&j b*{ dqT nkwjTwH ydt |d&+{>, ..|.m.
mL{y k+&+> $T{ duT>, e&uw nq+XjTq+ Hd{
n< \T> |#XsT. mdt.$. jTe]{ d+& { duT >, +< |<X n\s
jTe]{ yTHyT+{ usT duT> |#XsT.
jTTHf& +>&yT, jTs|t, sc, #H, nyT] <X\ |s{+ |sT
>+#&T.
s& C n\+sbjTT&T >ss&T.
5
m #T ] jTbT |&qqT
n+jT X y+" ~sT>T
u$T =q uT\T =
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 309
+<T\ zT\ s&
qq+ : 7-7-1910
eTsD+ :3-1-1993
zT\s& >] +& Hs&, * #qeT, us > . esT\T H>sTq s &,

VsesHs&, |uTesHs&.

310 s& yue+
zT\s& >]~ *+>|s+ >eT+ |{ +u+ \, s\T.

sTy |X+ #]+~. +& Hs& Vj+ 1200 ms\ d<+,
60 \ m<T\T, 3000 >=s\T, 1000 e\T *q yT] sT T++.
>e d+s+ q T++. Hs& s deTjT+ >eTeT+ ] n+<s
uH\T #Xs ||& qT uq+ #dy& |r. *+>| s+ >eT+
+<T\ y] d ]+#&T. n+<T e# n~, nu>T\+<] uq+
|fysT. Hs& 100 |<| +\ s qT+& <q+ <q+ #dq <=& s&
T++> |sT>+#&T.
zT\s& b<$T $\T, +u+\ ]+~. Vd\T $<
Vd\T`s\T, $< \j #s&T.
jeq+ ysT k+<eT+ d++<\THjT jTqT |+|+#XsT.
#s mH.. s+> d\V| eT<q|* _.{. _.m. # ~y&T.
1920 b++H u\>+><s \, sTy >+B |Hk\
]T&H&T. sEH 1930-33\ ndVj<eT+ bZ C\T&T.
d<o <eT+ bZ K<s T bs+_+#&T. mH.. s+> nqT#sT & 1934
&Tu\T s+> bs+_+q s+> $<\j |b nj&T. |~s&
es&, $jT udss &, &| seTdTeT W/o {s &, =DC{ sXjT ,
>T \#q e>s\T zT\s& nqT#sT\T> e+&ysT. u| \
&T|\b&T eekjT $<\jT+ s, s jTH. s+>>] <s+ sT
sD j #|{&T. 1936 sh kH +>dt n<& H&T. 1936-37
sT\ yd$ D _s\T sV+#&T. 1940 bjTb+ #sTeqT
]+#&T.
1939 s\T usT duT&H&T. 1939-41 s\T +>dt
$T{ n< &H &T. k+<eT+ #TsT> bZH&T. 10-2-1943 qT+&
4-7-1945 es y\sT, +CePsT C &fq> eH&T.
s& yue+ 311
1946-51\ |<X +>dt $T{ qs d> deTse+ +>

|#X&T.
1948 V<su<T d+kq+ us<X+ $q+ #jT{ e\ujYT
|f e< qbT eT] #Hs&, .$.s+>s& >s qT rdT= &*>wH
y&T. |f dV+> e+&y&T.
nsTT 1951 mH.. s+> k|+ q wsY b n< & 1953
b +>dt $qyTq|&T uy& >b\s& eT+esZ+ #] eekjT+,
n&e\T, |Xd+|< XK\ eT+> |#d sT d+eT+ d+ |\T se\T
#|{ sT\ qT+& |\] ed\T #jTT |< s<T #X&T. deTjT+ ueq+
y+{$Ts& (<T|] eTTKeT+) zT\s& >] e< |.m.> |#X&T.
zT\s& |&yT |sY nkdjTwH n<& |u T+ qT+& k+
j<T\ se\dq >T]+|qT, beTTKqT d+b~+#&T.
+ mH.. s+> 1957 d+ b bs+_+#&T. ~ qT+&
mH.. s+> nqT#sT&T> q+<Tq jTq <+ b s<]
nsTTH&T. es|s+ jesZ+ qT+& Xdqdu mH&T.
1962 d+ b +>dT $qyT+ ~. +>dT b s| q es|s+
jes+Z qT+& s +&ek] XdqduT > mj &T. 1963`64 mdy T {
$T{ #sH> jT$T+#&&T.
1964-71 \+ +<|<X n\s jTe]{ (sC+< q>sY)
eek| n<&T> |#X&T.
1972 jTs>=+&b+ jesZ+ qT+& +>dt b nu]>
Xdqdu mH&T.

312 s& yue+
1978 +u+ jesZ+ qT+& +>dt b nu]> Xdqdu

m #Hs& eT+esZ+ eT<sV { bsT<\ XUeT+> | #X&T.
] eTs\ 1980 {. n+jT eT+esZ+ eT+> |#X&T.
1982-83 m.|.jTdt.sY.{.d #sH> |#d 1983 sjT J$
$seTD #X&T.
jTq m|& @< |d+ #<Te e+&y&T. k$T $yq+<,
k$T seTrs, ns$+<T&T s#q\T, uT\T u> #~y&T.
@&T <Xu\ \+ H{ |X+ |eT b+ (n|{ s\T
L&) eTTKHjT T++ zT\s&>]~.
3-1-1993 dsZdT\T > +<sheT+ |Tq+> y\]++~.
>MTD us+ zT\s& s\ y+#. s T es+Z jTq bD+. s T de
jTq <>+. +<T\ zT\s& |\ eTw. ysdT&T H>sTqs& +&
|sTqT \u{q XdqduT&T.
zT\s& s T , eekjT s+> #dq deqT |uT + >T]+ |X+
>T+&eT ]sjTsY bCqT zT\s& >] ++ #d jTq |sT |{sT.
5
eTT <|y HyT jTT e
\ yTT &|e\jTT
$jTT" &eTT <| $sT =\"&
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 313
|~s& es&
qq+ : 24-11-1914
eTsD+ : 12-1-1990
sTu+<e&T |~s& es& sT yjT&T \ NH|*

>eT+ eT<s> sTT++ +#&T.

314 s& yue+
$<] <X sjT\deT $<] d+| n<&T> m jTTeq

<e ]+#&T. eT<q|* ~eCq X\ #~$, eT<dT $X$<\jT+
|u<T&j&T.
1936 qT+# jo\ sj\ bZH&T. 1940 +<sw sT
d+|T+ n<&H&T. 1942 { +&j <eT+ nsd sTT s+& C\T
J$+ nqTu$+#&T.
jTq #s s+>>] nqTjjTT&T. yd$ bsX\\T H\=*| sT\T,
jTTe\ sjT D s>T\T sV+#&T. 1938 eT<q|*qT,
1941 #qsTqT, 1947 sT qT yd$ bsX\\T sV+
e+<~ jTTes\ sjT D#&T. sT sT L d+|
@ss y] Jeq d>T\ esZ<s\T #b&T.
sT b<jT d+| n<\T> m b< jT deTd\|
<w|{&T.
| |#T sD L& #X&T. yD \T>T ys| jTq d+b< +
y\Te&+~. 1936 s T He[ |qT k|+ #&T. 1930H yV |
u<qT |+&s<T\ H>Xsse *d sV+#&T.
1952 eT<dT XdqduT\T> mH&T. 1953 +<sw sD+
s +>T] |X+ |+T\T>] eT+esZ+ eekjTXU eT+>
|#X&T. +<|<X sD+ sTy \+ d+Jes& eT+esZ+ |#X&T.
1961 $<o |sq ]| bX<X\ eekjT |<T\| n<jTq+
#X&T.
1962 yjT&T jesZ+ qT+& nd+; b{#d |sj T+
b+<&T. 1967 eTs\ n< jesZ+ qT+& b{#d |< yTC]{
>\Tb+<&T.
s& yue+ 315
1962 qT+& 1964 es sw UB usT n<> |#X&T.

1967 qT+ dT Vq+<s & eT+es+Z duT &T> eH&T. sT y
|.$. qsd+Vse eT+esZ+q |#X&T.
1964 +< |<X +>dt $T{ n< & +>dt d+dq T |{w + #jT {
|jT+ #X&T.
us sT deK Bs\+ b<\T> eH&T.
+<|<X k+ deTsj<T\ d+| n<&T > |#X&T.
es& sTu+<e&T. us k+<eT+ b++ qT+&
|< qb eV+#&T. >+B Xj \T, d<+\ |u $T CrjT <eT+
bZH&T. >+<jT sD se\ bZ, >e_e~, sT d+eT+
|see~> w#X&T. y<q >\ V~, #q >\ eTqd T, #sD eT
sB, s T ke $T+q b keT+ < \Tq we\T&T es&.
b]X$T s+>+ysT #<X e+&, >MTD b+\ysT n<eTksTT
e+& <Tss J$+ >&T| kw*+ n|+#T< qT |#dq
eTTKeT+T\+<] sK+&> #b&T. sT dVs<eT+ e~ #+<\+f
ybs ds[ =qk>\ d<+ s|D #X&T.
{ sT s& - s& sT n+<] u+<e& #|e\d+ <.
5
s eT~yTq >& be>s<T
<ssE < >#
>+uT" Cd" >{ <e+T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

316 s& yue+
5
|& k#TqT eTT+ujT
& qT " >*d"
u|>\TZ# |\yT\ |s
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 317
m.d. dTus&
qq+ : 17-3-1906
eTsD+ : 20-9-1967
dTus& >] +& dTs$Ts&, * HsjTDeT, us nq|Ps. dTus&

>] #<Te eT<dT |jT| . 1927 $< e<* sjT |yX+
#X&T. k+<eT+ eTTeTs+> sT>TTq sE\T.

318 s& yue+
1936-60 H\sT eTTd| #sH> |#d |\ yT|qT b+<&T.

1934-40 \+ H\sT |s{y d+ u+ &ssT> #X&T.
{ +&j <eT+ bZ C\T nqTu$+#&T.
1955 Xdqdu mH &T. 1957`60 sTeT\ sT| <ekq+ usT
#sH> |#X&T.
1960 d+JejT eT+esZ+ |]XeT\ XUeT\T> =~\+ #d
sjT sD\| sJHe #jTe\d e+~.
1962 s|PsT jesZ+ qT+& Xdqdu mH&T. d+ Jes&
eT+esZ+ |_esY, $<T# XK\qT sV+#&T. <T|] Vq+<s&
eT+esZ+ |#X&T.
+>\T >T+&eTq~ qT+& >TsT |+#&T. H{ n~ |#dH
q~.
|qT+ Cs& HjT&T <T. ksTT qT+& k+\+ m~q
HjT&T. q Hk{. me] +> e. sT>TuT + >\ e.
d+V|] d+V+ n Vq+<s&# =j&&&T.
e]> +eT+> |eD+ #dq |{ qT+& qsT y~ u<|& T H
eH&T. eT<dT dT| e] Xd $&#&T. H\sT | \T +#T
m<Ts+~. eTqT&q |, rjTT, n>HjT ndeTj H\sT
$\|++~. nH<Ts, eTsC H&sY, d+Jes&, _.$.dTus&, >={b{
VjT, y+s+ e>s |<\+<s |Tq+> y\]+#sT.
m.d. >syTsT> e. uw+ <T. eT, zsT, W<s +, |s+
sjT+, s\+, w\w+ jTq dT\T. qTH jTq e+o\T |{
sj HsT.
s& C eTsTes eTw m.d. dTus&.

s& yue+ 319
s=+& Hs|s&
qq+ : 29-8-1922
eTsD+ : 26-3-2009
Hs|s& >] +& dTus&, * <eT us dseeT, esT\T

y+{~s&, eeTVXss&, es\T $jT, |MT\, eT+E\.

320 s& yue+
Hs|s &~ |X+ |+~|* >eT+. d+|q s T T++. ~qT+&

sjT T++ L&qT.
+& dTus& +>\T usT yT+sT> |Cde #X&T.
Hs|s& m*yT+ $< u|, Vd\T $< |<q+~b&T, Ns\
nud+#&T. Vd\T $< <XH yeT| ueC ]T& q {
y] L& |u $+ #d sV d MT{+>T\T ydT = $|e ` eTdT uy\qT
n\es#TH&T. \eT\ es+> +&y&T.
1937 | #<Te\ dd #| eTdT b sVd MT{+>T\ y[
+{ sbe+ *<+&T\qT \es|{+~. ysT dVT\ <s, +<Te\
<s #<Te yeT #|+#sT. $q<T. +{ qT+& uyTT\qT rdT=
y[ $|e kV+ eTT~+|+ |+ |fy&T.
n$ k+<eT+ < +> k>TTq sE\T. |\qT +>j T bdT<+
V+d\T |&TTHsT. C |&TTHsT. d+<s\T eTdT\qT L&
\es|s#sTT. Hs|s& L& \es|{sTT.
+& dTus&, Hs|s & $wjT + #s mH.. s+> #b&T. s+>>sT
k+<eT d+<s+ |+~|* eq|&T, Hs|s& |*|+#T= q
rdT=y[ eTdT uy\ qT+& es |jT+ #X&T. d|eTj&T.
+>dT HjT\T HVA, eTsC H&sY, sC+<|k< +{ eTs+ eT+~
HjT\ *d ]> neX+ *+#&T #s s+>. 1947 sTy #s
s+> eT+> eq|&T = |uT sb\ >] \TdTH&T.
14-6-1951 +>\T #sTe #sTe =eTTb+ yd dseeTqT
$yV+ #dTH&T. sj\H e+ +<sc<eT+ bZH&T.
1957 bsy T +T ks m\ +>\T jes+Z qT+& eTdT
HjT&T e<\ HsjTDk$T| bsyT+T duT> +>dt b s|q
s& yue+ 321
b{#d > *#&T. n|{ qT+& jTqqT jT+> sY n n+T+&y HjT\T.

dT Vq+<s & >] dVT&H &T. H>sTq k>sY ]+|Cj
T T |jT \
eTT+<T+& dT Vq+<s&, s HjT\ eT+H\T ]|y&T.
bsyT+T duT> q b qT s]+#&T.
sTy >T+sT +>dt n<> m+|H&T. q <s+
m..d.d. eTVdu\T >T+sT ~jT+> ]|+#&T.
1967 dTVq+<s & >] eT+es+Z eT< sV {bsT<\ eT+>
#X&T.
\>+ y+>se>] eT+esZ+ |+#sTTrsC, >qT\ XUeT+>
|#X&T.
dT Vq+<s&>sT eTTKeT+>qTq deTjT+ = \ @sT
|b<q eq|&T >T+sT - H\sT - s \T \ yqT& b+\qT
*| @K+&+> eq b+ 1970 +>\T > #jTT, <
sTy 1972 |X+ |+T\T>] |sT |T w#d Hs|s& >s
k~+ |< nsTTH&T. n+<T qeT+ |<$ d+ |D+> |{&T.
2-2-1970q +>\T +<+> |X+ $s$++~. +>\T |D
n_e~, n_e~ |D[\T jsT #sTT+#&T. |u T+ qT+& &TqT
|+#&T.
Hs|s& >=| kV_w. 1971 +>\T s#sTT\ eTVdu\T
>=|> ]|+#&T. |{ Cq|sY nysT >V & d. HsjTDs& >]
>+&|+&seTTqT VQ]+#&T. +<eT+ .$. s|TTH< s&, q+~ X~
~sT\qT L& V+ du\T ~jT+ #X&T.
26-3-2009q |seT|~+#&T. b+| s& |\ rs T.

322 s& yue+
5
m #T ] jTbT |&qqT
n+jT X y+" ~sT>T
u$T =q uT\T =
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 323
@sdT njT|s&
qq+ : 1-1-1924
njT|s& >sT s\T >\ ~>se\ nH q>eT+ @sdT

sT|+s& >] +#sT. ukeT T++. sjT T++. q|{
qT+& *$>\y&T. #<Te+f w+. nK+&yTq C|X|s T&T.

324 s& yue+
s\T eTTd| Vd\T jTdt.jTdt.jT.d., es #~y&T.

|dT e#&T. +&jT{, _.m. nq+|s+ #~y&T. dT m|&
yTT<{y&. sT eT<dT #~y&T. &d+H bd j&T.
<sYbs+ qT+ sj\+f d> e+&y&T. $<] Hj T&>
sj bZH&T. >+B>] |Hk\ ]T&H&T . 1942 {
+&j <eT+ bZ C\T&T.
1946 HjTy~ |{ |#T= s\T sT bdT yTT<\T
|{&T.
1947 eeT $yVyT+~. yT n$<\ dVs+ n+~++~.
1955 +>dt s|q kw*dT b sV+#&T. |X + eT+esZ+
|&bsTT+~. |m#sTT. s\T q+~=sT j esZ+
qT+& +>dt nu]> |eTTK eTdt H #+& | s&| b{#d >*#&T.
n|&T njT|s& ejTdT 32 d+es\T. uy& >b\s&, \+ d+Jes&,
y+{e e>s VeVMT\Tq deTjTeT~. >e\ |s{+ |C
deTd\| me X< #b&T.
1-11-1956 yTT<{ +<|<X |uT \+ d+Jes& eTTKeT+.
njT<es Xsse dsT. n|&T |uT+ s| q >essY ywH |t
<+ eTy #d+{ >=| n<w+ b+<&T.
1962 eT #+& |s & z&+ +< |<X Xdqdu mH &T. q
jesZ+ $<TY, s&T, d, syD ks\T #&T. njT|s&
eVsY HVA |bT&T. 1956, 1962 m\ |#s HVA
q jesZ e |#s+ #X&T.
lX\ + bC d+ nVsV + |#d 1963 HVA>] |* X+k|q
#sTT+q y] eTTKT&T.
s& yue+ 325
1967 m\ z&bsTT 1972 ] @ê+> mH&T. n|&T

|.$. qsd+ Vse>sT eTTKeT+. | +< <eT+ e+~. |.$. |uT
~+ sw| b\q |{sT . n|&T njT|s & eT] |~eT+~ HjT\qT \T|=
& bsTT +<q T $&BjTT< , |< qeT+ +~s>+B, sw| $.$.],
V+ eT+ BY>] *d nqTL\yTq e rdTHsT. +& eH
+~s>+B L& njT|s& w&T.
\>+ y+>se Vj+ sjT\deT d+ jTq <H eT
+~s>+B <>Zs[ \T>T>+>, lX\+ sT k~+#sT.
1978 +~s>+B meTs $~+ HjT jT|wt HsjTDqT
nsdT #jT{ dV+# +>dT sJHe #d q b #s&T.
1980 eT +>dt s|q b{#d >*#&T. n+jT eT+esZ+
HjTXK eT+ nj&T. n|&T > msTT&, n<\Y, E&wjT
&MT\qT =*> @sT #X&T. |\+<] Hj #sTe#j \ jTq
]. HjTb\q esT\T eTqq\T b+<&T.
sTy +>dt b b&\T $| #ssTT. mH.{. sese
yTC]{ eH nHjT+> ~+|jT+ #d eT +>dT sJHe sTT#&T.
1985 mH.{.sY. ]| bsyT+T m {.&.| nu]> b{#d
>*#&T. n\ us |_ n+{ $T{ #sH nj&T. n|&T sJy>+B
|]#jTyT+~.
>qT @$<+ > d+d]+# y~ eeT sJy>+B s> d+dsD\T
jsT#d sTT#&T. mH.{.sY. <seTj&T.
1994 qT+& 2001 es sY._.. &ssT> H&T.

326 s& yue+
njT|s & |qyT jTqqT sj \ #d+ ~. @ || HjT&

jTqqT m|& $eT]+# >=| sjT J$+ jTq~.
sj\T, de+ ]>q #&bjsTT. $dT>T #+<& T.
njT|s& kV_w eq~. =dsE s|TejT #<] =+&M{
yu e + nH |d sd jTq +$ T#&T. jTsT> jTqq nqTue +
>+<\T sX&T. y{ +&T d*+>T #+ | ydq |d + , HjTy<T\,
HjTeTsT\ VQ |#s+ b+~+~. HjTy~>, $Tq HjTy~>
eT+|sT d+b~+#sT. jTq C|X n<T+. m+ |< eTssT dH
+| \+|{ ns+ L& sjT+& k\ |y >T]+
sTZ yT+T #| >\ ~. e] D + es jTsT> |#d |<\+&> eH&T.
njT|s & eTT>TsZ u sTT\T. nesTT. | |Cde eH&T.
+{ VQeTTK |CX* njT|s& = d+|<.
5
\ jT*q{ \+~| |]
|\ b"E =\ |f"
CT\eTsTTq" CiT| q\T C\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 327
m*$TH{ e<es&
qq+ : 28-2-1949
eTsD+ : 7-3-2000
e<es& >sT qZ+& e&|] >eT+ +#&T. eekjT<sT\

T++. +& qsks&, * \eT. us e e<es&, esT&T d+B|t,
es\T dq, d.

328 s& yue+
1974 kj jTe]{ _.. ` m +]+> #~y&T.

1981 qT+& sj H&T. e&|] >eT ds + |<$ qT+& sjT
J$+ bs+uy T |\ d++< u+<y \T |+#TH&T. uT eq] jesZ
|\ #sTej&T. |CV se\T sVd mH. {. sese |u+
q+ 1985 uTeq] nd+; jesZ+ qT+& +<|<X Xdqdu
\T>T<X+ b s|q mH&T. |s+|s uTeq] jesZ+ qT+&
H\T>TksT XdqduT&T> mH&T. q sjT J$e T+ \T>T<X+
bH ]+~. qe\ \T>T<X+ b, \T>T<X+ b e\q qT \|&sT .
jTH.{. sese, #+<uT eTTKeT+T\T> q|&T |\TXK\ eT+>
|#X&T.
1994-1995\ jTH.{. sese _H{ V eT]jTT yT&
m&TwH XK eT+> |#X&T.
1995 -1999 #+<uT HjTT&T eT+esZ+ H\T>T d+es\T
VyTXU eT+> #X&T. deTjT+ q{ |.&T.. >|qT nDyd
|jT+ #X&T.
11-10-1999q #+<uT HjTT&T s+&ek] eTTKeT+ nsTTq|&T
|+#jTrsC eT]jTT ss &e\|tyT+T XK\ eT+> |#X&T.
es 7-3-2000 Bq |T{dsY e< q |T (+&yTH)
$kq eTsD+#&T.
jTq de\qT >s$d sw |uT+ qZ+& <s |eVdTq
lX\ + bC m&eT \Te |sTe] m*$TH{ e<e s & bC > HeTsD +
#d+~.
e<es& eTsD+ s& | |P& fq >T]+#*.

s& yue+ 329
|. +<s&
qq+ : 4-10-1956
eTsD+ : 21-4-2000
+<s& s+>s& sT >eT+ keq T++ +#&T.
bsX \ $< d>eT+ ]+~. X\ $< V <su<T ]+~.
kj $X$<\jT+ m+.@. eT]jTT sT #~y&T. $<] <X qT+&
sj\ |y+ |CV se\qT q&|y&T.
330 s& yue+
yTT<> 1981 sT >eT ds +#Y> m + > *#&T. n< d+es+

sT |+#jTr d$T n<&T> m &&T.
1983 Xdqdu m\ b{#d z&bj&T.
1985 s+>s& #y qT+& \T>T<X+ b s| q Xdqdu
b{#d >\Tb+<&T. \T>T<X+ |uT+ V+, ] , $< XK\ eT+>
|#X&T. 1989 L& n< jesZ+ qT+& Xdqdu mH&T.
b<$ T $<, q $<, >+<\j\T, |sedT XK\qT eT+XK
#&T. mH.{.sY. eTsD+# mH.{.sY. \T>T<X + b #s&T.
|\ <seTjT |]d e+~. |\ @ seT+ #jTbsTT
+<T<Ts=H&T.
1999 +>dt #] #y jesZ+ qT+& Xdqdu mH&T.
+>dt Xdqdu |+ s<]> |#X&T. +>dt ss $yV $+<T
y[ ]ed b\e\ e< s&T |e<+ eTsD+#sT. mdq s+
L*+~. jTq us d_s& n< kq+ b{ neX+ b+~ ss\
eT<TT Xdqdu m sXKss& >] eT+esZ+ eT+> |#XsT.
M]~ sjT T++. |Cde n&T>T qT+& nqTuy\ |C
|]#j \ sj \ #eTD nsTTq T++. @ b eH s & q +
T++ $jTq+ m>sd+~.
5
#Ty jTT< jT y"&Tq
#T> sT$ k>"&T
\sTe +< ># b<TqT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 331
|. Hsq s&
(|.C.sY.)
qq+ : 12-1-1948
eTsD+ : 28-12-2007
Hsqs& >sT |.C.sY.> u> q+ y&T eH&T. jTq

V <su<T <eT> & +#&T. +& b|s &, * eeT. us dT#q,

332 s& yue+
esT&T $wesH s&, es\T >jT s&, nqTsD s&, $js&,

be s &. V <su<TH $<ud+. V <su<T b*f m
+]+> &be #X&T. V<su<T dqYq>sY m.|. d{ m|tyT+{
sswH d|sYysY> <>+ #X&T.
n qejTdT qT+& f& jTjTH &sT > ]\ deTd\|, V\|
jeH\ |uT\, n~sT\ bs&&T.
*H, Xs+ dyT +{, mH.{.|.d., yC > d b e+{ |]XeT\
]\ V\ d+ bs&&T. ] d+|\ n<&T> q J$
KsT#X&T. nkdjT f& >dt +&dd t essY jTjTH, m.|. m m|tyT +{
sswH m+bsTdt jTjTH, m.|. > +&ddt m+bs Tdt jTjTH,
w +H e>s |]XeT\ ] d+|\ HjT+ eV+#&T. |sT
|q = d+|\T #|+ ]+~ , V<su<T jTq q&| ]
d+|T+ <+f Xs+ <T. ] ]\T, { ]\ ]\T, {HbsY
]\T, b]X< ]\T e>s ns+>\ ]\ |<+<Ty |>\T,
s & +& ] d+ e |#d keqT\ keqT&T>, ]\
]&T> + ] d+eT+ d+ eT+H\T, <s\T, dyT\T, <e\T
q&| |<, wJe\ +<TyH&T. y] \ H\> |sTb+<&T.
sjT+> us CrjT +>dt b eH&T.
yTT<{> 1978 d+es+ V<su<T Usu<T j esZ+
qT+& +<|<X Xdqdu m | q }|]> |#X&T. 1985, 1989,
1994, 2004 d+es\ ]q nd+; m +>dt b s|q b{#d
>*#&T. 1999 e+ \T>T<X+ b nu] # z$T #$#X&T.
1985`1990 d+es\ \+ nd+; e\+ 20/25 eT+~ eyT +>dt
b XdqduT \Tq|&T L& b d+ swe T+ ], nd+; +>dt b

s& yue+ 333
>=+TqT \+> $|+ +>dt b eTs\ n~s+ se{ |.C.sY.

#dq w nk<sDyTq~. 1994`1999\ nd+; d{y b &sT>
+>dt b s&T> |#X&T. jTH.{. sese, Hs #+<uT HjTT&T
eTTKeT+T\T> eq|&T || +>dt b HjT&T > nd+;
deTse ++> +>dt b yD $|+ |uT b m|& #> |#X&T.
\+>Dy~>, \+>D nHjT+ s> +& y] #+<e\dq &{ u>
#+<TqT |#X&T. s>+ dV ]+#b sTTH bD\qT |D +> |{ +>dt
b $jT+ =s X$T+#&T. neds+ eq|&T qb |uT HH |+
deTesZ #&T.
1980 eT+> dVsXKqT, jTY dddt XKqT sV+#&T.
1982 qT+& y XUeT\T>, 1990 qT+& sY, m+bjTY yT+T, Vd+>
XK\ eT+> |#X&T. 1993 qT+& d$ d|dt XUeT+> |#X&T.
<Ts<weXT y.jTdt. sXKss& >] eT+esZ+ #T <<T.
s & q+ u< #+~+~. sj *H e+{jT ns+ #dT <T q+. nsTTH
b, |uT+ *d |#X&T.
|.C.sY. |<\ |~>, nd+; f> s >Y |sT>+#&T. nqT#sT \T jTqqT
dssY n d+u$+#ysT. jTq sw+ m&[H q+, q+, qyT.
28-12-2007 Bq V<su<T >+BueH b MT{+>T Vs
>T+&bT >Ts |uT dT| y| bD\T $&#&T. eTsDys $q
|\T, b HjT\T TbjsT. \\eT+~ |\T { y
\]+#sT. |uT >sy\ n+jT\T ]>sTT.
jTq >sys+ yTT<{ es+ H&T Us u< s& L&* jTq $>V
|w+ |\T y\]+#sT. 2011 jTq es $js & |< |\
dVjT+ #jTT \+| |.C.sY. b+&wHqT k|++~.
334 s& yue+
|.C.sY. nq+s+ esT&T $we sH s &, es $js & sj

|y +#sT. $we sH s & Us u< kq+ qT+& Xdqdu +>dt b nu ]>
>*#&T. $js& 2012 d+ y.jTdt.sY. b #] sTy 2014
{.sY.jTdt. b #]+~.
|.C.sY. s& C *TssTT nq+ d+<V+ <T.
nsjT Hd jTq jT&T e{&

T |& eT~ <qT
q~ ><qT= uTq< |T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 335
~]X\ y+ seTDs&
qq+ : 1916
eTsD+ : 15-3-1975
y+seTDs& >sT <] \ (|dT + |X+ ) es >eT+

+#&T. +& jT\eT+<s&, * y+\eT. b<$T $< es
|P]#d q$< jTdt.jTdt.m.d. n<+ eTT+#&T. 1937 $yV+

336 s& yue+
]+~. us seTde T, esT&T s>b\s& (eJ myT.m.m.), es\ T

<e <$, se<$.
1939 qT+& jTq <w sj\y| eT[+~. eT<dT sw + eTTK
HjT&T H\sT yde\T uy& seT#+<s& >] |]#jT+ @s&,
jTq HjT+ +< ddt b #s&T.
1940 d+ es >eT eTTqdT> ddT #s&T.
n< 1940 >eT|+#jTr |d&+T> m & >eT eTTqdT
<> sJHe #X&T.
1945 <] \ usT ydt |d&+T> mj&T.
<T|] H\sT usT duT> mH&T.
1955 yTT<{k ] <] Xdqdu jes+Z qT+& +>dt b s| q
XdqduT> mH&T.
1962 Xdqdu m\ s +&ek] <] jes+Z qT+& XdqduT >
mH&T.
1967 qT+& 1972 es H\sT q {HbsY n<]{ yT+sT>
|#X&T.
1971 |X+ |<eT |]wT #sH> mH&T. dT
Vq+<s&, s=+& Hs|s& >] HjT+ +< n_e~ se\T
$]$> #|{&T.
jTq #dq dyse\T $T+ e+$. |uT+ <sH
djT+> k+<q+ dyse\T #X&T.
1959-60\ SsT d$T #jTT |uT+ bs& k~+#&T.
1961 es |]wT Vd\T sD nedsyTq+ d
seTDs& <q+ #X&T. n+> wsY | <H L& jTH #*+#&T.

s& yue+ 337
1962-63 es mdt.d. usTTdt VdqT ]+|CX&T.

yeTT\ |+#jTr @]j V]qT\ >V\T ]+|CX &T. \_<sTq
V]qT\T \ seTDs&b + n |sT |{\ <eT+ #d |uT +#
|+#THsT.
1963-64\ >e\ $<T# ds|s d+ |uT+ bs& q
|\T& qT|j+ 60 >e\ dsT dyT +< $<TY ds|s ks+
*+#&T.
s+&ek] m+.m.@.> eq|&T b]H u~ >e\ H<s+& <T\
dVjT+ s eT+{ ks+ *+#&T.
<] \ u duT&T> e+& u _*+>, &+> V\T e>s\T k+
<T\T, <\ dVjT+ {+#&T.
es >eT+ dT| ]+#T d\<q+ #X&T.
e |yT jTq kV w L& +&+ $Xw +. us
sejTD\T, bNq y\T $Xw+> #<Te&T. n+ ]q d+<s+|
|< s#q #jT + n\yT. n <<| H\T>T y\|> |<\T s+#&T.
= d+<s\ Xe> |<\T #|y&T.
seTDs& |uT+, | ]>+ s& $w #&T.
5
${ sjTue <+&T\+T\ >+|
Xd e$T+#T keTeTT>qT
yXesT keTT edT< #T\ T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

338 s& yue+
5
nqTe># q~\ eTqs<T
=+#yTq q~jTT >=<Te><T
=+& jT<eT+<T >=+#yT jTT+&<
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 339
e>T+ dTseTs&
qq+ : 26-11-1947
eTsD+ : 1-12-1995
dTseTs& qq+ H\sT |* >&sT eT+&\+ |&sT. +&:
s|Tes&, *: X\eT, eTT\T: dT<ss&, lydT\Ts&, #\T: dTVd,
us: bseT (uy& >b\s& eTT es) . esT&T: $jT esYs &,
es: dTe*.
340 s& yue+
M]~ yTT<{ eekjT T++. ybs\T L& q$.

dTseTs& b<$T $< |&sT. +&jT{ H\sT. +
]+>T s T+LsT y[ #s&T.
18 d+es\ ejTdT e+&> +& nddT\T > T+ us+
Hq |&q+<Tq $< eT<H |yjTe\d e+~. ybs_e~ ]seT
w#d $TH&T, s, eTVsh, >y, s, +<|<X \ &d\ b \T,
$jT +<\T k|+ q+ eT+~ b~ *+#&T. ybs+ n_e~
#+~+~. H\sT, $XK|D+, >T$T&|P+&\ d\T b\T k|+#&T.
de V, ksY ]+#&T. {HbsT H\ sVD k+#&T.
y~ eT+~ b~, <> \q #X&T. sB, deTs> \ b]X$Ty>,
nT |uT esZ\T, T sjT HjT\T, |\ <w =#sT. dy
se\T, |<\ y< dVjT se\T $yV~ dV s se\T,
$]$> #|fy&T. $<s+>+ |eT+~ |< $<sT\ #jT#&T.
nqV+> 1991 sJy>+B |\T| yTs sj |y+#&T.
sh, k sjT HjT\T L& jTqH d+#sT. 26`4`1991q +>\T
du dT +>dt b s|q H$THwH yX&T. =H sq, |>\q,
X$T+ >*#&T. sjT neX\qT dy seT+> \+#&T.
nq\+ |uT+, +>dt b, sjT HjT\, |\
b|+ b+<&T. +<|<X +>dt $T{ X~] nj&T.
1992 sT| n\ us +>dt |q deyX\T sVD u< qT
|< qeT+ |.$.qsd+ Vse >sT, dTseTs& n|+#> L\ L>
|#d qu qu$w nqT sV+ |<qeT+, m..d.d. n<&T
|.$.qsd+Vse >]# T b+<&T.
s& yue+ 341
bsyT+T duT> |\ eTyTyT |U #+<&T. sh|uT, +<

|uT |<\ #=#T bj&T. bsyT+T duT&T bsyT+TH <T
| L& +{& jTqqT qT+& |\ nsyT+~.
dTseTs& sjT+ +f dyue+H |\ eTyTyTH&T. b
u<+ +& n+<] deTue+ <]+# e+ >\y&T.
$<_e~ n<T w #X&T. $<sT\ dVjT+ |yT k+
<q + bsX \\T, $<sT\ ed >V\T ]+#&y T 16 pjTsY J\T,
3 &^ J\qT k|+ >MTD $<sT\ $<_e~ <V<|&&T . Xgk+
$CH >MTD |\+~+#{ \eb&T w $Cq +<+qT k|+|
CX&T. eekjT s+> j+rsD #jT T |< \T |yX |{&T . y] +&>]
|sT|qTq dT <s #eT\ y] |eTTqT ds|s #sTT+#&T.
|X+ b]H |& b+q b~*, ], +<TLsT, =+&|,
<jT] b+\ s eT+{ |<\ <s eT+{ ks+ *+#&T.
1970 d+es b++ qT+& s+s+> k+ {+s <s |~|>
nd+; jesZ\ b+\ eT+{ ds|s #XsT. mb\ |<\
<s { ks+ *+#sT. jTq dsZdTq <]$T L & |<
T++ ]seT+> sT|H eq~.
s&T, syD ks\| jTq T++ | X< |{ +~. b~
|qT\T >DjT+> *+#&T.
kV k+d se\ &T mq $<+> #X& T.
&#sTT #jTT <q+ m&eT# *jT <q<s\T #X&T. T&
y+>s & >TsT #dT q e. +<T jTq <s u bseT, eTT&T lydT\T

342 s& yue+
s& dVs+ n+T~. #eTT <> q $U >+q $eT\

>TDT&T n & jT+.jTdt. s& d+* *bsT.
<Ts< we XT 1-12-1995q eT<V+ wesT 1-45 \ dTseTs&
q +{ >~qT+& bsyT+T duT $<T\| jT y y*
qT+& jT edT+&>H m<TsT> >Dwt nH q{ q e<qTq AK 47
|d VQ #sTe qT+& \T\T sT|> dTseTs& yq Ty+H dT|
bD\T $&#&T. jTq >HeH s+ L& \T #bj &T. jTq
bT >jq eT]<sT |eTTKT\T \THsT. qT +<+> e
H\ \+ s ydT= sT. >DwtqT n<sE bdT\T nsdT #XsT.
d._.. bdT ysT <s| #d #]wT |> $#sD ] J$\+
|&+~. VsT L& J$\+ >Dwt UjTyT+~.
bsy T +T n b\ djTsY HjT\+<s |T q+> y\]+#sT.
|\T, HjT\T nX+* deT]+#sT.
<T |] jTq ysd , dy<s \qT us bseT, eTT&T lydT\T
s& d]+#sT. y]<s bsyT+T duT\T>, Xdqdu T\T> |H
HsT.
dTseTs& >] | jT+, es+ , |<m Tq nq<q se\
nT T+;\T, T |C HjT\T, |X+ jeT |\T sT|+
neTeT] y\]dTHsT. \T\ nXe\T sTTq >HeTH s
L& dV es+ sT| y\]dTHsT.
|\T jTq| >se+ +>\T, H\sT +#T $>V\qT |w+
|dTdTHsT.
dTseTs& s&C >ssDyTq e.
5
s& yue+ 343
yTT<{ u<H<eT |~&T

y~s seT#+<s&
qq+ : 7-7-1905
eTsD+ : 9-12-1987
seT#+<s& q\>=+& uTeq] \ b#+|* +#&T.
+& qsd+Vs&.
+& |< uk$T. nuT<jTy~. s |b.

344 s& yue+
seT#+<s& |PH |sZdH &^ #~$, |{ b+~ |&

e sD+#&T. |_ bdLsT> L& |#X&T. s T |b.
\+>D b++ $|e C\\T s>T \THsTT. eTdT\ <s+
sT\ sT>TuT yTT<+~.
$Huuy u<H<e n+ssD ]+~ seT#+<s&H.
1961 >+<j T y~ $Hu uy +< |<X |s q e#&T. seT#+<
s& >eTyTq b#+|* deyX+ V]qT\ qT<+ MT nX+
sDyT$T{ nq&>&T. e] ms+ u$T L& < T, s JeH<s+
< Bq+> |*sT. n+ $Hu y~ MT<Tq |eTTKT\T, du qTq
|eTTK\ MTsT M] 80 ms\ u $T es n n&T>>, y+H seT#+<
s& qT 100 ms\ u$T dTqT |{+, #sT. us<X+
u <H<eT+ seT#+<s& n+ ssD ]+~. seT#+<s& +<T &T
e+, s& e+, <X#]H s& #] ds s\ *+#<q
$wjT+. yqTy+H u<q |\qT jsT #sTT+ ]wsT #sTT+ #
|s+> V]qT\ u$T| V\qT *+#&T. <e u$T
deT]dTq q+< seT#+<s& b+<&T.
n+{ > <T|] 8 <b\T> 351 ms\ u$T ueTT\T
|<\ <q+ #X&T. ueTT\T <q+ rdTq y] d<+ e>s eekjT
neds\ ] dVjT+ L& n+~+#&T. n+{ L& > ueTT\T
b+~q y] dVs+> e+&T b#+|* eekjT dVs d+|\T
@sT #X&T.
u<H<eT |#s+ #d >+<\qT y\Te]+ |\T >e\
|#s+ #X&T.

s& yue+ 345
seT#+<s&, ns$+<j _e. |\TksT ns$+<Xe

<]+#TH&T. n+ ns$+< eTV] eT]jTT ns$+<XeT el (eT<s)Y
s+q >+<\qT s nqTe~+#&T.
k |q, |<\s, seT#+<s& nq> ud+#&T.
$Hu <Xy| u<q <e eT\|sTw&, H+~ |keq #dq
|sT w&T s &j
T q seT#+<s&. d+ks+, du , |CXjT dT, >+ eTu$ +q
seT#+<s&, s& |Tq] q seT#+<s& eTse{ M
eTw> n+^]+#*+<.
5
< y <iT#T> y"&q
y"&T < jTH edT<q
esT <sH jT_ eTT+q
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

346 s& yue+
5
eTT <|y HyT jTT e
\ yTT &|e\jTT
$jTT" &eTT <| $sT =\"&
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 347
eTTs& Vd{
qq+ : 1924
eTsD+ :1985
eTTs& |{ $TH&T VdsT \ VdT >eT+ 1924
+#&T. jTq >=| $<y, sjT HjT&T, |Cd e&T.
k+> eq b<$T bsX\ #~$, yTdsT X\ &^ |{
b+<&T. \ $X$<\jT+ HjTy< &^ b+<&T.
$<] <XH us k+ <eT+ bZH&T. $<] HjT&T>
bs{\T #X&T. #s s+> bs+_+q &Tu\T sjT bsX\ #]
348 s& yue+
s+>>] w\ |eTTK+> eH&T. |\T >+<\qT #~y&T. q nqTuy \

d&+{ eTyT+{ H +&j nH >+<+ yd < \ $X$<\jT
HjTXK &H n+$T#&T. >+< #s s+> >s T #~$ |]#jT
y\T sd jTq keTs yT#T+ |d $<sY d&+{
n |sT es&T. |d eTV>+B, eVsY HVA, u>sE
|{_ dseTjT, HJ +{ <XHjT\T #~$ yT#T= |\T#
<V]+#sT.
$<] HjT&T> nHksT C\T&T. rey< HjT &q nC<
e+{y] |]#jT + >* _{w >essT| u+T<& <eT+ duT &H &T
1952 eT<dT Xdqdu m & yTTyT T<{ VdsT HjT&T.
Xdqdu nH eTTK$wj\| #s bZHsT.
1957 s+&ek] VdsT qT+& eT<dT Xdqdu m VdsTqT
+<sw+ $q+ #j, e< nH $wjT+ \e\d+~ VdsT \
|q Xdqdu y~+, VdsT \ 40 >e\ |+ #sTTr\#
VdsT \qT +<sw+ #s*+<q rsH\T #sTT+ |uT\
|+b&T.
jTq w |*+> w] &d eTTqdT sT V dsT
es&+~.
\+ d+Jes&, d+JejT, y$\ >b\wjT, #+>jT HjTT&T
e>s HjT\ #=se d+b~+ |Cd+eT se\ bZHy&T.
jTq sw sj \ eTTKe nsTT, yTd sT, eT<dT sc\
s& U *b&T.
5
s& yue+ 349
dT y+>s&
qq+ : 21-7-1907
eTsD+ : 1-5-1980
y+>s & >T+sT H<+& eT+&\+ sTe$T >eT+ +#&T.
+& y+cs&, * XjTeT. k<sT&T dT V q+<s&.
>T+sT, eT|+, #H\ $<ud+ #X&T. \ #<Te
eT< eHd ]e qsds se| ds | & &T . eT+> sj =#&T.
350 s& yue+
+<|<X eTTKeT+> #dq dT Vq+<s& y+>s& eTT&T.

+< |<X |uT + eT+> |#dq dT y+ cs & y+>s & esT&T.
T+yT sjT T++. +>dT b T++ yqT<qT> eq~.
y+>s& 1956 H<+& |+#jTr d$T n<\T> =*> sjT
|<$ mqT&&T.
1962 yTT<{ T+sT |]wT n<> mH&T.
|<$ eT& =qk>&T. eTs\ 1971 |<$ m |P] nsTT<
|]b\q eH&T. jTq |]wT n<> |#dq sE\
dseTTU_e~ #+~+~.
1962-68 eT<\+ sdu m &&T.
1968-1974 \+ +<|<X $<qeT+&* duT\T> eH&T.
qskse| u$T qU u+ n<> $wde\+~+#&T.
<<| eT&T <Xu\bT >T+sT sj Xd+#&T. eTT&T
Vq+<s& sjT J$+ yqT<qT> eH&T.
jTq +d $>V >T+sT |]wT s\j #sTe
|w+ |\T |Tq+> y\]+#sT. >s$+#sT.
y+>s& sj\ s&C *TssTT.
5
e+|i * e+| Bs">e#T
=+&\ _+& >=e#T
]qT eTqdT ]+|">s<T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 351
<=& seT#+<s& (&.sY)
qq+ : 4-7-1929
eTsD+ :15-1-2010
seT#+<s& >] +& y+{$Ts&, * ~\eT, u s: ds<$,

esT\T : $qjYT esYs& $<<s esYs&, es\T: XsY, l.

352 s& yue+
seT#+<s& H\sT e* d+|q T++ +#&T. jTq

&.sY.> \T>T<XeT+ dT|]T\T. &.sY. |sT #|>H e* $X<jT
d+d, e* eVsY us >TsT =dT+ ~. jTq $<<. m+<] d] |<.
+& y+{$Ts& y+] sC>] DYsyT yTH u< \T #dy&T.
sD<&T. kVry. \T>T <=& sejTD+, <=& u>e+, lw
qq+, ^V<jT +, Hss s#q \T #X&T. T++
kV+, d+d, $< d++<eTTq T++.
&.sY. 1949 eT<dT |#j T | X\ _.m. #~y&T. &^ +>+
> yT& k~+#&T. uT+>sjT Xs>] $<]. $X$U #+~q e\T,
s#sTT\ s#q\T #~y&T.
&^ #d|&T sT|<\T nHsT\T sd|&ysT. de+ @< y*
eq< e<| & y &T. $< |<] z |]cs+ #|T+<H #q e#&T.
&^ |P] #d H{ <sbjTyTq $<j >{ |H~ yj\H
sj e#&T. &^ |P] #d e* s>H $<\jT @sT yTT<+~.
+& s. 25,000/`\T #&T. 16`3`1950q $X<jT d+d @sT #X&T.
+& y+{$Ts&, |.$.seTHsY, uy& seT#+<s& , uy& >b\s&,
mdt.$.uT+>sjTXs eT]=+<sT $X<jT k| duT\T. 1952 $X<jT
m&Twq kd{ k|+#sT. 1953 eT&e n LTsT ds $yV+
]+~. 1951 e* X\ 92eT+~ $<sT\ $s$++~. n~ HVA
eTsD+ sTy 14`11`1965q eVsY us> |sT essT. B 100
ms\ d\+ k|+#sT. us |sh| CsY VQdH, dT Vq+<s&,
|.$. qsd+Vse, eTsC H&sY, uy& >b\s& e>s\T d+<s+
e#sT.
s& yue+ 353
jTq XjT+ dT\ kq+ <T. s|{ bsT\ deT> e+

+|+ jTq #q. eVsY us $<]q ` >&TjT{q #| eyT
>=| d]|{.
1967 q $< =s #H y[ djTH #] m+.m. |d|
#d &^ rdTH&T.
1969 8 H\\T eVsY us |b> #X&T. d+d $d ]++~.
14`11`1975q se+ sT|q~. 25`8`2001q ds e+ sT|q~.
s=s{ s+>+ e\ |< $<sT\ $<>>q dTeTyT+< &.sY. >]
u<. nHs>sy T q b{ $<sT\ #T. $< |<] |]w]dT+ < |P]>
q$T <] q&#&T &.sY. |cs+> $X<jT d+dqT, e* eVsY
k|+ q&| + $<] #dq >=| de> u$+#>\ +. $<de
~ qT+& s&q+ u>+> q yH n+<s >T]+#*.
5
$eTT>\y M"| |+&qqT
edT<q" C\ ys
|<y sTT+ u+&sTTq HiT">sT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

354 s& yue+
5
s eT~yTq >& be>s<T
<ssE < >#
>+uT" Cd" >{ <e+T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 355
eT<sT dTus&
dTus& >sT s\T q+~=sT \ uVD=sT

d+|q ukeT T++ +#&T. +& qsd+Vs&, * seT.
1946 |+#jTr n<> mqT&&T. >e ds eTTU_e~
#X&T. uVD=sT, q+~=sT ks\qT \T>C X&T. q
bsX \, |X e\ d, $<TY dudw H , pjTsY , u*\ q bsX \qT
@sT #X&T. uVD=sT |D\ d+ n+<TuT &H

356 s& yue+
ks+ @sT #XsT. sT\ kss+ +&jTH u+ XKqT d+

>eT+ bs+_+|CX&T. k+ <q+ >eT+ y\jT+ ]+|CX&T.
m|& |CV se\ q &TqT, deTj $j+#&T.
q+~=sT >+B ksq d+|T+ n<\T> |#d >eT+ >+B
d<+ |#s w#X&T. s\T +>dt n<\T>, s\T
|]wY b<\T>, n<\T> |#X&T. 125 |uT bsX\\qT
]+|CX&T.
XdqeT+&* duT >, Xdqdu duT >, +< |<X |uT + eT+>,
mH.. s+> eekjT $<\jT+ dH{ yT+sT> |#d | q kH
ds|s#TH&T.
1972 q+~=sT jes+Z qT+& Xdqdu +>dt b nu ]>
mqT&&T.
1980 d$T n<\T> |#d |]wT n<\T> m &
s bsX \qT, _.d.\ >VsD ks\T *+#&T. bs&b &T V&
s>TsT #qqT bs+_+#&T.
1984 q+<\ jes+Z qT+ bsy T +T \T>T<X+ b nu ]>
>\Tb+<&T.
>=| >=| e\qT V+ dH+#&T. jTq \T m|& kVr
sT\ &TT+&~.
jTq djT+> s+>d\ sT&T. <|B ek|VsD+ H+
<D#sT&T b <]+ yT|+#T# H sT\ dHH\T #X&T.
n_e~ s+>\, kV+ eT]s s+>\ |\ eTyTyT |Cde
#dq >=| s&> jTq |sT+~.

s& yue+ 357
\|* seTdTus&
qq+ : 4-7-1926
eTsD+ : 18-12-2006
seTdTus&~ |X+ ]. eekjT T++. |Ps+ qT+&
>eT eTTqdT\ T++. jTq +& eT]jTT nq eT]jTT qT >eT
eTTqdT\T> |#XsT. jTq |s s$q HdsT> |#X&T. +&
e\=+&s&, * dTeT. us ee T, eTT>TsZ T es\ T, <s T esT\T.

358 s& yue+
qq+ qT+& sj\ k+<eT+ |#X&T. $<o ed

VwsD bZ q J$ K<sT n++ #dTH& T. +>dt b
eTTKyTq ss> |#d HjT&H&T.
H\sT usT yT+sT> |#X&T. m.d. dTus& nqTjjTT&T>
m~>&T.
1959-70 H\sT |]wT -|H yT+sT> |#X&T.
] `|s{y es{+> kd{ n<&T> |#X&T .
1964-1970\ +<|<X +>dt e]+> $T{ yT+sT> swksTT
#s&T.
1964-1978 \+ ] u $T qU u+ n< &T> |#X&T.
1972-78 +>\T |]wT `|H duT> |#X&T.
1978-83 ] jesZ XdqduT > m |\ u> #sT yH &T.
1980-82 \+ +< |<X UB eT]jTT >eT |]XeT\ usT n< >
|#X&T.
1983 eTs\ myT.m.m. > b{#d z&bj&T.
1992 <]$T |X+ kH +>dt $T{ n< & s T deTd\qT
|<\ <w, |uT+ <w #s&T.
sj , s k+d |CV se\ bZ+ 1960
k+ <q+ ] ksTTuu <y\jT+ {+#&T. k+|<sTT, <
se\ #=se #|+#&T.
], H\sT b+ |\ HjT+ eV+, +>dt b,
|\ de#d ]+q seTdTus& >TsT+#T=+<eTT.
5
s& yue+ 359
eqT>T+ ~HsjTDs&
qq+ : 1932
eTsD+ :13-12-1988
~HsjTDs& >sT |X+ +<TLsT \ e#es+ >eT+

d+|q s T T++ +#&T. +& X+ss &, * #+#eT. us \*eT,
esT\T eTT>TZsT, es\T <sT.

360 s& yue+
240 ms\ d<+. e>D+ =+, yT =+. 12 \ m<T\ T. 90-100

e\T. 50-60 ><\T. yT\ >T+| e+&$.
y]~ >eT eTTqdT\ T++. +& J$+ eq+ \+ jTq
>eT eTTqdT. sTy ~HsjTD s& 1972 es >eT eTTqdT.
~HsjTDs& bsX\ $< +<TLsT #X&T. sTy H\sT
yTqeeT <=& dTus& - X\eT >s e< e+& jT|t. m. < #~$ eHd
] e#es+ e#&T. >e~]> +& qT+& <d+ rdT H&T. >eT+
n \ y] n+&> eH&T. +<TLsT b+ eTTKe> m~>&T.
|Cd+ e T se\T, eTTK+> ]>wH, s&T | X< #b&T. n~s>D +,
|\ eT<ys~ nj&T. | $wjT+ @eT+f ><\ q <>Zs
eq y]He] bdT dwqT>, sT\ > bjT+& dsTuT
#X&T. >e\ j \ |<\qT L] dsTuT #X& T. sj
|y +#eT +<TLsT jesZ b+ |\T e& #sT. |.$. qsd+ Vse
>] Vj+ 1972 +&|+&+T> +>dt nu] q\yT #+#T
seHjTT&T| XdqduT &T> > *#&T. 1978 es XdqduT > =qk>&T.
b+ ]>wH ks\T, sV<] ks\ d+ w# d, k~+#&T.
1978 q b #] +<TLsT jesZ+ qT+& ~$=+&jT
#<] >]| b{#d z&bj&T.
] 1983 +<TLsT jes+Z qT+& ~$=+&jT #<] (+>dt)
>T y+dTjT ({.&.|.) >s| +&|+&+T> b{ #d >*#&T. n|&T
jTH.{. sese eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T.
1985 m\ n< +<TLsT jesZ+ qT+& +>dt b s|q
{.&.|. nu] >T y+dTjT| b{#d >*#&T. jTH.{. sese
eTTKeT+ nsTTH&T.
s& yue+ 361
q Vj+ m|& n~s b &T . nsTTH d>eT+ V d\T

d\+ {+#&T. jesZ+ k>TsT, $<T#, s&T n~ beTTK
$T, q d>eT+ qT+&, 300`400 eT+~ L\qT |+| |qT\T # sTT+#&T.
jesZ+ jTdt.d.\, jTdt.{.\ \\T @sT #X&T.
XdqduT &T> |#dq sE dH >|s qY T f| d T > jT$T+#T=,
s\jT+ @sT #dT= ]sT D+> #~$ nd+; yy&T. n+<sT
n~sT\ dj < > e+ jesZ |\ ks\q+~+ de#X&T.
q sjT J$+ \yTq keesZ T++| b{\T ]>sTT.
q s&q+, |\ #dq de, CsTTr\ e\q n< keesZ eT<T |
m\ >\T|qT k~+#&T.
~HsjTDs& q sjT J$+ eTT+# H{ q 240 ms\
d 50 ms\T $T*+~. V<su<T |uT+ y]q d\+ bsTT+~.
n+ |Cde $j+#&T. qqT $T+q |CHjT&T, de&T &
s]+ 13`12`1988 H&T q ysdT > jesZ q q esT&T
eTV<ss& >] n|+, dsZdT&H&T.
ysdT&q eTV<ss& _.+., m.m._. #~y&T.
jTq XdqduT> = d+es\T, eTTd| eT]s XK\ eT+>
=H |#d |Cde sw+ >T]+| b+~q HjT &H&T.
s& T++ s&C d+|<.
5
* e\T $ nq<eTT\" ud
yi bey"&T yiy"&T
"{ ><e<TH
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
362 s& yue+
5
\ jT*q{ \+~| |]
|\ b"E =\ |f"
CT\eTsTTq" CiT| q\T C\T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 363
+<T\ H>sTqs&
qq+ : 14-12-1948
eTsD+ : 9-3-2006
H>sTqs& >] +& zTs&, * >\<$, k<sT\T VsesHs&,

|uTesHs&. H>sTqs& us |MT<$, esT &T >yT Hs&, es
V]Ds&.

364 s& yue+
H>sTqs& eTTb neTeT +{ +#&T. b<$T $< L&

n&. 6, 7 s>T\T V<su<T Xe yTy]jT d\T #~y&T. 8, 9
s> T \T V <su<T yT<&dt d\T #~y&T. 9, 10, 11 s> T \T sT=+&
d d\T #~y&T. _.mdtd. V<su<T qdqT #~y&T.
deTjT+H d&+T &sT> |#X&T. eT+ &sT&T.
+& zTs& +<|<X eT+> |\TXK\ |#dq+<Tq sw+
eTTKeT+T\+<] T+u |]#j\Tq$. |]#j\H |]>&T
H>sTqs&. +& zT\s& sjT ysdT&H&T. +>dt b, T++
sjT b n+&> eH&T.
1978 ]q nd+; m\ +u+ jes+Z qT+& +& zTs&
n+&> w#X&T. 1978`83\ zTs&, #Hs& eT+esZ+ eT+>
|#X&T.
H>sTqs& 1981 udy]| qT+& |+#jTr d$T |d& +T>
#|& y+>jT| b{#d z&bj&T. 1983 +u+ nd+; jesZ+
qT+& +>dt b s|q Xdqdu b{#d mH.{.sY . |u+q+ >&
> *#&T. 1985 eTs\ +u+ jes+Z qT+& &TeTT\ y+s & | b{#d
z&bj&T.
1986-87 d+ <\sT, +u+, es|s+, ms>=+&b+, ],
+<TLsT, <] jesZ\ b+\ y.jTdt. sXKss &, yTdss&,
>+>T\ ||s &, &.m. sM+<s& e>s \ *d sTej #X&T. y\T>=+&
bC =s b<j, |C <eT+ #X&T.
1989 eTs\ +u+ nd+; jesZ+ +>dt nu]> Xdqdu
b{#d 28,000 yTC]{ > *#&T. >MTD b+\ |\ eTyTyT $d +>
H\T>T |eTb+ nd+; jesZ\ |s{+ sT\ H<TH&T.
|uT $T{\, d\VeT+& duT&> |#X&T.

s& yue+ 365
1994 eTs\ nd+; m\ +u+ jes+Z qT+& #| & y+>jT |

b{#d z&&T.
1999 nd+; m\ b{#d #|& y+>jT| 20,000 yTC]{
> *#&T. jTq yTC]{ e\qH H<T sTeT* Hsq s & bsy T +T qskse|
qT+& >\e>*>&T.
+u+ b\o\ +<+ +<T\y] e\qH e+~. sj\ m|&
|\|+ e+& n_e~ w #X&T H>sTq s &. eekjT+, b&, |]XeT\T,
y< , $<s+>\ $Xw w #X&T. nsTT sj \ #\eT+~ HjT\
d+u$ +qT H>sTq s & L& +>dt HjT\T q#| #dqT u$+,
jTq \T>T<X+ b b> n& b< |<$ =+\+ |#X&T.
<Ts< we XT e ejTdTH dsdZ T H &T. Hj T\T, |\T |T q+> y[
*bsT.
H>sTqs& q sjT J$+ m|& sT |b>H |#X&T.
{HbssY\qT s T \ |+#>* >&T. H>sTq s & dV, CsTTr \TyT
<sq+. eTqdTq eqey~. |\ eTyT+> ywe\ <s+>
|#X&T. sj\ n+<]y&T> +&+ wyTH k<+ #dTH&T.
<s+ H>sTqs& d.
n{ e s & \+ mq{ eTse<T. +u+ , udy ]|, \TEe\b&T
>e\ jTq $>V\qT H\=* >s$+#sT.
5
eT> \eT+<T eT>Te w+q
dTT\ \eT+<T dTKeTT q+<T
*$T $T s+&T >\ y+y]
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

366 s& yue+
5
jTTqy d+V+THqqT
i u< #jTT
*$T y" ++T #\<T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 367
sC V<(<T)sY
= (bXeTT) y+ ses&, z._..
qq+ : 22-8-1869
eTsD+ : 2-5-1953
y+ ses& +& Xes&, * useT, us s+>e T, esT\T

y+ s+>s&, \s&.

368 s& yue+
y+ ses& >]~ |{ V<su<T s+ b\eTsY (H{

eTVu q>sY ) eq|] \, sjTq| >eT+.
y+ ses& |{q eT&e sEH <Ts<weXT * #b>, ><
q>s sjTD| >eT+ neTeT ujTeT, Xes & >]+{ |]>&T.
>< q>s |f > |#dT H &T. < T++. eT]+ <Ts< w+ @eT+f
jTq 10e d+es+ ejTdT eq|&T +& L& eTsD+#&T.
yTqeeT XsTTs&. s& nsTTH > y+ ses& _{wt >TsTe
$*jTyT yVu n |sT |{ d\T ]ws #s&T. j Tq e< sjT#sT
#<T eTH&T. <Ts< w+ y+{&TH e+~. yVu L& V{T> #bj&T.
n|{ y+ses& 16 @ ejTdT. (+& +&) seTq y
d>e rdT &T. |f qT #j \qTH&T. nsTT n<w+ *d e+~.
yVu kq+ eq qsY eTVeT<UH nH sjT#sT bdT n~]
y+ ses& q <>Zs +#T= $<T<T\T #|+#&T . |<V&ejT
H\Ze >& nMTqT |<$ jeT+ |+#&T. eTT<Z sH nMTqT>
jT$T+#sT. (H\Ze >&T duHdsT) H\ J+ s.60/`. >Ts| ejT+
H\ s.20/`. sT y, |\T# bdT &bsTy T +T <>+ #d deTsT& q
n~]> eT+|sT #TH&T. eT\V\qT deTse++> m<Ts=H&T.
k+<eT \+ nT C+ sE T |\ #sTy |X+d\T b+~
jTq | eTses n+ eT+b\q #jTsT n |sT e+~. X+
u <\ T u>THsTT. <>+ sD+ n+#\+#\T> m~ V <su<T yTT
1329 |d => jT$T+#&&T. V<su<T =* V+< =
jTH. |{ eTq jTdt.|. +f |< <>+. = +< 3000 eT+~
bdT s <>T\T+<TsT. C+ sE u> #sTy q+<Tq s
d+kH\ sE\T, C^ssT \T y+ ses& dVTH sT. jTq de\qT
s& yue+ 369
>T]+ C+ qyT y+ ses& jTq q~He d+<s+ (27

VeH 1339 |d H&T) sC V<sY _sT<T#&T. s H\T>+&
25 neTs< 1343 |dH&T |<M $seTD #X&T.
6-5-1935q _{wt #e] <e C] ssY |t _{wt m+|sY (z._.)
|sks < d++~+q s >sy\qT #sT. sY ]H ykjYT
+>sT >T+&\qT VQ]+#sT. ;ssT jTTesE eC\ >T+&\T VQ]+#sT.
1918-1919\ H|P s TT+C s\ |T |X+ djT de#dq +<T C+
|uTeTT +>sT | >s$++~. sY y*+>H yksTT y+& +&sT
VQeT#&T. ;ssT jTTesE +>sT >&js+ VQeT#&T. +
m+<s jTq de\qT >T]+ VQeTT\ dH+#sT.
1329 |d |sb\ d+|T+ du+ b+<&T. 1336 |d qT+
1339 |d es |sb\ d+|T b< |<$ sV+#&T. V<su<T
d{ y duT &T> 1934 d+es+ qT+& 1940 d+es+ es #X&T.
y+ ses& |<\ |b. y] wqc\qT m|& $#]+# e.
sE 19 >+\T |Cde. bdH $X\ <<+ >\ e. $<, dede,
d+dsD_w, d$<, n+sq+ s\q, u\$yV\ es, $+T
$yV bV+ jTq d+|T d+dsD<e\ u>\T. e Tdq s$
HsjTDs& #|{ q nd X es<eT+ V]q de d+|Tt qT deT]+#&T.
<+ m y+ ses& qT $<] <X nqTu$ +q c\qT
\#T= >MTD $<sT\ s& Vd\T ]+#\H \+| e+~. u*\
bsX\\T k|+#&T. euw \T>T| eTe dTses+ ||s& >]
u> dVT& >\=+& | d++<\T |+#T=, dTses+ ||s&
s<]> +<$<\jT+ k|+#&T.

370 s& yue+
= <>+ H, sC V<sY _sT<T H, z._.. >se |sks+

H jTq J$+ eTs= bs+ d+|T de >=|~. >MTD $<], $<]qT\
|s_e~ Vs se\qT #|{&T.
sE eq|] sC>] es |+& sT>TTq d+<s + >=| s &+ <sT
#ssT. $<sT\T, y] $<, ed ks\qT >T]+ #s e+~. +eT+~
s&sE\T, MT+<sT\T, <\T +&L&, s& $<sT\ $< ks\T
#Ls bsTTHeT, y+ ses& #s yTT<\T|> sV+# ysT+f
yTeT+ dVjT+ #keT n& #]q |<\+<sT nHsT. HqT ds<
eedqT sV+#T u< eV+Tq y+ ses& eTT+<Ts>,
y+H |+>[ y+ ses& s. 10,000/`, >< eTVsE s. 30,000/`,
eq|] eTVsE s. 25,000/` + #eT+~ n&& y\ y\T #+<\T
|{+#sT. y+H jTT HeT d+es+ CwX< <T >TsTys+ (1327
|d) n< +{ s& Vd\TqT y+ ses& bs+u+ #X&T. $T{
@s&+~. y+ ses& $T{ |<q s<]. n|{ qT+& |<\T sT|
$yV d+<seTT\ $~> s&Vd\T #+<\T sC#sTT. 1333 |d
s. 52,000/` \ 9000 #.>. d n+<T ueH s& Vd d+
=H&T. 1334 |d s. 28000/` KsT#d uqX\, e+X\ {+#&T.
1335 |d s. 48,000/` KsT #d >+<\jT+ ]+#&T. |{ n+
|< >+<\jT+ V<su<T < #TsT. |H > \ eTs= +>qT
7`6`1927q s. 20,000/`\ = \T|HsT. 1346 |d y<X\,
n~>V+ {+#&T. |s+ s&Vd\T y+ ses & <s+
~q~H_e~ #+<T e+~. #s $<sT\T |]bTHsT. bsTTUH\T,
kq| ><T\T, =T&\T $]$> ]+#&T. dsT\, \, yje\
| @sT #X&T. s&Vd\T Ls>jT\T d+ VQdH k>sY +< 5
s& yue+ 371
ms\ qT, < +>qT s. 6,000/`\ = < s& u> n

|sT |{sT.
s& Vd\T e+<\=\~ ;< $<sT\ eTT> uqeTT, ed
\_dT+~. |sT s& Vd +<T s& u\Ts y\eT, eT, HjTT&T,
yTT<*jsY |, eTTdqT eTTq>T esZeTT\ ysTqT #]HsT. kseTT\T
b+~HsT.
y<X\ |+> y<T\T (=+\+ & s+>s& nH |Ps $<]),
e <sD, #s keTs eTT |+#T $<sT\ jTTeq d+|T +qT k|+
ys+ ys+ y+ ses& &u{ e>s sV+#y&T.
e&b{ VqTeT+se >] d#q yTs V<su<T u*\ q
bsX\qT bs+_+#&T. 1349 |d s& u*\ ed eT+~s+ @sT
#X&T. jTq T& bs+_+q u*\ X\ jTq dsZ dTH |P]
& sC V<sY y+ ses& eTV X\> 1-6-1945 Bq
bs+_+#& q&T|&T#Tq~. |eTTKyTq +< $<\jTeTTqT dTses+ ||s &
>] |sD k|+#&T. +<T euw \T>T $<u<q |eTT.
V <su<T lw< e sj+< uc\j y+ ses&> s |T>=eT,
+<ksd |]wT, >+& | d++<\THsTT.
1953 sC V<Ts Y dT H= <Hs s ]ws T #d q T++
q u>eTTq eq k+ ueqeTTqT dT#&T. dT s<] |.
seT#+<s&. duT\T> ddt \s&, zTs&, .$. s+>s&, e&b{
VqTeT+se, yTVB qyu+> HsT. dT <s eq <H s&
$<] ed >VeTT, s& u*\ ed >VeTT, +<$<\jT q bsX\,
u*\ q bsX\ $j+#TqT dT && yXsT.
372 s& yue+
y+ ses& |H\ k++> #+<\qT ds$<\ dV jTeTT

>$+q V <su<T d+d\ |{ q T #d mesH Xs# T \T e\d+<.
n$:
1. s& $<] ed >VeTT (dTH CsY)
2. s& nH<\jTeTT (dTH CsY)
3. s& u*\ ed >VeTT
4. u*\ q bsX\ (HsjTD>&)
5. $Tdt e+> u* bsX\ (u>TZ\+)
6. u*\ bsX\ (Usu<T)
7. $yes q bsX\ (>*>&)
8. V+< nH<\jTeTT
9. V]q Vd
10. nH< $<] >VeTT
11. |s|]D u* bsX\ (>>&)
12. n+EeTH U~ eTT\T dH
13. |s|]D u* bsX\ (d+<u<T)
14. ndT\TZs, H+|*
15. +< $<\jTeTT.
d+d\ $<sT\+<sT jTqqT |T\T\T> u$ksT . y+
ses& s & k<sT \ sT|eq dV jT+ #X&T. s & <s D jTq J$<s +
nsTT+~.
2-5-1953q V<su<T b+ |\H=+sT\qT Cd dsZdT HsT.
V<su<T <T'++~. ~ s&C rs T. jTq b]e <V s&
u> e< de~ #XsT. |\T, |eTTKT\T, yH y\]+#sT.
y+ ses& \TyT +X $>V V<su<T HsjTDY>&
y.jT+.d.m. e< k|+ y\]+#sT.
s& yue+ 373
V<su<T #]HesT ydH, s& |eTTKT\ #]Hes T ydH sC

V<s Y y+ ses& #] | +&e\d+<. s &C eH q |eTTKT&T
sCV<sY bXeTT y+ ses&.
y+ses& dVdeTT +<T\ eTVs d+<X#&T. n~
~>Te eyTq~.
sV<Ts Y y+ses&> ] dVks e TT\T

374 s& yue+
jTq >T]+ |eTTKTq d.sY.s& >] n_bjT+

This life of Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy form one of the most
interesting and instructive biographies published in Telugu. It is a lucid exposi-
tion written in attractive style, of one of the worthiest citizens of Hyderabad,
who is also held in high esteem throughout the entire Andhra country and
more especially by the extensive and important community of Reddies. There
is no need to review the excellent narrative presented by an accomplished
writer of Telugu prose. On the contrary, the only work that I should undertake is
to supplement it by a brief account of my personal relations with the distin-
guished Raja Bahadur and the impression he made on me.
It is however, a quater of a country since I first met him at Hyderabad. He
was then holding a very important post in the Police Department, a post which
gave him frequent access to His exalted Hihgness the Nizam and for which
utmost delicacy of thought and feeling and the coolest judgment were indis-
pensable qualifications. The Raja Bahadur, a strongman, silent but observant,
modest in manner and moderate in speech, cool, calm, unruffled and sympa-
thetic and charitable in his construtions and inferences, was, I was proud to
note, regarded by Muslims as well as Hindu as an ideal officer. No wonder he
rose to the Headship of the department and was awareed, for his signal and
faithful services by His Exalted Highness the title of Raja Bahadur.
Mr. Venkata Rama Reddy is not merely a man of broad shoulders but
one of a broad mind also. The perfect affection with which he greeted his
English daughter-in-law has always remained in my memory as the best and
most conclusive evidence of the great and noble spirit of the Raja Bahadur.
He was not content with being a mere official, though excellence in the
very difficult position he occupied would have by itself constituted merit of no
ordinary degree. In his own quiet way he was the friend and adviser of every
one in distress. He promoted organisations intended for the uplift of the Reddy
community and may be regarded as one of the founders of the noble Reddy

s& yue+ 375
Residential school and Library, which is a big factor in the cultural and social
life of the Reddy community in Hyderabad. The education of Telugu girls has
received powerful impetus from his sympathy and organising capacity. Out-
side Hyderabad too, his silent influence has not been ineffective. The most
astonishing features in the Raja Bahadurs life is the range of his beneficient
activities and the perfect mystery in which they are shrouded. The fast is, he
is not secretive but modest-modest by nature, preferring to be the power be-
hind the throne instead of the occupant thereof. Th hasty judment he might
look as a man of cold and reserved temperament. Reserved he is, but not
cold. I have not come across a warmer heart or more generous impulses
than the Raja Bahadurs. A true friend in private life, he is just as true a com-
rade in public.
He is popular with the Muslims as with the Hindus. In fact genuine Hindu-
Muslim unity can be promoted only by people of the type of the Raja Bahadur
who do not suffer from the inhibition of racial or religious animosities. He is a
synthetic genius-a synthesis that is produced by mutual affection, and recon-
ciliation, and not through attempts at absorption of one into the other by force
or policy. He is the friend of the Muslims no less than of the Hindus or the
Reddies for the simple reason that he places his loyalty and duty to His Ex-
alted Highness and the Doninion above all other considerations.
I trust, that this fine life of the illustrious Raja Bahadur will find a wide
and enthusiastic audience and that this silent heo of the Reddy race will
continue to be, for generations to come, the healthy influence that he has
been in the grateful appreciation of us all these many years.
May he enjoy many, many more years of nobel service to his state,
country and community.
(Sd) C.R. Reddy,
de#s+ dTses+ ||s& s+q sC V<TsY y+ ses&,
z._.. J$ #] qT+& >V+#&q~.

376 s& yue+
5
nqTe># q~\ eTqs<T
=+#yTq q~jTT >=<Te><T
=+& jT<eT+<T >=+#yT jTT+&<
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 377
& |sT>T ys&
qq+ : 1-1-1924
ys& >sT 1946 eT<dT jTe]{ qT+& jT+._._.jTdt. &^

rdTH&T. 1952 +{ y~ \ $u>+ +< jTe]{
jT+.jTdt. #X&T. V<su<T kj yT& <>+ #s&T.

378 s& yue+
1964 {.jT. b&j u+qT k|+ #&T. ~ <X+ H |<e T+.

d<X, $<X qsqT\ <<| 200 < | deTsD # X&T >MTD
|<\ dV jT+ #jT { 500 +|\qT #X&T. y TT+ > 2,50,000
s |swqT #d <X+H |<eT kq+ *#&T.
1971 |< l nysTq T 1977 |+q +{ &sT s&\+ ys e+&+ s&C
>ssD+.
5
+{ \T$& \ Ci+\
y+ sT>Ty&T yiy&T
|+#qT $& |i> jTiqjTT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 379
sH{ #+<T&T, sjT\deT <qsT&T

T& y+>s&
T& y+>s& sH{ <qsT&T. s&C eTD|Pd. sH{ deT

j\y& Hsd+Vs& dsT&T>, T& y+>s& #+<T&T. jTq
L& j\y& #+~qy&. jTq 1822 + 1900 dsZdT&H&T.

380 s& yue+
T& y+>s & +& q\|s &. * neT (n+eT) y] jTq Cw| T&T.
y+>s& sTesT us\T. ysT y+eT, H>eT. H>eT #b> #qeTqT
|+& #dTH&T. <Ts<w+ M] <s d+q+ \><T. qq d, d|
<jq+ <q<s\ $j+#&T.
.X. 1866 d+es+ sjT\deT | + nq+| s+ |< s T e
e+~. n~ < \T>T d+es+. < sTeqT sjT \deT |\T
|{ eTsb<T. n|&T eTq $T> \ L& sTe @s&+~. |\T
y~> e\dbjsT. sp e+<\=\~ |\T j\y& e#sT. eq
ys+<] <q +& uH\T e+&+ |{&T y+>s &. n|&T jTq e< 12
bs\ <qeTTq~. = bs 120 k\T. yTT+ 1440 k\T
<qeTTq~. <q+ yTT eT\+ sT H\\T |\ nH]
$j+#&T. ys q>q | eq >essT \T|&+~. jTq
Xs|& j\y& e nq<q $XweTTqT # & yksTT,
+>+&T eTVsD *jTCX&. yTL& nTs|& |uT+ s|q
+~ |eTT ds | y+>s& VQ]++~. < y|q
+^wqT, s+&e y|q \T>TqT $<+> bbd eq~. +^w
Presented to Budda Vengala Reddy as a token of the high appreciation of Her
Majestys government of his munificent liberality to his destitute Country men
in the famine of 1866"\T>T s+&e y|q 1866 d+eseTT d+u$+q
eT\eT+<T s<seTT> e+&q q d<XdT\| ]+q ew eTsTTq
W<seTTq>qT, VsY yTd sD >] e\, #jT&q Xw eTsTTq >D
qy\T> T& y+>s& >] VQeqeTT sTTe&~. n~ 20 T\eTT\
+>seT. < jTq q <+&# n\+]+#THy&. nsTT <Ts<w
eXT < <=+>\T <=+*#s. jTq $wjT+ me] #|<T.

s& yue+ 381
T& y+>s& >] $]j eTVsD VQ]+q +>sT |+

|&T q>| sT jTqqT #&e, m|& q <+&#
e+& | e TT b eqT >eT+ e& #d n&T>> <=+*+#&q< #b&T.
sT y+H eT<dT >essT yd ys= |eTTqT |+ sTT#qT.
|&T n~ j\y& y] e+XdT \ e< q~. n~ 10 T\eTT\ +>seTT
#jT&+~. |+ HjTeTD e eT<H= >T+& _, _ |u>q
$]j eTVsD eTT, eTT+<T u>q +^w qT yqT u>q \T>TqT
y+>s& <eTTqT |X+d+#T yeTT\T q$. eT< qTq >T+& _
s+&T y|\ sd q _\T nT& eq$. ~ |&T d+es+ T&
ys& +{ eTs= d+eseTT T& <d] +{qT e+&Tq. B
17`4`1966H&T & +s\ y+ dTuse>sT (Ms><\ |]X<\T`
u+>TSsT) q sH{ ds#+<T\T >+<+ d+ >e y[ b{qT
L& rdT= q >+<+ 260e |J sTy |#T]+#sT.
y+>s& &T> m|& uq+ #jT&T. jTqqT ##T e#T
+&|+&\ L& uq+ #dy&T.
jTq |<\ nq<qeTT #dy&T. <qeTT> me] e&T. y
H <$T& #y&T. eqe bDeTT\qT \T|q~ |s V ds|eT>T
nqyTq jTq ueq. nsTT uVDT\ e+ u, >se+ <q+ L&

382 s& yue+
#y&. <q+ d+ e# _#>+&T e+ T& jT+> s& <MT <MT,

jTH H <MT <MT n b b& <$T&\T rdTH ys.
jTq q +>sT | _#>H >, uqeTT #jTTysH >
<THys. #|ysT < d+ b]+#THys.
= <q<s $es\T \TdT=+<eTT. uVDT&T e eT> q&>&.
y+>s& us eq<. jTq $ +{ y[ #&> eT> eq$.
eTs\ uVDT |* |+#u|seH\T |{, eT> # eTq
e+<T b&jeqT uVDT <q+ #X&.
_e TTq eq |s T d y+>s & |TNs sTT#&. < <=&< ]q
eq jTq us rdT= q\T Ns sTT+<. *d u<| & eTs= |TNsqT
HsTT+ yT sTT d\ eTs<\T #d |+b&.
s& k] eT<dT eq _{wsD <>Zs >Ts+| y&T. yT
@&Ty\ sbjT*+~. y{ dub+>D+ <{ e#| <q+ #X&.
< $<yTq <q <s\ <\T yqy\T+&e. sEL >e\
y+>s& >T]+ b&TH Cq|<+ { e+~.
V]HsjTD nq y] - nqedseTT *|+#qj
>sTT+<jT b& qT\ ` >e<qyT #dqj
b\T |du\Ts ` b\ d+<\T |fqj
|[ ;< qT\ ` |[ dsTT+#qj
\T syTT+&y ` +f<T dsTT+#qj
+{yL >T&y - & C&T eTqTeTT\T dd
|[S dsTT+#qj - |[ dsTT+#qj

s& yue+ 383
|D+ ddq jT+>s& - |P\bqT| e#Tqj

e{ k#+ *dq |Te ` eT|P\ bHTsj
jTq n<w+ @eT+f e<|u<\T @e+ +&, sE ss
#sTT+#T=, MT< LsT+& #eTTsT |{+#T= kqeTT #jTusTT,
&eT us #| LsT+& yT & e#d] MT<H bD+
e~&T. n+{ ~eeTsD+ jTq d+u$++~.
j\y& y+>s&>] e+o\ y] & H{ < eTTq~.
| d+es+ >~ |+&T>H&T y+>s& de~ <>Zs +{, >T& y]
|+#u|seqeTT\ >=| nq<q+ sT>TT+~. k\T k\T _jT+
e+& |\+<] nq<q+ #ksT.
5
|\T =&e\T ysT +>s yTT{
s> |TeTT\T ysT bD yTT{
nsjT +&T ysT j* {
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

384 s& yue+
5
jTTqy d+V+THqqT
i u< #jTT
*$T y" ++T #\<T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 385
>TD+|* |s&
(H $TssTT |s&)
qq+ : 10-1-1920
eTsD+ : 9-5-2007
|sT |\q - eTqdT rjTq.
$TssTT\T #d~ H - ybs+ #d~ . ~ >TD+|* |s&
>T]+ y&T e.
386 s& yue+
|s& s\T >es+ >eTdT&T. >es+ s\T 61 .MT.

<s+. ~>Te eT<s> eekjT T++. +& VQdHs&, * |\eT @
\eT. us HsjTDeT, d+q+ Xss &, es\e T, s|T es&, lyds &,
@+sXss&, nq|Ps. jTq <T>TsT TTe\T. ysT Hs&,
|<|s&, H>eT, HsjTDs&, seT.
1e s> >es+ #~y&T. sTy eT+ #<Te d+ HjTq
ds& y+s&, qeT X\eT >s\ e< s\T |+bsT. n& n\]
\s> ]>&T. nsTT<T &T\ 5e s> es #~y&T. ] >es+
e#&T. +& eekjT+ |qT\T #b& #|+& 61 .MT. q&T#T+
s\T #s&T. sTy #<Te <T. HjTq +>sT ={ H\ s. 8/`
J+ | ~s&T.
n LTsT HsjTDeT |+& ]+~. bwD <T. z* q+f
d> +Z \]+ +{& n|<s n<+ |+& ]+~. kjT+ HjTH.
T VqyT+~. neeH\T |&&T. k++> w|& <*#&T.
Hq >TeTk e< sT. 25\T n|#d, edTe\T = # { {
# |\T { |T= M<T\ { ne&T. 60 |\T { n$T
sbsTT $T~. =T n< rdTH&T. n< H\ sT. 7/` { bH, ;&,
ds{ ne&T. m+&\\+ eT> ne&T. ybs+ k>TT+~. =+
s. 240/`\T $TsTT.
u>dTD \T|= \ ybs+ #X&T. m<T\+& (u&T>) |
\ eT\T ydT= }ss ]>&T. u>dT& # ydbj&T. eT
c\T.
1947 qeT \+ #d+ ~. Hq #sB d ysTT sbjT* s \T
1948 H $TssTT n+>& |{+ #&T. sp |>\ T $TssTT j sT#d kjT++

s& yue+ 387
6 >+\ qT+& s 10 >+\ es usus*<s $TssTT\T neTTH y.

100 J\ #s k H yd nssbsTT L $T*q C> jTq~.
ybs+ u>k>TT+~.
+<s w+ e+~. s \T * s< nsTT+~. +>, $+<T,
MT{+>T H $TssTT ds| s |]+~. ss =#sTT.5 d+es\ ybs+
|T <=]+~. sT| k$Ty] \&\T j |s& d\V b+
e]+~.
+< |<X sw+ e+~. V <su<T s< nsTT+~. 15.8.1957q
V<su<T n_& d+sT n+>& (n<) ]#&T. d#yTq q
H$TssTT V<su<T |s=+~. sw d]V<T\T L & <{+~. CrjT
ksTT b+~. jTs|t, eTdj, Hb e>s <X\L bsTT+~. m& @
<X+ V+<Te\T+f n& |s& H$TssTT e+&~. | ds+,
sueH, HjT\ MT{+>T\, |[, &qsT, $<o n<T\T, $<o
|jD\, $<X\ $+<T |s& $TssTT |+& +&~. T
d+b<q. |+&H&T eeTqT (ueqT) T n& <T f& *ke
nq ue T #d e+{&T. nsTTH |s& q |<eT J$+
|<]+, XeTq $\Te, eT>, { neT+ eTsbH<T.
60 d+es\ |> $TssTT\ ybs+ n<T+> ]+~. n+<T
q djT+w MT< qeTyT , q s&+s , q ]w
HjTq y+s& #|q sT d\ nqTdsD n<T +~. {
: qT H< |y |{*. s+&T : eTT& dsT djT+> =H*. eT&T : q
$TssTT qT eTT+<T sT#d u>T+fH ne*. H\T>T |]X~ ` yB
+&*. <T : n+<] <se*. sT : + |+& s<T. $
es+{ b{+#&T. |<y&j&T. sH\T L& e#sTT. >&H=#sTT.
y{sT yVH#sTT.
388 s& yue+
|s& s&+sT&T. |dH] <T. m|& K<s y&&T. \T s+&T

><T \T~. |\\ T y] e+{sT. m.d. e+&<T . +{> T| &y| eT<T seTT
n, m&eTy| |s& n HeT |\\T+$. e\+ J$+#{ \T. <
jTH djT+de&T. n+{ jTq us eTqd jTq d+|<. Wife is
wealth n+T+{&T. V<su<T H\T>T, s\T eT&T $TssTT =T.
V<su<TH sE s+&T qT\ $TssTT neT+. |&T d\T
|s& q e] sE\ 10 sT 20 |> dT\Tq$. ybs
n+T+&\ #T |{&T. H djT+ |syD q+ ybs+ HqT #jTqT
nH&T. HD d+ #kq+{&T. d+| |&&T.
jTq #] +es nsTT eTq+ #|H~ @MT<T. X$T+#&T -
d+b~+#&T. mes+ #|ed+<MT <T. |s& J$+ n+{~ <T.
q yTT<{ sE\ J$+ q s+ |d]dH e+~.
{XsT\T, #<Te\T u> #~$qysT e+&e#T.
e\+ djT+X| <s|& {XsT& d+b~+q keTTqT q\T>T]
nuT<j, ke de y+qysT =+<s e+{sT. #\eT sT
&H =sT e#~ n+{&T |s&. <s+ #dq=B d\D+> +{eTH
qeT+ jTq~. eTq #T\ eTqyT #dT+<+, eTq| eTq+ q&T<+,
eT+ | eTq eTqdTqT |j>|&<+ n+{&T. CsTTr> T<+
n+{&T. |s & >], ks~, de&T, +<T e, >TsTe jTq Hq y+s &.
jTq |s& y\T>Tu.
|s& ]seTw, ` CsTTr, de |syTXsde, b<$T
d\T. jTq n_e~ eTT>TZsT eT\s\T. ds& y+s& (Hq).
HsjTDeT (us), sY.$. Xc#sT\T (dVT&T).

s& yue+ 389
|s& |D|sTw&T \T>T >& eTD+, n_qe sT&T, sj,

<q>TDuwD _sT<+T&T. My donation is my investment n &T
deC~ ` H nedsyTq+ H~. #\eT &TT+fH
}sTT+{sTT nH$ jTq q$Tq $Xk\T, $<H\T. &T L&u&+,
wsT, +>s+ =q+| <d|<T. jTq dHq <s|]sD, $<de,
y<de, <]< HsjTD de q sy\T> u$+#&T. < ] ueqe.
<] d+dHsT #X&T. $XV+< |]wY |e+< b+ n<>,
|]wT n\ us ksTT X~]> |#X&T. u>q>s Y >Dwt e $T{
n< > 23 d+\T |#X&T. swj T djT+de deC, $XV+< |]wT ,
us $d |]wT, dsdr $< |seTT, d+d uc |#s d$T e>s\T
jTq #\e # q&#y.
<+ m jTq dyse\T eTs= mT. s bjT\T
$s\ bsTT. n&>y&T <Ts<we+T&T. Xus\T, y\T, |d
|#TsD\T <T. @$<yTq >T]+|>, |sT> jTq sT<T. HsT>
| bj&T.
nH< |\\ dys+ s \T $Cq|s+ k|+ #&T. y] XjT +,
#<Te #&T. 100/200 eT+~ |\\T+{sT @{ |s+.
q +< |#d 100 T+u\ >VedT\T, y] |\\
#<Te\T jTH #k&T. <e]H k<e! m+ >=| V <jTeTT!.
qdj q bsX\, . |s& pjTsY X\, . |s&
&^ X\, . |s& bso , &+ X\, . |s& +]+>
X\, us HsjTDeT |sT u*\ pjTsY X\ d+d uc
d$T, s\T e< nH<XeT+, $XV+< |]wT $Cq |s+, $yq+<
u\$<eT+~s+, |s & V d\T. M{ dT\T, Vd , Vd\T M{+{

390 s& yue+
KsT |s& u]k&T. 70 T $\TeCd n_& q $TssTT c| m<TsT>

eq 1200 #.>C\ d VsseT Vsw eT+~s sD kH y]
+> #&T. >T|< H\T <T . m& bsTTH m&eTCT <q<s \
H\ y&T. &CT y{ ssT u+& +{sTT. + +f >=|>
|Cdy se\T m+<sT #jT>\sT?
|s& CsTTr|sT&T, >], <qo*, eqey~, ke dy
|sjTDT&T, <sbjTT&T. w Hd <T]+ jTq q$Tq d+.
n+<T jTq ||] dksTTuu, $XV+< |]wT ||+# ksTT
HjT\T, <XH jTq m. . n<, nX d+| , $.$. ], C C d+ >,
yC|sTT, y~, \+ d+Jes&, d+JejT, dT Vq+<s&, n+jT,
mH.{. sese e>s |<\+<] |]#j\Tq$.
sH{ #+<T&T> |s=+~q T& y+>s&, jTq < ] meTT\T
#T. #sTT #dq <q+ eTs= # *jT<T. f & e+~.
y+>s& |<*q dT\qT, y{| <j\qT |<\ <H\T #d |s&
qT d+b~+#Tq T |C dy se\, <] se\
$j+#&T.
|s&~ eTq+ m\|& >TsT+#T<q jT+<qeTT n< s& qeTT.
5
qTe me]keTT q< bw+|
<qeTT me]keTT <=q>
bDeTT me]keTT bjT+&> \
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

s& yue+ 391
es| s$Ts&
qq+ : 16-3-1891
eTsD+ : 9-12-1973
s$Ts& >]~ H\sT . < T++. +& \HsjTDs&, * MTqeT.

us dT<sqeT. |+&T e< k+|<jT $<qud +#&T. kV+|
n_sT *+~.

392 s& yue+
1921 >+B <s+ kq dVjTssD<eT+ bZ, nsdT

& @&~ ]q s>s nqTu$+#&T. <T|] +>dt b sD
se\ bZ ~ dVjT+ #dy&T. H\sT +>dt $T{
|<eT s<]> |#X&T.
1929 e] qT+& 1930 p es H\sT |sb\ d+|<&T>
eeV]+#&T. n|&T | d>V + bZq d>VQ \ | _{w |uT
<TssZ yK] sdq> |<$ sJHe #X&T.
s$Ts& ybs<\T. yT ybs+ ~. \\T d+b~+#&T. u\
d~j>+ Hs ]. us dT<s qeT |sT ws > ysD +< H\=*|
\ |~y\T <s+> #&T. jdT| 40 |&\jT KsTqT jTH
u]+#&T.
|Xy<X\ |]X<H>s ]+|CX&T.
e* eVsY us, +< $X |]wT, d]<$ $<\jT+,
y< d+d bsX\, q #sTLsT bsX\ eT]= $<d+d\
bDyjTTe\qT d+]+|{&T. +<TLsT |uT X\ \\
$s#&T. eT<dT >sjTq>sY $<<jT bsX \ ue q sD+
#sTT+#&T.
1935 H\sT $jT jT+ bs+_+#&T. | @&~
jT+T\T sV+#&T. y\ @&~ = |+& T ds+
#d d+|<j @sT #X&T. ~ s+s+ =qk>{ eT\<q+
@ss#&T. $jT jT+T\ |+&T\T #dq |d+>\qT $jT $
yjT+> |#TsD #sTT+#&T.
s& yue+ 393
|eTTK |+&T\T eT >+<\qT |#T]+#T <+ # |y&T.

>&js+ y+ XwXd, >Ti+ Cwy, &* dTsjTXd s$T{
$T+ q, |< s#sTT\T |P] ] dVs\qT, dHH\qT b+<sT.
s$Ts&>]~ meTT #sTT. $sDo*. >=| kVr bw\T.
{ s &> sT kV bw \e+ s &C kV+|> \ |eT >sy\qT
#TT+~. s&sE\ ysd #TT+~.
5
d\T >\TZ# #seTT>\TZ
d\T # que
d\ # qsT\T #THsj
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

394 s& yue+
5
=+D+T be >T d+VeTT<T
sT> +~ >eTT<T
yiTC y"&T $|"&T "&T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 395
dTses+ ||s&
qq+ : 28-05-1896
eTsD+ : 25-08-1953
||s&>] +& HsjTDs&, * s+>eT, us |< eeT.

s &> sT eTVu q>sY <D nq&T +|PsY ysT {\ b&T
HsjTDs&, s+>eT >s ~ 28.05.1896q neTeT>] ePsT use*

396 s& yue+
+#&T. \+|PsY 18 X| s \ {> |s=+~+~. q|sT yTT<{ b|s &

n sT y u\+H ||s &> |\e&& =# #|&+~. |<eeT
$yV+ 1916 ]+~. 1904 s\T AB $Twq d\T #s&&T.
sTy yTy]jT d\T #~y&T.
yT{wH #~$ |#<Te\ 1921 V<su<T, eT<dT y[
eT<dT |d& 1921 _.m. #~y&T. 1924 _.m. #~y&T.
=+\+ nsTTw+>H jTsT> |#X&T.
dTses+ |sT y] |P\ >eTyTq cs|PsY qT+& e+<+{sT.
y] e+Xe+ e+~. n#q eTqe&T ms&. ms& eTqe&T b|s&.
b|s & q\T>TsT =&T\T. ysT y+s &, HsjTDs&, y+>s &, seTcs &.
HsjTDs& esT&T ||s&. +& HsjTDs& d+d+ u> #~y&T.
|q+& seTcs& s\T d+d bsX\qT bs +_+#&T. $<sT\
d++> uq ks\T *+#&T. k+<eT+ seTcs&
>+B >] *dq|&T y+& s{ >+B VQ]+#&T. \T>T, d+d
|+&T\ kV#s+ #X&T. n< <] ||s& |jT+#&T.
1904 d+es+ s \T AB $Twq m*yT+ d\T #s &&T .
sT y yTy]jT d\T #s &&T . d+d+ s +&euw> #~y&T.
d+d >+<\T u> #~y&T. eq|* seTw $ d\V yTs d+d
yq s V]e+X+, <X es #], usJjTeTT, s|T Te+XeTT, es
d+ue eTT, ssT jTeTT, Xd| , X+>s X+\eTT, es+&jT |sDeTT,
|wT\T, Vk\T, us <sXk\T #~y&T. y sD+ nud+#&T.
\eT] \qsd+V+, +<TL] MsX*+>+ >+<\qT u> #~y&T.
q|{ qT+& | dT qT yTT<{k ] rsT & T s +&ek] rsT & j T y&T.
V<su<T #<e{ y[q|&T \T>Tuw |{q <TsZ #
++#&T. nH eT<dT #~$q|&T \T>Tuw eq e>#&T.

s& yue+ 397
s&sD e>s |\ \T>T yk\T sd |+b&T. \T>T uc $k

X$T+#&T.
|q+& |qT|q V<su<T #<Te y[q|&T HC + d{ bdT
MTwqsY (=) sV<sY y+s$Ts&, |+>[ y+s$Ts& >s
|]#jT + @s&+~. sV<sY y+s$Ts& <s V <su<T s & Vd
>se ysH> |#X&T. n|&T n~ HC+ s+. s|> 8d+es\T
|#X&T. Vd >+<\j 12,000 |d\T deTLs&T. >+B
d>V + qT bZq+<Tq, dyssY ydq ysY |t +&jT H +&|+&qT
|d+ qT |#dTq >+<\j |+q+<Tq +>dt e> eTT<|&
HC+ |uT+ es+q+<Tq Vd yTHyT+{ $T{ysT jTqqT ysH
|<$ qT+& =\+#sT. d>eT+ #] V+<Te\ |+&T>\T nH |]X<H
>+<+ sX&T. sTy sV<sY y+s$Ts&>] ]| V<u<T
jTsT> bdT |{ e qT |& $s$T+#&T.
d+|T d+dsD<X+ 1926 sV<sY y+s$Ts& b<\+,
dVs+ >+& ||qT k|+#&T. \T>TysT L& \T>T #<e
sE\$. \T>T uw d+ X$T+#&T. | k+<e es<Z s +
eV++~ eT]jTT \T>T uw yqT<qT> *+~. ||s & \T>T jTTe
s#s TT\qT bV+#&T. eTVuT <jT + =s | o] |{&T . 1947
| d+b<+ d]+#&T. n|{qT+& n~ ~q|> q&b&T.
\+>D C+ sh+ yTHyT+T ysT |{q ws T \ +> | H&T.
n|{ es \T>TqT <T>* q+<T d+w+#&T. \T>T uw,
kV, d+d |<sT> |X&T.
1929 qT+& +<eTVdu #T\T *| eTT+<T k>&T. e&b{
VqTeT+se, k$T seq+<rs, sT\Z seTcse, .$. s+>s& e>s
yT<e\ *d, y] dVs+ rdT=, k+d<eT+ k+#&T.
398 s& yue+
1931`34\ +<eTVdu s<]jT C+ b\qqT es+#&T. C+

b\q \+>D \T>T uw, d+d s&>sT |<sT.
1941 $Cq e] |]wY qT k|+ < s<]> =H, n< >
=H |#X&T. n|&T sejTD $XweTT\T nH >+<+ yjT> <
|]wT |#T]++~.
26.05.1943q <e\|* seqTse, sTZ\ seTcse, e&b{
VqTeT+se >s \d \T>T uc |]sD d+ +< ksd |]wT qT
k|+ #sT. deTjT+ H{ >=| #] >+<y T q +<T \ k+|T #]
yjT> < +< ksd |]wT ysT 1949 |#T]+#sT. >+<
1955 +< kV n&MT CrjT VQeT >s$++~. n< d+es+
eT\+|*y ] s& sC\ #] L& |#T ]+#&+~. s &s E\ \+ k+|T
JeqeTTqT >] n|&T eq eTTK>+<\ +<T\ k+|T #]
yT\T> qTq< |<\H<sT. >+<+ sT # j TT>eTT, rjTT\
jTT>eTT, s&sE\ \eTT, $jTq>s ke \eTT + 1907 es >\
+<T\ k+|T #] >=|> |+#&+~. H >+& e\ d+ L&
eTs= eT #] >+<yT.
>+<\j<eT+ #TsT> bZ +< kd{ ydt` |d&+T
nsTTH&T. |\T >+<\j\ y]y\ bZ \T>Tuw |\T |Hk\T
#X&T.
\T>T e< eT+ u<q +< bsX \ k|+ |Cd 12 d+es\T
s<]> |#X&T. 1944 +< $<\jT+qT k|+ s<]> Bs \+
|#jT> sTy n~ > e~#+~+~. V<su<T +< u*\
bsX\qT L& bs+_+#&T.
sj\ |y+ 1952 +>dtb XdqduT\T> eTVu
q>sY eq|] jesZ+ qT+& m &&T. \T>T uw e{&
s& yue+ 399
ys+<] d+ $X+< y\ y~+#&T. n~ jTq eTsDq+s+ 1956

yT+~.
ls&>sT >=| kVrsT&T. +<T\ k+|T #] ueTs $c<eTT,
V]Xs bUqeTT, |esDeTT, V+Ms d+ueeTT yTT<q Bs$ y
#\ $c<eTT, u T s+ H\T sXsT. e+<\ =\~ yk\T, qe\\T,
<\T yd \T>T uwqT d+s+#&T. V+<e <sMsT\T, d+|T<sDeTT,
>eTq <s DeTT, V+<Te\ |+&T>\T, sejTD $Xwe TT\T yTT<q >+<\T
ke <sD.
|T+T sDeTTq w #XsT.XsseTT, +<y#deTT, s
|T +Te\ = |<e TT\ q qjTs\qT yX&T. dssj+<
|T+Teq b&+|qT jsT #X&T.
eTV$ & d. HsjTDs&, dTses+ ||s& >] > T]+
d+u$+#sT. n&T ||s& sTTsT |&jTTq \T>Ty] >T+& s\ <T*
y\TZ\qT *q $TT&T! eTsysTTq{ \T>TC d+d {\T Bdq
eT*H<T& seTTq be& Hs dw H<T&&.
\T>T uwd+, \T>T Cd+, ds d+ n]+q . s & q + *q
\Xw. mq{ eTsTe k<+ eTVeTw.
.
5
qq eTsDeTT\ d] d+T"&T>&T
yTT<\T s>&T T<qT>&T
q&TeT s qqT q>TuT <=
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

400 s& yue+
5
|s> i>T+& |>T\>=e#T
>=+&\ |+& >=e#T
]qT eTqdT ]+|s<T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 401
& dsY eT+ seT*+>s&
qq+ : 10-12-1880
eTsD+ : 24-02-1951
seT*+>s& >]~ sT (|&T sT n+s>yTq)

eT+ >eT+. eekjT T++ +& dTVDs& |eTTK HjTy~.
jTq $>, |+&T> me]. y] T++ |e sejTD

402 s& yue+
us\T #~$q ys. seT*+>s& q|{ qT+& eTVus+ me> ]+

< |<\ yK\T #|y&T.
d>eT+ b<$T $<. sT q bsX\ $<, (1896-
jTdt.jTdt.m.d) eT<dT de X\ #] Xd+ _.m. (1902)
#~y&T. us|uT |s yq+ +>+&T q $< d+ y&T.
+_& dsTT+{ CH X\ #] q |uq T #| m_wH, s { VQeTT\qT
>\TH&T. X\ <s<j b+< $<]> nsqT b+<&T. n#
#] _.m. (qsT) #~y&T. ns, Xk\ L& |yX + d+b~+#TH&T.
1905 seT*+>s& +_& *s u s<]> mH&T. s
+_& jTjTH b<&H&T. n<= >=| >se+. >sy m+|q
|<eT usrjTT&T L& jTH. sTy = <Xu\ eseT+>+
(usrjTT&T) jTjTH n< &H &T. yT<e\ |]#jT + |+#TH&T.
nd d+uwD #TsT&T.
seT*+>s& 1908 us< X ]e s& X\ n<| >
#s&T. jTqq yTseTT, |Hd djT e\q n<| > V+|
&&T . jTsT y\qT =+ + n<| e d]+#&T. sT y
\ CrjT X\ ydt |b nj&T. #sT\T>q #X&T.
jTqq euw, +^wuc bMD\ e\q |\T# neX#sTT.
seT*+>s& |Hk\ ejC ]T q y] .myT.eTT >s=sT .
1909 $X$<\j\ d+dsD\| |d+#{ yTdsT d+kq|
~yH dsY $.|.e<ese V+#sT. jTq |Hd+ $q+ yTdsT
d+kq+ |u$yT yTdsT d+kq ddT #sTHsT. deTjT+H
yTdsT jTTesC bT sb $$< $X$<\j\ |rsT \TdT
H+<T y[ neX+ d~j>+ #dTH&T. $X$<\jT |D[
s& yue+ 403
sC>]#&T. 1915 |D[ yTd sT $X$<\jT+ k|+ #> 1916

yTdsT $X$<\jT+ |b nj&T. $X$<\jT+ \T>TXKqT
bs+_+ l s|* nq+ wXs >] \T>T |+&T> jT$T+#&T.
1918 H{ sws e nsTTH > yTdsT sc HdsT qs |t
m&TwH> sC>sT jT$T+#sT. bsX\\T >e\+{ bsX\\T
]+#+<T #s\T #|{sT. bsX\ V]qT\ |y X\T *+#&T. n~
nuT<jT #s. n+> deTjT+ us nsXd+ >+<+ yjT>
< eT<dT $Cq #+~eT+&* 1914 |#T]++~. d+ sc
e# \+| 1921 Xss+ > n# sJHe #XsT. ysT VXH sT.
1921 <XeT+ k+<eT+ #]e+~. bsbT> ddt b
#], \TdT y<=*>&T. sTy jTTHf& Hwq b k|+ sCbq>
eT+esZ+| $eTs\ es+ ]|d |=#&T. $< e <T\qT
{sTT+#+| $eTs e #X&T. eTTKeT+ bq> sC| $sT#T|&&T .
+<$X$<\jT+ k|q e& #X&T.
1925 +< $X$<\jT+ k|+#&+~. < s&>]H |<eT
b< #XsT.
b<> |<eT+ uy& qT+& $<T\qT s]+#y& T. uy&qT
uCy& nHy&T. +<$X$<\jT+ n H nsTTH&T. $X$<\j
ys T n|t+& nqTyq ~> ss TT+#&T. +<q \T yTT<\T V, < j
H s+#&T. V+ dH eBeTdT n #] $<| qq >sy
y\&+#&T.
b<&T> +H dVjT ssD<eT+ bZ ny<
es+ CrjTy~ nsTTH&T. k<s k<eTDT\T #dTq >\T, |&TTq

404 s& yue+
u<\ T #d |dT |<$ +&q b< |<$ sJHe #X&T. sT y

ds|* s<wH >] b<> jT$T+#sT.
sj |P]> eTT>&T. 1935 sT usT n<>
mH&T. sTy Xdq eT+&* mH&T. 1936 +< $X$<\jT+
b< |<$ U nsTTq+<Tq ] seT*+>s&H b< &T> |uT+
]+~. jTq n+^]+#&T. 1949 esL b<&T> |#d yTdsT
$X$<\jT+ b#H\sY> y&T. sTy +<$X$<\jT+ &sY |t
sT >s$++~. sTy nHs>+ sJHe #XsT.
seT*+>s& >=|$. jTq ydq eTTd\eT eTsD+ |{ >=|
< eyT. < |+>[ \++ n+{ysT dTBs |] yXsT. $+
d+|<jT |< eH ue+ <T+. s+&T |<T\ ejTdT L& +&
$<] ejTdT (19d+\T) ydq e+ eTTd\eT nH eTV #dq
>+ yde < #|&+~. <= kV #].
$ $#seTT >+<+ |{ m|{ >=| \T>T kV $eTsH
>+<y T . B +< $X$<\jT+ 1941 |#T ]++~. \T>T kV $eTs
n+X mesT |k$+H $ $#seTT >+< |s=qe\d+<. <=
yT\TssTT. + nsXk n++ #d ydq n+| \T |<\T, s
K+&\T jTq $ n<+ |&sTT.
1936 ydq qej$T, d+d e+ _\Dj T +, +> $ ussYc
>+<\qT >TsT #ksTT.
jTq |+#$T yd d+|{, < d, <|~ b\ W+ H{
dy< e\ T~bs\T #|$> HsTT.
s+>H< sejTDeTT rjT b\\ keT+sE (13e X+
H{) >q T<s& sdq<q s]+#&T.

s& yue+ 405
seT*+>s& >=| yds. jTq sdq yk\T ydeT+]

<=sTsTT. $> jTq ydq$>, jTq| ydq$ > <<| 35
>+<\Tq$.
s&>sT dT V#] nsTTH $yV eedqT >T]+ 8 $<q
$yV\ >T]+ bNq kV+q, <T kV+q q\|
de+qT q yd$qT >=|> dw+ #X&T q yk\.
s&>sT >=| ke Xdy. jTq ydq us nsXdeTT, |\,
yT<e\, |uT\ <w H]++~. {\T&T q\+ H{ nsXd+ yd,
seT*+>s& ydq nsXd+ q \+H{ nsXd+>, ke Xd+>,
eqsT\ $j> Xd+> |\Te] |X+d\ q+<T+~. B <X eqsT\T,
|T&T\T, Xs XeT, e, $\Te\T, e b<q\T #| &sTT. +<T
nsk <q +& <s bwD k< + <H d \+> #bsT. us< X +
n|{ nded+> +&q~. ysDbj\qT L& #b&T.
|q #|qT nk<sD $>H nk<sD e> L & |sT
b+<&T. jTq J$+ eTTKyTq |T {\T #\eH . $> eTTd\eT eTsDeTT,
us nsXdeTT, $ $#seTT e>s , ye TqqT jTq $,
d.|.uH sTy e\, |\ +~ seT*+>s& >s. +f yeTq
$ + b|+ e e+&~ <y. yTT< yeTq |<\ $wjT+
XyD <s y\T>T , yk\ <s, deyX\ <s e\T,
s#sTT\ yeTq $ b|+ #&T. <= >=| $wjT+.
n+ us |uT |s yq+ +_& y[ sTy +_&
jTjTH b<&H&T. usrjTT, nB $<] mq >se+.
] eq sTy s& eTVsC X\ ydt |b> # d yTdsT
jTTesE *d jTs|t d+<s q &T. yTd sT eTVsC X\ |b

406 s& yue+
nsTTH&T. eT<dT Xdq eT+&* duT > s +&T <b \T m &&T (1922`26
eT]jTT 1935). +<e TVdu n< &H &T. +<$ X$<\jT+ @s&{,
ysT k|+#T eTTKs&H&T. < k~+#T mH +<T\T
m<Tse\d e+~. +< $X$<\j yTT<{ b<&H&T (1926).
] eTs\ mqT&&T.
TsT usT n<&H&T (1935-36). n+]X$<\j\ usT
#sH> mqT&&T (1937). _{w |uT+ysT, j Tq de\qT >T]+
dsY _sT<T >s$+#sT (1942). yTdsT $X$<\jT + b #H\sY>
|<$ q\+]+#sT. $<, sjT s+>\ +&T J$+ nqTu$+#&T.
n$yVT&.
seT*+>s& |+&T&T, >+<s. eTTK+> kVr $eTs &T, e,
sjTy, |]b\&T, eeVs, d+k], dVbT& T, esZ<] $<$<q
d+dsD_w. @ s+>+ rdTH n>kqyT. me] b>&\ T jTq s< T .
me] $eTs\ jTq #*+#< T . Xu\ s & >TsT+ #Te\dq |uX*.
s&C |Tq] q eTVe.
5
nqT|eT $ \eTT
bq] $V jTq> |PE+&sTT
\TZq usyTTq]q
jTq|TT $qT+T HsT $T.

s& yue+ 407
<TePsT s$Ts&
qq+ : 09.11.1895
eTsD+ : 11.09.1947
<TePsT s$Ts& 1895 >&sT dTus&, \ <eeT >s +#&T.

us XweT 1925 dsZdTs\T > qT, q T+ neds\qT <w
e+#T= 1929 nq|PseTqT $yV+ #dTH&T. y] yDT>b\s&,

408 s& yue+
Hsqs& esT\T *>sT. sTDeT jTq k<]. u\cs& k<sT&T.

eT< s> sT T++. 30 ms\ d<+.
s$Ts& >&sT M~& #~y&T. |es& b+ djT nH
k njT>] e< 5e s> es #~y&T. | #<Te\ * ] MT<
H\sT y&T. V <=s e< 8e s> < #~y&T. n+ +& eTsD+ #>
#<Te dd #| +{=#&T.
* \ <eeT <e u me. <H\T, <s \T, rsj
\| <d me.
s$Ts& eqey~. o*. KqeTT, \eTT, b{>|, s&j
+]+> jTq | n_w\T. qT 8e s> #~y sE\H $<o
yTs\ b{> yTs\T jsT #X&T.
djT+w +^w, |+, {H, sH, u+>, |]j TH, sT<T,
$TeTT, d+deTT, +< uw\ (|yXyT <T) b+&+ d+b~+#&T.
|j $j> <TKdeT]eTTq [<dT yT|T d+<XeTT, KjeTT
sTujTT\T d+Je Ww<eTT\ e |qsTJ$+| Cdq$ n jTH bqX\
b<+ #|H&T. eT+ seT*+>s& >] eTTd\eT eTsD+ #~$
]+|&&T. jTH qqT >] bsX\ HqT H]q $< #\=~. qqT
>V$<\jT T&qT jTT|>TqT (m b& |t yT yT jTe]{). H
e eekjTeTT. w $wjTeTT\T $Cq XdeTT\TqT, yT +]+>
jTTqT. $ s#q |$T+#T eTT+<T =H HqT KqeTT, eT
$>VsDeTTqT #jTT#T+{ n #|H&T.
yTs sD+, s &j j ], CwXd+ , K q+, s$Ts& J$+
eTTK $Xc\T. sTyH $+ =#&T.
M~& >C+ <y e TT, sTD D+ #<T eH&T. |<\T >TD+#T
+ e+&y&T. sE mes jTq $T @<H yjTeT+f
s& yue+ 409
n|&T <+&eTT Xd BeTD <+&eTT e $uH n yX&T.

Xd> sT $+ edT+ <jYT yjTeTH&T. n bs+uy T + ~ $ |yX + .
s eT<dT bsTT y$y] n+>& #+<dT |d*eT+f ysT dT\D
ks+ n|MjT+ #sT. #+<sD+ s+uyT+~.
n& qT+& (1915 qT+&) #<e +, yjT+ bs+uy T sd Hq+<eTT,
dbXw e TT, nVqTs>eTT, w sjTuseTT, q\CseT, s $deTT,
eXeTT, d+V |u<eTT nH >+<\T yX&T. 1917 s& qd+|T+
dTes | +~. d.sY. s & >] yT| <s dH++~. 1918 eqe]
y $jT q>s eTVsC kq+ sV+q b{\ |<eT VQeT
e+~.
s$Ts& >] _eq+ me. uVDsT\ |jH\ =s
bs+_+q <eT+ | |#TsD MTs yTT<{ d+b<\ d.sY.
s&>sT V+#&T. deT<], HjTB| |\ |d+b<&H&T.
n~ =+ \yT.
=+\+ ddt b nqTL\+> e+& >+B ne]+#+ CrjT
y| yTT>TZ #b&T. d+<s+ yT\T =\T|, Hy<eTT, |u< X+KeTT
e+{ K+&\T y\Te]+#&T.
1919 we\T&T, 1920 \<+>q sX&T. 1923 jTTe
d|eTT, 1924 +usD sX&T. +usD H+ |\T |<sq *+~.
1926 V<su<T eq|&T dTses+ ||s&, = y+
s$Ts&, u]wsT >b\s&, dHsjTDs&, |+>[ y+{$Ts&, =+&s&
e>s s& |<\T s$Ts& bjT+> <]+#sT.
1925 s$Ts& J$+ |<< *+~. us Xwe T _&q T |d$ +
9-7-1925q eTsD++~. |<\T + 16-6-1929q nq|PseT |+&
]|+#sT.

410 s& yue+
4-11-1929q &| {s& n<q uy& +< eTVdu ysT

s$Ts& $ \ _sT<T#sT. s _sT<TqT d>s+> y&TH&T.
1935 bqX\ >+< s|+ <*+~.
1936 #\q s+>+ n&T>T|{&T. dr T\d \+<s
de <, dH]j, e\T, b\T sX&T. qjT+ d e u> |sT
>+#T rX&T. bsr |]DjTeTT, dseT qqeTT de\ b\T,
|<\T, d+uwD\T sX&T. yVy] d |eTTKT&T _.mH. s & >] |]#jT +
@s&+~.
k+k] J$+ e# bqX\, |* XeTT, $TsX + yX&T. ($T
eT+ ydTq X+ d>+H q+<Tq $Ts X+ nH |sT
|#T]+#sT).
s$Ts& 1945 bsTTq|&T |y+ e+~. reyT+~. dT
@sT #j\ <s e\qT dH+#\ u$+ M\THe yX&T.
M\THe neT\T s<T. 11/12`9`1947 +Cdy |sTT\sY bD+
bsTT+~.
s$Ts& s&+s J$+ >&b &T. |#s+ w+ <T . |sT d+ b&
<T. e\+ 8e s> #<Te |\T uw\ djT+> b+& + d+b~+
kVr+ eTD|P d ud&T . |.$. seTHsY >sqT +] eT <T. we\T&TqT $ d+Vdq+ MT<
LsT+& u{q sT$ ` $sT s$Ts&.
jTq ydq s& |u<+ K+&\T u$T, dsT&T eq+ es s&
\dT\ bD$TT\T.

s& yue+ 411
s$Ts& >] y\T :

q\CseT(1917), eqe](1918), we\T&T(1919), \<+>q (1920),
jTTe ddeTT(1922`23), &|{ M&T\T(1924), |*Xe TT(1942),
$`s$(1943) kVr >T H{ y\T>T ~y.
s$Ts& >] K+& y\T :
qe\(191821), Hy<eTT(192125), u>V<jTeTT (192530),
eX+ (1917).
s$Ts& >] nqTy<\T :
bqX\(1935), >T_(1944), |+&.
s$Ts& >] H\T :
s $deTT(1917), deqydeTT(1921), +usD (MTsusTT
1924), e<e $jTeTT (1925), +>dty (1935).
kVr $eTs> kVr + |s=+<&T.
jTq & n{ <s+. kV+ mq{ eTsTe < es.
s&\dT& nsTTq+<T s&C jTq eTD+ |&TT+~.
5
neTs+ u qV<jT+
>eTyT >T \TZ eq+Tq H
dTeT X+T #|q
eT\T qC$ y&< $T.

412 s& yue+
5
|< >\y qsd +<Te\"p&T
ujTeTTy p&T +TqeTT
|<y p&T |+&eTT >TDeTTqT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 413
Cq|sY nysT >V

|<uwDY
& d. HsjTD s&
(d.H.s.)
HsjTDs& +& eTs&, * T#eT, us dTo\. es\T >+>,

jTeTTq, dsd, wyD.
|{ \+>D q q&>&
yT&|{q sT e+>&eT+<T
H $ H * |sD - H | |sD
n #|q
414 s& yue+
eT{ |{q eD+ | |{q b]C+ Cq|sY nysT >V,

|] >T]+ eyT # eTq+ #|+TH+.
Cq|sY nysT n+f keqyT+~ <T. us<X+ |{ es
nysT b+~q |eTTKT\ d. HsjTDs& & s&.
H&T 14e X+ e] s & |uT e s s ed+sjT\T es]
s&| ss ed+sjT\T nH n<T e+ sd \ T>T kVr ||+#+
yT{> |sT>+ <X+ H n+ |cs y T q Cq|sY nysT b+~ eTV$>
eTqeT< $s\TTq d. HsjTDs& >] s&|uTe es]s& dsdq
$uT L& |d+ #] >s$+#yT de#s+ & +#+
<X+. +<] s& sE\T, |eTTKT\ eT< d. HsjTDs & >] yuy
L& + q+~+#yT >]+#\ +>\T s&HuT<jT d+|T+
u$++~. neX+ eTs=k] m|&T me] \T>TH #|+ qT #
deTT+> |+#yT+~. (~ d.H.s. >] kV+| #s yd+ <
>eT+# >sT#THeTT).
d. HsjTDs& +{ |sT d+s&. +q>sY yeTT\y& eT+&\+
VqTeJ| |d< s T T++ 29-7-1931 Bq +#&T. d+q+
d+ dHsjTDk$T e+ #dq s |{& yeT dHsjTD s&
n |sT |{+~. d]d\ e<$T bsX\ #s|&T +& HsjTDs& n
|sT |{&T. n< ds|&+~.
$<ud+
b<$T $< VqTeJ| |yT {#sT q&|q M~&. u\+H
V]<\T, Cq|<\T, +>+ <\y| ]T&H&T. jT_w eTT+<TeTT+<T
s& yue+ 415
e s#q , > jT, > s#q , e>q+, > >q+ u> |j >|& ~ .
e< $T $< d]d s e< eT+. \T>T + > k+~. q bsX \
$< +q>sY ]+~. +&jT{ V<su<T #<sY|{ X\
]+~. sE lw< e sjT + #] sjTb\T,
>TsC&, wXd, Cwy e>s >s\ \T>T kV+ e+{+#TH&T.
_.m. kj $X$<\jT+ ` s MT&jT+. m+.m. L& kj $X
$<\jT+H #X&T. m+.m. sT y |V#Y.&. n< $X$<\jT+ (\T>T)
<e\|* wXd>] d#q| <T+< $eTT ` d+|<jTeTT\T `
|j>eTT\T n+X+| #X&T.
Vd\T #<Te\ sE sCs <Ts>\ es+> { d
<eT+ bZH&T. >eT+ q >+<\jT+ k|+#&T. eT<bq
es<eT+ bZH&T. V]H<sD<eT+ bZ
e\ e\jT eT#]+ MT
k\T <Ty<e<?
e\& eTVeT+jTq |P
e\yd<e<
n $\T yX&T. e s&sE\ qT+& eq s&q+ \D.
X\ $<]> Xu | d+b< + eV+#&T. sdt, d+V+<
|s $+ |\ |+|y&T. $<] <XH |V< #], d|VsD+,
s|Te<e sJjT+, uw\T e>s H\T sX&T. d $ e+{ >+<\T
sX&T.
HsjTDs& >TsTe\T : #s . >b\cse, #s | <TsZjT,
#s ~ys y+{e<.
s, V+B, \T>T, +^w uw bMD+ d+b~+#&T HsjTD
s&. jTq |V#Y.& |]X<H >+<+ <T+< $eTT, d+| <jTeTT\T
416 s& yue+
` |j >eTT\T H{ , @H{ $X$<\j\, \T>T $ |]X<H sT\

beD >+<+> d]+#&TT+~. HsjTDs& >+<\T +^w, |+#Y,
d+deTT, V+B, eTj+, q&, s uw\ s Te\T ]>sTT.
<>\T
s+u+ d+<u<T sY n+& dqT X\ n<| &T> #X&T.
<T|] V<su<T C+ X\ n<|+ sV+#&T. sTy
kj $X$<\jT+ &sT>, <T|] b|dsT> #X&T.
kVr |kq+
HsjTDs& Bs>jTy\T, K+&y\T, >jTH{\T, >, ||+#
|<T\T, de b\T <X+H $<X\q |d~sTT. jTq ejTdT
2016 86e d+es+ e+~. n+<T d]jT>T d+KH 1954 qT+&
|{ es 86 >+<\T s+ |#T ]+#&T. & d.H.s. deT> kV+ nH
18 u>\ d+|{\ jTq$ # |d\T eTT~+#&$. < T|] eq
|d\T $&$&> |#T]+#&$.
HsjTDs& e< >jT$> |d~sT. | e<
#+<dT y\T s+#&T. $X^, H>sTq k>s+, d|u+>+, ss
ed+sjT\T, $XH<HjT&T, TTT#+, u$T, Cs+, \b+,
deT<sq+, eT<q+, eTw ` X+, $X+us e>s y\T |d~ q$.
HsjTDs& q s s ed+sjT\T y djT>q+ #d n~ nyT]
]ssTT H&T us<X+ d.&.\T> \_dTq~. qe |e, n+ dT+<],
seT| s s \ \T>T y\T>T HsjTDs& H{\ T, C }|] k+eTT,
\b+, $X^+, ~y\ d+^+, d++, >\ $Vs+, eTw ` jT++
e>s >jT q H{\T |d~ #+<sTT. seT| #] d+^ s|+
usrjT uw\+{ nqTe~+#& @\+ XyD +<\ qT+&

s& yue+ 417
|ks+ &+~. HsjTDs& \T>T > |jTqT yd, y{ |jTd

qTdq\ qT+& jT |C|s+#d djT+> b&, ]sT #sTT+
eT+ b| #&T. |&T e+<\ eT+~ > sdTHsT. > lydt
<X$ <X HsjTDs& >qT b|+ #dT H &T. ||+ # |<T \T (|G|+#|< T \T)
qT b|+ $wj\qT L] sd, b&, ]sT #sTT+ |jTqT b|
#&T.
jTq | |{qsEq |d+ #=|q >jT $ d+|T\T |#T]
dTH&T. |{ e] |d+ - 86e~ H sD+ eTsD+|H.
us dTo\ |sT (~e+>TTs\T) leT dToHsjTDs& dT k|+ ,
<<s | d+es+ eT s#sTT s. 50 y\T q><T |sks+
n+<CdTH&T. yT |] \T>T ks $X$<\j $<sT\
ds|\T dTH&T.
ds\T
HsjTDs& CjqT >T]+ \TdTe+ neX+.
1977 us |uT+ |<l sTT >s$++~. 1978 +<
$X$<\jT+ ||P s sTT d ]++~. <T |] us |uT + |sTq $X
$<\j\T >se &s #sTT. & usTT ;eTq Jeq k|\ |sks+
2016 e+~.
>+< |sks\T
jTq >+<\ $$< b+\ nysT#sTT. $X+us eTsH
qH (s) , _s (\), k$jT{ +& HVA nysT, yVsdt nysT
e#sTT. TTT#+ +<|<X kV n&MT nysT, eT+\T`

418 s& yue+
eqe&T +< kV n&MT nysT, $X+us V+B nqTy< us

|uT nysT, $X+us Cq|sY nysT \_+#sTT.
$
|<e \T
$<|s+>, $<|]b\H|s+> +~ |<e\T sV+#&T.
1. +<|<X n~suc d+|T+ n< (1981)
2. & _.sY. n+u<sY $X$<\jT+ b< (1985)
3. b{ lseTT\T \T>T $X$<\jT+ b< (1989)
4. +<|<X |uT uc k+d eeVs\ d\V<sT (1992).
5. sw k+d eT+&* n< - 7 d+\T
6. +< ksd |]wT n<
7. \+>D ksd |]wT n<
8. Cq|sY nysT dbsdT $T{ dueTT.
HsjTDs& n~s uc d+|T + n< |<$ 4`9`1981 qT+& 7`8`1985
es sV+#&T. \+ 14 y\ \T>T f| s sT d]+ +< |<X
|uT s\j\|+#&T. 40 |> |uT XK\ |<X\ s|\q
#X&T. s\jT |<e[, qeTH K\T j sT#d |uT s\j\#&T.
|\, n~sT\ ne>VH se\T ]b&T.
&s Y _.sY. n+u< sY $X$<\jT b< |<$ 8`8`1985 qT+&
20`6`1989 es sV+#sT. \+ $X$<\j 54 ms\ d\ +
{sTT+| #sTT+#sT ($dt q>s)Y . \ 57 n< jTq +<\T @sT #XsT.
$<sT\ d+K 50 y\T <{+#sT.
\T>T $X$<\jT+ ` H{ b{ lseTT\T \T>T $X$<\j T+
b< |<$ 21`6`1989 qT+& 4`11`1992 es sV+#sT. \+
s& yue+ 419
$X$<\j jTT..d. >T]+| d+b~+#sT. |_ >sH q d\+

ueq sD+ #sTT+ 31`1`1990q ueq |yX+ #sTT+#sT. L|P&
+ $X$<\jT+ +~ #sT. 24`8`1989q \T>TH ke
sVD ]+~. n|&T #H\sY eTTKeT+ jTH.{. sese. 30 eT+~
|eTTKT\| M&j &yT+fwH #XsT. 150 |> e T >+<\T |#T ]+#sT.
u+>TSsT 1990 e] 10, 11, 12 B\ eT&e n\ us \T>T
eTVdu\T sV+#sT. kV+, \T, d+d s+>\ $w |sks\T
@sT #XsT. 5 s n&MT\ sy\qT, rjT $X$<\jT u<\qT
sV+#sT.
5-11-1992q uc k+d eeVs\ d\V<sT> jT$T+#&
|\T uc, k+d $k\| d#q\T #XsT. ~ |uT |<q s<]
V< q |<$.
1997 p qT+ 12-7-2004 es sw k+d eT+&* n<|<$
sV+#sT. ~ _H{ eT+ V< |<$. |\T k+d d+d\ $Xw
d]#sT. V+d |sks\T, 30y\ q><T, dsV+d |eT, |X+k |+
|yX|{sT. 8 |jT s#sTT\ n<jTH _s\T q&bsT. \jTd+>eT+,
|< Hy\T ]bsT. ]q uc kV\T bV+#sT.
$<ojq+ |uT+ s|q
16-3-2003 yTTs ]q +sY bsyT+{ jTjTH eTVdu
us |~ +<+ duT> bZHsT. b]dt jTTHk V<su<T
||+# ysd q>s || |{+#\ y~ #sT.
e>+> ||+#+ n K+&\ |\TesT |s{+#sT. nyT],
+>+&T, bH, bqT, sc, q&, , &HsT, <jYT +&, jTT>k$j,

420 s& yue+
> <X\T, d* j, d+>|P sY, eTwj

, e]wdt yTT<q <X\T |s {+#sT.
1990 jTT>k$j ]q n+srjT $dyT q+ us<X |~>
bZHsT. 40 <X\T bZHsTT.
de b\T
1962 >Te[< de qT+& \T>T de b\ s#s TT> <<|
H\T>T <Xu\ 3750 b\qT sd de b\ kV+ +T+<,
< }V\ qT\T+f, |> yH \ ` >yT }jT\ neT+< s|+#&T.
~ jTq J$+ eTTKbs+ L&.
s kVr d+d\T
+< ksd |]wT jTq ed+d. B nsTT<T <Xu\ nqT+<+ .
e&b{ VqTeT+se, dTses+ ||s & e+{ eTVjTT\T 1943 k|+ q
d+dqT 1994 qT+& n< u<\T sV+#sT. |&T \+>D ksd
|]wT n< \T. sw+ qT, +q>s\qT eq |eTTK kVr d+d\ +{
d++<+ q~. sde TsTT, e+, > lydt d+d, +< |<X kV n&$T,
<D us V+B |#s du +{ d+d+{H |]#j\Tq$.
sdu duT\T>
kV+H |C|~> |<\ du (sdu) <D us<X+
qT+& |<eT+> m+|q $ duT&> du eH #& T. 1997 qT+& 2003
es \T>T $ |<\ du |yd s&q+ m du |B| #+<TT+<
s|+#&T HsjTDs&. n\H{ s& s#]| \T>T kV du> e+&<
sdu. sdu me] uw ysT e{&e#T. #s G n+X+ duT\T
n+<s \TdT=qT M\T> nqsZ+> \T>T, }s, V+B, +^w uw
sdu #s bZH&T. du #s \T>T uwqT bsX\ u~+#+

s& yue+ 421
eHjT+| >]+#&T. uc d+ neT\T |T{sT. n+>Hy& ess

>se yH\T, +<|<X sT| |]dT\T, q jTe]{\T, eTV\|
Hs\T e>s $wj\| re+> #]+#&T du. 624 |X\T, 32 |
|keq\T du #XsT. m. . n< (| |< ) n< \T> eq bsy T +
n~s ucd+|T+ HsjTDs& duT&> eH&T. |<qeT+ yC|sTT
WsY ; s > $|+#y&T. >+B, dTuwt #+<udt, eTT |yT#+<\T
#~$q, ed+q ueH\qT |qsT<]+ C ysd |<X\T> |{+|
CjT{ |jT+ d|T&H&T. k+d $k k+d ~
@sT #sTT+#&T. +< $X$<\j\ d+d |s \T @sT #sTT+#&T.
n~s uw, Xd k+, |sesD, nM eeVs\T, eqe eqsT\ n_e~,
de#s |ks d++< bsyT+T d+|\ duT\T> HsT. &| d.|.
uH >+<\j, +q>sY ksd ueH, s |C|j> se\
s. 11.5 T jT+.|. & <T\qT $j+#sT.
HsjTDs& neT+f bD+. neT nq CsTq|&T *> q+<+
+f Cq|s+ |<~ <T n+{&T. neT jTqqT $& e+& #<Te
d]d\ e<+f HsjTDs& |+ | u$ <&T. { $<sT\T
s+#sT. =&T d+ * sJ|& | #<Te\ |+|+~. jTq neT|
> sX&T. neTy=y| ` <e\+ y| d]#e T+f HqT ]>qT
neTy| n sX&T. >qT jTH >q+ #X&T. ~ VQ |#s+
b+~+~. neT qT+ eTeTs+ |+#&+ HsTHq+{&T.
q d<+ >+<+ <T +< $eTT, d+|<jTeTT\T ` |j >eTT\T
q * T#eT, +& eTs& n+$Td
q* q+
\eTT +>sT eTeT\

422 s& yue+
b++q b\y*
d+s& T#eT,
q+& q\ s
><T H Tq
se\T |+&+q
s eTD eTs& deT]dTqT sdTH&T.
HsjTDs& e + >=|~. me] e> #&&T . me] | <TsTdT>
e{&&T. eT<Tuw. kVr ||+#+ eTVe+> XU|XK $d]+N,
y\eT+~ w\qT d+b+~+#TH \\eT+~ w\qT d+b~+#TH qT
>TsT{H q+{&T. HsjTDs& >eTsT eTw. M~qT+& $X+us
m~q e. $X+ H }sT ` X+ H |sT jTq H<+. jTq #
dHq+ ]q|&T, n~ #+{ |s=+~q >TsT dHq+, V qTeJ|
dHq+, eT\q <Tq s>& eT{ dHq+, H \T>TqT eT\q H\
dHq+, @{bjT ] b dHq+, H dHq+ n+ $qeT+>
#|+ dHH \T #|H&T.
H J$ |kqyT jTTes d+<X+ n #| >*q kVd HsjTDs&.
+ >=| V<jT+>\ s&, Cq|sY >V, s& C >ssD+. s&C
d+|<.
n{ & d. HsjTDs& q s s ed+sjT\T > j T y eTTd
=+&M{ >] #b&T.
H{ \eT n+<\ saDseTT\T
$|+#T =+&MqT M#T yjTTe\
=eTs] #]eTT =+&MqT s
eTTqT deTT ed+eTT> s|>T
s& yue+ 423
=+&MqT b<T=q{ eT{

deTT ss ksueTT\T M#T
n+ =+&M&TqT \#T=eT, #seT |sesTT+#&T.
y] s&C sdT e+ qeTd]+#e\d+<.
5
|< #<Te <T |sT u> <T
T<T\T yT# <q Ts <T
... \<T H qT\Tq V<jTeTT
eTV $qjTo\? eTe\!!
jT q KsseTTq q
y\~ y$ q yq q
H q H \T>T ud r|
eTV $qjTo\! eTe\!!

424 s& yue+
5
b\ sT eT+Te |seTV+d jTiT+>T
sTb\ eTeTT HiT>H\
nE&qy&T n\ e jTsT>TH
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 425
s#eT\T seT#+<s&
(s: s:)
qq+ : 28-2-1922
eTsD+ : 25-11-1988
seT#+<s& >] +& jT|s &, * ~\ eT. &| d+V~|s+
eT+&\+ |&b+ >eT+ +#&T. |*y+<T\ &d usT Vd\T
#~y&T. +sY nq+| s+ |uT sY X\ #~y&T. 1941 eT<dT
426 s& yue+
+& +]+> #<Te jeq+ rdTq #s\ e\

n& #<Te e n+{ #<Te dd #b&T. 1944 uy& qT+
y\Te& $X+< ~q| |d+b<> =+\+ |#X&T. sTy
&| =+&|s+ ms>&\ ybs+ yTT<\T|{&T. ybs+ jTq
eTqd nqTL*+#<T.
1941 eT<dT +& +]+>T #~y|&T C\ T >+B sVs
B eT< T > qT, { $<sT\ T k+q dyT e |D |+ sde{
s]+q sD+> #+& |s & bT seT#+<s& L& qT+&
Vw]+#sT. <X+, <X k++ \+> $<] ` jTTeq deK\ <s
<eT+ bZH&T. d eTdT ueC\+. <Xu eTqdT se\
. 1955 es #+& |s& e>s y] *d |C <e eH&T.
1955 m eTdT b |sjT+ b+~. q eTd+ L& >MTD
| uT+ uT+ *| q&e>*q + be#T. >, ]q+>,
eTT d{> q&# e. sj\T q |se e TdT b,
sj\ <syT kVq_e+ kVrsT\ |]#j\T, kV
|sq+ q<jT+> u$+ ]seT+> >+<\T, >+<\j\T, kV+
eTyTyTH&T.
yTT< < s#sTT>, nqTy<>, $eTs&T> |j D+, $eTs
$u>+ q ksTT #s&T. s#eT\T seT#+<s& bsTTe+f \T>T
kV $eTs ksTT k~+ e+&~ <y n H& #|e\d+<.
eT+ seT*+>s&, |+>[ \++ e>s\T $<q+ $
$#s, seT#+<s& e]dt <<+ XdjT +> $eTsqT k+#&T.

s& yue+ 427
>+< s#q eTT+<T q&#&T. nqTy< deTd\T >+ <+ VQ |,

kVrsT\ <sD b+<yT, +< kV n&MT nysT L& b+~+~.
<T|] >+<+ ksd $y#q sh kV n&$T nysT b+~+~.
ek |> |#TsD\jT+ \T>T nqTy<> 6 d+es\T
|#X&T. $\Tyq >+<\T nqTe~+#&T. 1959`63 eT< dek sjT
|| q&b&T. #\+, ll, =&e>+{, eTV<s seTyVqse kV+|
s:s: #dq eT+q+ q~. y<|y<\ ~.
1950 qT+& e]+ y| eT&T. 1962 b+\ T $XH<s&,
+>s, es$Ts&, e>s \ | ~ys+ s:s: +{ kV #s \T ]>$.
ek qT+& ] e# H&T | =H d+b<j \T sX&T.
seT#+<s& s:s: > |U #+<&T. s:s: qT kV $eTs|s+ >H
eTq+ u> >TsT+#T>\+.
kVr $eTs kVd+ nedseT+{&T. $Xd+, k+ >=+T,
de n<jTq+, kV n<jTq+ y\+{&T. dH X y&T+
e+fH dJe+> e+T+~. b T||{bT+~ nH&T s:s:.
k+ bs{ =qk+|> eq |P & es s +> |Cbs+
yqT$]+<. n|{ sTy D $\Te\ kV+ ys+>q\ s|+
# de]+#T+T+<.
e> q uy\qT |, e #s\+f $<q eT+
sY, T $XH<s &, =| * s$uT\ kV+ d+y<q nH e d
|qT s:s: bs+_+#&T 28`3`1968q ll, ..\ deT+ . n~ e
u> bC+~. n+<T d+b<jT+ ydTH&T. deT*

428 s& yue+
dJe s#q\ MT< dsq $eTs\T kV $k #\ neds+. $eTs\T

e+ se+ <T. s#q <w+ #|+#\+f jT+ $Xd+
+&*. Bsy<|y<\ d<yT e+&*. kVd+ e+&*. j Te] kVd+
q|&T sjT s+>+ > kV s+>+ L& HsTqy]< s+.
|~eT+~ n_eqT\T *d jT+ q s#sTTH |< dHq+ #d eT
|\T& | |~ |X+k yk\T ssTTd q s# sTT eTsTH{
|< s#sTT nsTTb&T. |~eT+~ kV n&MT duT, duT\ |
nsTT sTT s#sTT ] |>{ Bb |{+#T+T+~. n+ k<sD
|\ #_sT#T\T, ks|sT\ djTk bs +<\T H{ eTq kV
||+ #+ s +&T <TwX \ T. X d+ks |+ <]+ kV n&MTH sTT.
XyD $T+ s&j X + sT \sTTHsTT. kV es + > e]q
ys |\sTTHsTT. kV $eTs bsTT&jT H eTqXd+ |y +q s
(e> $eTs) V<T\T L& #] bjsTT. wdjTsY Oedipus Com-
plex +~ >qT Hamlet sdH& nHy H mesT eTjT>\T>TTHsT!
esT jT<Tq |*+> eq inferiority complex jTq d<+\
$|e re> |]D$T++<q y< (n~ yTH n<yTH) < w |P]yTq
$eTs n nqe\dq nedsyTeTT+~? $XH< y] s#q\ jTq
d++<+ <+f jTesT qeT>\sT. n k+~ jTq $eTs.
s:s: m|& sTeTT\T yTsT|\ dwdT+{&T. Te>, yTTsT>
$eTs #dT+{&T. , w|{. $|e s#sTT\qT, ~>+s e\qT, $XH<
dHsjTDqT, ueC\+ e\qT, ll me] e<<T s:s: ll #
s:s: V<jT+ $eTs&T nH&. ~>+s e\H H{ r{,
*jT d+kseTT, | ~>+s $+ @$T< ~>+s e\T
sT>Ts n]w&sZ\, ysT $Td+qeT, de+ ysT VeT
s& yue+ 429
{& $ _. dsk>sY n+{&T. s:s: q d+y<q | de+ [

bsTTq e +. de+ |qeTsTTq e{ yT. $|y C\\ |
d+d]+#{ k<+ q+> |qeTsTTq e yT .... m+
|qeTsTTH ~>+sT\ | $eTqTH+> |qeTsTT+< n
|+#&T.
s:s: y& >\ n>$ &+ f Xs+ <T ||] HsjTD#sT\T
| . s:s: >< | + qT+& | +#Tq yD HH=&Hq ||] ysHy s.
|<\T #\eT+~ s:s: qT >] >=|> #bsT. A great Philosopher
and Humanist n, \T>T C >]+#< q s:s: n + eTsH $Xw D \
#bsT.
H{ VH e]dt eTdT\e +&, esYqT #<e +& jTq
d<+r]+# yds \ e +&, s:s: kV+ e]dt <<
Xdj T +> $Xw + s|dT H &T. e]+qT kV nqsTT+#&T. ]
yT| dy , ] + dy s#q \T #jT <T . >+<dM T e #X&T.
>=| $eTs&> |sT b+<&T. s:s: MT< \T es& yH>|t sX&T.
esY, eT]jTT m+ ydq Communist Manifesto eTdTb
|D[ >+< s:s: \T>T nqTe~+#&T. jTq eTqd+ e]yT.
<&>, $eTs&>, nqTy<>, | d+b<>, s:s: w
qyT q ~. VQeTTK |CX*. kV $eTs ese& edTe , \+,
n~ b<q$T#&T. edTe +f \+ VQ\+ J$dT+<+{&T. edT
beTTK sjT beTTK kV qwe TH&T. < H nqTu
#+{ beTTU#&T.

430 s& yue+
n#yTq kV+ b&+<T +] bs+ #dq | d+b<&T

s.s.. 1968 @|jT yTT<q d+y<q | @&T H\ q&+~. @&T
<XuH mes eTsTe<T . <]< d + uUsT #X&T. ] e
|qT |yjTe\d e+~. e]dt kV $eTs |f q ydq#&T
s:s:.
s.s. $eTs reqT >T]+ & T $XH<s&>sT q k+
nqTuy #| q <\qT s.s. $eT]d @&T d+es\T qT <
L& yjT+& n<jTq+ eTTbsTTqT #|H&T.
es }|]T\ y~ bD\T $&#&T. e]dT kVr $eTs>
seT#+<s&, k+|<jT kVr $eTs> eT+ seT*+>s& H{
<T @H{H esZ<s. s&C kVr $eTs|s+> ] q s&
|eTTKT\qT eTsTeeTT.
5
||&jT dsT&=&
| _+_T&q jTT VQeT <y
jTqeTT \TqqT, <e+
&+&=&y\TZ q+$T.

s& yue+ 431
es| |{_s$Ts&
|s_
qq+ : 19.2.1919
eTsD+ : 6.5.2006
|{_s $Ts& |{+ ~ H\sT . +& s$Ts& >=|<. < , d+|<jT,

sjT T++. k+ deTsj<T\ T++. *<+&T\T, TTe\T

432 s& yue+
k+<eT \+ C sT. |{_s$Ts& >]+{ >+B eq|{

qT+& jTq k+<eT+ |#X&T. uy& >b\s& | {_s$Ts&
yTqeeT, ueL&qT. |#\|* dT+<sjT jTq +<Te.
|{_s $Ts& d, V d\T $< H\sT ]+~. +&jT { |d&
X\ eT<dT #X&T. _.m. \ X+H #s&T. jTyT.m.,
+^w *s#sY \ ysT J #~y&T. nyT] =\+_j $X$<
\jT+ >D+ &^ b+<&T. u+>TSsT |yk+<T&H&T.
sM+<H< s>sY| >TsT ue+. n+<T q|sT {qT rdyd
sqT #sT = |s _ n |T H& =+<s+ {sT. |s _>H kVr ,
|]XeT u> |]#jTeTj&T.
|eTTK$ ll +f eTT+< |s _ e#q $+ eTT+<T=#&T. jTq
sT>TuT $. nV+ue $. q 14e @H |<+ yjT+ yTT<\T|{&T.
H\sT | MTHsT |#T]+|&$ jTq e#q $\T.
1939 |& \ T s>\ &H |#T ]+#&T. < 12 $\T+$. <T
$+ nH kV| CeTV sq yTT<{ q\T>T sT L\ |s_
sT. <T $ dT+<] mq |\ ydq yTT<{ usT |s_ sT.
jTq eT]jTT c, HsjTD uT, ll e ysT.
1937 ll XXH\ e+{ |T +Te\T <{ / ysD \ d+ $&/
#+<dT\ ds|]w+>+ e<* / e\T e&e&> y\Te& |sT &HjTH&T.
1938 |s_ q < $ H e#q |<\H <T&Ts/
|<\ q&TeTT $s><+qT / qjYT d] u\ysD / #\ <+&kqT
n sdTH&T. n+{ > nqTd]kqT qMq |+<, / ue$HeTT

s& yue+ 433
Hq / V+ue $ n #| H&T. |d + | b>&\ T, >& \ T me>H

e#sTT. <= u+T. \T>T kV+ ~ qee+. n+ qee+ n|{
<T. B q& uw jTdt dT+<s+ nqTe~+#&T. B K<T yTT<{
&H nsD\T eyT.
sT y |d + |s _ |H# H>y T . B PUN\T+{$. s +&s\ #eTs
|<\T+$. ek= o], ed+ msE\T+{j n ~|<\T
y{ |H\T+{sTT. |s_ sT< |qT\ d+|qT& |HH nH&T.
<= $\D >+<+ . #eTs >+<+ . rdH ydH y~+ #$ |qT\T, <+H
e<+ >=|~ +{$.
sTy |d+ $ H<sTT. yD H sD n $ n+f $
H<sTT n |s_ eyT |#T]+#&T.
jTq eT eT #<T eH >+<\T eTqT#], bqX\, ll eTV|k q+.
nbCX\ ` $wu b+&wH (nyT])ysT eT @&e | sks
2000 d+es+ u+>TSsT |s_ >s$+#sT.
s> n<T ] >&+#&T. |eTTK \T>T < s&T .$. s&
>] *d jT+ |sY d+d k|+ uqsT| |[H{ |eD\T,
lcsTq jTT<+, u>#+ de\T rX&T.
s sh+ jTT.sY. nq+eT] ydq qe\ <s+> d+ksY
+ rX&T. n+<T |s _ q us dV\s& HjTTs*>, wt s&
HjT&T> de rX&T. < +<|uT+ w~++~. sTy +>\T
jT+.|., |eTTK d qT&T (jTq L& $+ sM+<H< s>sY n_eH)
=+>s >ZjT>] dVs+ bs&> w<+ myXsT. n+<T 1970

434 s& yue+
< sh| dseT\+ nysT e+~. q& uw +<|uT+ +>sT

| + eq yTT<{ de n<. <]$T de = n+srjT VQeTT\T
b+~+~.
sT y #+& esT+ de rX&T. ~ +~s>+B meTs <Ts>\|
rX&T. +<+ eTT+<T w<+ $~+ sTy myXsT.
sTy X+>sed, <es&T, de\qT q& uw rX&T. $
CrjT n+srjT U>+q .
|s_ * +&T\ $u~+ kwt jTTe dV\byqT |$T+
$yV+ #dTH&T. yT $T u+> <+|T\ _&. M] q+<q LTsT,
DsY =&T, sq &\T, jEsTT eTqTeTs\T HsT. \, eT, uw,
b+ u<\T T++.
dV\s& 1977 +~s >+B |{ + q meTs + ~.
& seTeTHVsY Vj, C] |s+&C\T |s_ T+u $TT\T. |s_
L& kw*dT ue&T. meTs C]|s +&C n+&sY >+& &T. sE
jTq |s _ +{ s> (dV|Ps+>) dV\s& uq+ |{+ <, <T |]
jTq m& y[+B dV\s& #|< nsdT #d C \T |{sT. 8 H\\T
C\T e+&> |P] nHs>+ e+~. #bT+<H nqTeq+ yT #b
=~sE\T eTT+<T $&T<\ #jT> nq\+ yT eTsD++~.
q$Tq d<+ <T& j
T T+& +& $u~ +H, d rdT=q+& |<>H
J$+ ||+# U b+<&T. e] k+ \T L& +& ]sT\T e+
$T* |seT|~+q ]eT+T&T |s_.
s& C ] q eTVjT d+k].

s& yue+ 435
.$. seTDs&
qq+ : 23-3-1927
eTsD+ : 15-1-1998
.$. seTDs& .$.sY.> kVr+ dT|]T&T.
.$.sY. qd\ + H\sT s u\ >eT+. eT< s> s T T++.
us Xs<.
436 s& yue+
H\sT y+] sC +sY #~$, $XK|D+ _.m.

mH$T (qsT) #~y&T. |<eT+> +>\T d.jTdt.sY. Xs ,
<T|] e* eVsY us #] n<|\T> #] =+ \+ s
sXd+ n<|\T> 1985 |<M $seTD es #X&T
$<] ksTT dTuwt #+<udt y| ]T .mH.m. u& <]+
dT \y&T. nsTT yT | yeT| ueC\+ y| ]T & k+ <eT+
ny< uy\y| yTT>Z&T.
#~y sE $<] sj\ y| e#&T. $<] | &swH
se bZqyT sV+#&T. eTdT >+B> |sT>+q yT&
|#\|* dT+<sjT, K+&e* cse e>s eTdT HjT\ |ue+
.$.sY.qT yeT| \y| bsTT. +<, +> uc kV+ T> n< jTq+
#dy&T.
.$.sY. $XK|D+ _.m. (qsY) #~y|&T e]dt d< +
n<jTq+, \T>T kV+ w yTT<+~. $XK|+ s e ]\,
eTTb*{ ]\ d++<\T, dyT \T, +y| $<] sj #TsT>Z
bZq+, #<Te+{ ~q#s nsTT+~. kV n<jTq+ e+<\ >+<\
#]+~.
1948 nuT<jT s#sTT\ d+|T+ #s&T. $+ sjT +
yTT<\T|{&T. |CX | bV++~.
jTq J$+ eT& eTdT b sj\ yTT< $|e, e]dt,
dt, eysTTdT eT* d<+\y| e]+~. es $|e s#s TT\ d+|T +
>sy<> #X&T.

s& yue+ 437
1955 eTdT b z&bsTTq s nuT<jT s#sTT \ d+|T+

sd+ +< nqT+Tq|&T ll, =&e>+{ T+se\ *d uy&
n.s.d+. eTVdu\T sV+#&T.
1955 ds+|P& s T \| \T\T ]|q|&T d+|T q\T <s+>
nq|Ps H+ sX&T. s yXJ$+| sJe+ H + sX&T.
s +&T H\T VQ |<s q\T ]>sTT. <TePsT s$Ts& J$eTT, kV\|
$ \ >+< y\Te]+#&T. >TsC& kH dTds + #d 1969 eTV<jT +
>+< y\Te]+#&T. deTjT+H Xs#+< #| >+<+ y\Te]+#&T.
1970 ll ww| P ] d+<s + > ll kV sT d+|{\T> y\Te]+q|&T
y{ |]\T sd, d+b<+ eV+#&T. sM+<T&T, X sY\| >+<\T
|#T ]+#&T. j<], dT<\ VqTeT+T, ><s ,Y e+>|+ &T\| $Xw D >+<\T
sX&T. q\, l bs{\ H|< + 4`7`1970 @s&q $|e s#s TT\
d+| d+k| s<] nsTTH&T. 1983 nsT @s& n\ us
$|e k+d d$T d+k| s<]> <X+ =qk>&T. 1974 @s&q
usY ` #H $TeT+&* |<q s<]> #X&T.
$.s.d+. |\T msT|, nsTDs\ d+b< + eV+#&T. .$.sY.
d+b<+ eq $ d+\q+ sa+sa |uT w< >Ts+~. n\
us $|e k+d d$T | SPRING THUNDER L& d+b<+
eV+#&T.
1974 d+ <u<T dT nsds TTq|&T eTD\ eTT# sX&T.
1975 meTs nsds TTq|&T 21 H\\T C\ T s+ <+ e+& C\ T \
sX&T.
438 s& yue+
n&$, uTeq |Tw, n+>se\], ms|&*, ey&T d&T

d+\H\T sd |#T]+#&T.
1995 <T kV #], kV K\T, 1997 bNq usrjT
kV+ ke |_++, >jTe\T sX&T. 1998 ns Ds+ ,
kVr yk\ d+\q+ e+~. + >H< s<# \T, e]dt kV
d<+\T, $+, qHe+& uqT, <T usrjT kVs\T,
$+ <, nsd+ jT\ , $eTs\T ` $eTs FAME
OF THE FOREST ~s >+<\T y\Te]+#&T.
.$.sY. us Xs<+ L& jTq ns+> <T |Ps+. n+<T

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s& yue+ 441
K\qT ||+# |T|Pss\T nH |sT nqTe~+#&T . 1940 |+#Y

qesT&T $sY VA> yd Les Miserables nq >~U >+<
;<\bT n +#&T. 1942 kessY V+< |< b<TcV >+<
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e.
\T>T $X$<\jT+ ysT jTq ydq yeTq >+< 1989
|#T]+#sT. yeTq`bXT\T n HsysT |#T]+q $<ojTT\ +>
yk\qT \T>T nqTe~+#&T. jTqT ><yeTq nHysT. |C$
yeTqj >+< 1975 ||+ # \T>T eTVdu\ d+<s + > |#T ]+#sT.
jTqqT Walking literary encyclopedia nHysT. kVr sT\# 3`2`1986q
dVd #+<<sHe+ #sTT+#T>*>&T. sw+ neTTKT\T bZHsT.
<+&s$Ts& w >T]+|> +< $X |]wTy sT 1979
||P s d ]+#sT. jTqqT Bright star in literary galaxy n A legend

442 s& yue+
in Telugu literary fieldn |<\T |dT+#sT. +<|<X kV n&MT

12 d+\T duT&T> H&T. +< kV n&MT sw d+|T+ duT&T>
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444 s& yue+
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(qsY) eT]jTT &be H `|swH #~y&T. 1961`63\ `|s{y
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m+* yTT\ T, eTq be+ <T n re+> $eT]+#&T.
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yTTyTT<{ HX\+ |{H{ |#T]+#&T. yTT<{ HX\+ >+<,
s+&e HX\+ >+< eq &\T >TsC& <<+ esT\T, |]D
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&| CT\ d+\q+ nH |d |#T]+#&T. s Ty uH K\T -
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1832 - 1857 nH n|s| |]X< #] >+<\T eTq n+~+#&T.
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n|++< re+> $eT]+#&T.

s& yue+ 445
1839 d.|. uH |#T]+q yeTq |<\ d+\q+ |d jTq

d+b<+ |q'|#T]+#&T.
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1980-81 V <su<T j yeTq $Cq +<+ |]X<q n~]>
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446 s& yue+
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k><T. 1941 >&sT e< H\sT yT &b H\ 8 sbjT\

s& yue+ 449
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450 s& yue+
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&| >=| dHq+ ]+~.
u\X]s& V+B 13 qe\\T sX&T. y{ & , n\Vu<T, b{ysT
|#T]+#sT. n+<T H\T>T qe\\T +<<X+ |&T, =+&M&T, $jT
q>s\ #] d++~+q$. +<^ sVt nH qe\ +~s >+B #T\
MT<T> VQeT q+<TH&T. n~ Tu |sT \T>T nqTe~+#
&+~. n> \eT qe\ V+B sd @&T eTT<D\T b+~+~. \eT
=+&M{s&sE es]s& kq H. B |. s>b\HjTT&T
\T>T nqTe~+#sT. q&+, >Tsr, +^w uw\ nqTe~+#&+~.
5 qe\\T >Tsr nqTe~+#&$. <\T s, >Tsr, &>, eT\j+
uw |#T]+#&sTT.
1966 qT+& 1988 es V+B #+<eeT d+b<+ eV+q|&T
75 y\ |T\T dsTwH qT+& \ nsy@&Ty\ |T\T neTT&TbjT d
#&T.
1990 qT+& 1994 es \ usrjT uc |]wT &ssT>
#X&T. d+d | d+es+ 12 uc >+<\ VQeTT*dT+ ~. |s+ |s
d. HsjTDs&, ||], us<, T $XH<s& e>s\THsT.
1994 V+B n&MT n<> eTTKeT+ $jTudss&
jT$T+#sT. 1995`1997\ #eT ds V+B ~q| eTTK
d+b<+ eV+#&T. n+swjT V+B d$Ty] Vq+| nyT],

456 s& yue+
+>+ &T, d+>|P sT e>s <X\T ] e#d] $jTudss & |uT + |&b >
q sJHe #X&T. e< >\ eTs& e>s+ #|H u\X]s&
$q<T . + $TH&T V+B n&MTy] Vq+| sw V+B n&MT
1996 n<&H&T.
V+B ucs+>+ m q Ks\T n~sV+H euw \T>T
e<T s V+B uwjT T\ n+~dH H&T. \T>T yvjT s\T qqjT
qT+& HsjTDs& es 30 eT+~ s#sTT\ s#q\qT V+B |]#jT+
#X&T. n+> V+B \T>T yvjT #]qT s|<X |uT+#
|#T]+|CX&T. 235 \T>T <\qT V+B nqTe~+|Cd 5 d+|{\T>
|#T]+|CX&T. H* seT*+>& <\T, eTs< seTq <\T, \T>T |+<
y\ d+>V+ e>s >+<\qT V+B nqTe~+ \T>T kV,
d+d V+B bs n+~+#&T.
C C d+ >, sJy >+B, X+s<Y j
Xs #T \ MT<T> nH |sks
\+<TH&T. 2000 d+ & kV n&MT ue H |T qdHq+ ] 400
|\ n_q+<q d+ n|H n|H u\X]s& |sT y\e&+~. n> eT<dT
jTq neTe du (75 d+es\ ejTdT ]> du) ]| >s$+#sT.
n> &| y\ eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT&T |Tq+> >s$+
MT kVde yTeTT >]dTHeT |dT+#&T.
yvjT ss _sT<T |w] |s~|T\ <s, kV es+&,
kV ys~ d+dr d+kH ` eT<Ts (jTT.|.) <s $< udsY
&.*{. $eT V+B|sY ` u>|PsY, ;VsY <s, kV y#d,
V+B kV dyTq+ ` |j> <s, V+Bs +<|<X V+B n&MT
` V<su<T <s, Ks deH n\ us V+B dyT q+ <s, V+B
s swjT V+B |]wY ` MTs{ <s, ss s us jTTe d$T

s& yue+ 457
` u+usTT <s, eqe us deH eqe us d$T ` VksY

(VsH) <s, ~y^ usrjT nqTy< |]wT ` &< s, n+s swj
T
V+B d$T <s VAwH (fdt) eT|+, dHq | + b+<&T. s
<X\ dHH\T b+<&T.
yTT+ 53 V+B >+<\T, qe\\T, nqTy<\T, <\ d+|{\T, H\T,
H d+|{\T, J$ #]\T, |]X<H yk\T s+#&T. \T>T 2
qe\\T, 5 nqTy<\T s+#&T.
nH $X$<\j bs >+< jTq s#q \T bs u>\T> eq$.
VQeTT\T, dHH\T m b+<TTH, m& eddTH e &|
eT{ #+<TjT s+<+> #b&T.
s#s TT J$+, sT \ <s bjT+ y\, de D ^Ts
y\ +#&T.
euw \T>T >=|<H V+B ||+ # *|q nk<sD s &
e+ s&C >ssD+.
5
bsT\T >\T#T+&>
|sT& js+>u |eTqTE+&TH
_s_s <q sTTq
s eTsT< |jT\>\T $T.

458 s& yue+
5
sT\ j{eT+\T,
sT\ sTb>\T, s&Te>\TH,
@ ]H=f |qT>=qT
] keyTq q>\TqT $T.
5
s& yue+ 459
& b\ jTX<s&
qq+ : 8-8-1929
eTsD+ : 7-10-2007
jTX<s& >] *< + &T\T s&, dsd eT>s\T. ysT eTVuq>sY
nq> |dT H>sYs _H|* >eT yde\T.
jTX<s& u\+ <Tss+> yTT<+~. |{q eT&e H\H q*
b>=Tq~. b*dTq eTs jTTe L& + H\T>T H\\ eTsD++~.

460 s& yue+
jTX<s& <Ts<w Cs\HsT >eTeT+. +& L& yT =$T<jT

|seT|~+#sT.
#<T e k+ |PH k+~. s V <su<T #]+~. HsjTD>&
e&b{ u*\ V d\T #]+~. $<] <X H @d+ >V. n<| \
Xs+ *+~. se V<Ts Y = y+{$Ts& yTqT s & u*\ Vd\ T
#sT = dV jT+ #X&T. Vd se+ sE ]q du $<]> es +
n+X+| n<T+> e{& |<\+<] Xs|]+~. yT eTV X\
_.m. #~$+~. \T>T, d+d+ m+.m. #d kj jTe]{
|V#Y.&. #d &s{ b+~+~. nyT dVT\ <s n+srjT U >+q
yjT+ #{q |U sT&T b\ sTeT\s& (|.{.s&)
$yV+ #dT q~. n|{ qT+& yT J$+ =e T\T| ]+~. us bV+
m+.m. \T>T #~$, sTy \T>T V]e+X\T n+X+| |]X<q #XsT.
&s{ b+<sT. s yT m+.m. d+d+ #~ysT. H#q keTT&T,
ms|>&\| deT>+> |]X<q #XsT.
jTX<s& =\T <H s&j d|t ssT>, nHqsT> |#XsT.
}susTT eTT#T, s |+#T * se\T yT |< |sT
|{sTT. n$ \+>D e+&*+ k>sTT. e\ eTT#T, e eP]
<\T |s=+<sTT. e+&*\T m\ e<eT+ |yX |{q |Tq
jTX<s&<.
kj $X$<\jT+ 1955 qT+& ssT> , b|dsT> eTT|
d+es\|> 1989 es u<H e HsT. yT |u kVr ,
|uT b+~. yT > jTe]{ &.*{. |<q+ #d+~. yT sH
uw &be #d+~. \T>T, +^w, s, V+B, q& uw\ ~. yTqT
|eTTK k\sY> sw kV n&MT, \T>T jTe]{, +< ksd
|]wT \ T >T]+ |T q+> d ]+#sTT. ><T sZ T X+s#s yTqT <s |#]>
s& yue+ 461
jT$T+#sT. y<+ eTV J$ C&+ |qd+#sT. 1990

n~s uc d+|T+ n<s*> |<$ b+~ eT&T d+es\T |#d+~.
yT deTjT+ ]HqT\T \T>T e{, y&T uw m+.m.
bs+_+#{ s|&sT. bs+ #XsT.
yT |\T>+<\T sXsT. bq $dT< , eTVu>e \ dTeTe\
nq s+&T s#q\qT kV n&MT kq+ |#T]+#sT. +< kV
$d+, b]C|V sD |<#q, u>e \ dTee[, HsBjT+,
qd+V |sD+, u*, >~ }jT\, us+ d , <s X\, m#eT
<\T nqT |d< s#q\T #XsT. eeP] eTT#T \ +>D e+&*+
sXsT. |C+ kyT\| o] sV+#sT.
* #& jTX<s& #<Te\ *H q * ##THsT. \T>T
kVr |]X<H yT{s s jTX<s& ] | q+<Tq~.
<TsZusTT <XeTTU < s+ +&j +swq duT s\T e+,
ysT seT+& sV+q du & jTX<s& |d+ >+ $ duq T n|{
|&T yT q_w du> |\T esd ds+ #jT+ J$+
yT r|>TsT.
q* b>=T qf, yT q* n<c H\| b>=T +~. H\|
q_& $jYT |s+ #s&T.
|.{. s&>] nq+s+ jTq n|s| \ deVsyTq dT<s sY
>\ yT sV++~.
|Tq#] ]+q s& eTV & jTX<s& 7`10`2007 Bq re
nHs> >Ts dsZdTHsT. \T>TC DeTT sTT+~. yT
\T>TC, s&C |Tqy\]+#sTT. & jTX<s& eTses e.
5
462 s& yue+
5
b*q j\T s*q
k\+T\T e deT=qTb*+,
>qT dsD esT\T
yjTeTT d+|TeT+<T |qT|&T $T.
5
s& yue+ 463
b: . dT+<s s&
qq+ : 10-4-1918
eTsD+ : 30-3-2005
dT+<ss& >sT H\sT T\|* >eT+ >T+& #+#Ts&, s+>eT

>s +#&T.

464 s& yue+
jTq $<ud+ q yTqeeT |\+ seTcs& |syD Ns\

k+~. 1934 V+B kVs nu d+#T n\Vu< V+B|sY y&T.
n& V<sY Xd, |sTce T<dt {+&H\ T jTq n<| \T. dV jT
ssD<eT+ n\Vu< V+B $<|sY eT|&> V <sY Xd
dbsdT dT+<ss& o $<|sY Xd |{ d+ |y+#&T. sTy
n~L& eT&> & C$Tj $T*j k$Tj $X$<\jT+
&^ #~y&T.
1941 >w yTqeeT es eeT $yV+ ]+~. <s T
es\T, esT&T *>sT.
23-10-1942 Bq & eT+ seT*+>s& >sT dT+<ss& +<
jTe]{ V+B sT> jT$T+#&T. 1944 V+B |+&T> |<q
b+<&T. 1965 es +< jTe]{ d+dXK, V+BXK\ =s
|jT\T #X&T. 1965 V+BXK bs+uyT+~. q #=se dT+<ss&
V+BXK k+ueq+ @sT #sTT+#&T. sTy dT+<ss& +< jT
e]{ V+BXK |Hd\T>, &sT>, XK ||<e T #sT>
|<qT\T b+<&T. jTq sX + dTesT 50 eT+~ |]X< \T V+B
&s{\T, jT+.|. |{\T b+<sT. jTq kV+| L& |]X<q\T ]
&s{ |{\T =+<sT b+<sT. jTq <<| 12 |eTTK >+<\T sXsT.
b. dT+<ss & V+B uw nH >+<\T sX&T. \T>T, +^wt uw\
L& |\T>+<\T sX&T. jTq| >+<\T y\Te&sTT.
dT+<ss & #dq V+B uc de\qT =j&T $$< |uT , |uT s
$< d+d\T |\T _sT<T\T, |sks\qT #sTT. 1966 V+B |#sY du
V<su<T XKysT kV#s (&.*{.) _sT<T |< q+ #XsT. 1974
o seT#]eqdt ysT eT | >s$+#sT. <D us V+B
s& yue+ 465
|#sdu eT<dt d+d s|q ]q dse du us |< +~s>+B

#T\ MT<T> dsXw s#HsY |sksq+<THsT. jTq s+q X<
WsY u< 1976 s |<X sw |uT + nTq |sks$T >s$++~.
1984 |j> V+B kV dyTH d+d kV y#d _sT<T
dH++~. 1988 ;VsY |uT+ n V+B uw V+B dM deH _sT<T
+~. 1990 +< $X$<\jT+ &.*{. >s$++~. 1993 +<
|<X V+B n&MT n< &H &T. 1996 > +BjT V+B d+kH ysT
us sw| #T\MT<T> dTVD us |sks+ n+~+#sT. 1997
s|<X |uT+ kVsY |sks$T d]++~.
dT+<ss & <X+ |\T $X$<\j\ <<| 200 |> |]X<H
|\T deT]+#sT.
dT+<ss & #dT q V+B uc deqT >T]+ us |uT+ jTqqT $$<
+< eT+ XK\ V+B d\V eT+&* duT > jT$T++~. +< d\V
eT+& duT> +< de#s |ks eT+XK, s eT+XK, ]
eT+XK, +< $< eT+XK, +, b eT+XK eT]s XK\T
jT$T+#THsTT.
1976 e]wdt ]q ||+ # V+B eTVdu\ +< $X$<\jT+
s|q b<+ eV+#sT. +<|<X V+B n&MT n<>, s`<D
us< X + $X$<\j\ b|d s T , &s jeT\ m+| d$T duT >,
$XK V+B |]wY >se n<> eT]s V+B d++~, |d, s#q,
|#TsD $T{\ dT+<ss& de sT|eqyTq~.
dTesT 40 d+es\T n<| e =qk, nbs nqTuy >&+ ,
y~eT+~ $<sT\qT, |]X<\qT, n<|\T>, kV y\T> r]~~
qTe+{ b. dT+<ss& 1979 @| H\ |<M $seTD #X&T.
466 s& yue+
|<M $seTDq+s+ q& jTT..d. jTqqT m$T]dt b|d s >Y

jT$T++~. q u<H\+ jTT..d. eT+psT #dq <T\ yTsY
d] bC\qT $jTe++> |P]#X&T. V+B uc_e~ jTq #dq
$Xw de\qT >T]+ jTq k|+q V+B ueHqT 10`7`2004 b >T+&
dT+<ss& V+B ueH> HeTsD+ #XsT.
30-3-2005q dsZdTq #s dT+<ss& J$+ H{ s+ n<|\
<s +. jTq e + eT]jTT s#q \T nqTdsD j
T +. <D us V+B de\
dT+<ss& dTdskH d+b~+#&T. |T<\, s< , n+u e+ |w\+>
>\ dT+<ss & H&T eTq eT *bsTT.
n{ >=|e s& |eTTK usD+.
5
\eTT\T *q =\\
|\TseTT\ eTT]#sT, b >TsTH
\Te bs&T y>T\
b\TbsTqT s+T|PseTT $T.

s& yue+ 467
<+ udss&
(#s+& sE)
qq+ : 1944
eTsD+ : 2-7-1982
#s+&sE ~>+s $> |{ $|e$> s|~<Tqy&T. e#q

$\ bs+_+, b\ |\$> e]qy&T. nsdT\, C\T J$+,
nHs>+, ] deTd\ +<T<Ts=+TH, $ eT]+
468 s& yue+
|<TH+#& >, m&, m|& yT&<T. J$+ |, ke |s>

| Xy<yT >, sXqT <]Cse<T.
V<su<T sT ~q 24 .MT. <s+ q n+X|s+ nH
>eT+ sT|< sT T++ |{&T #s+&sE. >eT+ qZ+&
uTeq] \~. |{q B *jT<T. 1944 |{qT ]sT\
+~. n|{ >eT+ C+ | b\q b++ u>+.
#s +&sE nd\T |sT u\qsd+ V. eTT<T |sT jT. #s |&T
n<| &T udss &> |sT es&T. +{ |sT <+ . n <+ udss &
nj&T. s& T++ 1960 XeT\ $yV+. 1961 b<jT e
|yX+. Vd $<]> q|& $+ sdy&T. u\+ qT+& w
me. X+H >T]+ $ \ y&T. n& y nseTsTT+~ `
n~ q+{ y <. y+H ]>=#&T. 1962 XsY |]#jT+.
1965 H{ sT>TsT ~>+s e\ &j&T. #s+&sE> es&T.
\+>D bs |ue+ sT T+u\ Cq|< >j\T u>
|y+#sTT. #s+&sE *<+&T\ <q+~q J$+ L& n$ u>yT
bjsTT. @{+u{, msTT |T |+&+, >+ yTTsT>qH nH b
#s +& sT#T> b&T+ +&y&T.
~>+s e\T \T>T kV + |< d+#\q+. X\+>, d +>,
#qsV+> q $ ||+# n\\+ #dq dyX +. s#eT\T
seT#+<s& +{ nuT<jT kV $eTs\T ~ $+ <HsT. ll
+{ e\T $ eTqks V+#sT. n|{ kV du
nqTL\+>H, |L\+>H ~>+s e\ |keq |d]. ~>+s e\T
nH e ns+ ` ~ ek\T> *q e\T n. n+f q> e\T n.
n+f eTTdT>T\T +& q<TqT #| e\.

s& yue+ 469
n|{ s+&T <Xu\ +>dt b\q <X+ n$, \+#>=+& q+,

Vbd |]bjsTT. @+ #j *jT n d ~>+ s e\T
>=| sdq e+ #XsT. M] $+ Te\T +&e#T>, y]
eTqdT\, <X + n$ e. n|{ M $y<d< e\T. n+{ $y<d<
~>+se \ #es $y<d<+ >=| $+ sdqy&T #s +&sE.
n+srjT $|D n+>+>+ T |{q n+<+ ~ n us e qT< +
sdq e+<es+ nH $ ~>+s $> sd+<. H&T n+<] ns+>
bsTTH, H&T us<X+ n+srjT $|D T |&TTq yq+
keqT\L nseTeTq $wjTyT. keqT&T d+|T Vw T& d+eT
s+ sp #dH H& #s+&sE u$+#&T. n+<T eTsk]
<X+ ydb>&<T nH&T. >dT 15 <V #|b nq+ dV+#<T
H nH&T. ||+# |s> k++ XeTJ$ HT{uTH $T& e+~
nH&T. dT$X\ ||+# JeX\, ddq HjTkq+ m &H e+f,
qHe+& uqT nH&T.
1970 p 4q $|e s#sTT\ d+|T+ @s&+~. #s+&sE n+<T
d+k| duT&T. 1970 nsT KeT+ ]q $sd+ yTT<{ eTVdu
#s $ d+\q+ ~L ll $w]+#&T. n|{ \T>T e#q$
|<q+> +~. n|& ek>sY qsT& udsT& b sX& T. n~ $|e
e* b\ y| eT[++~. qdq, #s+&sE +{ e\T b\
|\$ n+<THsT. #s +&sE yTT<{b =*eT+TH~, +& >*,
b+> H~, b] b seTH, b&T, HH sjT b<TH e+{ mH
b\T #s \+ qT+& y\Te&sTT. =+&\T |>dq+, +&\q |+&q+, e
HTsT +s>, bC\T >{q+, XeT me&~s, d] me&~s n |+#&T.

470 s& yue+
kw*+ d| deT, H<T + dTe, \+ dVeT~, nqeT+

nedseT~ n >T]+#&T.
$|e kV<eT+ b ;+ ydqy&T dTuse bD>V. <
yTT\+qy&T ek>s.Y < yTT> |+qy&T #s +&sE. < eqT>
e]qy&T ><sY.
$|e$> |se #\s>TTq #s+&sE| |uT+ q s+<|
b< y|+~. 1970 &d+sT #s sTT+{| yTT<{k] <& #XsT
bdT\T. 1971 >dT #s+&sEqT CeTT, XsY\ *| |.&.
#+ +< nsdT #XsT. 1972 y\Te& $sd+ yTT<{ < d+\q+ |&T
MdTq >*. n+<T #s+&sE s+J$ < e\ n~ w~+ |&+~.
1973 nsT 11q esesse, m+.{. UH\ *d MTk #+ +< nsdj &T.
1974 yT 18q .$.sY., eT<T d<qse, esesse, m+.{.UH, s+>H<+ \
bT #s&sEqT L& d+<u< { dT nsdT #XsT. 1975 @|
>~ sEq ||+# \T>T eTVdu* sd+q+<T ll ~sT\uT
nsdj &T. 1975 pH 26q meTs $~+|\ MTk #+ +< nsdj &T.
#s+&sEuT yTT+ 36eT+~ $sd+ duT\T meTs C\T HsT.
1976 >dT \ |d& C\T qT+& =+<sT q{ UB\T
|+#Tbjsq k C\T #s+&sEuT $|e s#sTT\q
= ks\qT =\+#sT. n|{qT+# #s s>+ <q~. #ksT
$|+> \H=| e#~. nsTT b\esZ\T |\ *+# \H=| H
<+ |<~ <qT=Hy&T. e]~ usTTH eTsY> e]+~. nsTTH ds
n+<] uT 1977 e]H C\T qT+& $&T<\j&T. y+H <>+
#s&T >, eT&T sE\H dd+& #XsT. usTTH eTsY e\ 1977, 79,
81 d+es\ eT&TksT yT<&T |s wH #jT e\d e+~. n|&T L& `
nHs> u~TD, nsTTH+ j<TD nH&T.
s& yue+ 471
#s| d+<u<T dT =fj\, <>+ #sTy\ |<

ksTT sdq <eT+ se&+ $~ <>+ #sTHsT. eT
&ddt #XsT. <Xu< d+ sD\T #|+&H <>+ qT+& =\+#e#T
n #| us sC+>+ ] 311`2(d) +< =\+#sT. 5 H\\
s V sT rsTqqTd]+ eT <>+ #s&T. #s +&sE q ddT
|P] J+ rdTq\+ # e. 1979 .$.sY. <s+ $sd+ #s
dVjT~ bs+_++~. n|{ 50y\ < $s\T e#sTT. s#sTT\T,
sT\T, <>T\T, $<sT\T, sT\T, |\\T, >VDT\T n+<sT m+ =+
#sT. deTjT+H #s+&sE <Xy|+> |]#jTeTj&T. d
s #s +&sE bqT =qT+{q+f jTq neT<T . +< |<X kV
n&MT ysTT sbjT\ $s+ eu sd ]+#&T. s>+ eT <q~.
>=+TbsTT+~. #|bsTT+~. yT<&T |#jT&+ bsTT+~. 1982 pH
#s| eqe <<+ |uT+ dT\T ={yd+~. 1982 p 2q
#s+&sE XX+> qT eTX&T. & *d |u T+ dT\T
={yd+< $&> #|qs<T.
#s+&sE eTsD+q s jTq $\ sesTT+{ m+| #d
$sd+ .$.sY. d+b<+ +>+ nqTy<+ #d |# T]++~. <
|sT SWORD SONG.
#s $>H > e#q s#sTT> L& q | kH d+b~+#T
H&T. 4 qe\\, 12 <\, 2 H\, 4 H{\ L& sX&T. e|,
|kq+, |s, <]b&T>TH nH$ qe\\T. s+J$ <\ d+|{. >e\T
yT+THsTT, >+ H\T.
#s+&sE e#q kVeT+ 1965-74 eT< \+ sjT&+~.
1967-70\ eT<\+ q\, l kjTT< s+> bs{\T $+_+q

472 s& yue+
\+. eekjT |<qyTq us<X+ ud+dsD\T neT\T s>+& <X+

eTT+<T b<, eT* deTdqT |]w]+#+& |<] s*+#&+
k< +< q\ l+ bs{\ |<s T \, s T L\ # q e+T
s> &sT . <+ u+u q |uT + >; Vsy H<+~. u d+dsD*
neT\T CdTqT H&+~. H\ >TT \TdT=H eT+ |\T
<$T+#& |PqT=q yq+ #s <, qe\, H |dT+~.
|uT+ nH | ] #s+&sE #bj& ll nq e\T
m+ d y jTq J$ #dq|&T nse TesTT. n+<T $|e k+d
j<T&T #s+&sE n .$.sY. nH, n |>jT+ HT{ B|+ n
s$Xd nH, |<THq |C$ n #L] sese nH ` nyM
nXj\T> q&e.
|eTTK s#sTT $. #+#jT >] kq+ \+ j<T&T #s+& sE >+<+
qT+& > sa[|+q k+d j<T&T yd+ qT+.
5
JeeTT >*q <~jTT
HyH= Tu H&| #]+#TH,
Jeq~> H=sjT<?
jesDeTT <{ re\\y $T.

s& yue+ 473
#s .mH. s&
(> HsjTDk$T s&)
qq+ : 23-12-1927
eTsD+ : 13-7-1989
.mH. s& >] +& cs&, * T\deT. .mH.s& sT

+>sTb+ \, eTVdeTT<+ >eT+ eT<s> sT T++

474 s& yue+
+#&T. >eT+ 4e s> es #~$, sT ]+| eTT|

Vd\T 7e s> es #~y&T. _.&. Vd\T 8e s> es
#~y&T. mdt.mdt.m.d. es usT Vd\T #~y&T. { +&j
<eT+ bZH&T. eT<dT |#jTb X\ \T> T, #],
bs+X\T> +&jT { #~y&T. sT y \T>T uw| eTe _.&.m.
(qsT) #~y&T.
1949 p eT<dT |d& X\ sT> #] <> J$+
bs+uy T + ~. |]X< s+>+ d *+~. eT<dT $X$<\jT+ \T>T
kV+ MT< +> uc |ue+ nH n+X+| |]X<q#d yk deT]+
1955 m+.*{. |{ b+<sT. nq+s+ \T>T ns $|]DeT+ nH
n+X+| |]X<q #d 1962 eT<dT $X$<\jT+ &s{ b+<sT.
1962H \T>T de+{ MT< eT<dT $X$<\jT+ &s{ b+<&T.
1950`57 es \T>T n<| e eH&T. m+.m. s>T\ kV
#], kY +&jTH Vd, +&jTH |d| u~+#&T . 1959 mdt.$.
jTe]{ bs+u+H m+.m. XK \T>T n<|> #s&T. &sT L&
nj&T. 1962`64 es nyT] $kdt jTe]{ ${+> ssT >
|#X&T. 37 @ ejTdTH b|d s Y nj&T. ~ Xs *+# $wjT +.
1981 +<|<X |uT+ eT b<jTT\T> >T]+ d]++~.
mdt.$. X\ |b>qT, b#X\ &H>qT, +<| <X kV
n&$T ssV duT >qT, +< kV n&$T qs duT >qT
|#d $X$<\jTs+>+qT, |uT+ u> >T]+| #TH&T.
1985 mdt.$. jTe]{ yd t #H\sY |<$ d]+#&T. b<jTT&H
$<]jT. 1987 es ydt #H\sY> |#d |<M $seTD #X&T. |<M
s& yue+ 475
$seTDq+s+ 1988`89\ jTT..d. .mH.s& m$T]dt b|dsY>

jT$T++~.
.mH. s& |syD 40eT+~ |]X<q $<sT\T |.V#Y.&. #XsT.
+esH .mH. s& n+ >=|> #|eTT. jTq \T>Tuw
kV #dq de nqT|eqyTq~. jTq |T+TsT& T. <X+
@uwq mes #jT eTVs+ \T>Tuw #X&T. 54,500 \T>T
|<\ |sjT |< |T+TeqT ||<eT+> ]+#&T. +<T jTq 10
d+es\ |> w #X&T. | |L ]>&T. +< T <ojT |<
nH \T>T y |<C\+ L& *|, ns~ eT+ |<\qT 40
esZ\T> $u + ]+#&T. +<T n$s w d*b&T. 11 qT+ 18 Xu\
es kV+ |<\ |sjT|<\qT d]+#&T. < deTjT+ uc
$Cq |]#jT+, <$& uc $Cq |]#jT+, $jT us+ 27y\
dek\ dsD #X&T. $ nd+|P]> * bjsTT.
l y+fX s $X$<\jT+ d.|. uH bC H\=*| q d+b< +
eTVjTT MT< bsyTq |]X<q #sTT+#&T.
nH CrjT, n+srjT d<d T \ | deTsD #X&T. \T>T uc|s+ >
$$< <X\T |s{+#&T.
1973 \T>T |T +Te, 1978 +^w `\T>T |T +Te, e+&*`
e |< X+ (eTs, e&+>+) \ d+b< esZ duT \T> |#XsT. ucXg+,
kV+ d+dT\| $$< eT* s#q\T #X&T. <<| 50 >+<\ |]\T
sX&T. eTVus >+<+ X\, k|, d |s\ jTq sdq |]\T
>=| U b+<sTT. eqe uw neT\yTq k<q+. k<H

476 s& yue+
eqyuT<j, $Cq |> \esyTq k<q+> sb+~+#Ty\

uc Xdy\T w #dT+&+, uc $Cq+ XU|XK\T> n_e~ #+<+
H&T ucXd+ mq<q eTTK$Xw+ n .mH. s& \ T>T ucXd+,
$Cq+| d+| y*T#&T.
<Ts< we XT jTq X$T+ ]+q \T>T |sjT|< |T +Te
|] sd |#TsD ]> |\ d eTsD+ .mH. s& [+#d+~.
& |. qsd+Vs&, & m+.$jT\, & . Xs<, & {. seTw, & $.
|uss&, l m+. yDT>b, l m+. CqH uT, l m+. eTTw >s\
dVjT+ |T+TeqT $X+< |_w+> Vdt ysT |#T]+#sT.
\T>T |sjT|< |T+Te $<sT\, b<jTT\, |+&T\
<T, k<sD bs me]H |j>|&TT+~. $<sT\T, s#sTT\T,
|+&T\T b<jTT\T y] |<X dTd+|q+ #dTe{ |T+Te
s&yT& <s >+<+.
{ |T+T sD+ \T>T =* |jTeTq~ <q d +.
>+<+ 1990, 1998, 2002 eT]jTT 2015 d+es\ eTT<D\T ]+~.
5
<qeTTq dsedT\
>=qe#TqT |D M~ ]qjTT\H
<qeTTq e\dq|&T
=qe#TH $<? #<T e=qe $T.

s& yue+ 477
<s$< ~L
. s+s&
(. s$Ts&)
qq+ : 4-12-1921
eTsD+ : 2-7-1995
s+s& <s$< ~L, b<sY |t z|H jTe]{. de $C>,
|]b\H<>, sjT Xdy>, |>o\&T> s |]T&T. ks
$< <T&T.
478 s& yue+
jTq +q>sY yT s+ >eT+ eT< s> eekjT T++

+#&T.
kj jTe]{ (C+ X\) m+.m. sjT Xd+
#~$, n& |V#Y.&. #d, n& 1977 es b|dsT> #X&T. es+>
b|dsT> #X&T. 1977`82 eT<\+ n< jTe]{ s +&TksT ydt
#H\sY> #X&T. $<s+>, $X$<\j m+ |sT |UT\T #&T.
e\+ CH_e~H > deC |Ck$T+ #jT{, |* $Cqe++
#jT{, deXk\T |j>|&\+{&T. +&jTH |t kwjT
dqT <Db+ $u> &ssY> |#X&T.
m|& =<q+|H jTq <w. |>o*. V<su<T us de
$Cq |]X<HeT+&* (<D b+rjT +<) &ssT.
1980 <X+ jTq <w <s$<y| eT[+~. $Xw n<jTq+
#X&T. dj <X\ <s$<| zqe\T *jT sE\ nVsV + w#d
\~ e\T $<ud+ >$+#+<T y\TTsT esZ+ # |q ~${ s+s&.
>~UyTq _{wt z|H jTe]{ >T]+ +> |]o*+#&T.
+< |<X |uT + ]| ks $X$<\jT+ sw+ bs+_+#{
eTTksTT< #&T. B |uT + y~++~. 1982 <X+ H ||<e T+>
+<|<X ks $X$<\jT+ @s&+~. B &sY _.sY. n+u<sY
z|H jTe]{> HeTsD + #XsT. B =* yd t #H\sYL & Ms. <T |]
us |uT+ +~s >+B Hwq z|H jTe]{ 1985 bs+_+
s+s&H ydt#H\sY> jT$T+#Tq~. B jTq w n+srjT U
b+~q~. eTH <X s+&T |< ks $<d+d\qT @sT#d
eed\qT dTds+ #dq+<Tq jTqqT q& eTH |t ]+> d+d
b<\T> jT$T+#sT. 1991 us |uT+ jTqqT jTe]{
>+{ $TwH #sH> jT$T++~.
s& yue+ 479
|<M $seTD <T |] keXk\T |]X<H usrjT eT+&* m+|

& yTT<{ \T>T e. ks eed qeTH >] dj n_e~ u+
@sT #dq n+srjT d<d T $e]+#&T. qeTH |\T<X\ ks
$X$<\j\T @sT #jT{ &&+~. +><X |uT + s+s&
qeTHqT >T]+ q yTT<{ ks $X$<\j s+s& d\V<sT>
jT$T+#Tq~. s$Ts& ks $<\j\T ]q ><+ >|s <s\T
nH n+X+ |H +& |+#jTYsC eed yTT<q y{ | eT >+<\T
yd _{wt z|H jTe]{ qT+& &.*{. b+~q =* \T>T y&<T, @
usrjTT&T L&qT.
d $eTT <s$<$<q+ XsDyT+~. sT| eTV
$X$<\jT k|q w#d k~+#sT.
+< |<X n jTe]{\T s+s& &.*{. &^\T | <q+ #XsTT.
us<X+ |\T $X$<\j\ qT+& &s{\T b+<&T.
|cyTq sC\ nysT q+<TH&T. kj $X
$<\jT+ &d+{ m&TwH $u> jTq |sT |{sT.
s+s& 271995q \+&H |seT|~+#sT. kj sY
n<| &T> J$ bs+_+q s+s& s &C n+srjT U H]+#sT.
<s$< jTq T <X+ m|{ u #jT>\< #|eTT. <s$<
|s|+> s+s& s&C n+u>q +{sT.
5
$TDT>TsT TsT>T\ +T\
>\HH *u >&+<eTTqH ?
eTq T<sTe #<Te\T
>qCjT TH y| < $ |T qeTT> $T.
480 s& yue+
5
|dT\ eH yiT b eseT
Tw C ysT |P jTT{
<sq+T ysT <e+T {
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 481
<#] s$Ts&
(&.sY)
qq+ : 15-16-1938
eTsD+ : 2-5-2016
s$Ts& >] +& |ss&, * X+seT, us nqdj TeT. s$Ts&
d>eT+ H{ |X+ b\ >eT+. n q sT T++(2 ms\T).
ysT eTT>TZsT k<sT\T ( nq, eTT&T) <sT k<eTDT\T.

482 s& yue+
b\ m*yT+ $<. ] {#sY f+> #X&T.

1958 d+& >&T b<jTT&T> <> bs+u+. 1960 es
s|PsT \ eT<sT|* b<jTT> <>+. 1962 ] \
|.d.|*, qe]eT&T>T b<jT <>+ #X&T. qe]eT&T>T |>
$<sT\T bsX\ sq+<Tq +s y\TTsT s bs\T #b&T.
sT y s \T _.&. #X&T. s &T, d+>sjT=+&, eT&qsT, bq\sT
_.&. b<jTT&T> |#X&T. 1969 \T>T |+&{> | <q b+~
*+>deTT<+ |#X&T.
1984 d#+< |<M $seTD #d sT sjT\deT b<jT Xdq
eT+&* jes+Z qT+& XdqeT+&* mH &T. 1985 jTH.{.sY.
|uT + XdqeT+&* s<s TT+~. ] 2007 XdqeT+&* |qsT<] +#&>
] XdqeT+&* duT> m 2011 es =qk>&T. s$Ts& eT+&*
eH q ecsT. @&T>TsT duT\ |.&.m|t. msT #d bsY &sT> #
deTd\| w #X&T.
s$Ts& nuT <jT uy\T >\ e. |+ < H dV +# e. e
ejTdTH | ={s, sT\ s|q, ]\ s|q |+<s| bs+
#X&T. $<], jTTeq, |C<e\ #TsT> bZH& T. ks
<eT+ bZ, s bsX \\T sV+#&T. 1955 eTdT b du +
rdTH&T. q$Cq y~ <s |\ dV s+ n+~+#&T. sejT|+
d\T ueq+ @sT, b\, sejT|+, eT]s >e\ >+<\j\
@sT s$Ts& sD+. | |\ de#d <X + & |#\|* seT#+<
s& e< y< D rdT= +<T\eq | |\ b<$T y<
de\+~+#&T.
s& yue+ 483
b<jT <eTH> s$Ts& sh+ |s=+~q b<jT HjT&T.

$seTyTsT> <eT ss ksTT qT+& HjT&H &T. b<jTT\ deTd\|
]seT+> bs+ #X&T.
1959 +< |<X b<$ Tb<jT |& s wH, s|PsT \ $u>
|< q s<] nsTTH&T. 1960`67\ H\sT XK s<] nsTTH&T.
1970 |X+ eTH m>$THwH usT s<]> | #X&T.
1974 sh+ jTT.{.m|t. $sy <T|] sVD s$Ts&
w neT\+ |X+ jTT.{.m|t. XK |<eT |< q s<]. <T|]
sh XK |< q s<]. < 1980 qT+& 2000 es n< &T> |#X&T.
b<jT | d+b<esZ duT b<jT deTd\qT y\T>T
#&T. n<| <] |d s+ |#T ]+#&T. b<jT |& s wH
neTsT&q e s$Ts&. jTq s|\T, yk\T, d<dT\T, du\T, |d\T,
|Hk\T |uT ]|+#sTT.
b<jTT\ >|+> d, |<Hb<jTT\ d, uc |+&T\
n|t>&wH, _.&. ns +& d+& >& b<jTT\ 15d+\T f+
d\T, msTT&& {#s &s |yT+{, msTT&& {#s <> sD e+{ neTTKyTq
b<jT deTd\| bs+ ]| d * \T k~+#&T. b<jTes+Z mq{
eTse <> u<\qT k~+#&T.
<eT+ eT& y~\T @sT #XsT. #H n+swj T -]Hw H
$T{ |t d {#sT sZHCwH k|+ =* qsH &T. mH.{.m|t.
eek| |< q s<]jT <T |] n< > u< \T d]+ sV+#&T.
5 1/2 <Xu\ dTBs J$+ b<jT <e $j+#&T.

484 s& yue+
n+ +>\T qq bT d\+qT 10\\ n$T q us

|sTq &b{ #d, |jT{ d+dsD se\ $j+#{ jTT.{.m|.t
d+|#&T.
s$Ts& >=| <s&T. bs j<T&T. ePVs. <e
b+> s+. d<++ ` < jTq eT+. jTq e +, >+
sdsDjT+. d+q+ * <eT+ y>+ >TZT+<q <X+ d+q+
e<qT >+ #dq e. us nqdjTeT n+ >o*. s$Ts& eT+
e. eT+ &T. q n<jTq o*. e $d s >T\ q&b&T. @
b<jTTH @ neds+ eH HqTHq eTT+<T e, #sTT|{ q&|+ q
HjT&T. bjqTs>\ \u s$Ts& eTqdT.
s$Ts& C+&. jTT.{.m|t. Je>s. jTq us eTsDq+s+
+bj&T. es y<+ #sTT+#T+ bD+ $&#&T. s$Ts& eTsD+
b<jTT\ <T, |\L rs qw+.
sh+ n \ n b\ sjT HjT\T, |\T, b< jT
d+|\T jTq |Tq y\]+#sT.
b<jTT\ d+ e T+ d+ d, ejTdT(\+), T++, s>+ n+{
>+ #d s&H #{q s$Ts& mq{ eTsTeeTT.
5
<&T q >eT+Tq
qqT#sT\ sjTT& >T, $<
<qeTTq dMXsT
&XeTT |PE&jT&T $T.

s& yue+ 485
V#Y.jT+. s&
\T>T #\q |eTVQ&T
qq+ : 12-6-1892
eTsD+ : 14-1-1960
V#Y.jTyT. s& |P]|sT VqTeT+| eTTjT|s&. |{q~ eT<dT

|d& sT (|dT s) m\V+ (u+>T SsT #+) >eT+.

486 s& yue+
u+>TSsT bdT HdsT> |#d 1920 sJHe #d

|]XeT| eTe u+usTT #s&T. d&j ]| sY ujYT> #s&T.
n|{ eT \ sD+ sT>TT+~. <ss+>+ V+ #b&T.
V+B \+ s { + rdq nsw s Y s <>sZ s +&T eT \
sD+ s <s+ dVjT]> eH&T. \T +|]jT
|*+ +| |] rXsT. 14`3`1931q V+B { \+ s $&T<+~.
\T>T $T+ L& { \qT ]+# |T<\ |]+~ V#Y.jTyT.
s&.
\T>T u|V<, $T+ [<dT { \ <s + yTT<\T
|{&T. \T>T { \ <T&T V#Y.jTyT. s&. \T>T u|V<
+|]jT d&jH sD+ yTT<+~. de &{ 20y\ sbjT\T.
e b<] dTs_ eTusTT b]w+ s. 500/`. |V<T&T>
cse b]w+ s. 400/`. VsD|&> e\] y+dTuse.
sD deTjT+ 20 sE\T. &$ 108 eTTc\T. BH $T { [<dT
+ <s+ ]+~. 15`9`1931 Bq u+usTT u|V< $&T<
6`2`1932q \T>T b++ $&T<+~. nsTT $T { +
31`10`1931q $&T<+~. s dVjT+ s> <s> \<=
H&T. |]XeT bbJ nHysT. d.$. |k< L& u|V< qb
<]+#&T.
de |]XeT Vs\qT, VssTTqqT, $\qqT, y+|t\qT |] #jT+
#X&T. s |*+ +|\ L& V#Y.jTyT. s& |#X &T.
1933 k$ (\T>T), 1933H \+<VH (V+B), 1933H d
djT+esY (V+B), 1936 <|~ ek|V sD+ (\T>T)\ <s + eV+#&T.
e {.
s& yue+ 487
s eT<dT e#&T. jTq K] LTsT sVD| jTq |eT

me. yT m+ n<we +Ts\ jTq qeT+. _.mH. s &, H+ ~sT \
*d sVD |sY *$Tf& k|+ < yTH+> bsqs sTy n< |sT
e&| b++ d&jqT ]+#&T. {\ |s+|s k>TT+~. 1938
>V\ eT<bq es n+X+> \T>T $T uw rjT> n~ \T>T
b+ $jT+ k~+#&yT +& eT +> m &~. 1941
H* seTw 1942 dyT jT+ de\ <s+ eV+#&T. nsTT
s+&e ||+#jTT<+ sD+> sVD d+d eT\&+~.
V#Y.jTyT. s & q yk u+>TSsT es&T. 1944 yTd sT
d&j s+u eTTKb eV+#&T. sTy eT u+usTT #s&T.
V+B ddt de <s+ #X&T.
eT< H eT<dT ed b 1939 eu $T ($T+), 1946
drd (V+B) 1951 s|s ~ ($T+) sw (\T>T) 1953 | (\T>T),
1954 e<+f &T (\T>T) yTT<q \ <s+ eV+#&T. yTT+
18 \ <s+ eV+#&T.
\T>T #\qs+ >+ |eTTKTq , m.$. |k<, eTs yTXsse,
uqTeT, |.mdt. seTw, _.mH. s &, .$. s &, s T $. H>jT , +se,
sH\, eTTeT\, n+* < |\TesT @< XK V#Y.jTyT. s& e<
esZ<s+ b+~q ys. s#sTT d<e V+ V#Y.jTyT . s& <s de
s+> s#sTT> |]#jTyTH&T.
jTq 1949 XX+> eT<dT ]e#&T.
V#Y.jTyT. s& <D us #\q yD eT+&* n< &H&T.

488 s& yue+
V#Y.jTyT. s & \T>T des+> { Vdt e+{y&T. \T>T de s+>

>] |k$+#TH|&T V#Y.jTyT. s & | +& \#T e\d+<. k+
ks\T sE\ \T>T \ ;+ yd $jT+ k~+#&T.
s& U u+usTT qT+& <D us <XeT+{ $w]+q sds
DjTT&T V#Y.jTyT. s&. s& C + #&T.
5
\\eT sdyTT&T
\+ssyqT] eeTT dsdT
<*d= =+<T seTT
\\]q > +T Hqy $T.

s& yue+ 489
_.mH.s&
(u$Ts& qsd+Vs&)
qq+ : 16.11.1908
eTsD+ : 08.11.1977
u$Ts& qsd+ Vs & &| |*y+<T\ \ jT<T\jT>] =| *
(y. =|*) |y~HeT d+es+ esZs X< #$/|+#$T |T&jT
(16.11.1908) +#&T. * msT\eT. +& qsd+ Vs &. +&|sT qjTT

490 s& yue+
|{sT sD+ *jT<T. us n#eT. eekjT<sT\ T++. nsTTH

eT<dT ybs d++<\TH.
eT<dT =+&eT+&\+ sTysY Vd\T nsTT<e s> #~y&T.
eTT\| V d\T <s Y bs+ #~y&T. |# jT| #s&T. u]ws T qT
#<eT +& ]. _.mH. .&.m. (&{+>) sT #s&T. H\
d++<\T ~ssTT. +<H du duT&H&T.
>+B <+&j eq|&T _.mH.s& q +&>] s| q ybs
neds\ s+>H y&T. >+B>] |Hd+ $H&T. $<X edT VwsD
|\T| |u $T& q T n+{ >T \u{ k+<eT+ bZ J$+
e] D+ es K<sTH eH&T.
q J$ |jD+ n+ |eTTKT&q V#Y.jT+.s& >] |]#jT
yT+~. sVD d&j, yV |sT, yV d&j, $jT b&H
$s$+#> n+{ _.mH.s& m+ =+ |yTjT+ e+& de sD+
y| q ds | & &T . eTT+<T k>&T. ke e\y| , ke deTd\y|
<w k]+#&T.
>V\ , e+<es+ , e\|\, dsdZ e T, |<e TqTw\T, dTeT+>[, eTX ],
u>sK, +>sT b|, seT+, |PC|\+, s+>T\s+, +>sT |+s+
de\qT rX&T. rj\qTq \eX (d), $|HsjTD, |Du$T,
sT , s, s | <, u |V < , =+&M{ s &s E es] s & de\qT rjTq
#*+#&T. de n+f _.mH.s & rd+< de nq |sT >+#&T. 1958`63
\+ +< XdqeT+&* duT> |uT+ H$TH{ #d+ ~.
<D us< X + << kVu b nysT b+~q |<e T e _.mH.s &.
1974 us |uT+ nysT |{++~. n+ <T jTq T++
m+ >=|<+f jTq eTT&T _. Hs& L& << kV u b nysT
e+~. T++ <sT e\ <X+ nTeT nysT se+ >=|
$wjT+. <X+ eTs T++q s><T. _.mH.s& 1975 us
s& yue+ 491
|uT+ |<uwDY _sT<T d]++~. 1975H +< $X$<\jT+

||Ps _sT<T d]++~. y+fXs $X$<\jT+ >se &s{
>s$++~.
_.mH.s&. T++ usrjT #\q #] s>sd+~. _.mH.s&
w |u sTHe. \T>T C <=]q s& s\ _.mH. sT.
ds+>+ jTq J$yT #]. eTqdTq eT\+ T\T |+&+q
|uX*.
de sD+ _.mH.s & <= | X* . <q sJ|& < T . jTq
&T d+b<q eTTK+ <T. de Xe+yTq MT&j n, <s
de sT>\qT jT\T #d sTw deC ]+#\ j Tq ].
eqe $\Te\ d+ de\T rX&T | &Td+ rjT<T. de\ |
dyX+ d+<X+, e+&\ |+#&T. qT J$+ e+&>H
de |]XeT ~>C]bsTT+~. de\T ydy \qT |_+_+#+ < <=
p<yT+< ++#&T. es eTq+ eV+#&T.
_.mH.s& <eu&T. d+|<jT o*. <sy~. |<eTw.
_.mH.s& 08.11.1977q dsZdTHsT. jTq ds+ us |uT+
| b _qT $&T<\ #d+~.
_.mH.s&, s& \eyTq ds+> yT<$.

492 s& yue+
5
e \Te eTqTE&T #+&\T
& sE jT<eTT+&T
eTVeT y\T eT+#q |*
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 493
_. Hs&
(u$Ts& Hs&)
qq+ : 02.02.1912
eTsD+ : 25.02.2004)
\T>T ds+>+, ke dys+>+ _.Hs& *T ssTT. jTq

#H $jT, yV de d&j\T ]+#&T. $ dj K+&+H

494 s& yue+
|<e |sTb+<sTT. _.mH.s&, Hs& nq. <s <s. de s+>+

nK+&T\T.
\T>T Hs& ]+q \T n<TyTq$. n$ cesT (1950),
b us $ (1951), |[#d# &T (1952), #+<V s+ (1954), $TdeT (1955),
ejCsY (1957), n|#d ||L&T (1958), s#T |>{ #T (1959),
>T+&eT < (1962), l ssCX $dt | u (1976). \T>T uwH
$T+, V+B uw\q #\q \qT ]+#&T.
<< kVu b nysT nTqyTq des+> nysT . nq _.mH.
s& 1974 (||<eT+> <D us<X+) us |uT+ d, eTT&T
Hs& 1986 us |uT + +~. T++ y]<] nTq
nysT se&+ nsT<T. 1965 jTq q& uw rdq eT<Ty eT~H&T
CrjT nTeT |#sY de nysT e+~. nH ejCsY, >T+&eT <
de\ |*+|sY udt |*+ nysT#sTT. 1987 +<|<X |uTeTT
|c s|T T| y+jT HjTT&T nysT >s$++~. nH $TH&T
|uT+ |cyTq eeTD nysTqT 1972 +~. lw<esjT
$X$<\jT+, ly+fXs $X$<\jT+ >se &s >s$+#sTT.
Hs& 1980-83 \+ sTeT\-sT| <ekq+ dT usT #sH>
#XsT. jTq VjT+H y+s+ L +| {+#sT. kY +&jTH |
#+sY H\T>T |sj\T, +&j | dyTH s+&T |sj\T
#sH> eeV]+#sT.
1945 +<C |qT bs+_+ q&bsT. n+{ $T+, ||+ #+
yTT+ 12 uw\ yT{> |#T]+#& VQ |#s+ b+~q u\\|
#+<eeTqT 1947 qT+N q&b&T.
s& yue+ 495
1972 |Cdy <jT+> $jT yT& eT]jTT m&Twq dTqT

#H bs+_+ |< |\ &Tq+~d e#&T. dt |{ |#d H
eq~. #H M] $jT Vd eTsTes de\q+~dTq~.
Hs& sj> #] s\+ *b&T. Hs& s&
>ssDyTq e.
5
n|BjT s V]Vs<Tq
yTT|& yT yTT< s
| \T s T \T s
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

496 s& yue+
5
@sT<{ yTq |sTw+&T
|{ dsT =q bsTTqT
j> |sTw&\ jTT&\T u{+#Ts!
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.
5
s& yue+ 497
.$. s&
(~] y+s&)
qq+ : 01.07.1912
eTsD+ : 16.09.1972
~] y+s & - de s+>+ .$.s&> |U #+~q e. nq+| s+

, &| \, $T| +#&T. +& =+&s&, * y+s+>eT,

498 s& yue+
us XweT. 1936 $yV+ ]+~. d+q+ <T>TsT LT, q\T>TsT

=&T\T. yT] sT T++.
+& qT @&~ ejTdT e+&> eTsD+#>, T * =&T
.$.s& sT| rdT= y[, |d+<TqT VQ+& yd kMT M&T _&
y b&T n, k$T #|= y[bT+f ns\T >eT+ s+
yq sTT |+bsT. q yTqeeT cs& #~$+ |< #X&T.
# s&T. ~. &| V d\T 12e s> es #~y&T.
eT<dT _.md. qsT (|) #~y&T.
.$.s& _s |t sjT\deT nq& eT HsjTDk$T eT+
dV+. sVD (de) d+d wjTsY> #s&T. HsjT D k$T, _.mH.
s& yV d+dqT bs+_+#sT. _.mH.s& d+d & ssT> #s&T.
HsjTDk$T, _.mH.s& <s+ +< de\ | #X&T. .$. s&
s&+s e nk<sD+> e+{&T. Vs+ m+ s&+s+> e+T+<,
jTq |u n+ q Ks\| eq~. \ |\ |+#, \ ns#T\
#=, n+ \ |\ |+&Ty, k<sD #|\T, >=&T>T , *q& e
#d jTq ||+#ksTT de <s&H, sH n|+#&T.
.$.s& ubq, j yeTq, >TDdT+<] <, bu s$ (\T>T -
$T+ - V+B uw\) |<eTqTw\T (yV y] |<eTqTw\T de+
|{ HsT) <=+>seTT&T, ejCsT, |[H{ |eD\T, ><MsT
<, csTq jTT<+, dV]X+<, e #+& > X +sT\ <, u>#+,
lw d de\ <s+ #X&T. b us$, ejCsT de\T
||+# |U b+<sTT. f H& +> sE rdq de>
sEL de\T rjTb THsT. n~ .$.s& |u. |y{ 6 de\
jTH s. .$.s& $j d+d |sH+{ &ssY.

s& yue+ 499
\T>T #\qs+> |eTVQ&T>, <s eTV+<T&T> |sT b+<&T.

\T>T #\q s+ >+| jTq |u e+ m+ e+~. mH.{. seseqT, jTd
s+>seqT y+&s <e>, s\+ VdV> s|~~+~ .$.s&>s.
s\+ VdqT> kq$T sksTT+~ .$.s& >s. &.$.qsdsE,
=dsE, deTT<\, |+>[, |T+k\, |+&\ yTT<\>Ty] |]XeT
|k~++~, \T>T de = ysD+ n+~++B .$.s& >s. @
nysT\L b& e. jTq we\T&T. sj, wJ$. &T
$\Te, \+ $\Te *dq e. e | X<, u, n+ue+, eTD,
< .$. s& dT\T.
1955 M] |<e TqTw\T e T |# s Y | > Hwq | nysT
e+~. n> 1958 M] |[H{ |eD\T eT |#sY |> Hwq
| nysT e+~. n> 1966 q& rdq dV]X +< eT
|#sY |> Hwq | nysT e+~. .$. s&>sT, <s&T>, s>,
d+uwD #TDT&T>, sDs> |\T |X+ d\T |uT \ qT+&, d |]XeT
qT+& b+<sT. H{ \T>T |\ >T+& kqyT jTq >=| nysT.
s&\+ d>s+> #|<>Z nkeq e .$.s&.
5
ujTeTT dTMT jTCqeTT
ujTeTT&q XjT+T |ses+u
\jTeTT dTMT sT <VeTT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT.

500 s& yue+
5
<qeTTq <q eT<eTTq
qqjTeTT <TsjTeTT djT q+jTT<sT>TH,
~qyTT sTT{ u]q
|Tqk<+uq H\>\jT< $T.
5
s& yue+ 501
es| y+ seTDs&
qq+ : 01.10.1921
eTsD+ : 11.11.1974
seTDs& H\sT ><$ | +#&T. de\ Vk, Vd

b\, qT\ beTTK # q~. # #|H e{& +&H eTq+H
Vd+ |+&+ ||+#+H |d<T&H&T. n Vdb\ J$+ \T>T

502 s& yue+
de s+>+ yT{jT q VdqT&T eTq seTDs& (es| y+ seTDs&) .

1951 qT+& 62 de\ q{+qT des+> de#s+.
H{ bsyT+T duT&T {.dT_s$Ts& (>jT >|t n~H) |<Hq.
$TdeT de &$& b, ejCsT de qeTjT +{$ jTq
de J$+ eTTKb\T.
de\ |y+# eTT+<T X HdsT> eT]jTT qsqT
+| |#y&T. eT+ +< C*&T (Magician). d#+< d+d\ <s
|<sq* |Cde d+d\ && y&T.
de s+>+ _.mH.s&, _.Hs&, .$.s& >s\T m+ |d~ #+<s
seTDs& L& q $u>+ bMD q H k{jT s& C s+>+
] #sT.
H\sT jd esT|sT seTDs&. dq> b&T>Z qy=# $>V+.
meTT\ b>T e+{&T.
yTT<{ de 1951 ejT|\. +>sT b|, $TdeT, B \T
eT+|sT #sTT. 1960 s DT<$ eTV+ #=H HsT+&eT<, dTesdT+<] jTq >=|\T. \eX,
seTT&T`;eTT&T, <s T $TT\T #\ kq+ *+#sTT. eeT>, n\T&> , jTe>,
+{T>, sE>, d&> b\T ydH q eTT< e+&~ . d{ meH
jT n+<] >=|> >s$k&T. jTH.{. sese, H>Xsse b\
+&> ydy&T. |dT | #\T nHy&T. yTT+ MT< 62 de\
q{+#&T. N{ y\T>T\T e] +> qTeTX&T.
eTs|s s&VdqT&T seTDs&.
5
s& yue+ 503
.. s&
(>TqTb{ cs&)
qq+ : 8-9-1923
eTsD+ : 18-8-1987
..s& CrjT, n+srjT U b+~q s*dT. w sjT d+<s\

L& jTq yK m|& |*+ +& b<T.
504 s& yue+
..s& H\sT =s T +#&T. d+|q eekjT T+;&T.

H\sT $.sY. J #~y&T. $X$<\jT ksTT k><T. T $X
$<\jT+ #s&T. | s#q s+>+ #] s+> dTd+ |q+ #X&T.
.. s& sjT yK #d T.#. |+& ]>< ||+# |s+>
\TdT. | s+> >se+ #&T. us<X k+ + eq sE
1940 <X + osY fy T | d+b< \T> H&T. |~| bkH
CrjTT&T nT sVeH $T<. sw eTVsC V]d+> || +\T
$~+#&T. eTT|su< e< ..s& <<| >eTs+<+ #XsT. sTy
$T* mksY Vw]+#sT. 1947`48\ osT jT| =+&CT\
ysT <& #dq|&T n& =bsTT yde |]dTT\qT |+> >V+
@ |L \_+# de#s d]+#T=H&T. =+&CT\y] <& bkH
|yTj k<s\ d]+#&T. n|&T VsY bkH nkdjTf&
|dt s|q |#X&T. osY |uT+ |Cd++<\ &ssT> |#d
bkH d#> |s{d bkH #s\qT |+ > >V+ qy<T
#dTH&T. n|&T jTqqT >&#]> u$+#sT. n& qT+& 1948
|+#T= eTT+u #sT= de#s _{ | n+<CX&T. |
de#s 1948 pH qT+& |eTTK+> |#T]++~. <X$<X d+#\q
ys n~. jTq <> |e<+ e+~. nH | 1948 qT+&
1951 es |#d | qT+& e] 1951`1962 es fyT |t +&j
| |<q $<X $K]> =]j, ;+>, \+&H q>s\ |#d s
n< | =& s\j 1962 n~| nj&T.
1969 V+< | =& s n~|jT s+&T <X u\T |#d
| o]\ T e] esL sX&T. $<o bs \ L& qeTyT q , <s|& < q
| |~> |s=+<&T. ~ ..s& ys n bs\T #<TeHysT.
\+ d+Jes&>sT ..s& |+|q ys n~ b<q #ysT. <X $<o
+> |\, |]b\\ es<Z s &H &T. e T d+|<j\qT H\=&T.

s& yue+ 505
usrjT ys| | sjT $K]> ;+> jT$T+#&

yTT<{ usrjTT&T jTH. ys\T eT\kH sVd+> +#+
$XdjTT&H U b+<&T.
1957 | s#qqT dTd+|q+ #dq+<T nyT] V ssY eTH
| >se+ \_++~.
1973 XwyTq | s#q <TsZsH >se|<q+ ]+~.
$<X d++<\ >T]+ | s#q | >T]+|> qjsY
| |X+k|+ d]++~.
ly+fXs, +< $X |]wT\T >se &sY |t sT |{*
>s$+#sTT.
1986 @&~ ..s& n+ |csyTq sC\ b+&wH
nysT#sT.
e] qsY y~>Ts qjsY b+<T dsZd THsT.
jTq |sT| ..s& s*yT nysTqT {. dT_s$Ts&>sT @sT
#d V+<, +&jTH m|dt, +&j T&, W{\T, q +&jTH m|dt
e>s |\ |#dTq s*dT\ @{ dTHsT.
s& \+ +{ n+srjT e> |s=+<T e\q s& yT<$ esZ
] e+~.
5
\e+T\ \VeTT
\jTTT\ |<y] <>TH?
eTT\T < jTs{ j\T
\T|\T N]\T>> qT>y $T.

506 s& yue+
5
n\T|q #|q
<\<T, VqeTT> <\bd q>TH
y*>#TsT>T MT<qT
yTT\ydq $T ydT b&T#TH $T.
5
s& yue+ 507
>\ eTs&
qq+ : 1925
eTsD+ : 5-7-1998
eTs& &| |*y+<T\ <>Zs n+\eT >&sT >eT+

+#&T. |{q B jTq *jT<T. sT T++. b<$T $<
d>eT+H ]+~. V+B uw n<jTq+ d+ 1943 uHsdt y&T.

508 s& yue+
n& sjT uy\ |H<T\T |&sTT. uHsdt qT+& ]e us eTdT

b #s&T. us k$eT. qT eTdTq #|H k$eT +&
e<\+& n\TD #dTH&T. y] eTT>TZsT &|\\T eT>|\y&T.
1955 Xdqdu m b{#d z&bj&T. Ms eTdT . us
#T \ >E\T L& ] + b |+ &T#&T. d L&qT n$T b |+ &T#&T.
4 d+\T C H&T. jT=# |sT esTy+~. mH z&bj
k+sT #s&T.
n|{ qT+& jTq w s*+ y| bsTT+~. 1959 deT<]
|sT $$< |\ yk\T sX&T. |<THq uw n | < u$+#sT.
1963 eTs& >j\T |sT $\T |#T]+#&T. y{| |eTTK kVr
$eTs\T s#eT\T seT#+<s& (s.s.) >sT nHsT. \T>T C
J$+ = #] <X |r> <$+#yT eTs& $+
=< q +. eTs & >=|<q+ L& n<. rD yTq yT<d T , dTyT q V<jT eT,
|]X<yTq n+sD \y eyT J$+ n+X\qT n~>$T+
$X\yTq CrjT <w qq #] d\qT ne>Vq #dT= <q T>TDyTq
qq $ yqT d+]+#T>\s C|+ |T+f eTs& >j
=<qeT, >=|qeT dweTsTT. ll L& nHsT . >C\ eT!
>j\T #~yqT. eT #~yqT. eT eT #~yqT. b HqT
L&uTq ] qTe bH e y\ d]+#e MT< HqT
dT |&TTH! T eTV eTV$ ll n sXsT. eTs & $ ++ f
>=|yT| @eTT+T+~. yde+ sdy&T. n+<T $s~ nj&T.
q |< e\+ $s<THsT. nsTTH =D<T. uD< T.
1964 eTdT b N*bsTTq|&T sesZ+ duT\T> eH&T.
dT\T e, <jT+ <T. T++ usyT+~. uy& bj&T.
1970-71 $X+< | d+b<\T> |#X&T.
s& yue+ 509
V<>+ e+~. y<+ #sTT+#TH&T.

1978-83 H&T ~q| d+b< \T> |#X&T. |s+ <T|&+ ~.
|s=+~.
1983-89 +<u$T ~q| d+b<\T> |#X&T.
1989-91 <jT+ ~q| d+b<\T> |#X&T. q<q eTT<qT
|s+>+ yX&T.
jTq H&T ~q| |Du $T, ++ >DjTyTq
w#X &T. jTq s#q \T eTs & > j\T, X+Use+, +sV+, d +e<
<s + #s, m+.m.m., d+<V \, |]> <ssT, <eT|<+ e>s \T |sT>+#sTT.
1985 l y+fX s $X$<\jT+ qT+& &s { b+<&T. 1993`95
sw n~s uc d+| n<> #X&T.
eTT+< M |qT q&b&T. 1973 k$jT{ sc |s{+ b-
dj s#s TT\ eTVdu\ VsH &T. 1972-77 nsd+ sw s<]>
|#X&T.
eTs& s+q e #], n+\T VQ H<sD b+<sTT.
{ >C\ |T|T\qT s&C eTsTe<T. ||+#eT eTse<T.
eTs& eTqk nH |sT < sdTH&T. @MT <#T<T.
5
\e+T\ &$Tq
yT\yT\> q+H$T+TsT |<|H
* eT&&T>T\ <qeTT
\HXeTjT qdTs { $T.

510 s& yue+
5
&T <Tw+&>T C\T
jT&< H={s+&T >TDeTTjTTqT+&TH,
#&T|& ~q&TeTqT
|& yTT\e< +#T u>T> $T.
5
s& yue+ 511
<X+ |<eTXD sT&T

b\ sTeT\s&
(|.{. s&)
qq+ : 4-1-1915
eTsD+ : 21-10-1996
<X+ |<eTXD sT&q V*&T b\ sTeT\s&. jTq |.{.
s &> <X+ s+>+ |d< T & T . eekjT T++ +q>sY nHs+
+#&T.
512 s& yue+
1935`42 eT< \+ u+usTT C.C. d |t sY &be #~y&T.

|<eTXD ds|<eTT&T> rsT&H&T. n& & <jTq+ #X&T.
1942 ||<eT+> ew |<sq sV+q usrjT sT>
|d~ #+<&T. u+usTT +<+> e nuT<jT <e HjT+
eV+#&T.
1945 qT+ <X \+ VsT #\q\ <s&T> |
#X&T. s+>+ jTq | eb> ybs <kVeTTq
sD+# de e~* s+> |]$TyTH&T.
<Tqs <Xu\ J$+ deTq d+|T q\ bD+bX&T sTeT\
s &. eT]jTT |+&{ eVsY HVA e y$ <, +~s>+B e
y$<, | \+>D bs d+|Tq\qT, >MTD J$\ n<+|f
yeksTT, s, ] J$\qT, b&|+\T, |XbwD e>s yd$\qT
<X+ |<eT sT ksTT r]+ |sT>+#&T.
|.{. s& sY eTjT+ dT<s Hd{ H\=& T. B H{
<]+#e#T. jTq s|\T ~~q X\q \T, | <X\T, d+|<jT
\T, Hs|\T yTT+ @&Te+<\ &u< HsTT.
d++~+q <T e+<\ >+<\T, CrjT n+srjT
|<sq\T >T\T @ss >+<\j H\=&T. jTq K+&\qT
V<Z+<+> jsT#d |<sq\+#&T. <X+H |<eT+>
sT|H >+<+ e+< n+{sT. <X$<X\ sV +# b{\
bZ |X+ d\T b+<&T. &T d+b~+#Te{ q keTs\qT |j +#T
<T. sT&T d+ J$+#&T, |+#&T.
jTq dreTD |d< s#sTT #s jTX<s&.
{ >=| s& sT |\ <w +#+ neds+.

s& yue+ 513
d<TZsT lHjTq
(eTTH* s&)
6-12-1995q j>|wHsT
s& H\sT (<jT ] \) ds+|s+ eT+&\+ u&T $T|*

+#&T. +& eTTH* dTus&, * eTTH* XeT. bH{ s&e+X+.
eekjT T++.

514 s& yue+
s& H\T>T d+es\ ejTdT +& eTsD+#&T. * s&

rdT= q |{+{ =|* #]+~. =+ * L& eTsD++~. ne
sD |]>&T. ne s& #<Te =s yeT] seTjT e< #]+~.
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