GAS FIELD ENGINEERING (GFE)

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?
Divide yourself into 2 groups for Tutorial check attendance
sheet:
Attendance no. 1-40: Group 1
Attendance no. 41-end: Group 2

If no clashes with other course, combine 2 groups lectures into

1 Lecture class: Monday 8 am -10 am at 17-01-10

Tutorial:
1. Group 1:
Thursday, 14.00 16.00
Location: 21-02-07
2. Group 2:
Friday, 10.00 12.00
Location: 21-02-07
 IMPORTANT DATES & THINGS

First tutorial will be on Week 3: 28 & 29 Sept 2017

Last tutorial will be on Week 6: 19 & 20 October 2017
Test 1 will be on week 7: 23 October 2017

3 Active Learning
6 Online Test (Kahoot) every week for marking & attendance
2 Assignments every 2 weeks
2 Quizzes every 2 weeks

Attendance <90% cant come to Final Exam (Tutorial

included)
 LECTURER

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 PDB 4013 GAS FIELD ENGINEERING
FIRST PART
Dr. Belladonna Maulianda
belladona.wahyudi@utp.edu.my
Room: J3-2-19
Married with 2 sons

Education
BSc Chemical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Indonesia, 2001-2005
PhD Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada, 2010-2016
Working Experiences:
April 2017 Now, Lecturer, UTP, Malaysia
2010-2016 PhD, Univ. of Calgary, Canada
2013-2014 Geomechanics Advisor, Weatherford Canada
2013-2013 Reservoir Engineering Specialist, Bitcan G&E Canada
2007-2009 Reservoir Engineer, Total Indonesia
2005-2007 Field Engineer Open Hole, Schlumberger Canada
BELLADONNA MAULIANDA
 PCB/PDB 4013 GAS FIELD ENGINEERING
SECOND PART
Azlinda bt Abdul Malik
Azlinda.amalik@utp.edu.my
Room: J3-02-07
Married with 4 kids

Education
BSc Chemical Engineering, University Teknologi PETRONAS (1999-2004)
MSc Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS-Herriot Watt,
2010-2011
Working Experiences:
March 2017 Now, Lecturer, UTP, Malaysia
July 2005 Feb 2017 Snr. Reservoir Engineer, PETRONAS
AZLINDA BT ABDUL MALIK
 COURSE REASONING

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 ACTIVE LEARNING 1: OPENING QUESTION

Why do we need to learn Gas Field Engineering Course?

Students need to think about the answer individually,

how Gas Field Engineering relates to your lives and the
world? Write down the answer (1 Minute).

Discuss your answer with your neighbor (2 Minutes).

Lecturer discuss with the whole class using next slides.

 RECALL BACK NG IN DAILY LIFE

https://www.appea.com.au/oil-gas-explained/benefits/oil-and-gas-in-everyday-life/
 WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN GFE?
Constant contribution of NG
contributes (22%) to world energy
supply 2014 & projection 2060

Demand for Engineer

Employment with GFE
knowledge

World Energy Council (2017)

In the US, NG serves 66.7 million houses, and 5.4 million business,
provides 3 millions employment (American Gas Association 2017)
Malaysia is no. 29 in NG consumption (CIA 2014)
Differences in NG behavior and technology compared to oil
WHAT DOES THE COURSE TELL YOU?
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
Distribution of proved reserves in 1995, 2005, and 2015

Middle East
Europe
Asia Pacific
Africa
North US
S.&Cent. US

(BP Statistical Review 2017)

Flow-after-flow test

(Lee and Wattenbarger 1996)

WHAT DOES THE COURSE TELL YOU?
Effect of 2 phases in BHFP

(Lee and Wattenbarger 1996)

Orifice meter

(Lee and Wattenbarger 1996)

 COURSE PLAN

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?
Week Introduction to natural gas
1

Week Properties of natural gas

2-3

Week Gas well performance

3-4

Week Gas well deliverability tests

5-6

Week Gas reserve estimation

8-9

Week Gas flow measurement

10-11

Week Gas gathering and transportation

11

Week Gas field development

12
HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?
 LESSON PLAN: ACTIVE LEARNING &
ONLINE QUIZ (KAHOOT)
Active learning will be conducted on Chapter 1
(Introduction), Chapter 2 (Properties of NF), and Chapter
3 (Gas Well Performance)

Kahoot will be conducted on Chapter 1 (Introduction),

Chapter 2 (Properties of NF), Chapter 3 (Gas Well
Performance), Chapter 4 (Well Deliverability Test)
 HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?

Rules:
Punctual
Attendance (90%)
Assignment submission

NO Plagiarism

Examples from Lecturers

Tutorials

Active and Electronic Learning

 HOW ARE WE GOING TO DO THE COURSE?

1. Lee W.J., and Wattenbarger R.A. 1996. Gas

Reservoir Engineering, Texas: SPE Textbook Series
Vol. 5.

2. Chaudry, A.U. 2004. Oil Well Testing Handbook,

Texas: Gulf Professional Publishing.

3. Ikoku, C.U. 1980. Natural Gas Engineering A

Systems Approach, PennWell Publishing Company.

4. Kennedy, J.L. 1993. Oil and Gas Pipeline

Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Tulsa: PennWell
Publishing.
INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL GAS

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 NATURAL GAS (NG) OVERVIEW 1
Homogeneous fluid, low density & viscosity, no
Gas Definition definite volume, fills completely any vessel

Gas behavior is different from liquid behavior. Gas is

Gas Behavior very much affected by pressure changes than liquid

Combustible mixture of gaseous HC that accumulates

NG Definition in porous sedimentary rocks (Dictionary.com 2017)

NG Composition (% CH4 (70-90%); C2H6,C3H8,n-C4 (0-20%),

impurities (0-5%)
mole)
Ideal Gas, pV=nRT
Gas Laws Real Gas (actual HC at reservoir), pV=znRT

Apparent molecular weight of gas mixture

Properties Specific gravity
NATURAL GAS (NG) OVERVIEW 2

Lee and Wattenbarger (1996)

 NG CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Gases can be converted to liquids by
compressing the gas at a suitable
temperature

Gases become more difficult to liquefy

as the temperature increases because
the kinetic energies of the particles
that make up the gas also increase

The critical temperature of a substance

is the temperature at and above which
vapor of the substance cannot be
liquefied with some amount of
pressure is applied
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/critical.html
 NG CRITICAL PRESSURE

The critical pressure of a substance is the minimum

pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical
temperature.

Tubes containing water at several temperatures.

Note that at or above 374oC (the critical
temperature for water), only water vapor exists
in the tube.
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/critical.html
http://science.jrank.org/pages/2922/Gases-Liquefaction-Critical-temperature-pressure.html
INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL GAS
STATISTICAL REVIEW
2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 NG CONSUMPTION IN
WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY
World
Consumption
(Mtoe)
15000

10000
Coal
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear
5000
NG

Oil

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

(BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016)
 NG CONSUMPTION IN
MALAYSIA

Malaysia high NG
consumption after N.
America, Europe and
Australia

Tonnes oil eq.

 NG USAGE & SOURCES

2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 NG: DESIRABLE FUEL
Natural Gas is cleaner
Burn NG: released <50%
less CO2 than coal and
<20% less than oil (IGU
2017)
NG combustion products:
CO2 & H2O. Coal and oil
(EIA 1998)
combustion products: NOx,
SO2, & ash
(Naturalgas.org 2017)

The burner system is simple,

cheap and easy to maintain..
 NG USAGE

As Fuel
residential fuel
in furnaces
water heaters
cooking stoves, and clothes dryers

As Raw Material for the manufacture of Chemicals

Used to make petrochemicals as a base product
for fertilizers, detergents, pharmaceuticals,
plastics, and other goods
 NG SOURCES
Pyramid resources Conventional vs Unconventional HC

1000 mD
Good
Reservoir
Rock
Average 10 mD
Reservoir
Rock
0.1 mD
Poor Reservoir Rock
Unconventional Gas
Tight Gas CBM
Shale Gas Gas Hydrates (Oil and Gas Blog 2017)

(Aguilera and Harding 2007)

3 MINUTES VIDEO ON CONVENTIONAL VS
UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON
INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL GAS
PROCESSING & HANDLING
2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 NG VS OIL

Oil:
Pollution problems
Easy to transport

NG:
Cleaner
Difficult to transport to the market in long distances
and large quantities (remote gas fields might be
uneconomic due to transport cost)
Alternatives: Bring the market to the field (build a
factory at the site e.g. fertilizer plant), install an LNG
facility.
 ASSOCIATED GAS VS NON-ASSOCIATED GAS

1. Associated gas (crude

oil well)
2. Wet gas/rich gas
(condensate gas well)
3. Non-associated gas/dry
gas (gas well)

https://www.ihrdc.com/els/po-
demo/module01/mod_001_02.htm
ASSOCIATED GAS VS NON-ASSOCIATED GAS

(https://www.2b1stconsulting.com/associated-gas/)
 ACTIVE LEARNING 2 - THINK PAIR SHARE

Discuss associated gas vs non-associated gas

Discuss conventional resource vs unconventional

resource

1. Write your answer INDIVIDUALLY

2. Pair with another student & discuss your answer
3. Come up with a better idea
4. One student voluntary stand up and share their solution
NG FIELD HANDLING

(US EIA 2007)

NG PROCESSING
 ONLINE QUIZ KAHOOT

https://play.kahoot.it/#/lobby?quizId=91e41904-f0c7-
4466-aec1-deb05a2cc5d2

1. Go to kahoot.it

2. Use your student ID for nickname

NG PROCESSING
NG PROCESSING
 LNG
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
Methane changed from gas to liquid. Purpose: Facilitate transportation
At the moment, no significant market for LNG. It is regasified at the
landing port and delivered to buyer by conventional natural gas
pipeline. Experimental usage on LNG on large trucks.
Problem: has to be stored at cryogenic condition (extremely cold
temperature to avoid vaporization)
Boiling Temperature at Atmospheric Pressure
K C
Methane 111 -162.15
Butane 263 -10.15
Propane 230 -43.15
CO2 195 -78.15
O2 90 -183.15
N2 77.3 -195.85
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics
LNG
LNG
 LNG

(The Petroleum Institute)

 LNG

(The Petroleum Institute)

LNG
 ACTIVE LEARNING 3 CLOSURE REVIEW PAIRS

Make a group of 2 students

Each group explain for each topic the following:

1. What are the 3 major topics and why are they important?
2. What activities undergone to learn about the topics?
3. What interests you most about the topics?
Random pick student to explain his/her answer for one topic

Hand in your answer (for marking) and I will read some

answers
 COURSE SUMMARY
BOOKEND CLOSURE FOCUSED DISCUSSION
Introduction to
1. NG physical properties
2. NG world consumption
3. NG usage
4. NG sources
5. NG field handling
6. NG field processing
 CLOSURE
Fill in the course survey only 3 short questions (1
minute)

Rating (scale 1-5):

Choose a class leader and the class leader

come see me at 2 pm at J3-02-19
 THANK YOU
Q&A
2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 BACK UP SLIDES
2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
 OUTCOME SUMMARY

1. Able to explain the physical properties of NG

2. Understand the world consumption of NG

3. Able to explain the introduction of field handling and

processing of NG
 OUTLINE
1. Lecturer

2. Course reasoning
Why do we need to learn this course? Learning outcome
What are we going to do in this course?
How are we going to do the course?

3. Course guideline
Rule, content, and plan
Grade, reference, and time table

4. Introduction to gas field engineering

Natural gas (NG) properties
Statistical review of NG
Introduction
 NG FIELD HANDLING
Field handling of NG
1. NG produced in association with oil wells (associated
gas/dissolved gas/free gas)
Dissolved in oil, gas cap above oil, separated free gas
Undesirable byproduct (reinjected, flared or vented)
Typically low pressure
Saturated with water vapor and heavier HC (NGLs)
Often contaminated with H2S and CO2
2. NG produced from gas wells and condensate wells (non-
associated gas)
Typically higher pressure
Less water and NGL in solution
Less processing (due to less contaminants and liquid)
OIL REFINERY
 NG CONTRACT

Gas contracts usually contain the following basic

considerations:
Minimum, maximum and nominal delivery pressure
Water dew point or water content
Maximum condensable hydrocarbon content or
hydrocarbon dew point
Minimum heating value
Contaminants
Maximum delivery temperature