Digital Systems IRM

INSTRUCTOR'S RESOURCE MANUAL
to accompany
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Principles and Applications
12th Edition
by Ronald J. Tocci/Neal S. Widmer/Gregory L. Moss
Prepared by
Frank J. Ambrosio
Monroe Community College
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-510382-1
ISBN-10: 0-13-510382-7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SOLUTIONS TO:
RONALD J. TOCCI/NEAL S. WIDMER/GREGORY L. MOSS
DIGITAL SYSTEMS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

12th EDITION
CHAPTER 1 Introductory Concepts 1
CHAPTER 2 Number Systems and Codes 3
CHAPTER 3 Describing Logic Circuits 12
CHAPTER 4 Combinational Logic Circuits 34
CHAPTER 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 59
CHAPTER 6 Digital Arithmetic: Operations and Circuits 87
CHAPTER 7 Counters and Registers 103
CHAPTER 8 Integrated-Circuit Logic Families 156
CHAPTER 9 MSI Logic Circuits 166
CHAPTER 10 Digital System Projects Using HDL 189
CHAPTER 11 Interfacing with the Analog World 208
CHAPTER 12 Memory Devices 217
CHAPTER 13 Programmable Logic Device Architectures 225

Instructor's Resource Manual Digital Systems Principles and Applications - 12th edition
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CHAPTER ONE - Introductory Concepts
1-1 HIGH
1-2 LOW
1-3 S1
1-4 S2
1-5 (a) DOOR_OPEN

(b) DAY_TIME
(c) PASSENGER_SEATED
(d) OVERHEATED
1-6
4.4V
0.2V 4ms 4ms

2ms 2ms 2ms
1-7 T = 6ms ; F = 1/6ms = 167Hz ; DC = 4/6 = 66.7%
1-8
1-9 T = 7ms ; F = 1/7ms = 143Hz ; DC = 5/7 = 71.4%
1-10 (a) PERIODIC ; T = 4s ; F = 250 KHz ; DC = 1/4 = 25%

(b) APERIODIC
(c) APERIODIC
(d) PERIODIC ; T = 6s ; F = 166.667 KHz ; DC = 5.75/6 = 95.8%
1-11 (a), (e) are digital.

(b), (c), (d) are analog.
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1-12 (a), (e) are analog

(b), (c), (d) are digital
1-13 (a) 110012 = 16+8+1 = 2510

(b) 1001.10012 = 8+1+0.5+0.0625 = 9.562510
(c) 10011011001.101102 = 1024+128+64+16+8+1+0.5+0.125+0.0625 = 1241.687510
1-14 (a) 100112 = 16+2+1 = 1910

(b) 1100.01012 = 8+4+0.25+0.0625 = 12.312510
(c) 10011100100.100102 = 1252.562510
1-15 0002, 0012, 0102, 0112, 1002, 1012, 1102, 1112
1-17 2N-1 = 210-1 = 1023
1-18 2N-1 = 214-1 = 16,383
1-19 28 = 256 and 29 = 512, therefore 9 bits are needed.
1-20 2N-1 = 63, therefore 6 bits are needed.
1-21 (a) Increasing time between samples decreases quality.

(b) Increasing the number of bits increases quality.
(c) Increasing the sample frequency increases quality.
1-22 (a) 2N-1 = 15; N = 4; Therefore, 4 lines are required for parallel transmission.
(b) Only 1 line is required for serial transmission.
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CHAPTER TWO - Number Systems and Codes
2-1 (a) 101102 = 16+4+2 = 2210

(b) 100101012= 128+16+4+1 = 14910
(c) 1001000010012 = 2048+256+8+1 = 231310
(d) 011010112 = 64+32+8+2+1 = 10710
(e) 111111112 = 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 25510
(f) 011011112 = 64+32+8+4+2+1 = 11110
(g) 11110101112 = 512+256+128+64+16+4+2+1 = 98310
(h) 110111112 = 128+64+16+8+4+2+1 = 22310
(i) 1001102 = 32+4+2 = 3810
(j) 11012 = 8+4+1 = 1310
(k) 1110112 = 32+16+8+2+1 = 5910
(l) 10101012 = 64+16+4+1 = 8510
2-2 (a) 3710 = 32+4+1 = 1001012

(b) 1310 = 8+4+1 = 11012
(c) 18910 = 128+32+16+8+4+1 = 101111012
(d) 100010 = 512+256+128+64+32+8 = 11111010002
(e) 7710 = 64+8+4+1 = 10011012
(f) 39010 = 256+128+4+2 = 1100001102
(g) 20510 = 128+64+8+4+1 = 110011012
(h) 213310 = 2048+64+16+4+1 = 1000010101012
(i) 51110 = 256+128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 1111111112
(j) 2510 = 16+8+1 = 110012
(k) 5210 = 32+16+4 = 1101002
(l) 4710 = 32+8+4+2+1 = 1011112
2-3 (28-1) = 25510 ; (216-1) = 65,53510
2-4 (a) 74316 = 7x162+4x161+3x160 = 185910

(b) 3616 = 3x161+6x160 = 5410
(c) 37FD16 = 3x163+7x162+15x161+13x160 = 1433310
(d) 200016 = 2x163 = 819210
(e) 16516 = 1x162+6x161+5x160 = 35710
(f) ABCD16 = 10x163+11x162+12x161+13x160 = 4398110
(g) 7FF16 = 7x162+15x161+15x160 = 204710
(h) 120416 = 1x163+2x162+4x160 = 461210
(i) E7116 = 14x163+7x162+1x160 = 369710
(j) 8916 = 8x162+9x160 = 13710
(k) 5816 = 5x162+8x160 = 8810
(l) 7216 = 7x162+2x160 = 11410
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2-5 (a) 59/16 = 3 Remainder of 11 (B)}

3/16 = 0 Remainder of 3 } 5910 = 3B16
(b) 372/16 = 23 Remainder of 4 }

23/16 = 1 Remainder of 7 }
1/16 = 0 Remainder of 1 } 37210 = 17416
(c) 919/16 = 57 Remainder of 7 }

57/16 =3 Remainder of 9 }
3/16 =0 Remainder of 3 } 91910 = 39716
(d) 1024/16 = 64 Remainder of 0 }

4/16 =0 Remainder of 4 } 102410 = 40016
(e) 771/16 = 48 Remainder of 3 }

3/16 =0 Remainder of 3 } 77110 = 30316
(f) 2313/16 = 144 Remainder of 9 }

9/16 =0 Remainder of 9 } 231310 = 90916
(g) 65536/16 = 4096 Remainder of 0 }

4096/16 = 256 Remainder of 0 }
256/16 = 16 Remainder of 0 }
1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 65,53610 = 1000016
(h) 255/16 = 15 Remainder of 15 (F)}

15/16 =0 Remainder of 15 (F)} 25510 = FF16
(i) 29/16 =1 Remainder of 13 (D)}

1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 2910 = 1D16
(j) 33/16 =2 Remainder of 1 }

2/16 =0 Remainder of 2 } 3310 = 2116
(k) 100/16 =6 Remainder of 4 }

6/16 =0 Remainder of 6 } 10010 = 6416
(l) 200/16 = 12 Remainder of 8 }

12/16 =0 Remainder of 12 (C)} 20010 = C816
2-6 (a) 74316 = 111010000112

(b) 3616 = 1101102
(c) 37FD16 = 110111111111012
(d) 200016 = 100000000000002
(e) 16516 = 1011001012
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(f) ABCD16 = 10101011110011012

(g) 7FF16 = 0111111111112
(h) 120416 = 10010000001002
(i) E7116 = 1110011100012
(j) 8916 = 100010012
(k) 5816 = 010110002
(l) 7216 = 011100102
2-7 (a) 101102 =1616

(b) 100101012=9516
(c) 1001000010012=90916
(d) 011010112=6B16
(e) 111111112=FF16
(f) 011011112=6F16
(g) 11110101112=3D716
(h) 110111112=DF16
(i) 1001102=2616
(j) 11012=D16
(k) 1110112=3B16
(l) 10101012=5516
2-8 17516, 17616, 17716, 17816, 17916, 17A16, 17B16, 17C16, 17D16, 17E16, 17F16, 18016.
2-9 2133/16 = 133 Remainder of 5 }

8/16 =0 Remainder of 8 } 213310=85516=1000010101012
2-10 16N 20,000; Therefore, n=4; 164 65,536, this is greater than 40,000, so N=4.
2-11(a) 9216 = 9x161+2x160 = 14610

(b) 1A616 = 1x162+10x161+6x160 = 42210
(c) 315A16 = 3x163+1x162+5x161+10x160 = 1263410
(d) A02D16 = 10x163+0x162+2x161+13x160 = 4100510
(e) 000F16 = 0x163+0x162+0x161+15x160 = 1510
(f) 5516 = 5x161+5x160 = 8510
(g) 2C016 = 2x162+12x161+0 = 70410
(h) 7F16 = 7x161+15x160 = 12710
(i) 1916 = 1x161+9x160 = 2510
(j) 4216 = 4x161+2x160 = 6610
(k) CA16 = 12x161+10x160 = 20210
(l) F116 = 15x161+1x160 = 24110
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2-12 (a) 75/16 =4 Remainder of 11 [B] }

4/16 =0 Remainder of 4 } 7510=4B16
(b) 314/16 = 19 Remainder of 10 [A] }

1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 31410=13A16
(c) 2048/16 = 128 Remainder of 0 }

8/16 =0 Remainder of 8 } 204810=80016
(d) 24/16 =1 Remainder of 8

1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 2410=1816
(e) 7245/16 = 452 Remainder of 13 [D] }

452/16 = 28 Remainder of 4 }
28/16 =1 Remainder of 12 [C] }
1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 724510=1C4D16
(f) 498/16 = 31 Remainder of 2 }

31/16 =1 Remainder of 15 [F] }
1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 49810=1F216
(g) 25619/16 = 1601 Remainder of 3 }

1601/16 = 100 Remainder of 1 }
6/16 =0 Remainder of 6 } 2561910=641316
(h) 4095/16 = 255 Remainder of 15 [F] }

255/16 = 15 Remainder of 15 [F] }
15/16 =0 Remainder of 15 [F] } 409510=FFF16
(i) 95/16 =5 Remainder of 15 [F] }

5/16 =0 Remainder of 5 } 9510=5F16
(j) 89/16 =5 Remainder of 9 }

5/16 =0 Remainder of 5 } 8910=5916
(k) 128/16 =8 Remainder of 0 }

8/16 =0 Remainder of 8 } 12810=8016
(l) 256/16 = 16 Remainder of 0 }

1/16 =0 Remainder of 1 } 25610=10016
2-13 (a) 9, (b) D, (c) 8, (d) 0, (e) F, (f) 2, (g) A, (h) 9, (I) B, (j) C, (k) 3, (l) 4, (m) 1, (n) 5, (o) 7, (p) 6
2-14 (a) 0110, (b) 0111, (c) 0101, (d) 0001, (e) 0100, (f) 0011, (g) 1100, (h) 1011, (I) 1001, (j) 1010
(k) 0010, (l) 1111, (m) 0000, (n) 1000, (o) 1101, (p) 1001.
2-15 FFF16= 409610
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2-16 (a) 9216=100100102

(b) 1A616=0001101001102
(c) 37FD16=00110111111111012
(d) ABCD16=10101011110011012
(e) 000F16=11112
(f) 5516=010101012
(g) 2C016=0010110000002
(h) 7FF16=0111111111112
(i) 1916=110012
(j) 4216=10000102
(k) CA16=110010102
(l) F116=111100012
2-17 28016, 28116, 28216,..... 28816, 28916, 28A16, 28B16, 28C16, 28D16, 28E16, 28F16, 29016,
29116,..... 29816, 29916, 29A16, 29B16, 29C16, 29D16, 29E16, 29F16, 2A016.
2-18 With four hex digits we can represent a decimal number up to: FFFF 16 = (164-1) = 65,53510
With five hex digits we can represent a decimal number up to: FFFFF 16 = (165-1) = 1,048,57510
Therefore, we need five hex digits to represent decimal numbers up to 1 million.
With six hex digits we can represent a decimal number up to: FFFFFF 16 = (166-1) = 16,777,21510
Therefore, we need six hex digits to represent decimal numbers up to 4 million.
2-19 (a) 4710=01000111BCD

(b) 96210=100101100010BCD
(c) 18710=000110000111BCD
(d) 672710=0110011100100111BCD
(e) 1310=00010011BCD
(f) 52910=010100101001BCD
(g) 89,62710=10001001011000100111BCD
(h) 102410=0001000000100100BCD
(i) 7210=01110010BCD
(j) 3810=00111000BCD
(k) 6110=01100001BCD
(l) 9010=10010000BCD
2-20 (a) (2N-1)=999. Therefore, N=10. Hence, it requires 10 bits for straight binary.
(b) 99910 requires 12 bits for BCD (4 bits per digit).
2-21 (a) 1001 0111 0101 0010BCD = 975210

(b) 0001 1000 0100BCD = 18410
(c) 0110 1001 0101BCD = 69510
(d) 0111 0111 0111 0101BCD = 777510
(e) 0100 1001 0010BCD = 49210
(f) 0101 0101 0101BCD = 55510
(g) 0001 0111BCD = 1710
(h) 0001 0110BCD = 1610
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(i) 0111 0101BCD = 7510
2-22 (a) 1 byte = 8 bits. Thus, 8 bytes = 64 bits

(b) 4 bytes = 32 bits. A hex digit requires four bits to be represented. Thus, the largest hex
number that can be represented in four bytes is FFFFFFFF16.
(c) The largest BCD-encoded decimal value that can be represented in three bytes is
999,999.
2-23 (a) 0101

(b) 4 nibbles
(c) 3 bytes
2-24 x = 3*y Hex Bin With odd-parity
x ----------> 78 = 111 1000 1111 1000 = F8

space -------> 20 = 010 0000 0010 0000 = 20
= ----------> 3D = 011 1101 0011 1101 = 3D
space -----> 20 = 010 0000 0010 0000 = 20
3 ----------> 3 = 011 0011 1011 0011 = B3
* ----------> 2A = 010 1010 0010 1010 = 2A
y ----------> 79 = 111 1001 0111 1001 = 79
11111000 00100000 00111101 00100000 10110011 00101010 01111001

x space = space 3 * y
2-25 x = 3*y Hex Bin With even-parity
x ----------> 78 = 111 1000 0111 1000 = 78

space -------> 20 = 010 0000 1010 0000 = A0
= ----------> 3D = 011 1101 1011 1101 = BD
space -----> 20 = 010 0000 1010 0000 = A0
3 ----------> 3 = 011 0011 0011 0011 = 33
* ----------> 2A = 010 1010 1010 1010 = AA
y ----------> 79 = 111 1001 1111 1001 = F9
01111000 10100000 10111101 10100000 00110011 10101010 11111001

X space = space 3 * y
2-26 (a) 42=B; 45=E; 4E=N; 20=blank; 53=S; 4D=M; 49=I; 54=T; 48=H. Thus, the name of the
person is BEN SMITH.
(b) 4A=J; 6F=o; 65=e; 20=blank; 47=G; 72=r; 65=e; 65=e; 6E=n. Thus, the name of the
person is Joe Green.
2-27 (a) 7410 = 01110100BCD } 101110100

(b) 3810 = 00111000BCD } 000111000
(c) 888410 = 1000100010000100BCD } 11000100010000100
(d) 27510 = 001001110101BCD } 0001001110101
(e) 16510 = 000101100101BCD } 0000101100101
(f) 920110 = 1001001000000001BCD } 11001001000000001
(g) 1110 = 00010001BCD } 100010001
(h) 5110 = 01010001BCD } 001010001
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2-28 (a) 1001 0101 1000 0 { parity bit

9 5 8
Since the number of 1s is 5, there is no single-bit error.
(b) 0100 0111 0110 0

4 7 6
Since there are six 1s there is a single error.
(c) 0111 1100 0001 1

7 12 1
There are seven 1s. However, the second BCD code group has an error since 1100 is an
illegal BCD code. Thus, there must be a double error because there are an odd number of 1s.
(d) 1000 0110 0010 1

8 6 2
There are five 1s. Thus, no single-bit errors.
2-29 01001000 } O.K

11000101 } O.K
11001100 } O.K
11001000 } There is a single error.
11001100 } Error can't be detected by the receiver.
2-30 (a)101100010012
(b) 111111112
(c) 20910
(d) 59,94310
(e) 9C116
(f) 010100010001BCD
(g) 56510
(h) 10DC16
(i) 196110
(j) 15,90010
(k) 64016
(l) 952B16
(m) 100001100101BCD
(n) 94710
(o) 100011001012
(p) 1011001101002
(q) Convert to decimal, then to binary to obtain 10010102
(r) Convert to decimal, then to BCD to obtain 01011000BCD
2-31 (a) 1001012

(b) 00110111BCD
(c) 2516
(d) 01100110110111ASCII
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2-32 (a) Hex

(b) Two
(c) digit
(d) Gray code
(e) parity bit/errors
(f) ASCII
(g) Hex
(h) Byte
2-33 (a) 10002

(b) 0101002
(c) 11002
(d) 100002
2-34 (a) 10112
(b) 1001112
(c) 11012
(d) 100011112
2-35 (a) 777A16

(b) 999A16
(c) 100016
(d) 200116
(e) A0016
(f) 100B16
(g) 1016
(h) FF16
2-36 (a) 777816

(b) 999816
(c) 0FFE16
(d) 1FFF16
(e) 9FE16
(f) 100916
(g) E16
(h) FD16
2-37 (a) A 20-bit address will allow 1,048,576 (220) different memory locations to exist.
(b) Since a hex digit requires 4 bits to represent, it will take 5 hex digits to represent the 20-bit
address of a memory location.
(c) 000FF16
(c) 000016 07FF16
2-38 (a) 26=64 different voltage values; 28=256 different voltage values; 210=1,024 different
voltage values.
(b) In 1s there are about 44,000 samples of 10-bits each recorded on the CD surface. Thus,
there are about 440,000 bits recorded on the CD disk during 1s of sampling.
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(c) There are about 440,000 bits recorded on the CD disk in 1 second of audio. Therefore, 5
billion bits of audio stored on the CD disk will be equivalent to approximately 11,363.63 seconds
(5x109/440,000).
2-39 254=2x. Therefore x=7.98, or about 8-bits.
2-40 Mega = 220 =1,048,576

3 Bytes/pixel (1 byte per primary color)
(3 Bytes/pixel) x 3 x 1,048,576 = 9,437,184 Bytes/photo
Memory card capacity = 128 x 1,048,576 = 134,217,728 Bytes/card
Thus, (134,217,728 Bytes/card) / (9,437,184 Bytes/photo) = 14.2 photos/card or 14 Pictures.
2-41 See Table 2-3 in text.
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CHAPTER THREE - Describing Logic Circuits
3-1 (a)
(b)
(c) With A=1, X will always be 1 since the OR gate output is 1 whenever any input is a 1.
3-2 If the OR gate should have a LOW on the output, then it should have all LOWs on the inputs.
Therefore, the input that is HIGH is incorrect.
3-3 (a) Here's one case that refutes this statement.
(b) Here's one case that refutes this statement.
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3-4 There are 25=32 different input conditions. Only one of these (the 00000 condition) produces a
LOW output.
3-5 If the AND gate should have a HIGH on the output, then it should have all HIGHs on the
inputs. Therefore, the input that is LOW is incorrect.
3-6 (a)
(b) X = constant LOW.

(c)
3-7 Change the OR gate to an AND gate.
3-8 OUT is always LOW since one or more inputs is always LOW.
3-9 A logic HIGH and a logic LOW applied to the inputs of the unknown 2-input gate would tell us
what type of gate it is. If the resulting output logic level is HIGH, then the gate is an OR gate. If
the resulting output logic level is LOW, then the gate is an AND gate.
3-10 True. The output of any AND gate will be HIGH only when all of its inputs are HIGH.
3-11 (a)
(b)
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3-12 (a)
(b)
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3-13
E D C B A (A+B) (A+B)C [(A+B)C] D+[(A+B)C] [D+((A+B)C)]E
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
3-14
E D C B A AB (AB)+C [(AB)+C] D[(AB)+C] D[(AB)+C]+E
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
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E D C B A AB (AB)+C [(AB)+C] D[(AB)+C] D[(AB)+C]+E

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
3-15
A B C D ABC A+D (A+D) (A+D)(ABC)
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
3-16 (a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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17
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(f)
(g) g AC BC
A
C
(h) h AB CD
A
B
C
D
_____________________________________________________________________________
18
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-17 (a) OUT = 1 only when all inputs are = 0.
(b) With C = 0
(c) With C = 1, OUT = 0 at all times.
3-18 (a) OUT = 0 only when all inputs are = 1.
(b) With C = 0, OUT = 1 at all times.

(c) With C = 1
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19
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-19
3-20
A B C D X
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
3-21 (a)
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20
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
(c)
3-22 Proving theorem 15a: X XY X Y
X=1 {1+01=1 } X=0 {0+10=0+0 }

Y=1 {1+0 =1 } Y=0 {0+0 =0 }
{ 1=1 } { 0=0 }
X=1 {1+00=1+0 } X=0 { 0 + 1 1 = 0 + 1}

Y=0 {1+0 =1 } Y=1 {0+1 =1 }
{ 1=1 } { 1=1 }
Proving theorem 15b: X XY X Y
X=1 {0+11=1 } X=0 {1+00=1+0 }

Y=1 {0+1 =1 } Y=0 {1+0 =1 }
{ 1=1 } { 1=1 }
X=1 {0+10=0+0 } X=0 { 1 + 0 1 = 1 + 0}

Y=0 {0+0 =0 } Y=1 {1+0 =1 }
{ 0=0 } { 1=1 }
3-23
(a ) A 1 1 ( b) A A A ( c) B B 0 (d ) C C C ( e) X 0 0 (f ) D 1 D
(g) D 0 D (h ) C C 1 (i) G GF G ( j) Y WY Y
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21
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-24
(a)
X (M N)(M P)( N P)
X (M M MP N M NP)( N P)
X (M M N M M P MP N MP P N M N N M P NP N NP P)
X (0 0 MP N 0 0 N M P 0 0)
X MP N N M P
(b)
Z ABC ABC BCD
Z BC(A A D)
Z BC(1 D)
Z BC
3-25 A B AB
A=1 { 1 1 1 1 A=0 { 00 0 1
B=1 { B=0 {
A=0 { 0 1 0 1 0 A=1 { 1 0 1 0 0
B=1 { B=0 {
AB A B
A=1 { 1 1 1 1 0 A=0 { 00 0 1
B=1 { B=0 {
A=0 { 0 1 0 1 1 A=1 { 1 0 1 0 1
B=1 { B=0 {
3-26
(a ) ABC A B C A B C
( b) A BC A(B C) A(B C)
(c) ABCD AB CD A B CD
(d) A B A B AB
( e) A B A B A B
(f ) A C D ACD ACD
(g) A(B C)D A (B C) D A B C D

(h ) (M N)(M N) MN M N
(i) ABCD ABC D (A B)C D
_____________________________________________________________________________
22
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-27
X (A B)BC A B BC A B B C A B C
3-28 Change each inverter to:
Change each AND to:
Change each OR to:
_____________________________________________________________________________
23
__________________________________________________________________________________________
By canceling double INVERTERS, the result is: X A B C A B C A B D
_____________________________________________________________________________
24
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-29 X=ABC
3-30
_____________________________________________________________________________
25
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-31
3-32 (a) The warning light W will be activated, when temperature (T) is >200F and either the
pressure (P) is >220 p.s.i., or the speed (R) is < 4800 r.p.m. In conclusion, W=1 when T=1
and either P=1 or R=0.
(b)
3-33 (a) The trunk is opened if the key fob trunk button is pressed, assuming the engine is not
running, OR,
The trunk lid button is pressed while the car is not locked and the engine is not running, OR,
The trunk lid button is pressed while the car is not locked, while the engine is running only if
the parking brake is activated.
(b) TRUNCK_UNLOCK FOB & MOTOR _ ON

# LID & MOTOR _ ON & LOCKED
# LID & MOTOR _ ON & LOCKED & PBRAKE
FOB
MOTOR_ON
TRUNK_UNLOCK
LOCKED
LID
PBRAKE
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26
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-34 (a) CRANK I M RLM
(b)
I M R L CRANK
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
(c) !I&!M&R&L # I&!M&!R&!L # I&!M&!R&L # I&!M&R&!L # I&!M&R&L
(d) IMRL IM R L IM RL IMR L IMRL

IMRL IM(R L RL R L RL)
IMRL IM(R R )
IMRL IM(1)
M(IRL I)
M(RL I)
MRL MI
(e)
CRANK
M
R
L
3-35
(a) NOR gate (b) AND gate (c) NAND gate
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27
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-36
3-37 (a)
(b)
A B C X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
3-38 (a) Z is HIGH only when A=B=0 and C=D=1.

(b)
Z will be LOW when A or B is HIGH, or when C or D is LOW.
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28
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-39
3-40 X will go HIGH when E=1, or D=0, or C=B=0, or when B=1 and A=0.
3-41 (a) X is asserted (active) HIGH.

(b) Z is asserted (active) LOW.
3-42
E D C B A X
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
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29
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-43 LIGHT = LOW when A=B=1, or when A=B=0.
B A LIGHT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
3-44
tw = 100 ns
(a) INPUT
(b) OUTPUT
tPHL= 23ns tPLH = 15ns

(c) tw = 92ns
3-45
(a) FALSE (b) TRUE (c) FALSE (d) TRUE (e) FALSE
(f) FALSE (g) TRUE (h) FALSE (I) TRUE (j) TRUE
3-46
Digital A
B
INPUTS C
D
E
F
G
H
LOGIC
XA
CIRCUITS
XA
XA
x B
xA
x D
x H
x E
Programmable Connections Matrix
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30
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3-47
AHDL
SUBDESIGN prob3_45
(
a,b,c :INPUT; --define inputs to block
x1,y,z :OUTPUT; --define block output
)
BEGIN
x1 = a # b;
y = !(a & b);
z = a # b # c;
END;
VHDL
ENTITY prob3_45 IS
PORT ( a, b, c :IN bit; --define inputs to block
x, y, z :OUT bit); --define block output
END prob3_45 ;
ARCHITECTURE ckt OF prob3_45 IS

BEGIN
x< = a OR b; -- logic descriptions
y <= NOT(a AND b);
z <= a OR b OR c;
END ckt;
3-48
(a) AHDL
SUBDESIGN prob3_46
(
rd, rom_a, rom_b, ram :INPUT; --define inputs to block
mem :OUTPUT; --define block output
)
BEGIN
mem = !rd & ((!rom_a # !rom_b) # !ram);
END;
(a) VHDL
ENTITY prob3_46 IS
PORT (rd, rom_a, rom_b, ram :IN bit; --define inputs to block
mem :OUT bit); --define block output
END prob3_46;

BEGIN
mem <= (NOT rd) AND ((NOT rom_a) OR (NOT rom_b) OR (NOT ram));
END ckt;
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31
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) AHDL
SUBDESIGN prob3_46
(
rd, rom_a, rom_b, ram :INPUT; --define inputs to block
mem :OUTPUT; --define block output
)
VARIABLE
v,w,x1,y :NODE;
BEGIN
x1 = !rd;
w = !rom_a # !rom_b;
v = !ram;
y = w # v;
mem = x1 & y;
END;
(b) VHDL
ENTITY prob3_46 IS
PORT (rd, rom_a, rom_b, ram :IN bit; --define inputs to block
mem :OUT bit); --define block output
END prob3_46;

SIGNAL v,w,x,y :BIT;
BEGIN
x <= NOT rd;
w <= (NOT rom_a) OR (NOT rom_b);
v <= NOT ram;
y <= w OR v;
mem = x AND y;
END ckt;
3-49
3-50
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32
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3-51
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33
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER FOUR - Combinational Logic Circuits
4-1
(a) x ABC AC C(AB A) C(A B)
(b) y (Q R )(Q R ) QQ QR R Q R R QR R Q
(c) w ABC ABC A AC(B B) A AC A A C
(d)
q RST (R S T)
q (R S T)(R ST)
q R R ST SR ST T R ST
q R ST R ST R ST
q R ST
(e)
x A B C ABC ABC A B C ABC
x A B C BC ( A A) AB(C C )
x A B C BC AB
x BC B( A C A) BC B( A C )
One possibility:
(f)
z ( B C )( B C ) A B C
z B B BC B C C C ABC
z BC B C ABC
z BC B (C AC )
z BC B (C A)
z BC B C AB
(g)
y (C D) AC D ABC ABCD AC D
y C D AC D ABC A BCD AC D
y C D C D( A A) AB C A BCD
y C D C D ABC A BCD
y D(C C ) AB C A BCD
y D AB C A BCD
y D AB C A BC
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34
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(h)
x AB(C D) ABD B C D
x AB(C D) ABD B C D
x ABC AB D ABD B C D
4-2
4-3
4-4 Use X since this would give only three terms.
Alternate solution using S-of-P expression for X would be: X AB BC BC

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35
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-5
By adding the term A BC three times and then factoring, the following is obtained:
X A B(C C) AC(B B) BC(A A)

X A B AC BC
4-6 Make the following assumptions:
A - It's 5:00 or later; B - All machines are shut down; C - It's Friday
D - Production run for the day is complete
Output Y assumes all variables that are not mentioned in the conditions of the story problem
must be zero to blow the horn. Output X assumes that all variables that are not mentioned in
the conditions of the story problem can be either 1 or 0 in order to blow the horn.
D C B A X Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
X ABC D ABC D ABCD ABCD ABCD

X AB BCD
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36
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Y ABC D ABCD
4-7
A3 A2 A1 A0 X
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
By inspection, X will be 1 whenever A3=0, A2=1; or when A3=A2=0, while A1=A0=1.

Thus, we can write:
X A3 A 2 A3 A 2 A1 A0
X A3(A 2 A 2 A1 A0)
X A3(A 2 A1 A0)
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37
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The same result can be obtained by writing the S-of-P expression and then simplifying it.
4-8 Door = D; Ignition = I; Lights = L
4-9 Change each gate to its NAND equivalent and then cancel double inversions.
4-10 Change each gate to its NAND equivalent and then cancel double inversions.
_____________________________________________________________________________
38
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-11 (a)
(b)
(c)
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39
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-12 YA
4-13 X BC BC AB Other solution: X BC BC AC
4-14 (a) X ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC
X BC BC AB Other solution: X BC BC AC
(b) Y C D AC D ABC ABCD AC D
Y D ABC ABC
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40
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(c) One possibility:
4-15 For visual convenience, let A3=A, A2=B, A1=C, A0=D
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41
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-16 (a) X BC AD
(b) X BC AD ABC
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42
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-17
4-18 z ABD BC
CD CD CD CD
AB 1 1
AB 1 1
AB
AB 1 1
4-19 In Example 4.3 of your textbook, after the DeMorgan part is completed, we have:
z A BC ACD ABCD A BC
z A BC ACD(B B) ABCD A BC
z A BC ABCD A BCD ABCD A BC
z A BC ABCD A BCD ABCD A BC
z BC(A A A D) ABD(C C)
z BC ABD
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43
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-20 (a) Output X will be HIGH only when A and B are at different levels.
(b) With B held LOW, X=A.
(c) With B held HIGH, X A .
4-21 X will be HIGH when AB, B=C, and C=1. Thus, C=1, B=1, A=0 is the only input condition
that produces X=1.
4-22 (a) X ABC ABC
(b) To find if A=B=C:
1. X A B (X is Low when A=B)

2. Y B C (Y is Low when B=C)
A=B=C when both 1 & 2 are true.
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44
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-23
4-24
4-25 One possibility is on the next page. Note the use of the XNOR gates and AND gate 4 to
determine when the two numbers are equal; that is, when X2=Y2, X1=Y1 and X0=Y0
simultaneously. AND gates 1,2,3 and the OR gate are used to sense when Y2 Y1 Y0 > X2
X1 X0. The NOR gate simply uses the fact that if neither M nor P is HIGH then it must be
true that X2 X1 X0 > Y2 Y1 Y0, and therefore N=1.
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45
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-26
Output Z3: Z3 = 1 only for single case in the T-T. Thus, Z3 = Y1 Y0 X1 X0
Output Z2: Z2 is HIGH for three cases. Thus,

Z2 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0
Z2 Y1X1(Y0 X0) Y1X1(Y0X0)
Output Z1: Z1 is HIGH for six cases. Thus,

Z1 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0
Z1 Y0X1(Y1 X0) Y1X0(Y0 X1)
Output Z0: Z0 is HIGH for four cases.

Z0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 Y1Y0X1X0 . Thus, Z0 Y0X0
4-27
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46
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-28
4-29
4-30
Since there are only five cases when N/S=1, we will design for N/S.
N / S ABCD A BCD ABCD ABCD ABC D
This can be simplified to: N / S CD(A B) AB(C D)
Obviously, E / W N / S
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47
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-31 (a) Parity Generator: To modify the circuit of figure 4-25 (a) to an "Odd Parity Generator" all that
is needed is an inverter at the output.
Odd Parity Checker: To modify the circuit of figure 4-25 (b) to an "Odd Parity Checker" the
2-input exclusive-OR gates should be changed to 2-input exclusive-NOR gates.
(b) Even Parity Generator
_____________________________________________________________________________
48
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Even Parity Checker
4-32 (a) When all of the other inputs to the OR gate are in the LOW state the logic signal will pass
through to its output unchanged.
(b) When all of the other inputs to the AND gate are in the HIGH state the logic signal will
pass through to its output unchanged.
(c) When all of the other inputs to the NAND gate are in the HIGH state the logic signal will
pass through to its output INVERTED.
(d) When all of the other inputs to the NOR gate are in the LOW state the logic signal will
pass through to its output INVERTED.
4-33 (a) No. A logic circuit must have two inputs in order to be used as an enable/disable circuit.
(b) No. The control input of an XOR gate can be either HIGH or LOW. If the control input is
LOW the signal at the other input reaches the gate's output unaffected. If the control input is
HIGH the signal at the other input reaches the gate's output INVERTED.
4-34 Use an AND gate that is enabled when B=0, C=1. X=A only if B=0, C=1
4-35 Use an OR gate since output is to be HIGH when inhibited. X=A only if BCD 1. X=1 when BCD = 1
_____________________________________________________________________________
49
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-36 X=A when B=C. X=1 when BC
4-37
4-38
4-39 (a) 1. The output of the inverter is internally grounded.

2. The output of the inverter is externally grounded.
3. The input being driven by the output of the inverter is internally grounded.
(b) The output of the inverter is shorted to the output of another logic circuit.
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50
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-40 (a) Since Z1-4 is essentially floating, the Logic Probe will show an indeterminate logic level.
(b) There will be 1.4V-1.8V at the output.
Terminal Z2-9 will be floating (HIGH in TTL) since Z1-4 is opened internally. Thus, the signal
at Z2-8 is the opposite of the signal at Z2-10.
(d)
4-41 IC Z2-2 will be floating and therefore its voltage will fluctuate as it picks up noise. Thus, Z2-3
level will be unpredictable. IC-Z2 may also become overheated and eventually destroy itself.
4-42 1) First isolate Z1-4 from Z2-1 by using one of the following methods:
(a) cutting the trace from Z1-4 to Z2-1.

(b) clipping pin 4 of Z1.
(c) clipping pin 1 of Z2.
2) Check to see if Z1-4 is pulsing. If it is, then one can be sure that the inverter Z1 is working
properly. If it's always LOW (internally shorted to ground) then inverter Z1 must be replaced.
3) If step 2 above proves IC Z1 to be working properly then the problem must be with NAND
gate Z2 (internally shorted to ground). By using a logic probe, check the logic level at Z2-1.
Chances are that it will have a permanent logic LOW which kept Z1-4 LOW and Z2-3 HIGH.
Replace Z2.
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51
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-43 1) Faulty IC bias (Vcc and/or Ground).

2) Z2-2 is internally open (floating).
Procedure: With a VOM or logic probe, check Vcc and Ground to the IC. If the Vcc and
Ground measurements are correct, disconnect Z2-3 from any load it may be driving. If
problem persists, replace Z2.
4-44 Yes. (c), (e), (f).
(a) No. This would've kept point X at a logic LOW permanently and the first case (A=1, B=0)
wouldn't have worked.
(b) No. An open at Z2-13 has the same effect as a logic HIGH (only in TTL). Thus, in the
second case (A=0,B=1,C=1) Z2-11 would've been LOW and Z2-8 HIGH.
(d) No. This would've cause IC Z2 to be unbiased and prevent the circuit from working
properly for the first case.
(g) No. This would've caused Z2-10 to be always LOW and Z2-8 HIGH for all cases.
4-45 1) Make A=0 (Z1-1), B=1 (Z1-2) and C=1 (Z2-12). This is the case that causes the circuit to
malfunction. Note that the other three possible combinations of A and B do not cause a
problem. We know that IC Z1 is working from the results of the first case.
2) The logic levels at Z2-13 and Z2-12 should be HIGH.
(a) Check to see if Z2-11 has a logic LOW.
(b) If Z2-11 is LOW and Z2-9 isn't turn off the power to the circuit.
(c) Use a VOM to make a continuity check between Z2-11 and Z2-9. If there is an open, find
it and restore the continuity between these two points.
3) If after performing step two the technician finds that there is a good connection between
Z2-11 and Z2-9, then one could conclude that either output Z2-11 or input Z2-9 is externally
shorted to Vcc. Since the circuit still has the power turned off from the last check, the
technician should make a continuity check to see if the trace between Z2-11 and Z2-9 is
externally shorted to Vcc. If there is a short to Vcc, find it and eliminate it. If no external short
to Vcc is found then either Z2-11 or Z2-9 or both must be internally short to Vcc or have an
internal open. In any case the replacement of IC Z2 should be performed.
4-46 This is a tough one. You have noticed that Z2-6 and Z2-11 will be at the same logic level
except for the two cases that don't work. For those cases, Z2-6 and Z2-11 are supposed to
be different. Since they measure indeterminate for those cases, it is likely that Z2-6 and Z2-
11 are shorted together, probably by a solder bridge. The short will have no effect for all
those cases where these two outputs are at the same level.
4-47 (b) If Z1-2 was internally shorted to ground, whenever the passenger failed to fastened
his/her seat-belt the circuit would've not detected this ALARM condition.
(c) Since this is a TTL logic circuit, if there was an open connection between Z2-6 and Z2-10,
the circuit would've operated as if a logic HIGH was present at Z2-10. This would've caused
the circuit to ALWAYS assume that a passenger was in the seat with the respective seat-belt
fastened.
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52
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-48 Since the problem only manifests itself when an occupant is present in the car and the
ignition is turned on, it can be deduced that IC Z2 is working properly. The problem must be
with IC Z1. The following are the possible circuit failures:
(a) IC Z1 is not properly biased. } Most likely

(b) IC Z1 is plugged in backwards. } problems.
Remote possibilities:
(c) Z1-4 and Z1-2 are internally shorted to Vcc.

(d) Z1-4 and Z1-2 are internally open.
(e) An open connection from Z1-2 to Z2-5, and from Z1-4 to Z2-2.
(f) Connection from Z1-2 to Z2-5 is externally shorted to Vcc as well as the connection from
Z1-4 to Z2-2.
(g) Z1-1 and Z1-3 are internally shorted to Ground.
Procedure:
1) Make the necessary voltage measurements to confirm proper IC Z1 bias. Check for proper
IC Z1 orientation.
2) Check the logic levels at Z1-2 and Z1-4 with a logic probe. If IC Z1 is working properly then
a TTL logic LOW should be present at these points.
3) If these logic levels are still HIGH, by using an ohmmeter check for any external shorts to
Vcc or open PC traces.
4) Check the logic levels at Z1-1 and Z1-3 with a logic probe. If IC Z1 is to work properly then
a TTL logic HIGH should be present at these points.
5) If these logic levels are LOW, use an ohmmeter to check for any external shorts to
Ground.
6) If the above steps do not reveal a probable cause, Z1 must be internally damaged and it
must be replaced.
4-49 For some reason Z2-13 is always HIGH. The following are the
possible circuit failures:
(a) Z2-13 is internally shorted to Vcc.
(b) Z2-8 is internally shorted to Vcc.
(c) Connection from Z2-8 to Z2-13 is open or externally shorted to Vcc.
(d) Z2-9 or Z2-10 are internally shorted to Ground.
(e) Z2-3 or Z2-6 are internally shorted to Ground.
(f) Connections from Z2-3 to Z2-9 or from Z2-6 to Z2-10 are externally shorted to Ground.
Procedure:
The first troubleshooting step is to make sure that all of the ICs are properly biased (Vcc and
Ground) and oriented.
_____________________________________________________________________________
53
__________________________________________________________________________________________
I) Isolate Z2-13 from Z2-8 by cutting the trace on the PC board or by clipping the proper pin
on IC Z2 (either pin 8 or pin 13). Check the voltage level at Z2-13 with a VOM. It should be
about 0v since it's floating at this point. If the voltage is Vcc, Z2-13 is either internally or
externally shorted to Vcc and it should be replaced.
II) If a fault is not found after performing step I, then check the logic level at Z2-8 with a logic
probe. If it's HIGH, check the logic levels at Z2-9 and Z2-10. One of them or both should be
LOW. If they are both HIGH, IC Z2-8 is internally or externally shorted to Vcc.
III) If Z2-9 is LOW
Check the logic levels at Z2-1 and Z2-2. They should be both LOW. If they are LOW, isolate
Z2-3 from Z2-9 by cutting the trace on the PC board or by clipping the appropriate pin (Z2-3
or Z2-9). Check the logic levels at Z2-3 and Z2-9 with a logic probe. If either input is LOW,
one must conclude that IC Z2 pin 3 or pin 9 is externally or internally shorted to ground.
IV) If Z2-10 is LOW, the same test procedure should be used for the connection between Z2-
10 and Z2-6.
4-50 (a) True; (b) True; (c) False; (d) False; (e) True
4-51 All text between the characters % % serves as comments.
4-52 Comments in a VHDL design file are indicated by --.
4-53 A special socket that allows you to drop the chip in and then clamp the contacts onto the
pins.
4-54 1) Boolean equation; 2) Truth table; 3) Schematic diagram
4-55 JEDEC - Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council; HDL - Hardware Description Language
4-56 (a) AHDL: gadgets[7..0] :OUTPUT;

VHDL gadgets :OUT BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
(b) AHDL buzzer :OUTPUT;

VHDL buzzer :OUT BIT;
(c) AHDL: altitude[15..0] :INPUT;

VHDL altitude :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 65535);
(d) AHDL VARIABLE

wire2 :NODE;
VHDL SIGNAL wire2 :BIT ;
4-57 (a) AHDL H98 B10011000 152

VHDL X98 B10011000 152
(b) AHDL H254 B1001010100 596

VHDL X254 B1001010100 596
(c) AHDL H3C4 B1111000100 964

VHDL X3C4 B1111000100 964
_____________________________________________________________________________
54
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4-58
SUBDESIGN hw
(
inbits[3..0] :INPUT;
outbits[3..0] :OUTPUT;
)
ENTITY hw IS
Port (
inbits :IN BIT_VECTOR (3 downto 0);
outbits :OUT BIT_VECTOR (3 downto 0)
);
END hw;
AHDL outbits[3] = inbits[1];

outbits[2] = inbits[3];
VHDL outbits(3) <= inbits(1);

outbits(2) <= inbits(3);
4-59
TABLE
(a,b,c) => y;
(0,0,0) => 0;
(0,0,1) => 0;
(0,1,0) => 1;
(0,1,1) => 1;
(1,0,0) => 1;
(1,0,1) => 0;
(1,1,0) => 1;
(1,1,1) => 1;
END TABLE;
4-60
BEGIN
IF digital_value[] < 10 THEN
z = VCC; --output a 1
ELSE z = GND; --output a 0
END IF;
END;
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55
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4-61
WITH in_bits SELECT

y <= '0' WHEN "000",
'0' WHEN "001",
'1' WHEN "010",
'1' WHEN "011",
'1' WHEN "100",
'0' WHEN "101",
'1' WHEN "110",
'1' WHEN "111";
4-62
PROCESS (digital_value)
BEGIN
IF (digital_value < 10) THEN z <= '1';
ELSE z <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS;
4-63
% Problem 4-63 in AHDL

Digital Systems 10th ed
Neal Widmer
%
SUBDESIGN PROB4_63
(
digital_value[3..0] :INPUT; --define inputs to block
y :OUTPUT; --define block output
)
BEGIN
IF digital_value[] > 5 & digital_value[] < 12 THEN
y = vcc; --output a 1
ELSE y = gnd; --output a 0
END IF;
END;
-- NOTE: The digital_value[0] term drops out when this is simplified.

-- The compiler will issue a warning to this effect.
4-63 (in VHDL)
-- USING PROCESS.
-- Digital Systems 10th ed
-- Tocci Widmer Moss
ENTITY prob4_63 IS
PORT( digital_value :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15; --declare 4-bit input
z :OUT BIT);
END fig4_55;
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56
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ARCHITECTURE truth OF fig4_55 IS

BEGIN
PROCESS (digital_value)
BEGIN
IF (digital_value > 5) AND digit_value < 12) THEN
z <= '1';
ELSE
z <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS ;
END truth;
-- NOTE: The digital_value[0] term drops out when this is simplified.

-- The compiler will issue a warning to this effect.
4-64 (a)
SUBDESIGN fig4_60
(
a, b, c :INPUT; --define inputs to block
y :OUTPUT; --define outputs
)
VARIABLE
status[2..0] :NODE; --holds state of cold, moderate, hot
BEGIN
status[]= (a, b, c); --link input bits in order
CASE status[] IS
WHEN b"010" => y = VCC;
WHEN b"011" => y = VCC;
WHEN b"111" => y = VCC;
WHEN OTHERS => y = GND;
END CASE;
END;
4-64 (b)
ENTITY fig4_61 IS
port(
a, b, c :IN bit; --declare 3 bits input
y :OUT BIT);
END fig4_61;
ARCHITECTURE copy OF fig4_61 IS

SIGNAL status :BIT_VECTOR (2 downto 0);
BEGIN
status <= a & b & c; --link bits in order.
PROCESS (status)
BEGIN
CASE status IS
WHEN "010" => y <= '1';
WHEN "011" => y <= '1';
WHEN "111" => y <= '1';
WHEN OTHERS => y <= '0';
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57
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END CASE;
END PROCESS ;
END copy;
4-65 S=!P#(Q&R)
4-66 P = D3$D2$D0$D1
4-67 (a) Two-dimensional form of a truth table used to simplify a sum-of-products expression.
(b) Logic expression consisting of two or more AND terms (products) that are ORed
together.
(c) Logic circuit that produces an even or odd parity bit for a given set of input data bits.
(d) Group of eight 1s that are adjacent to each other within a Karnaugh map.
(e) Logic circuit that controls the passage of an input signal through to the output.
(f) Situation when a circuit's output level for a given set of input conditions can be
assigned as either a 1 or 0.
(g) Input signal that is left disconnected in a logic circuit.
(h) Whenever a logic voltage level of a particular logic family falls out of the required
range of voltages for either a logic 0 or logic 1.
(i) Signal contention is when two signals are "fighting" each other.
(j) Programmable Logic Device
(k) The TTL (Transistor-Transistor-Logic) family is the major family of bipolar digital ICs.
(l) The CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) family belongs to the class
of unipolar digital ICs.
4-68 RAM } 000000002 - 111011112 = 0016 - EF16

I/O } 111100002 = F016
ROM } 111100012 - 111111112 = F116 - FF16
4-69
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58
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER FIVE - Flip-Flops and Related Devices
5-1
5-2 Same Q output as 5.1.
5-3
5-4
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59
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5-5 One possibility:
5-6 The response shown would occur If the NAND latch is not working as a Flip-Flop. A permanent
logic HIGH at IC Z1-4 will prevent the latch from working properly and therefore the switch
bounce will appear at Z1-6. When the 1 KHz squarewave is high, the switch bounce will be
present at Z2-6.
5-7 Control inputs have to be stable for tS=20ns prior to the clock transition.
5-8 The FF will respond at times b, d, f, h, j corresponding to negative-going CLK transitions.
5-9 Assuming that Q=0 initially (for the positive edge triggered S-C FF).
Assuming that Q=0 initially (for the negative edge triggered S-C FF).
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60
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5-10 (a)
(b)
(c)
5-11 FF can change state only at points b, d, f, h, j based on values of J and K inputs.
5-12 (a) Connect the J and K inputs permanently HIGH. The Q output will be a squarewave with a
frequency of 5 KHz.
(b) The Q output will be a squarewave with a frequency of 2.5 KHz.
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61
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5-13
5-14 (a) Since the FF has tH=0, the FF will respond to the value present on the D input just prior
to the NGT of the clock.
(b) Connect Q to the D input of a second FF, and connect the clock signal to the second FF. The
output of the second FF will be delayed by 2 clock periods from the Input Data.
5-15 (a)
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62
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
5-16 Q is a 500 Hz square wave.
5-17 (a)
(b)
5-18
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63
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-19 If Q is connected back to D, the Q and Q outputs will oscillate while CLK is HIGH. This is
because Q =1 will produce S=0, C=1 which will make Q =0. This Q =0 then will make S=1,
C=0 which will make Q =1.
5-20 J=K=1 so FF will toggle on each CLK negative-going edge, unless either PRESET or
CLEAR inputs is LOW.
5-21
CLK
____
PRE
____
CLR
5-22
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64
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-23 (a) TpLH(max) = 16ns.

(b) TSU = 15ns.
(c) TW = 15ns.
5-24 (a) TpHL (typical) = 4ns

(b) TpLH(max) = 15ns
1 1
(c) Fmax 30MHz; Tmin 33ns
F max 30MHz
(d) No. TSU(min) = 22ns is violated.
(e) tpLH(max) = 15ns.
5-25
5-26 (a) Y can go HIGH only when C goes HIGH while X is already HIGH. X can go HIGH only if
B
goes HIGH while A is HIGH. Thus, the correct sequence is A,B,C.
(b) The START pulse initially clears X and Y to 0 before applying the A,B,C signals.
(c)
_____________________________________________________________________________
65
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-27 (a)
(b)
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66
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-28 In this arrangement, the data shifts accordingly:
5-29 Connect outputs X0 to D input of FF X2 so that the contents of the X register will be
recirculated.
5-30 This is a counter that will recycle every 8 pulses (MOD 8 counter).
(a) Count after 13 clock pulses is 5 (101); Count after 99 clock pulses is 3 (011); Count after
256 clock pulses is 0 (000).
(b) Count after 13 clock pulses is 1 (001); Count after 99 clock pulses is 7 (111); Count after
256 clock pulses is 4 (100).
(c) State diagram for a MOD-16 counter
If the input frequency is 80 MHz the output waveform at X3 will be a squarewave with a frequency of
500 KHz (80 MHz/16).
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67
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-31
5-32
5-33 (a) 2N-1=1023, so that 2N=1024. Thus, N=10 flip-flops.
(b) With N FFs, the MOD-number is 2N=1024 so that the frequency division at the last FF
will be 1/1024 relative to the input clock. Thus, output frequency = 2MHz/1024 = 1953 Hz.
(c) MOD-number=2N=1024.
(d) Every 1024 pulses the counter recycles through zero. Thus, after 2048 pulses the
counter is back at count zero. Therefore, after 2060 pulses the counter will be at count 12
(i.e. 1024 + 1024 + 12 = 2060).
5-34 (a) MOD-number = 256 KHz/2KHz = 128.

(b) 128=2N. The maximum count is 2N-1=127. Thus, the range is 0 to 127.
5-35 The counter recycled back to 00000000 after 28=256 customers.
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68
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5-36
5-37 Regardless of the logic state of the address line A8, data gets transferred from the MPU to the
X register. Thus, the problem is in the connection between the address line A8 from the MPU
and the 8-input AND gate. The following are some of the circuit faults that could cause this
malfunction:
(a) External open on address line A8 between the MPU and the input of the Inverter.
(b) External short to Vcc on address line A8 between the MPU and the input of the Inverter.
(c) External open on the line connecting the output of the Inverter and the input of the AND
gate.
(d) External short to Vcc on the line connecting the output of the Inverter and the input of the
AND gate.
(e) Internal open or short to Vcc on the input of the Inverter.
(f) Internal open or short to Vcc on the output of the Inverter.
(g) Internal open or short to Vcc on the input of the AND gate.
5-38
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69
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-39
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70
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5-40 With tp = 0.5ms
With tp = 1.5ms
5-41
5-42 (a) Closing S1 clears X to 0. Since the OS has tp=1ms, the OS will be triggered before the
end of the tp interval for frequencies greater than 1 KHz. Thus, Q will stay LOW.
(b) If the input frequency drops below 1 KHz, the Q will return HIGH before the OS is
triggered again. This PGT at Q will clock X to the 1 state.
(c) Change tp to 1/50 KHz = 20s.
5-43 (a) A1 or A2 has to be LOW, and a PGT must occur at B.

(b) B and A2 have to be HIGH, and a NGT must occur at A1.
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71
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5-44 (a) One possibility:
0.7 RTCT=5ms
Let CT=1F; 0.7 RT=5ms/1F = 5000
RT = 7143 6.8K (std. value).
If an accurate 5ms is required, an adjustable RT should be used.
(b) Connect G to input B of 74121.
5-45
F=40 KHz; T=25s; t1=t2=12.5s

For a squarewave RA<<RB; Let RA=1K and RB=10K
t1=0.693(RB)(C): 12.5s=0.693(10K)(C): C=1800pF

T=0.693(RA+2RB)C: T=0.693(1K+20K)1800pF
T=26.2s; F=1/T; F=38 KHz (almost squarewave).
Reduce by half the 1800pF. This will create a T=13.1s or F=76.35 KHz (almost square
wave). Now, take the output of the 555 Timer and connect it to the CLK input of a J-K FF
wired in the toggle mode (J and K inputs connected to +5V). The result at the Q output of the
J-K FF is a perfect 38.17 KHz square wave.
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72
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5-48
T = 1/f = 1/5 kHz = 200 s Duty cycle = 10%
tH = 0.1 T = 0.1 200 s = 20 s = 0.94 RA C
try C = 0.01 F (standard value)
RA = tH/0.94 C = 20 s/(0.940.01 F) = 2.1 k 2.0 k (5%)
tL = 0.9 T = 0.9 200 s = 180 s = 0.94 RB C
RB = tL/0.94 C = 180 s/(0.940.01 F) = 19.1 k 20 k (5%)
+5v
4 8 555
RA 2k
Reset V
7 CC
Disch 3
RB Out 5kHz
20k
6 Thresh
Control 5
2 Trig
GND
C 0.01F 1 0.01F
5-49 (a)
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73
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
5-50 (a) No. An open on the CLR input would be the same as a TTL HIGH and would not cause
FF X2 to clear on the fourth pulse.
(b) Yes. Since X1 provides the CLK input to FF X2, a slow transition on X1 could cause
erratic clocking of X2.
(c) No. This would keep X2 at a permanent LOW.
(d) No. Since X2's J and K inputs are held HIGH.
5-51 (a) Yes. Q2 will stay LOW because the set-up time for FF Q2 has to be equal to 5ns or
longer and it was only 1ns (skew=13ns, tpLH for Q1=12ns)
(b) No. Q2 will go HIGH since the set-up time is 8ns which is greater than 5ns. Thus, when
Q2 is clocked, Q1 has already been HIGH for 8ns and the level at Q1 will be transferred to
Q2 (skew=18ns, tPLH for Q1=10ns).
5-52 Two cascading Inverters between Q1 and D2. This would add 12ns or 14ns to the effective
tpLH of Q1 (using propagation delays for the Inverters of problem 5.45 (a) and (b)). Now the
skew time would be less than the effective propagation delay tpLH of Q1. Thus, by the time
FF Q2 gets clocked, the signal at D2 hasn't yet changed.
5-53 (a) No. If point X was always LOW inputs J and K would've been always HIGH and therefore
FF U2 would've toggled on each NGT of the clock.
(b) No. An internal short to Vcc at U1-1 would make input K always LOW. Under these
conditions FF U2 would be cleared (J=0,K=1) or it wouldn't change states (J=0,K=0) on the
NGT of the clock.
(c) Yes. This condition causes the J input to always be HIGH (floating TTL input). Any time a
NGT on the clock occurs and B is LOW, FF U2 will toggle. If the B input is HIGH FF U2 will
SET. This analysis agrees with the Q waveform.
(d) No. This would cause input K to always be LOW. Under this condition FF U2 could either
SET (J=1,K=0) or it wouldn't change states (J=0,K=0) on the NGT of the clock.
5-54 SWA = 1 ; SWB = 0 ; SWC = 1 (First combination)

SWA = 0 ; SWB = 1 ; SWC = 0 (Second combination)
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74
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5-55 (a) No. Switch bounce would have no effect since the D inputs of the FFs are not sensitive
to transitions.
(b) No. An open on the CLR (HIGH for TTL) input of FF Q2 wouldn't cause Q2 to change
during a PGT on the CLK.
(c) Yes. This fault would cause the switch bounce from the ENTER switch to be present at
the CLK inputs of the D-type FFs. Since the input D of FF Q1 is at a logic LOW during the
second combination, after the first bounce FF Q2 would get SET and after the second switch
bounce it would get CLEAR.
5-56 (a) NAND or NOR gate latch.

(b) Clocked J-K flip-flop.
(c) D Latch.
(d) Clocked D flip-flop or J-K flip-flop.
(e) Clocked D flip-flop.
(f) All types of flip-flops.
(g) Any edge-triggered flip-flop.
(h) J-K flip-flops.
5-57 (a) Asynchronous Inputs - Flip-flop inputs that can affect the operation of the flip-flop
independent of the synchronous and clock inputs.
(b) Edge-Triggered - Manner in which a flip-flop is activated by a signal transition. It may
be either a positive or negative edge-triggered flip-flop.
(c) Shift Register - Digital circuit that accepts binary data from some input source and
then shifts these data through a chain of flip-flops one bit at a time.
(d) Frequency division - Expression normally associated with counters. The frequency
division ratio of a counter is equal to the total number of different states that counter
can go through and is often referred to as the counter's MOD number.
(e) Asynchronous (Jam) Transfer - Data transfer performed without the aid of the clock.
(f) State transition diagram - Way to show pictorially the states of flip-flops change with
each applied clock pulse.
(g) Parallel Data Transfer - Operation by which the entire contents of a register are
transferred simultaneously to another register.
(h) Serial Data Transfer - When data are transferred from one place to another one bit at
a time.
(i) Retriggerable One-Shot - Type of One-Shot that can be triggered while it is in the
quasi-stable state, and it will begin a new tP interval.
(j) Schmitt-trigger inputs - Inputs on certain devices that accept slow-changing signals
and produce oscillation-free transitions at the output.
5-58
This latch design always SETs when both inputs are active (LOW). It remains SET if the
inputs change simultaneously to the no change mode.
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75
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5-59
% SR Latch with active HIGH inputs

Run timing simulation
Tocci Widmer Moss %
SUBDESIGN prob5_59
( set, reset :INPUT;
q :OUTPUT; )
BEGIN
IF set == VCC THEN q = VCC; -- set or illegal command
ELSIF reset == VCC THEN q = GND; -- reset
ELSE q = q; -- hold
END IF;
END;
-- SR Latch with active HIGH inputs

ENTITY prob5_59 IS
PORT ( set, reset :IN BIT;
q :OUT BIT);
END prob5_59;
ARCHITECTURE behavior OF prob5_59 IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (set, reset)
BEGIN
IF set = '1' THEN q <= '1'; -- set or illegal command
ELSIF reset = '1' THEN q <= '0'; -- reset
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END behavior;
5-60
SUBDESIGN prob5_60
(
set, reset :INPUT;
q :OUTPUT;
)
BEGIN
IF reset == 1 THEN q = GND; -- reset or illegal command
ELSIF set == 1 THEN q = VCC; -- set
ELSE q = q; -- hold
END IF;
END;
ENTITY prob5_60 IS -- must compile with Multi-Level Synthesis for

-- 7000 enabled
PORT ( set, reset :IN BIT;
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76
__________________________________________________________________________________________
q :BUFFER BIT);
END prob5_60;
BEGIN
PROCESS (set, reset)
BEGIN
IF reset = '1' THEN q <= '0'; -- reset or illegal
command
ELSIF set = '1' THEN q <= '1'; -- set
ELSE q <= q; -- hold
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END behavior;
5-61
SUBDESIGN prob5_61
(
sbar, rbar :INPUT;
q, qbar :OUTPUT;
)
BEGIN
IF sbar == 0 THEN q = VCC; qbar = GND; -- set or illegal command
ELSIF rbar == 0 THEN q = GND; qbar = VCC; -- reset
ELSE q = q; qbar = qbar; -- hold
END IF;
END;
ENTITY prob5_61 IS -- must compile with Multi-Level Synthesis for

-- 7000 enabled
PORT ( sbar, rbar :IN BIT;
q, qbar :BUFFER BIT);
END prob5_61;
BEGIN
PROCESS (sbar, rbar)
BEGIN
IF sbar = '0' THEN q <= '1'; qbar <= '0'; -- set or illegal command
ELSIF rbar = '0' THEN q <= '0'; qbar <= '1'; -- reset
ELSE q <= q; qbar <= qbar; -- hold
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END behavior;
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77
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5-62
5-63
(a)
(b)
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78
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(c)
SUBDESIGN latch4bit -- AHDL
(enable, din[3..0] :INPUT;
q[3..0] :OUTPUT;)
VARIABLE
q[3..0] :LATCH;
BEGIN
q[].ena = enable;
q[].d = din[];
END;
ENTITY latch4bit IS -- VHDL

PORT (enable :IN BIT;
din :IN BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
q :OUT BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0));
END latch4bit;
ARCHITECTURE v OF latch4bit IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (enable, din)
BEGIN
IF enable = '1' THEN q <= din;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END v;
5-64
-- T flip-flop circuit
SUBDESIGN prob5_64_AHDL
( clk, t :INPUT;
q, qbar :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
ff :TFF;
BEGIN
ff.clk = clk;
ff.t = t;
q = ff.q;
qbar = !ff.q;
END;
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79
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-- T flip-flop circuit
ENTITY prob5_64_VHDL IS
PORT ( clk, t :IN BIT;
q, qbar :OUT BIT);
END prob5_64_VHDL;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF prob5_64_VHDL IS

SIGNAL qstate :BIT;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clk)
BEGIN
IF clk'EVENT AND clk = '1' THEN
IF t = '1' THEN
qstate <= NOT qstate;
END IF;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
q <= qstate;
qbar <= NOT qstate;
END vhdl;
5-65
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN shiftreg -- AHDL

(data_in, shift_pulses :INPUT;
x0 :OUTPUT;)
VARIABLE
ff[3..0] :JKFF;
BEGIN
ff[].clk = !shift_pulses;
ff3.j = data_in;
ff3.k = !data_in;
ff2.j = ff3.q;
ff2.k = !ff3.q;
ff1.j = ff2.q;
ff1.k = !ff2.q;
ff0.j = ff1.q;
ff0.k = !ff1.q;
x0 = ff0.q;
END;
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80
__________________________________________________________________________________________
LIBRARY ieee;
USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
LIBRARY altera;
USE altera.maxplus2.all;
ENTITY shiftreg IS
PORT (data_in, shift_pulses :IN STD_LOGIC;
x0 :OUT STD_LOGIC);
END shiftreg;
ARCHITECTURE v OF shiftreg IS
SIGNAL high :STD_LOGIC;
SIGNAL q :STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
ff3: JKFF PORT MAP (clk => NOT shift_pulses, j => data_in,
k => NOT data_in, prn => high, clrn => high, q => q(3));
ff2: JKFF PORT MAP (clk => NOT shift_pulses, j => q(3),
k => NOT q(3), prn => high, clrn => high, q => q(2));
high <= '1';
x0 <= q(0);
END v;
5-66
(a)
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81
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(b)
% Figure 5-44 - AHDL answer to Problem 5-66b

implemented to clearly show each connection
GL Moss July 14, 2009
%
(
clock, data_in :INPUT;
xff[2..0], yff[2..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
xff[2..0], yff[2..0] :DFF; -- defines 2 sets of 3 D FFs
BEGIN
xff[].clk = !clock; -- synchronous (parallel) clocking
yff[].clk = !clock;
xff[2].D = data_in;
xff[1].D = xff[2].Q;
xff[0].D = xff[1].Q;
yff[2].D = xff[0].Q;
yff[1].D = yff[2].Q;
yff[0].D = yff[1].Q;
END;
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82
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-- Figure 5-44 implemented to clearly show each connection

-- "structural level of abstraction" using library primitive
-- for a D flip flop.
-- GL Moss July 14, 2009
-- answer to Problem 5-66b using VHDL
LIBRARY ieee;
USE ieee.std_logic_1164.ALL;
LIBRARY altera;
USE altera.maxplus2. ALL;
PORT(
clock, data_in :IN STD_LOGIC;
xff, yff :OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (2 DOWNTO 0));
END prob5_66_VHDL;
ARCHITECTURE a OF prob5_66_VHDL IS
SIGNAL high :STD_LOGIC;
SIGNAL x, y :STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (2 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
high <= '1'; -- connection for Vcc
xff2: DFF PORT MAP( d => data_in, -- serial data input
clk => NOT clock, -- NGT clock
clrn => high, -- inactive asynch controls
prn => high,
q => x(2)); -- buried outputs
xff1: DFF PORT MAP(d => x(2), clk => NOT clock, clrn => high,
prn => high, q => x(1));
xff0: DFF PORT MAP(d => x(1), clk => NOT clock, clrn => high,
prn => high, q => x(0));
yff2: DFF PORT MAP(d => x(0), clk => NOT clock, clrn => high,
prn => high, q => y(2));
yff1: DFF PORT MAP(d => y(2), clk => NOT clock, clrn => high,
prn => high, q => y(1));
yff0: DFF PORT MAP(d => y(1), clk => NOT clock, clrn => high,
prn => high, q => y(0));
xff <= x; -- connect ff out signals to output pins

yff <= y;
END a;
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83
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-67 (a) % Figure 5-57 implemented to clearly show each connection %
SUBDESIGN prob5_67a
(
clock1, xin :INPUT;
q1, q2 :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q1, q2 :DFF; -- defines two D FFs
clock2, nandout :node;
BEGIN
q1 . clk = !clock1;
q1 . d = VCC;
q2 . d = q[1] . q;
clock2 = !nandout;
nandout = !(xin & clock1);
END;
5-67 (b)
LIBRARY ieee;
LIBRARY altera;
ENTITY prob5_67b IS
PORT(
clock1, xin :IN std_logic ;
q1, q2 :OUT std_logic);
END prob5_67b;
ARCHITECTURE a OF prob5_67b IS
SIGNAL high, clock2, nandout, clk1not, clk2not :std_logic;
SIGNAL qone, qtwo :std_logic;
BEGIN
nandout <= NOT (xin AND clock1);
clock2 <= NOT nandout;
clock2not <= NOT clock2;
clocknot <= NOT clock1;
ff1: DFF
PORT MAP ( d => high,
clk => clk1not,
clrn => high,
prn => high,
q => qone);
ff2: DFF
PORT MAP ( d => qone,
clk => clk2not,
clrn => high,
prn => high,
q => qtwo);
q1 <= qone; -- connect ff out signals to output
pins
q2 <= qtwo;
END a;
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84
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5-68
5-69 (a) % Figure 5-93 implemented to clearly show each connection %
SUBDESIGN prob5_69a
(
swa, swb, swc, reset, enterNO, enterNC :INPUT;
lock :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q1, q2 : DFF; -- defines two D FFs
enter, enterbar : node;
BEGIN
q1 . clrn = reset;
q2 . clrn = reset;
q1 . d = swa & !swb & swc;
q2 . d = !swa & swb & !swc & q1 . q;
enter = !enterNO # !enterbar;
enterbar = !enterNC # !enter;
q1 . clk = enter;
q2 . clk = enter;
lock = q2 . q;
END;
5-69 (b) --Answer to problem 5-69b
LIBRARY ieee;
LIBRARY altera;
ENTITY prob5_69b IS
PORT(
Swa, swb, swc, reset, enterNO, enterNC :IN std_logic ;
lock :OUT std_logic);
END prob5_69b;
ARCHITECTURE a OF prob5_69b IS
SIGNAL q1, q2, enter, enterbar, :std_logic;
SIGNAL gate2, gate7, high :std_logic;
_____________________________________________________________________________
85
__________________________________________________________________________________________
BEGIN
gate2 <= swa AND (NOT swb) AND swc;
gate7 <= (NOT swa) AND swb AND (NOT swc) AND q1;
lock <= q2;
enter <= NOT enterNO OR NOT enterbar;
enterbar <= NOT enterNC OR NOT enter;
ff1: DFF
PORT MAP ( d => gate2,
clk => enter,
clrn => reset,
prn => high,
q => q1);
ff2: DFF
PORT MAP ( d => gate7, -- toggle mode
clk => enter, -- ripple clock connection
clrn => reset, -- asynch inputs inactive
prn => high,
q => q2);
END a;
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86
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER SIX - Digital Arithmetic: Operations and Circuits
6-1 (a) 1010 (b) 1111 (c) 1011.1101 (d) 0.1011

1011 0011 0011.1000 0.1111
+__________ +________ +_____________ +__________
10101 10010 1111.0101 1.1010
(e) 10011011 (f) 1010.01

10011101 0010.111
+______________ +________
100111000 1101.001
(g) 10001111 (h) 11001100 (i) 110010100011

01010001 00110111 011101111001
+______________ +_________ +_____________
11100000 100000011 1010000011100
(j) 1010 (k) 101010 (l) 1111.010

0111 100101 1000.001
-______________ -_________ -_____________
0011 000101 0111.001
(m) 10011 (n) 11100010 (o) 100010.1001

00110 01010001 001111.0010
-______________ -__________ -_____________
01101 10010001 010011.0111
(p) 1011000110
1001110100
-________________
0001010010
6-2 (a) +3210=001000002 (b) -1410=111100102

(c) +6310=001111112 (d) -10410=100110002
(e) +12710 = 011111112 (f) -12710 = 100000012
(g) +8910 = 010110012 (h) -5510 = 110010012
(i) -110 = 111111112 (j) -12810 = 100000002
(k) Can't be represented with eight bits.
(l) 010=000000002 (m) +8410 = 0010101002
(n) +310=000000112 (o) -310 = 111111012
(p) Can't be represented with eight bits.
6-3 (a) 011012=1310 (b) 111012=-310

(c) 011110112=+12310 (d) 100110012=-10310
(e) 011111112=+12710 (f) 100000002=-12810
(g) 111111112=-110 (h) 100000012=-12710
(i) 011000112=9910 (j) 110110012=-3910
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87
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-4 (a) Eleven magnitude bits can represent decimal numbers from -211 to +(211-1) or -204810
to 204710.
(b) -32,768=-2N---> N=15 (for magnitude). Thus, sixteen bits are required including sign bit.
6-5 Four magnitude bits can represent numbers from -1610 to +1510.
6-6 Dec. number ___8-bit signed number __2's-comp. (Negate)
(a) +7310 -------------> 01001001-------> 101101112 = (-7310)

(b) -1210 -------------> 11110100-------> 000011002 = (+1210)
(c) +1510 -------------> 00001111-------> 111100012 = (-1510)
(d) -110 --------------> 11111111-------> 000000012 = (+110)
(e) -12810 -----------> 100000002 ----->It requires nine binary bits to represent
+12810= 0100000002
(f) +12710 ----------->011111112 ----->100000012 = (-12710)
6-7 (a) With 10 bits, we can represent any unsigned number from 0 to 102310. With 10 bits, we can
represent signed numbers from -29 to +(29-1), or -51210 to +51110.
(b) With 8 bits, we can represent any unsigned number from 0 to 25510. With 8 bits, we can
represent signed numbers from -27 to +(27-1), or -12810 to +12710.Using 8-bits
6-8 (a) +1210= 00001100 (b) -1210= 10001100

(c) (00001100 + 10001100) = 10011000 0 ??
6-9 (a) +9 = 00001001 (b) +14 = 00001110

+6 = 00000110 -17 = 11101111
+________ + ________
00001111 = +15 11111101 = -3
(c) +19 = 00010011 (d) -48 = 11010000

-24 = 11101000 -80 = 10110000
+ ________ + ________
11111011 = -5 10000000 = -128
(e) +17 = 00010001 (f) -13 = 11110011

-16 = 11110000 -21 = 11101011
+ ________ + ________
00000001 = +1 11011110 = -34
(g) +47 = 00101111 (h) -15 = 11110001

-47 = 11010001 +36 = 00100100
+ ________ + ________
00000000 = 0 00010101 = +21
(i) +17 = 00010001 (j) Same as (i).

-17 = 11101111
+ ________
00000000 = 0
_____________________________________________________________________________
88
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(k) +68 = 01000100 (l) +77 = 01001111

+45 = 00101101 +50 = 00110010
+ ________ + _________
01110001 = 113 01111111= +127
6-10 (a) +37 = 00100101

+95 = 01011111
+_________
10000100 (Sign bit=1 indicates overflow.)
(b) -95 = 10100001

+(-37) = 11011011
+_________
(c) -37 = 11011011

+(-95) = 10100001
+_________
(d) 95 = 01011111
-(-37) = 00100101
+_________
6-11
_____________________________________________________________________________
89
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-12 12/4=3 63/9=7 23/4=5.75
22.8125/1.5=15.1875
(e) 1100011/1001 = 1011 (f) 100111011/1111 = 10101
6-13 a) 0111 0100 b) 0101 1000 c) 0001 0100 0111

0010 0011 0011 0111 0011 1000 0000
+____________ +______________ +_____________________
1001 0111(BCD) 1000 1111 0100 1100 0111
+ 0110 + 0110
_____________ _________________
1001 0101(BCD) 0101 0010 0111(BCD)
d) 0011 1000 0101 e) 1001 1001 1000

0001 0001 1000 0000 0000 0011
+__________________ +___________________
0100 1001 1101 1001 1001 1011
+ 0110 + 0110
______________ ______________________
0100 1010 0011 1001 1010 0001
+ 0110 + 0110
______________ ______________________
0101 0000 0011(BCD) 1010 0000 0001
+ 0110
________________________
0001 0000 0000 0001(BCD)
_____________________________________________________________________________
90
__________________________________________________________________________________________
f) 0110 0010 0011

0101 1001 1001
+____________________
1011 1011 1100
0110 0110 0110
________________________
0001 0010 0010 0010(BCD)
g) 0101 0101 0101

0010 0111 0100
+____________________
0111 1100 1001
0000 0110 0000
________________________
1000 0010 1001(BCD)
h) 0100 1000 0111

0001 0001 0110
+____________________
0101 1001 1101
0000 0000 0110
________________________
0101 1010 0011
0000 0110 0000
__________________________
0110 0000 0011(BCD)
6-14 (a) 3E91 + 2F93 = 6E24

(b) 91B + 6F2 = 100D
(c) ABC + DEF = 18AB
(d) 2FFE + 0002 = 3000
(e) FFF + 0FF = 10FE
(f) D191 + AAAB = 17C3C
(g) 5C74 + 22BA = 7F2E
(h) 39F0 + 411F = 7B0F
6-15 (a) 3E91 ------------------------------- 3E91 (b) 91B ---------- 91B

2F93 ------------------------------ D06D (2's complement) 6F2 ----------- 90E
- _____ +_____ -_____ +____
(Ignore carry) -> 10EFE (Ignore carry) -> 1229
(c) 0300 --------------------- 0300 (d) 0200 ---------------- -0200

005A --------------------- FFA6 0003 ---------------- -FFFD
-______ +______ -______ +_____
(Ignore carry) ---> 102A6 (Ignore carry) ---> 101FD
(e) F000 --------------------- F000 (f) 2F00 ---------------- 2F00

EFFF --------------------- 1001 4000 ---------------- C000
-______ +_____ -______ +____
(Ignore carry) ---> 10001 EF00
_____________________________________________________________________________
91
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(g) 9AE5 -------------------- 9AE5 (h) 4321 ---------------- 4321

C01D --------------------- 3FE3 F165 ---------------- 0E9B
-______ +_____ -______ +____
DAC8 51BC
6-16 03FF 7FD0 } 0200

0200 4000 } 3FD1
-_______ -_______ } +____
01FF 3FD0 } 41D116 locations=1684910
+1 +1 }
_____ _____ }
0200 3FD1 }
6-17 (a) 7716 = 11910 (b) 7716 = +11910 (c) E516 = 22910 ; E516 = -2710
6-18 One possibility is to convert each EX-OR to its NAND equivalents shown below:
Then, convert ANDs and OR gate for COUT to their equivalent NAND representation.
6-19
6-21
6-22 After the PGT of the LOAD pulse, the FFs in the B register require 30ns to produce proper
levels to the FAs. The FAs produce stable outputs in 4x40ns or 160ns (allowing for carry
propagation). These outputs have to be present at the inputs of the A register for 10ns (set-
up time) before the PGT of the TRANSFER pulse. The total time, then, is 200ns.
_____________________________________________________________________________
92
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-23 Overflow Circuit
_____________________________________________________________________________
93
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-25
Final expression for C3 can be put into S-of-P form by multiplying all terms out. This results in
a circuit with TWO levels of gating. The arrangement of Figure 6.9 requires that A0, B0, and
C0 propagate through as many as 6 levels of gates before producing C3.
6-26 A[7..0] = 11101100; B[7..0] = 01000011; C8 = 1; [7..0] = 00101111
6-27 (a) SUM = 0111 (b) SUM = 1010 (-6) (c) SUM = 1100 (-4)
6-28 (a)
C4 C0 (b) C4 C0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 A 1 1 0 0 A
1 1 0 0 B 0 0 1 0 B
_______________ _______________
1 0 1 0 (-6) 1 1 1 0 (-2)
(c)
C4 C0
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 A
1 0 1 1 B
_______________
0 1 1 1 (+7)
6-29 (a)
1 1 (b) 1
0 1 0 1 A 1 1 0 0 A
0 0 0 1 B 1 1 1 0 B
_______________ _______________
0 1 1 1 (+7) 1 0 1 0 (-6)
No Overflow No Overflow
(c)
1 1 0 0 A
0 0 0 0 B
_______________
1 1 0 0 (-4)
No Overflow
_____________________________________________________________________________
94
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-30 (a) No Overflow (b) No Overflow (c) Overflow
6-31 Three 74HC00 chips will have a total of twelve 2-input NAND gates.
I. Replace all of the 2-input AND gates (gates 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) with 2-input NAND
gates.
II. Replace all of the 2-input OR gates (gates 9, 10, 11, and 12) with 2-input NAND gates.
6-32 An EX-OR used as a controlled inverter with X as the control input can be connected as
shown below for each B FF.
6-33 (a) [S]=011 will select the A plus B operation: [A]=0110; [B]=0011; therefore, F=1001,
CN+4=0, OVR=1
(b) [S]=001 will select the B minus A operation: [A]=0110; [B]=0011; therefore, F=1101,
CN+4=0, OVR=0
(c) [S]=010 will select the A minus B operation: [A]=0110; [B]=0011; therefore, F=0011,
CN+4=1, OVR=0
6-34 [S] = 100 will select the Exclusive-OR operation: [A] = XXXX; [B] = 1111.
Therefore, F = [ A] .
6-35 (a) [S] = 110 will select the AND operation: [A] = 10101100; [B] = 00001111; therefore,
=00001100.
(b) [S] = 100 will select the Exclusive-OR operation:[A] = 11101110; [B] = 00110010;
therefore, =11011100.
6-36 [S] = 100 to select the Exclusive-OR operation. Thus, the outputs will be zero when [A] =
[B]. The NORed result of the output sums 0-7 will indicate whether or not the binary
numbers are equal (X=1). The output X of the NOR gate is HIGH when [A]=[B].
_____________________________________________________________________________
95
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-37 (a) After 0010 is transferred into the A register, [A] = 0010.
After [A] is added to 0011 the result should be 0101. However, because bit A2 is stuck
LOW the final results in [A] = 0001.
(b) [A] = 1010
(c) After 0111 is transferred into the A register, [A] = 0011.
(d) [A] = 1011
(e) After 1001 is transferred into the A register, [A] = 1001.
6-38 The technician most likely connected input C0 of the 4-bit parallel adder to the ADD signal
instead of the SUB signal.
6-39 (a) B[3..0] would all be HIGH.

(b) C0 would be HIGH.
(c) [3..0] would always contain the value from the accumulator, which would never change
because it is adding to the accumulator 11112 plus a carry in of 1 resulting in the same
value that was in the accumulator.
(d) C4 will always be HIGH.
6-40 (a) or (b) example answers
6-41
_____________________________________________________________________________
96
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6-42 AHDL
a [7..0], b[7..0] :INPUT;
z[7..0] :OUTPUT;
VHDL
PORT( a, b :IN BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0;
z :OUT BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
6-43 (a) 000100 (b)10111111 (c) 1000100 (d) 1000000 (e) 0101110
6-44 (a) a[3..0] = 0111 (b) b[0] = 0 (c) a[7] = 1
6-45 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0010110
6-46 AHDL
z[6..0] = a[7..1]
z[7] = a[0];
VHDL
z(6..0) <= a(7..1);
z(7) <= a(0);
6-47 AHDL
Z= (B 0000 , b[7..4])
VHDL
Z= B 0000 & b(7 DOWNTO 4);
6-48
-- AHDL adder with overflow detection
( a[8..1], b[8..1] :INPUT;
s[8..1], overflow :OUTPUT)
BEGIN
s[] = a[] + b[];
IF a[8] == GND & b[8] == GND & s[8] == VCC
THEN overflow = VCC;
ELSIF a[8] == VCC & b[8] == VCC & s[8] == GND
THEN overflow = VCC;
ELSE overflow = GND;
END IF;
END;
-- VHDL adder with overflow detection

PORT ( a, b :IN INTEGER RANGE -128 TO 127;
s :OUT INTEGER RANGE -128 TO 127;
overflow :OUT BIT);
END prob6_48_VHDL;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF prob6_48_VHDL IS

SIGNAL result :INTEGER RANGE -128 TO 127;
BEGIN
result <= a + b;
s <= result;
PROCESS (a, b, result) -- determine overflow
_____________________________________________________________________________
97
__________________________________________________________________________________________
BEGIN
IF a < 0 AND b < 0 AND result >= 0
THEN overflow <= '1';
ELSIF a >= 0 AND b >= 0 AND result < 0
THEN overflow <= '1';
ELSE overflow <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END;
6-49
SUBDESIGN prob6_49_AHDL -- 12-bit AHDL adder

( a[12..1] :INPUT; -- augend
b[12..1] :INPUT; -- addend
s[13..1] :OUTPUT;) -- sum
VARIABLE
aa[13..1] :NODE; -- expanded augend
bb[13..1] :NODE; -- expanded addend
BEGIN
aa[13..1] = (GND,a[12..1]); -- concatenate zero
bb[13..1] = (GND,b[12..1]); -- to both operands
s[13..1] = aa[13..1] + bb[13..1]; -- add
END;
ENTITY prob6_49_VHDL IS -- 12-bit VHDL adder

PORT (
a :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 4095;
b :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 4095;
s :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 8191
);
END prob6_49_VHDL;
ARCHITECTURE parallel OF prob6_49_VHDL IS
BEGIN
s <= a + b;
END parallel;
6-50
CONSTANT n = 6; -- set number of bits

(
a[n..1] :INPUT; -- n-bit augend
b[n..1] :INPUT; -- n-bit addend
sum[n+1..1] :OUTPUT; -- n+1-bit answer
)
VARIABLE
aa[n+1..1] :NODE; -- expanded augend
bb[n+1..1] :NODE; -- expanded addend
BEGIN
aa[] = (GND,a[]); -- leading zero
bb[] = (GND,b[]); -- leading zero
sum[] = aa[] + bb[]; -- sum
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
98
__________________________________________________________________________________________
PACKAGE const IS
CONSTANT n :INTEGER := 6;
-- user gives number of input bits
CONSTANT m :INTEGER := 2**n; -- compute combinations
CONSTANT p :INTEGER := n+1; -- add extra bit
CONSTANT q :INTEGER := 2**p; -- compute combinations
END const;
USE work.const.all;
PORT(
a :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO m-1; -- augend
b :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO m-1; -- addend;
sum :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO q-1 -- answer
);
END prob6_50_VHDL;
ARCHITECTURE parameterized OF prob6_50_VHDL IS

BEGIN
sum <= a + b; -- calculate sum
END parameterized;
6-51 -- 74382 ALU IN VHDL

-- USING GROUPS of bits (arrays).
ENTITY prob6_51 IS
PORT( cin :IN bit;
s :IN BIT_VECTOR(2 DOWNTO 0);
a :IN BIT_VECTOR(3 DOWNTO 0);
b :IN BIT_VECTOR(3 DOWNTO 0);
f :OUT BIT_VECTOR(3 DOWNTO 0);
cout :OUT bit;
ovr :OUT BIT);
END prob6_51 ;
ARCHITECTURE a OF prob6_51 IS
SIGNAL c :bit_vector (4 DOWNTO 0); -- carries require 5 bit array
BEGIN
PROCESS (a,b,s)
BEGIN
CASE s IS
WHEN "000" =>
f <= "0000";
cout <= '0';
ovr <= '0';
WHEN B"001" =>
c(0) <= cin;
f <= (NOT a) XOR b XOR c(3 DOWNTO 0); -- generate sum
c(4 DOWNTO 1) <= ((NOT a) AND b) OR ((NOT A) AND c(3 DOWNTO 0)) OR
(b AND c(3 DOWNTO 0));
cout <= c(4); -- carry out
_____________________________________________________________________________
99
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ovr <= c(4) XOR c(3); -- generate signed overflow indicator

WHEN B"010" =>
c(0) <= cin;
f <= a XOR NOT b XOR c(3 DOWNTO 0); -- generate sum
c(4 DOWNTO 1) <= (a AND NOT b) OR (a AND c(3 DOWNTO 0)) OR (NOT b
AND c(3 DOWNTO 0));
WHEN B"011" =>
c(0) <= cin;
f <= a XOR b XOR c(3 DOWNTO 0); -- generate sum
c(4 DOWNTO 1) <= (a AND b) OR (a AND c(3 DOWNTO 0)) OR (b AND c(3
DOWNTO 0));
WHEN B"100" =>
f <= a XOR b;
cout <= '0';
ovr <= '0';
WHEN B"101" =>
f <= a OR b;
cout <= '0';
ovr <= '0';
WHEN B"110" =>
f <= a AND b;
cout <= '0';
ovr <= '0';
WHEN B"111" =>
f <= "1111";
cout <= '0';
ovr <= '0';
END CASE;
END PROCESS;
END a;
% 74382 ALU in AHDL %
SUBDESIGN prob6_51
(
cin :INPUT; -- Carry in
s[2..0] :INPUT; -- select operation
a[3..0] :INPUT; -- operand A
b[3..0] :INPUT; -- operand B
f[3..0] :OUTPUT; -- result
cout :OUTPUT; -- Carry OUT
ovr :OUTPUT; -- overflow
)
VARIABLE
c[4..0] :node; -- carry array is 5 bits long!
BEGIN
CASE s[] IS
WHEN B"000" =>
f[] = 0;
WHEN B"001" =>

c[0] = cin;
_____________________________________________________________________________
100
__________________________________________________________________________________________
f[] = !a[] $ b[] $ c[3..0]; -- generate sum

c[4..1] = (!a[] & b[]) # (!a[] & c[3..0]) # (b[] & c[3..0]);
cout = c[4]; -- carry out
ovr = c[4] $ c[3]; -- generate signed overflow indicator
WHEN B"010" =>
c[0] = cin;
f[] = a[] $ !b[] $ c[3..0]; -- generate sum
c[4..1] = (a[] & !b[]) # (a[] & c[3..0]) # (!b[] & c[3..0]);
WHEN B"011" =>
c[0] = cin;
f[] = a[] $ b[] $ c[3..0]; -- generate sum
c[4..1] = (a[] & b[]) # (a[] & c[3..0]) # (b[] & c[3..0]);
WHEN B"100" =>
f[] = a[] $ b[];
cout = GND;
ovr = GND;
WHEN B"101" =>
f[] = a[] # b[];
cout = GND;
ovr = GND;
WHEN B"110" =>
f[] = a[] & b[];
cout = GND;
ovr = GND;
WHEN B"111" =>
f[] = B"1111";
cout = GND;
ovr = GND;
END CASE;
END;
6-52
(a) Full Adder - Logic circuit with three inputs and two outputs. The inputs are a carry bit
(CIN) from a previous stage, a bit from the Augend, and a bit from the addend,
respectively. The outputs are the sum bit produced by the addition of the bit from the
addend with the bit from the Augend and the resulted carry (C OUT) bit which will be
added to the next stage.
(b) 2's-Complement Form - Result obtained when a 1 is added to the least significant bit
position of a binary number in the 1's-complement form.
(c) Arithmetic/Logic Unit - Digital circuit used in computers to perform various arithmetic
and logic operations.
(d) Sign Bit - Binary bit that is added to the leftmost position of a binary number to indicate
whether that number represents a positive or a negative quantity.
(e) Overflow - When in the process of adding signed binary numbers a 1 is generated from
the MSB position of the number into the sign bit position.
(f) Accumulator - Principal register of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
_____________________________________________________________________________
101
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(g) Parallel Adder - Digital circuit made from full adders and used to add all the bits from the
addend and the Augend together and simultaneously.
(h) Look-Ahead Carry - Ability of some parallel adders to predict, without having to wait for
the carry to propagate through the full adders, whether or not a carry bit (C OUT) will be
generated as a result of the addition, thus reducing the overall propagation delays.
(i) Negation (2's complementing)- It's the operation of converting a positive binary number
to its negative equivalent or a negative binary number to its positive equivalent.
(j) B-Register - One of two flip-flop registers used by the ALU (Arithmetic-Logic Unit).
6-53
6-54 010010012 = 00000000010010012 = +7310

101011102 = 11111111101011102 = -8210
6-55 The general rule used to convert 8-bit to 16-bit signed binary numbers is as follows:
1. If the signed bit of the 8-bit signed number is positive (0), then 8 more 0s are added in
front of the 8-bit number thereby, making it a 16-bit number with the same sign as the
original 8-bit number.
2. If the signed bit of the 8-bit signed number is negative (1), then 8 more 1s are added in
front of the 8-bit number thereby, making it a 16-bit number with the same sign as the
original 8-bit number.
_____________________________________________________________________________
102
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER SEVEN - Counters and Registers
7-1 (a) 250 kHz; 50% (b) same as (a) (c) 1 MHz (d) 32
7-2 Need to divide by 64; use MOD-64, 6-bit counter
7-3 100002
7-4 (a) 1024 (b) 250 Hz (c) 50% (d) 3E8
7-5 1000 and 0000 states never occur
7-6 (a) 12.5 MHz (b) 8.33 MHz
7-7 (a) See schematic (b) 33 MHz
A
A
B AB
A
ABCD C
D ABC B B
1
C
E J D J C J B J A J
CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK
E K D K C K B K A K
CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR
CLK
7-8 (a) Add one more FF & gate to Problem 7-7(a) schematic. (b) 33 MHz
A
B
C
D
ABCDE E
F J
CLK
F K
CLR
1
CLK
_____________________________________________________________________________
103
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-9
(a)
CLK
(b) Frequency at D = 100 Hz

(c) 0010
(d) 0101
7-10
(a)
CLK
(b) Frequency at D = 5000 Hz

(c) 1000
(d) 1011
7-11 Replace 4-input NAND with a 3-input NAND driving all FF CLRs and whose inputs are Q5, Q4,
and Q1.
7-12
Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 Q0
Q4Q3Q2Q1 Q0 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 Q2 Q1 Q0 Q1 Q0
Q0 1
10 kHz
Q6 J Q5 J Q4 J Q3 J Q2 J Q1 J Q0 J
CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK
K K K K K K K
CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR
1 MHz
Q6
Q5
Q2
_____________________________________________________________________________
104
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-13
_
A _
_ _ A
____ B __
_ ___ A AB
ABCD C _ _
_ ABC B
D B
_ 1
C
E J D J C J B J A J
CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK
E K D K C K B K A K
CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR
CLK
7-14
C
B B
A A
A
_ _
C B _
_ A
B
A
A
dir
1
C J C J B J A J
CLK CLK CLK CLK

_ _ _ _
C K C K B K A K
CLR CLR CLR CLR
CLOCK
7-15 Counter switches states between 000 and 111 on each clock pulse.
7-16
CLK
__
PL
101 010
Q0
Q1
Q2
_____________________________________________________________________________
105
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-17
CLK
___
CLR
_____
LOAD
ENT
ENP
DCBA 0111 1101
QD
QC
QB
QA
RCO
7-18
CLK
___
CLR
_____
LOAD
ENT
ENP
DCBA 0110 0101 0100
QD
QC
QB
QA
RCO
_____________________________________________________________________________
106
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-19
CLK
_
D/U
_____
LOAD
_____
CTEN
QD
QC
QB
QA
MAX/MIN
____
RCO
7-20
CLK
_
D/U
_____
LOAD
_____
CTEN
QD
QC
QB
QA
MAX/MIN
____
RCO
7-21
(a) 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, & repeat
(b) MOD-12
(c) frequency at QD (MSB) is 1/12 of CLK frequency
(d) 33.3%
7-22
(a) 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 0001,
& repeat
(b) MOD-12
(c) frequency at QD (MSB) is 1/12 of CLK frequency
(d) 50%
_____________________________________________________________________________
107
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-23 (a)
CLK
QA
QB
QC
QD
(b) MOD-10
(c) 10 down to 1
(d) Can produce MOD-10, but not same sequence.
7-24 (a) Output will be 0000 as long as START is LOW.

(b) Counter will count from 0000 up to 1001 on each CLK pulse and stop at 1001.
(c) MOD-10; it is a self-stopping counter not a recycling counter.
7-25
(a)
(b)
_____________________________________________________________________________
108
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-26
(a)
(b)
(c)
_____________________________________________________________________________
109
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-27
CLK
74HC161 74HC161
CLK CLK
__
EN ENT RCO ENT RCO
1 ENP 1 ENP
___ ___ ___
CLR CLR CLR
_____ _____
LOAD LOAD
0 D QD Q3 0 D QD
0 C QC Q2 0 C QC Q6 (MSB)
0 B QB Q1 0 B QB Q5
0 A QA Q0 0 A QA Q4
Q6
Q5
Q1
Q0
7-28
CLK
74ALS160 or 74ALS160 or
74ALS162 74ALS162
CLK CLK
EN ENT RCO ENT RCO
1 ENP 1 ENP
___ ___
1 CLR 1 CLR
_____ _____
LD LOAD LOAD
D3 D QD Q3 D7 D QD Q7
D2 C QC Q2 D6 C QC Q6 ten's
D1 B QB Q1 D5 B QB Q5 digit
D0 A QA Q0 D4 A QA Q4
7-29
Output: QA QB QC QD RCO
Frequency: 3 MHz 1.5 MHz 750 kHz 375 kHz 375 kHz
Duty Cycle: 50% 50% 50% 50% 6.25%
7-30
Output: QA QC QD RCO
Frequency: 3 MHz 600 kHz 600 kHz 600 kHz
Duty Cycle: 50% 40% 20% 10%
Output QB has an irregular pattern.
_____________________________________________________________________________
110
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-31 Frequency at fout1 = 500 kHz, at fout2 = 100 kHz
7-32 Frequency at fout1 = 100 kHz, at fout2 = 10 kHz
7-33 12M/8 = 1.5M 1.5M/10 = 150k 1.5M/15 = 100k
1.5MHz
1 74HC162
CLK
ENT RCO
ENP
U1
___
CLR
74HC163 _____
LOAD
12MHz CLK
D QD 150kHz
ENT RCO
C QC
ENP
U1 B QB
___
CLR A QA
_____
1 LOAD
74HC163
D QD
C QC CLK
B QB ENT RCO
A QA ENP
U2
___
1 CLR
_____
LOAD
D QD 100kHz
C QC
B QB
1 A QA
_____________________________________________________________________________
111
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-34
12M/12 = 1M 12M/15 = 800k 800k/8 = 100k
74HC161
12MHz CLK
ENT RCO
ENP
___
U2 800kHz
74HC161 1 CLR
_____
CLK LOAD 74HC161
ENT RCO
D QD CLK
ENP
U1 C QC ENT RCO
___
CLR B QB ENP
U1
_____ 1 A QA ___
1 LOAD CLR
_____
D QD 1 LOAD
C QC
D QD
B QB
C QC 100kHz
A QA
B QB
A QA
1MHz
7-35
_ _ _ _
D D D D
C
0 C
1 C
2 C
3
B B B B
A A A A
_ _ _ _
D D D D
C
4 C
5 C
6 C
7
B B B B
A A A A
D D D D
C
8 C
9 C
10 C
11
B B B B
A A A A
D D D D
C
12 C
13 C
14 C
15
B B B B
A A A A
7-36
_ _ _ _ _
D D D D D
C
0 C
1 C
2 C
3 C
4
B B B B B
A A A A A
_ _ _
D D D D D
C
5 C
6 C
7 C
8 C
9
B B B B B
A A A A A
_____________________________________________________________________________
112
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-37 MOD-13 counter.
7-38 MOD-10 down counter.
7-39 MOD-7 counter.
7-40 MOD-7 down counter.
7-41 MOD-16 up/down counter.
F=0
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
DCBA
F=1
1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000
_____________________________________________________________________________
113
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-42 MOD-7, self-correcting counter
000 001 010 011
CBA 100
111 110 101
7-43
(a) JA BC, KA 1, JB CA C A, KB 1, JC BA, KC B A
(b) JA BC, KA 1, JB KB 1, JC KC B
7-44
(a) JA C B C B , KA 1, JB C A, KB C A, JC B A, KC 1
(b) JA B C , KA 1, JB C , KB A, JC B A, KC 1 (self-correcting)
7-45
JA KA 1, JB C A DA, KB A, JC DA, KC A B, JD C B A, KD A
7-46
JA C B DC D B , KA 1, JB DA D A, KB C D A DA,
JC A B D D B A , KC AB BD DB A
7-47
DA A, DB BA B A, DC CA CB C B A
7-48
DA A, DB BA BA, DC CA CB D B A, DD DB DA CBA
_____________________________________________________________________________
114
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-49
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN mod13_ahdl
( clock :INPUT;
q[3..0] :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
IF q[].q == 12 THEN -- check for terminal state
q[].d = B"0000"; -- recycle
ELSE
q[].d = q[].q + 1; -- increment
END IF;
END;
ENTITY mod13_vhdl IS
PORT ( clock :IN BIT;
q :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15 );
END mod13_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF mod13_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE counter :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15;
BEGIN
IF (clock'EVENT AND clock = '1') THEN
IF (counter = 12) THEN -- terminal state?
counter := 0; -- recycle
ELSE counter := counter + 1; -- increment
END IF;
END IF;
q <= counter;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
115
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-50
(a)
(b)
( clock :INPUT;
q[4..0] :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[4..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
IF q[].q == 0 THEN -- terminal state?
q[].d = B"11000"; -- recycle
ELSE
q[].d = q[].q - 1; -- decrement
END IF;
END;
PORT ( clock :IN BIT;
q :OUT INTEGER RANGE 31 DOWNTO 0 );
END mod25_vhdl;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE counter :INTEGER RANGE 31 DOWNTO 0;
BEGIN
IF (counter = 0) THEN -- terminal state?
counter := 24; -- recycle
ELSE counter := counter - 1; -- decrement
END IF;
END IF;
q <= counter;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
116
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-51
SUBDESIGN gray_ahdl
( clock, cnt :INPUT;
q[3..0] :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
gray: MACHINE OF BITS (q[3..0])
WITH STATES (s0 = B"0000", s1 = B"0001", s2 = B"0011", s3 = B"0010",
s4 = B"0110", s5 = B"0111", s6 = B"0101", s7 = B"0100",
s8 = B"1100", s9 = B"1101", s10 = B"1111", s11 = B"1110",
s12 = B"1010", s13 = B"1011", s14 = B"1001", s15 = B"1000");
BEGIN
gray.clk = clock;
IF cnt THEN
CASE gray IS
WHEN s0 => gray = s1;
END CASE;
ELSE
CASE gray IS
END CASE;
END IF;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
117
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY gray_vhdl IS
PORT ( clock, cnt :IN BIT;
q :OUT BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0) );
END gray_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF gray_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE seq :BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
IF (cnt = '1') THEN
CASE seq IS
WHEN "0000" => seq := "0001";
WHEN "0001" => seq := "0011";
WHEN "0011" => seq := "0010";
WHEN "0010" => seq := "0110";
WHEN "0110" => seq := "0111";
WHEN "0111" => seq := "0101";
WHEN "0101" => seq := "0100";
WHEN "0100" => seq := "1100";
WHEN "1100" => seq := "1101";
WHEN "1101" => seq := "1111";
WHEN "1111" => seq := "1110";
WHEN "1110" => seq := "1010";
WHEN "1010" => seq := "1011";
WHEN "1011" => seq := "1001";
WHEN "1001" => seq := "1000";
WHEN "1000" => seq := "0000";
END CASE;
ELSE
CASE seq IS
WHEN "0000" => seq := "0000";
WHEN "0001" => seq := "0001";
WHEN "0011" => seq := "0011";
WHEN "0010" => seq := "0010";
WHEN "0110" => seq := "0110";
WHEN "0111" => seq := "0111";
WHEN "0101" => seq := "0101";
WHEN "0100" => seq := "0100";
WHEN "1100" => seq := "1100";
WHEN "1101" => seq := "1101";
WHEN "1111" => seq := "1111";
WHEN "1110" => seq := "1110";
WHEN "1010" => seq := "1010";
WHEN "1011" => seq := "1011";
WHEN "1001" => seq := "1001";
WHEN "1000" => seq := "1000";
END CASE;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= seq;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
118
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-52
SUBDESIGN stepper_ahdl
(
clock, dir :INPUT;
q[3..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
stepper :MACHINE OF BITS (q[3..0])
WITH STATES (initial = B"0000", s1 = B"0101", s2 = B"0001",
s3 = B"1001", s4 = B"1000", s5 = B"1010", s6 = B"0010",
s7 = B"0110", s8 = B"0100");
BEGIN
stepper.clk = clock;
IF dir == VCC THEN
CASE stepper IS
WHEN initial => stepper = s1;
WHEN s1 => stepper = s2;
END CASE;
ELSE
CASE stepper IS
WHEN initial => stepper = s1;
END CASE;
END IF;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
119
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY stepper_vhdl IS
PORT (
clock, dir :IN BIT;
END stepper_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF stepper_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE stepper :BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
IF (clock'EVENT AND clock= '1') THEN
IF dir = '0' THEN
CASE stepper IS
WHEN "0101" => stepper := "0100";
WHEN "0100" => stepper := "0110";
WHEN "0110" => stepper := "0010";
WHEN "0010" => stepper := "1010";
WHEN "1010" => stepper := "1000";
WHEN "1000" => stepper := "1001";
WHEN "1001" => stepper := "0001";
WHEN "0001" => stepper := "0101";
WHEN OTHERS => stepper := "0101";
END CASE;
ELSIF dir = '1' THEN
CASE stepper IS
WHEN "0101" => stepper := "0001";
WHEN "0001" => stepper := "1001";
WHEN "1001" => stepper := "1000";
WHEN "1000" => stepper := "1010";
WHEN "1010" => stepper := "0010";
WHEN "0010" => stepper := "0110";
WHEN "0110" => stepper := "0100";
WHEN "0100" => stepper := "0101";
WHEN OTHERS => stepper := "0101";
END CASE;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= stepper;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
120
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-53
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN divide_by50_ahdl
( freq_in :INPUT;
freq_out :OUTPUT;)
VARIABLE
divide_by[5..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
divide_by[].clk = freq_in;
IF divide_by[] == 1 THEN
divide_by[].d = 50;
freq_out = VCC;
ELSE divide_by[].d = divide_by[].q - 1;
END IF;
END;
ENTITY divide_by50_vhdl IS
PORT (freq_in :IN BIT;
freq_out :OUT BIT);
END divide_by50_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF divide_by50_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (freq_in)
VARIABLE divider :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 50;
BEGIN
IF (freq_in'EVENT AND freq_in='1') THEN
IF divider = 1 THEN
divider := 50;
ELSE
divider := divider - 1;
END IF;
END IF;
IF divider = 1 THEN
freq_out <= '1';
ELSE
freq_out <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
121
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-54
(a)
or
(b)
SUBDESIGN variable_div_ahdl
( freqin, fselect :INPUT;
freqout :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
divider[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
DEFAULTS
freqout = GND;
END DEFAULTS;
divider[].clk = freqin;
IF fselect == GND THEN
IF divider[].q == 11 THEN divider[].d = 0; freqout = VCC;
ELSE divider[].d = divider[].q + 1;
END IF;
ELSE
IF divider[].q == 4 THEN divider[].d = 0; freqout = VCC;
ELSE divider[].d = divider[].q + 1;
END IF;
END IF;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
122
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY variable_div_vhdl IS
PORT ( freqin, fselect :IN BIT;
freqout :OUT BIT);
END variable_div_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF variable_div_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (freqin)
VARIABLE
divider :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 12;
BEGIN
IF (freqin'EVENT AND freqin = '1') THEN
IF fselect = '0' THEN
IF divider = 11 THEN divider := 0;
ELSE divider := divider + 1;
END IF;
ELSE
IF divider = 4 THEN divider := 0;
ELSE divider := divider + 1;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF (divider = 11 AND fselect = '0') THEN freqout <= '1';
ELSIF (divider = 4 AND fselect = '1') THEN freqout <= '1';
ELSE freqout <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
123
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-55
(
clock, clear, load, cntenabl, down, din[7..0] :INPUT;
q[7..0], term_ct :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
count[7..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clk = clock;
count[].clrn = !clear;
IF load THEN count[].d = din[];
ELSIF !cntenabl THEN count[].d = count[].q;
ELSIF !down THEN
count[].d = count[].q + 1;
ELSE
count[].d = count[].q - 1;
END IF;
IF ((count[].q == 0) & down # (count[].q == 255) & !down) & cntenabl
THEN term_ct = VCC;
ELSE term_ct = GND;
END IF;
q[] = count[].q;
END;
PORT (clock, clear, load, cntenabl, down :IN BIT;
din :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 255;
q :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 255;
term_ct :OUT BIT);
END mod256_vhdl;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, clear, down)
VARIABLE count :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 255;
BEGIN
IF clear = '1' THEN count := 0;
ELSIF (clock = '1' AND clock'EVENT) THEN
IF load = '1' THEN count := din;
ELSIF cntenabl = '1' THEN
IF down = '0' THEN count := count + 1;
ELSE count := count - 1;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF (((count = 0) AND (down = '1')) OR
((count = 255) AND (down = '0'))) AND cntenabl = '1'
THEN term_ct <= '1';
ELSE term_ct <= '0';
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
124
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-56
(
clock, clear, load, cntenabl, down, din[9..0] :INPUT;
)
VARIABLE
count[9..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clrn = !clear;
ELSIF !cntenabl THEN count[].d = count[].q;
ELSIF !down THEN
count[].d = count[].q + 1;
ELSE
count[].d = count[].q - 1;
END IF;
IF ((count[].q == 0) & down # (count[].q == 1023) & !down) & cntenabl
THEN term_ct = VCC;
ELSE term_ct = GND;
END IF;
q[] = count[].q;
END;
PORT (clock, clear, load, cntenabl, down :IN BIT;
term_ct :OUT BIT);
END mod1024_vhdl;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, clear, down)
BEGIN
ELSIF (clock = '1' AND clock'EVENT) THEN
ELSIF cntenabl = '1' THEN
IF down = '0' THEN count := count + 1;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF (((count = 0) AND (down = '1')) OR
((count = 1023) AND (down = '0'))) AND cntenabl = '1'
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
125
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-57
(a)
(b)
( clock, clr, ld, en, din[3..0] :INPUT;
q[3..0], term_ct :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
count[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
IF !ld THEN count[].d = din[];
ELSIF clr THEN count[].d = 0;
ELSIF !en THEN count[].d = count[].q - 1;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q ;
END IF;
IF (count[].q == 0 & en == GND) THEN term_ct = VCC;
ELSE term_ct = GND;
END IF;
q[] = count[];
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
126
__________________________________________________________________________________________
PORT( clock, clr, ld, en :IN BIT;
din :IN INTEGER RANGE 15 DOWNTO 0;
q :OUT INTEGER RANGE 15 DOWNTO 0;
term_ct :OUT BIT);
END mod16_vhdl;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, en)
VARIABLE count :INTEGER RANGE 15 DOWNTO 0;
BEGIN
IF ld = '0' THEN count := din;
ELSIF clr = '1' THEN count := 0;
ELSIF en = '0' THEN count := count - 1;
END IF;
END IF;
IF (count = 0 AND en = '0') THEN term_ct <= '1';
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
127
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-58
(a)
(b)
(
clock, clear, load, enable, up, din[3..0] :INPUT;
)
VARIABLE
count[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clrn = clear;
ELSIF enable THEN
IF up THEN
IF count[].q == 9 THEN
count[].d = 0;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q + 1;
END IF;
ELSE
IF count[].q == 0 THEN
count[].d = 9;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q - 1;
END IF;
END IF;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q;
END IF;
IF ((count[].q == 9 & up) # (count[].q == 0 & !up)) & enable
THEN term_ct = VCC;
ELSE term_ct = GND;
END IF;
q[] = count[];
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
128
__________________________________________________________________________________________
PORT(clock, clear, load, enable, up :IN BIT;
term_ct :OUT BIT);
END mod10_vhdl;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, clear, enable, up)
BEGIN
ELSIF (clock'EVENT AND clock = '1') THEN
ELSIF enable = '1' THEN
IF up = '1' THEN
IF count = 9 THEN count := 0;
ELSE count := count + 1;
END IF;
ELSE
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF ((count = 9 AND up = '1') OR
(count = 0 AND up = '0')) AND enable = '1'
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
129
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-59
INPUT
3 clk VCC
OUTPUT
6 ones[3..0]
mod10 mod10
OUTPUT
clock counter[3..0] clock counter[3..0]
7 tens[3..0]
INPUT enable tc enable tc
4 en VCC
clear clear
1 2
INPUT
5 clr VCC mod10
OUTPUT
clock counter[3..0]
10 hund[3..0]
enable tc
OUTPUT
clear
8 max
9
7-60
fig7_43
INPUT clock
3 clock VCC
clear
q[3..0] q[7..0] OUTPUT
load q[3..0]
9 q[7..0]
INPUT cntenabl term_ct
6 cntenabl VCC
down
INPUT din[7..0] din[3..0] din[3..0]

8 din[7..0] VCC
1
INPUT
5 load VCC
INPUT
7 dow n VCC fig7_43
clock
INPUT clear
4 clear VCC
load q[3..0]
q[7..4]
OUTPUT
cntenabl term_ct
10 term_ct
down
din[7..4] din[3..0]
_____________________________________________________________________________
130
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-61
(a)
(b)
INPUT
3 clock VCC
OUTPUT
6 ones[3..0]
mod10_ahdl mod5_ahdl
OUTPUT
clock q[3..0] clock q[2..0]
7 tens[2..0]
INPUT enable tc enable tc
4 enable VCC
clrn clrn
OUTPUT
8 tc
1 2
INPUT
5 clrn VCC
(
clock, enable, clrn :INPUT;
q[3..0], tc :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
IF q[].q == 9 & enable THEN tc = VCC;
ELSE tc = GND;
END IF;
IF !clrn THEN q[].d = 0;
ELSIF enable THEN
IF q[].q == 9 THEN q[].d = 0;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q + 1;
END IF;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q;
END IF;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
131
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SUBDESIGN mod5_ahdl
(
clock, enable, clrn :INPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q[2..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
ELSE tc = GND;
END IF;
IF !clrn THEN q[].d = 0;
ELSIF enable THEN
IF q[].q == 4 THEN q[].d = 0;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q + 1;
END IF;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q;
END IF;
END;
PORT(clock, enable, clrn :IN BIT;
tc :OUT BIT;
ones :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
tens :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 4);
END mod50_vhdl;
SIGNAL cascade_node :BIT;
COMPONENT mod10_vhdl
tc :OUT BIT;
q :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9);
END COMPONENT;
COMPONENT mod5_vhdl
tc :OUT BIT;
END COMPONENT;
BEGIN
digit1: mod10_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock, enable => enable,
clrn => clrn, tc => cascade_node, q => ones);
digit2: mod5_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock, enable => cascade_node,
clrn => clrn, tc => tc, q => tens);
END vhdl;
--------------------------------------------------------
_____________________________________________________________________________
132
__________________________________________________________________________________________
tc :OUT BIT;
END mod10_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE lsd OF mod10_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, enable)
BEGIN
IF clrn = '0' THEN count := 0;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF (count = 9 AND enable = '1') THEN tc <= '1';
ELSE tc <= '0';
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END lsd;
--------------------------------------------------------
ENTITY mod5_vhdl IS
tc :OUT BIT;
END mod5_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE msd OF mod5_vhdl IS
BEGIN
BEGIN
IF clrn = '0' THEN count := 0;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
ELSE tc <= '0';
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END msd;
_____________________________________________________________________________
133
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-62
(a)
(b)
INPUT
3 clock VCC
OUTPUT
6 ones[3..0]
mod10dn_ahdl
clock mod10dn_ahdl
INPUT enable q[3..0] clock
4 enable VCC
OUTPUT
load tc enable q[3..0]
7 tens[3..0]
INPUT data[3..0] load tc
11 dones[3..0] VCC
9 data[3..0]
OUTPUT
INPUT 10 8 tc
5 load VCC
INPUT
12 dtens[3..0] VCC
_____________________________________________________________________________
134
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SUBDESIGN mod10dn_ahdl
(
clock, enable, load :INPUT;
data[3..0] :INPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
ELSE tc = GND;
END IF;
IF load THEN q[].d = data[];
ELSIF enable THEN
IF q[].q == 0 THEN q[].d = 9;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q - 1;
END IF;
ELSE q[].d = q[].q;
END IF;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
135
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY mod100dn_vhdl IS
PORT(clock, enable, load :IN BIT;
dtens, dones :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
tc :OUT BIT;
tens :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9);
END mod100dn_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF mod100dn_vhdl IS
SIGNAL cascade_node :BIT;
COMPONENT mod10dn_vhdl
data :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
tc :OUT BIT;
END COMPONENT;
BEGIN
digit1: mod10dn_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock,
enable => enable, load => load, data => dones,
tc => cascade_node, q => ones);
digit2: mod10dn_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock,
enable => cascade_node, load=> load, data => dtens,
tc => tc, q => tens);
END vhdl;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ENTITY mod10dn_vhdl IS
data :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
tc :OUT BIT;
END mod10dn_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE bcd OF mod10dn_vhdl IS
BEGIN
BEGIN
IF load = '1' THEN count := data;
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
ELSE tc <= '0';
END IF;
q <= count;
END PROCESS;
END bcd;
_____________________________________________________________________________
136
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-63
SUBDESIGN wash_mach_delux
( clock, start, full, timesup, dry : INPUT;
hotwater_valve, coldwater_valve, ag_mode, sp_mode : OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
cycle: MACHINE -- "buried" machine
WITH STATES (idle, wash_fill, wash_agitate, wash_spin,
rinse_fill, rinse_agitate, rinse_spin);
BEGIN
cycle.clk = clock;
CASE cycle IS
WHEN idle =>
IF start THEN cycle = wash_fill;
ELSE cycle = idle;
END IF;
WHEN wash_fill =>
IF full THEN cycle = wash_agitate;
ELSE cycle = wash_fill;
END IF;
WHEN wash_agitate =>
IF timesup THEN cycle = wash_spin;
ELSE cycle = wash_agitate;
END IF;
WHEN wash_spin =>
IF dry THEN cycle = rinse_fill;
ELSE cycle = wash_spin;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_fill =>
IF full THEN cycle = rinse_agitate;
ELSE cycle = rinse_fill;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_agitate =>
IF timesup THEN cycle = rinse_spin;
ELSE cycle = rinse_agitate;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_spin =>
IF dry THEN cycle = idle;
ELSE cycle = rinse_spin;
END IF;
WHEN OTHERS => -- all other states to idle
cycle = idle;
END CASE;
TABLE
cycle => hotwater_valve, coldwater_valve, ag_mode, sp_mode;
idle => GND, GND, GND, GND;
wash_fill => VCC, GND, GND, GND;
wash_agitate => GND, GND, VCC, GND;
wash_spin => GND, GND, GND, VCC;
rinse_fill => GND, VCC, GND, GND;
rinse_agitate => GND, GND, VCC, GND;
rinse_spin => GND, GND, GND, VCC;
END TABLE;
END;
_____________________________________________________________________________
137
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY wash_mach_delux IS
PORT (clock, start, full, timesup, dry :IN BIT;
hotwater_valve, coldwater_valve, ag_mode, sp_mode :OUT BIT);
END wash_mach_delux;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF wash_mach_delux IS
TYPE state_machine IS (idle, wash_fill, wash_agitate, wash_spin,
rinse_fill, rinse_agitate, rinse_spin);
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE cycle :state_machine;
BEGIN
CASE cycle IS
WHEN idle =>
IF start = '1' THEN cycle := wash_fill;
ELSE cycle := idle;
END IF;
WHEN wash_fill =>
IF full = '1' THEN cycle := wash_agitate;
ELSE cycle := wash_fill;
END IF;
WHEN wash_agitate =>
IF timesup = '1' THEN cycle := wash_spin;
ELSE cycle := wash_agitate;
END IF;
WHEN wash_spin =>
IF dry = '1' THEN cycle := rinse_fill;
ELSE cycle := wash_spin;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_fill =>
IF full = '1' THEN cycle := rinse_agitate;
ELSE cycle := rinse_fill;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_agitate =>
IF timesup = '1' THEN cycle := rinse_spin;
ELSE cycle := rinse_agitate;
END IF;
WHEN rinse_spin =>
IF dry = '1' THEN cycle := idle;
ELSE cycle := rinse_spin;
END IF;
END CASE;
END IF;
_____________________________________________________________________________
138
__________________________________________________________________________________________
CASE cycle IS
WHEN idle => hotwater_valve <= '0';
coldwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '0'; sp_mode <= '0';
WHEN wash_fill => hotwater_valve <= '1';
ag_mode <= '0'; sp_mode <= '0';
WHEN wash_agitate => hotwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '1'; sp_mode <= '0';
WHEN wash_spin => hotwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '0'; sp_mode <= '1';
WHEN rinse_fill => hotwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '0'; sp_mode <= '0';
WHEN rinse_agitate => hotwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '1'; sp_mode <= '0';
WHEN rinse_spin => hotwater_valve <= '0';
ag_mode <= '0'; sp_mode <= '1';
END CASE;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
139
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-64
7-65
Parallel data transfer; 4 clock pulses are needed to move data on I to Z

MR
CLK I5 I0 W5 W0 X5 X0 Y5 Y0 Z5 Z0
X 0 101010 000000 000000 000000 000000
CP1 1 101010 101010 000000 000000 000000
CP2 1 010101 010101 101010 000000 000000
CP3 1 000111 000111 010101 101010 000000
CP4 1 111000 111000 000111 010101 101010
CP5 1 011011 011011 111000 000111 010101
CP6 1 001101 001101 011011 111000 000111
CP7 1 000000 000000 001101 011011 111000
CP8 1 000000 000000 000000 001101 011011
_____________________________________________________________________________
140
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-66 The register is cleared immediately when Master Reset is active.
CP
___
MR
D5 - D0 110011 010010 101001 010110 001110 100011
Q5
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0
7-67 8 clock pulses are needed to serially load a 74166 since there are 8 FFs in the chip.
7-68
CLK
CLR
SER
QH
_____________________________________________________________________________
141
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-69
CP
__
SH/LD
P0 - P7 1100 1010 0011 0101
(Q0)
(Q1)
(Q2)
(Q3)
(Q4)
(Q5)
(Q6)
Q7
7-70
CLK
CLK INH
SH/LD
CLR
ABCD EFGH 0101 0011 1001 0010
SER
(QA)
(QB)
(QC)
(QD)
(QE)
(QF)
(QG)
QH
_____________________________________________________________________________
142
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-71
(a) asynch.
(b) True
part Starting at: After 1 CLK: After 2 CLKs: After 3 CLKs: After 4 CLKs:
(c) 1011 0111 1111 1111 1111
(d) 1011 0101 0010 0001 0000
(e) 1011 0110 0110 0110 0110
(f) 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011
(g) 1011 0111 1110 1101 1011
7-72
(a) Loads 00000000.
(b) Loads 11111111.
(c) Shifts in a 1.
(d) Shifts in a 0.
(e) Output will change states if input is switched to the same logic level (in = out).
(f) Input logic level must be maintained for at least 8 clock pulses.
(g) The output will not switch states.
(h) Output will not switch states until input signal is stable; pulsing input condition will not be
recognized.
7-73
+VCC
1 k
74ALS14
0.001
F
1
PRE PRE PRE PRE PRE

J Q4 J Q3 J Q2 J Q1 J Q0
CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK
K Q4 K Q3 K Q2 K Q1 K Q0
CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR
CLK
_____________________________________________________________________________
143
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-74
+VCC
1 k
74ALS14
0.001
F
+VCC
PRE PRE PRE PRE PRE PRE

J Q4 J Q3 J Q2 J Q1 J Q0 J Q5
CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK
K Q4 K Q3 K Q2 K Q1 K Q0 K Q5
CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR CLR
+VCC
CLK
Q5 Q5 Q5 Q5 Q5
0 1 2 3 4
Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
Q5 Q5 Q5 Q5 Q5
5 6 7 8 9
Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
7-75
+VCC
1 k CLK CLK
74ALS14
____
CLR
0.001 74HC164
F 1 A
&
B Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
0 1 2 3 4
Q0 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
5 6 7 8 9
Q0 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
7-76 1 Hz, 50% duty cycle.
7-77 Output of 3-in AND or J, K inputs to FF D shorted to ground, FF D output shorted to ground,
CLK
input on FF D open, B input to NAND is open.
7-78 Output of 2-input AND or J, K inputs shorted to VCC, output from 2-input AND is open.
_____________________________________________________________________________
144
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-79
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN siso8_ahdl
( clk, en, ser :INPUT;
qout :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[7..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clk;
qout = q0.q;
IF (en == GND) THEN
q[7..0].d = (ser, q[7..1].q);
ELSE
q[7..0].d = (q[7..0].q);
END IF;
END;
ENTITY siso8_vhdl IS
PORT ( clk, en, ser :IN BIT;
qout :OUT BIT );
END siso8_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF siso8_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clk)
VARIABLE q :BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
qout <= q(0);
IF (clk'EVENT AND clk = '1') THEN
IF (en = '0') THEN q := (ser & q(7 DOWNTO 1));
END IF;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
145
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-80
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN pipo8_ahdl
( clk, ld, d[7..0] :INPUT;
q[7..0] :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[7..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clk;
IF (ld == VCC) THEN
q[7..0].d = d[7..0];
ELSE
q[7..0].d = (q[7..0].q);
END IF;
END;
ENTITY pipo8_vhdl IS
PORT ( clk, ld :IN BIT;
d :IN BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
END pipo8_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF pipo8_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clk)
VARIABLE reg :BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
IF (ld = '1') THEN reg := d;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= reg;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
146
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-81
(a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN piso8_ahdl
( clk, sh_ld, clrn, d[7..0] :INPUT;
q0 :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[7..0] :DFF;
ser :NODE;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clk;
q[].clrn = clrn;
ser = GND;
IF (sh_ld == GND) THEN
q[7..0].d = d[7..0];
ELSE
q[7..0].d = (ser, q[7..1].q);
END IF;
END;
ENTITY piso8_vhdl IS
PORT ( clk, sh_ld, clrn :IN BIT;
d :IN BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0);
q0 :OUT BIT);
END piso8_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF piso8_vhdl IS
SIGNAL ser :BIT;
BEGIN
ser <= '0';
PROCESS (clk, clrn)
BEGIN
IF clrn = '0' THEN reg := "00000000";
ELSIF (clk'EVENT AND clk = '1') THEN
IF (sh_ld = '0') THEN reg := d;
ELSE reg := (ser & reg(7 DOWNTO 1));
END IF;
END IF;
q0 <= reg(0);
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
147
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7.82
(a)
_____________________________________________________________________________
148
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
SUBDESIGN sipo8_ahdl
( clk, shift, clear, ser_in :INPUT;
q[7..0] :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
q[7..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clk;
IF (clear == VCC) THEN q[] = 0;
ELSIF (shift == VCC) THEN
q[7..0].d = (ser_in, q[7..1]);
ELSE
q[7..0].d = q[7..0].q;
END IF;
END;
ENTITY sipo8_vhdl IS
PORT (clk, shift, clear, ser_in :IN BIT;
END sipo8_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF sipo8_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clk)
BEGIN
IF (clear = '1') THEN reg := "00000000";
ELSIF (shift = '1') THEN
reg := (ser_in & reg(7 DOWNTO 1));
END IF;
END IF;
q <= reg;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
149
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-83
7-84
INPUT univ_shift_ahdl
5 clock VCC
clock
INPUT mode[1..0] q[7..4] OUTPUT

6 mode[1..0] VCC
mode[1..0] q[3..0]
3 q[7..4]
ser_in
INPUT din[3..0]
7 din[7..4] VCC
AND2 1
INPUT
8 ser_in VCC
OR2
14
AND2
19
15
q4
NOT AND2
mode1
sh_rt
11
10
mode0
mode1
AND2
NOT sh_lt
mode0
13
12
q3
AND2
OR2
16 univ_shift_ahdl
AND2
clock
18
q[3..0] OUTPUT
17 mode[1..0] q[3..0]
4 q[3..0]
ser_in
INPUT din[3..0]
9 din[3..0] VCC
2
_____________________________________________________________________________
150
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ENTITY univ_8_vhdl IS
PORT (
clock :IN BIT;
din :IN BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0); -- parallel data in
ser_in :IN BIT; -- serial data in L or R
mode :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 3; -- 0=hold 1=rt 2=lt 3=load
q :BUFFER BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0));
END univ_8_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE byte OF univ_8_vhdl IS
COMPONENT univ_shift_vhdl
PORT (
clock :IN BIT;
ser_in :IN BIT;
mode :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 3;
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL ser_msn, ser_lsn :BIT;
BEGIN
ser_msn <= ser_in WHEN (mode = 1) ELSE q(3) WHEN (mode = 2) ELSE '0';
ser_lsn <= ser_in WHEN (mode = 2) ELSE q(4) WHEN (mode = 1) ELSE '0';
msn: univ_shift_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock, din => din(7 DOWNTO 4),
ser_in => ser_msn, mode => mode, q => q(7 DOWNTO 4));
lsn: univ_shift_vhdl PORT MAP (clock => clock, din => din(3 DOWNTO 0),
ser_in => ser_lsn, mode => mode, q => q(3 DOWNTO 0));
END byte;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENTITY univ_shift_vhdl IS
PORT (
clock :IN BIT;
ser_in :IN BIT;
mode :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 3;
END univ_shift_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF univ_shift_vhdl IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
VARIABLE ff :BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
CASE mode IS
WHEN 0 => ff := ff; -- hold data
WHEN 1 => ff(2 DOWNTO 0) := ff(3 DOWNTO 1); -- shift right
ff(3) := ser_in;
WHEN 2 => ff(3 DOWNTO 1) := ff(2 DOWNTO 0); -- shift left
ff(0) := ser_in;
WHEN 3 => ff := din; -- parallel load
END CASE;
END IF;
q <= ff; -- update outputs
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
151
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-85
SUBDESIGN johnson_ahdl
(
clock, reset :INPUT;
q[4..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q[4..0] :DFF;
ser :NODE;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
q[].clrn = !reset;
-- due to power-on reset, automatically self-starting
-- design is not self-correcting
ser = !q0;
q[4..0].d = (ser, q[4..1].q);
END;
ENTITY johnson_vhdl IS
PORT (
clock, reset :IN BIT;
q :OUT BIT_VECTOR (4 DOWNTO 0)
);
END johnson_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF johnson_vhdl IS

SIGNAL ser :BIT;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
BEGIN
ser <= NOT reg(0);
IF (reset = '1') THEN reg := "00000";
reg := (ser & reg(4 DOWNTO 1));
END IF;
q <= reg;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
152
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-86
SUBDESIGN ring_ahdl
(
clock, hold :INPUT;
q[7..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
q[7..0] :DFF;
ser :NODE;
BEGIN
q[].clk = clock;
-- self-starting by filling with ones
IF q[7..1].q == B"1111111" THEN ser = GND;
ELSE ser = VCC;
END IF;
IF hold THEN q[].d = q[].q;
ELSE q[7..0].d = (ser, q[7..1].q);
END IF;
END;
ENTITY ring_vhdl IS
PORT (
clock, hold :IN BIT;
q :OUT BIT_VECTOR (7 DOWNTO 0)
);
END ring_vhdl;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF ring_vhdl IS

SIGNAL ser :BIT;
BEGIN
PROCESS (clock)
BEGIN
-- self-starting by filling with all ones
IF (reg(7 DOWNTO 1) = "1111111") THEN ser <= '0';
ELSE ser <= '1';
END IF;

IF hold = '0' THEN
reg(7 DOWNTO 0) := (ser & reg(7 DOWNTO 1));
END IF;
END IF;
q <= reg;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
_____________________________________________________________________________
153
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7-87
7-88
% retriggerable, level-sensitive digital one-shot %
SUBDESIGN one_shot_a
(
clock, trigger, reset :INPUT;
delay[3..0] :INPUT;
q :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE count[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clrn = reset;
IF trigger THEN count[].d = delay[];

ELSIF count[].q == B"0000" THEN count[].d = B"0000";
END IF;
q = count[].q != B"0000";
END;
-- retriggerable, level-sensitive digital one-shot

ENTITY one_shot_v IS
PORT (
clock, trigger, reset :IN BIT;
delay :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15;
q :OUT BIT
);
END one_shot_v;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF one_shot_v IS

BEGIN
PROCESS (clock, reset)
VARIABLE count : INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15;
BEGIN
IF reset = '0' THEN count := 0;
IF trigger = '1' THEN count := delay;
ELSIF count = 0 THEN count := 0;
END IF;
END IF;
IF count /= 0 THEN q <= '1';
ELSE q <= '0';
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
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7-89
(a) Parallel
(b) Binary
(c) MOD-8 down
(d) MOD-10, BCD, decade
(e) Asynchronous, ripple
(f) Ring
(g) Johnson
(h) All
(i) Presettable
(j) Up/down
(k) Asynchronous, ripple
(l) MOD-10, BCD, decade
(m) Synchronous, parallel
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CHAPTER EIGHT - Integrated-Circuit Logic Families
(Data values used to answer the questions in this chapter were obtained from one of the following sources:
Data tables found throughout chapter 8; www.TI.com)
8-1 (a) Circuit A has VNL = 0.5V and VNH = 0.6V.

Circuit B has VNL = 0.4V and VNH = 0.7V.
(b) Circuit A because it has lower tp values.
(c) I(Supply) = (PD)/(V(Supply))
Circuit A has I(Supply) = 2.67mA, and circuit B has I(Supply) = 2mA.
8-2 Sample calculations (using max. values) for the 7432 IC:
Icc(avg) = (22mA+38mA)/2 = 30mA
PD(avg) for the IC = Icc(avg)xVcc = 30mAx5.25 = 157.5mW
PD(avg) for one gate = 157.5mW/4 = 39.37mW
tpd(avg) = (tPLH+tPHL)/2 = (15ns+22ns)/2 =18.5ns
IC PD(avg.) tpd(avg.)
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(a) 7432 39.37 mW 18.5 ns
(b) 74S32 65.62 mW 7.0 ns
(c) 74LS20 3.93 mW 15.0 ns
(d) 74ALS20 2.61 mW 10.5 ns
(e) 74AS20 14.16 mW 4.75 ns
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8-3 VOH(min) = 4.9V ; VIH(min) = 3.5V

VOL(max) = 0.1V ; VIL(max) = 1.0V
(a) A positive noise spike can drive the voltage above 1.0 V level if the amplitude is greater than:
VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max)

VNL = 1.0V - 0.1V = 0.9V
(b) A negative noise spike can drive the voltage below 3.5V level if the amplitude is greater than:
VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min)

VNH = 4.9V - 3.5V = 1.4V
8-4 (a) IIH
(b) ICCH
(c) tpHL
(d) VNH (High-state noise margin)
(e) Surface mount
(f) Current-Sinking Action
(g) Fan-out
(h) Totem-pole output circuit.
(i) Current-sinking transistor
(j) 4.75V to 5.25V
(k) VOH(min) = 2.5V; VIH(min) = 2.0V
(l) VIL(max)= 0.8V; VOL(max)= 0.5V
(m) Current-sourcing action.
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8-5 VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min); VNL = VIL(max) - VOL(max)
(a) VNH = 2.7V (for LS) - 2.0V (for ALS) = 0.7V

VNH = 0.8V (for ALS) - 0.5V (for LS) = 0.3V
(b) VNH = 2.5V (for ALS) - 2.0V (for LS) = 0.5V
VNL = 0.8V (for LS) - 0.4V (for ALS) = 0.4V
(c) VNH = 0.5V; VNL = 0.3V
(d) 74 and 74ALS (from table 8-6 in the textbook)
8-6 (a) Maximum number of standard logic inputs that the output of a digital circuit can drive
reliably.
(b)NANDs and ANDs.
(c)Any input to a TTL circuit that is left disconnected (open) is said to be floating.
(d)Whenever a totem-pole TTL output goes from a LOW to HIGH, a high-amplitude current
spike is drawn from the Vcc supply. This is because for a short period of time (about 2ns)
both Q3 and Q4 are conducting. It can cause serious malfunctions during switching
transitions unless some type of filtering is used. The most common technique uses small
radio frequency capacitors connected from Vcc to Ground to essentially short out these
high-frequency spikes.
(e) IOL comes from the TTL input that is being driven.
IOH goes into the TTL input that is being driven.
8-7 (a) 74AS to 74AS
Fanout in the HIGH state (2mA/20A) = 100

Fanout in the LOW state (20mA/.5mA) = 40
Therefore, the overall fanout is 40.
(b) 74F to 74F

Fanout in the LOW state (20mA/.6mA) = 33.3
(c) 74AHC to 74AS

(d) 74HC to 74ALS

8-8 (a) J and K inputs: 20A in the HIGH state and 0.4mA in the LOW state.
(b) Clock inputs: 80A in the HIGH state and 0.8mA in the LOW state.
Clear inputs: 60A in the HIGH state and 0.8mA in the LOW state.
(c) Fan-Out: 400A in the HIGH state and 8mA in the LOW state.
In the HIGH state: 400A/80A = Five 74LS112s
In the LOW state: 8mA/0.8mA = Ten 74LS112s
HIGH state is more restrictive. Thus, the answer is FIVE.

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8-9 (a) Fan-Out (74LS37) = 30 standard TTL inputs in the HIGH state and 15 standard TTL inputs
in the LOW state.
(b) IOL=15x1.6mA=24mA
8-11 Tied together 74LS20 inputs act like 1LS input load in the LOW state and as separate LS input
loads in the HIGH state. Thus, the 74LS86 output drives only 5LS input loads in the LOW
state and 12LS input loads in the HIGH state. This is okay since the 74LS86 fan-out is 20LS
input loads both in the HIGH and in the LOW state.
The 74AS86 output can sink in the LOW state 20mA and in the HIGH state it can supply 2mA.
The 74AS20 has an input requirement of 0.5mA in the LOW state and 20A in the HIGH state.
Thus, the 74AS86 can drive 100 'AS20 inputs in the HIGH state and 40 'AS20 inputs in the
LOW state.
8-12 If a positive-going transition is applied to the input of a 74LS04, then the output will change in
10ns (tPHL=10ns).
8-13 Case I: 74LS86 output going from LOW to HIGH

tAW= tPLH (max 74LS86 )+tPHL(max74LS20)+tPLH(max74LS20)
tAW= 30ns+15ns+15ns = 60ns
Case II: 74LS86 output going from HIGH to LOW.
Same as Case I except use tPHL(max 74LS86) = 22ns.
This gives tPAW = 52ns.
Case I is longer. Thus, answer is 60ns.
Case I: 74ALS86 output going from LOW to HIGH
tAW = tPLH(max74ALS86)+tPHL(max74ALS20)+tPLH(max74ALS20)
tAW = 17ns+10ns+11ns = 38ns
Case II: 74ALS86 output going from HIGH to LOW.
Same as Case I except use tPHL (max 74ALS86) = 12ns.
This gives tPAW = 33ns.
Case I is longer. Thus, answer is 38ns.
8-14 (a) MR input has an IIL=0.4mA and a VIL(max)=0.8V.

Thus, Rmax= VIL(max)/IIL.
Rmax= (0.8V/0.4mA) = 2K
(b) MR has an IIL=0.1mA and VIL(max)=0.8V.
Thus, Rmax= VIL(max)/IIL.
Rmax= 0.8V/0.1mA = 8K.
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8-15 (a) The circuit is used to convert a 60Hz sinewave to a 60 pps signal. The diode and
voltage divider produces a positive half-cycle with reduced amplitude to drive the TTL
inverter. The 74LS14 is a Schmitt Trigger which converts the slow changing input to
fast-changing pulses.
(b) The VX waveform rides on a 1V baseline produced by IIL of the 74LS14 flowing
through the bottom 4.7K resistor to ground. IIL (max)= 0.4mA which could produce a
maximum voltage of1.88V. In practice, however, IIL will be about half that value. VX
apparently is not dropping below VT- (0.6V-1.1V) needed to produce a HIGH at the
74LS14 output.
8-16 (a) Amplitude is too low.

(b) TP of 10ns is less than tW (H)=20ns min. value stated on the Texas Instruments data
sheet.
(c) Clock LOW time is not given on the data sheet. However, fmax is given as 30MHz.
Hence, the minimum period for the clock is T=33.3ns. Consequently, tW (L) = T-tW(H)
or 33.3ns-20ns = 13.3ns. Therefore, 10ns is less than tW(L)=13.3ns minimum.
8-17 Noise is probably caused by totem-pole outputs switching from LOW to HIGH and
producing ICC spikes. The technician probably forgot to connect de-coupling capacitors
from Vcc to ground.
8-18 (a) N-channel MOSFET; (b) P-channel MOSFET
8-19 (a), (c), (e), (f), (g), (h).
8-20 Since power drain increases with both an increase in frequency and V DD, the best choice is
(b).
8-21 The total power dissipation for the LS04 chip is approximately equal to ICCH x VCC(max) or
2.4mA x 5.25V = 12.6mW. (This approximation neglects 12A (IIH x 2 inputs x 6 AND
gates) supplied by the 74LS04 package.)
8-22 VNH = VOH(min) - VIH(min); VNH = 4.9V - 2.0V = 2.9V
8-23 Latch-up can be triggered by high-voltage spikes or ringing at the device inputs and
outputs.
When latch-up occurs, a large current may flow and destroy the IC.
In order to prevent latch-up, clamping diodes can be connected externally. A well-regulated

power supply will minimize spikes on the VDD line. A current-limiting feature will limit current
should latch-up occur.
8-24 Calculations (using max. values) for the 74HC20 IC:
ICC(avg) = 20A
PD(avg) for the IC = ICC(avg) x Vcc = 20Ax6V = 120W
PD(avg) for one gate = 120W/2 = 60W
tpd(avg@6V) =24ns
Therefore, when compared with the values calculated in problem 8.2 for TTL, the 74HC20
draws less power and it is slower.
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8-25 (a) Term used to describe the logic function created when TTL open-collector outputs are tied
together.
(b) It is a resistor that is used to keep a certain node in a circuit at a specific logic level. It is
used to prevent that particular node from floating to an undetermined logic level as well as
picking up voltage noises.
(c) Open Collector and Tristate outputs.
(d) Bus contention is that situation in which the outputs of two or more active devices are
placed on the same bus line at the same time.
8-26
8-27 Output of wired-AND is AB CD FG . Thus, X AB CD FG , or X AB CD FG
8-28 (a) Tying the output to +5V: As the output changes from HIGH to LOW the sinking-transistor
(Q4) will be turned ON while the sourcing-transistor (Q3) turns OFF. If the output is tied
to +5V, transistor Q4 will probably be sinking more current than it can handle and
therefore be destroyed.
(b) Tying the output to ground: This would not cause any damage since the output is
switching to a ground potential.
(c) Applying an input of 7V: This would cause the PN junction of one of the emitters in the
multi-emitter-input transistor to be reversed bias. This reverse biasing is the normal
situation when +5V is applied to the input of any TTL gate. Most likely, a slight increase
of the reverse leakage current (IIH) would occur.
(d) Tying the output to another TTL totem-pole output: If both outputs are ALWAYS at the
same level no damage is likely to occur. However, if one output is trying to go to a logic
LOW while the other is trying to go to a logic HIGH, then damage is likely to occur to both
totem-pole outputs. This situation can cause a relatively high current to flow (55 mA) from
Vcc to ground through Q3 of one gate and Q4 of the other.
8-29 (a) 5V since the 7406 output is open-collector.

(b) Design for nominal LED current = 20 mA. VRS = 5V-2.4V-0.4V=2.2V. RS = 2.2V/20mA =
110
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8-30 (a) +12V. (b) 40mA. (IOL(7406))

(c) The input to the 7407 non-inverting buffer will have to be changed from Q to Q.
8-31 With DIRECTION = 0, bottom buffer is disabled and upper buffer is enabled, so that signal
applied to A will be transmitted to B. With DIRECTION = 1, B is transmitted to A.
8-32 (a)
X Y EA EB EC Data on Bus
0 0 0 0 1 C
0 1 0 1 0 B
1 0 0 1 0 B
1 1 1 0 0 A
(b) Both EA and EC would be activated (HIGH) for X=Y=1.
8-33 A 3-bit ring counter
8-34
8-35 (a) All wires have resistance.

(b) When current flows through wires, magnetic fields are produced.
(c) Capacitors are two conductors separated by an insulator. All transmission lines are
separated from ground by an insulator.
(d) Impedance.
(e) Load_input.
(f) Terminations.
(g) Low voltage differential signaling.
(h) By switching polarity.
8-36 Transmission gate's Ron = 200; Transmission gate's Roff = 1012
When CONTROL = 1: VOUT = 5V (22K)/(22K + 68K + 200) = 1.22V

When CONTROL = 0: VOUT = 5V (22K)/(22K + 68K + 1012) =11x10-9V 0 V
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8-37 When C=0, the upper switch is closed so that we have: V x=(10K/(10K + 200)) x Ein.
Vx eIN
When C=1, the lower switch is closed so that: V x= (10K/(10K+10K+200)) x eIN = 0.5
eIN
8-38 With GAIN SELECT=0, the switch is open so the op-amp gain is -(100K/100K) = -1
With GAIN SELECT=1, the switch is closed so that the op-amp gain is -(100K/50K) = -2
8-39 (a) 74HCT

(b) Circuit that is designed to take a certain voltage input and translates it to a different
voltage output. It is often used to interface circuits of different logic families.
(c) Because some CMOS series (i.e. 4000B) have an IOL capability that is not sufficient
to drive even one input of the 74 or 74AS series.
(d) False.
8-40 (c)
8-41 (a) IOL(4000B) = 0.4mA ; IIL(74AS) = 2mA. Thus, a 4000B output cannot drive 74AS input
directly.
(b) IOL(74HC) = 4mA ; IIL(74AS) = 2mA. Thus, a 74HC output can drive 2 (4mA/2mA)
74AS
inputs.
8-42 1. B input of 74121 is always in logic 1 state.

2. Two unused gates on 4001B chip should have their inputs connected to ground or
+5V.
3. Fan-out of the top 7400 NAND gate is exceeded.
4. Cannot wire-AND the 7400 NAND gates since they have totem-pole outputs.
5. Total current drain of all chips exceeds the capability of the power supply.
6. 74S112 (TTL) outputs are driving CMOS gates without pull-up resistors.
7. CMOS outputs are driving TTL inputs directly with no buffering.
8. Unused JK inputs of the 74S112 flip-flops should be tied to +5V through pull-up
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8-43 1. B input of 74121 is always in logic 1 state (There is NO 74LS121).

2. Cannot wire-AND the 74LS00 NAND gates since they have totem-pole outputs.
3. Unused JK inputs of the 74LS112 flip-flops should be tied to +5V through pull-up
resistors.
4. Unused inputs of 74HCT02 cannot be floating.
8-44 The 74HC00 NAND gate is connected to 3 TTL input loads. When the output of the high-
speed CMOS gate (74HC00) is LOW, it must be capable of sinking 4.8mA (3x1.6mA).
However, according to table 8-12, the 74HC00 has an IOL(max) = 4mA. Eliminating one of
the 3 TTL input loads could solve the problem. Simply disconnecting pin 2 from pin 3 of the
7402 and tying it permanently to ground can do this. Thus, the 74HC00 will be sinking
3.2mA (2x1.6mA), which is well within its IOL(max) of 4mA. Note that the 7402 gate is still
being used as an inverter.
8-45
8-46 LM35 voltage out at 38C is 0.38V. Therefore, R2=1.5K and R1=18K.
8-47 Use the logic probe to determine if point X can go HIGH when inputs A-F are all LOW. If X can
go HIGH, then place the probe on the output of the NAND gate and inject a pulse on H. If the
output still stays HIGH, probe input H while injecting the pulse at H. If a pulse is detected at H,
the NAND gate is bad. No pulse indication on the probe at H means a hard short (probably on
the circuit board).
If point X will not go HIGH when A-F are LOW, inject a pulse at any output of the 74HC05 IC
while probing X. If X pulses HIGH, then replace the 74HC05 IC. If the problem persists, there
must be an internal short to ground on the NAND gate input. If the probe at X cannot detect a
pulse injected anywhere on that node, look for a hard short to ground on the circuit board.
8-48 Inject a Pulse anywhere along the trace between the NAND and the flip flop while monitoring
the same node with a logic probe. The fact that the probe indicates a constant LOW and does
not detect a pulse indicates a hard wire short to ground.
8-49 The choice in (b) is a possible fault.
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8-50 Output A will be attenuated by 10K/20K = 0.5

Output B will be attenuated by 10K/40K = 0.25
Output C will be attenuated by 10K/80K = 0.125
Output D will be attenuated by 10K/160K = 0.0625
s x3 x2 x1 x0 Vout
0 0 0 0 0 0V
10 0 0 1 0 -12V x 0.125V=-1.5V
20 0 1 0 0 -12V x 0.25V=-3.0V
30 0 1 1 1 -12V x (0.25+0.125+0.0625)=-5.25V
40 1 0 1 0 -12V x (0.5+0.125)=-7.50V
50 1 1 1 0 -12V x (0.5+0.25+0.125)=-10.5V
60 1 1 1 1 -12V x (0.5+0.25+0.125+0.0625)=-11.25V
70 1 1 1 1 -12V x (0.5+0.25+0.125+0.0625)=-11.25V
80 1 1 1 0 -12V x (0.5+0.25+0.125)=-10.50V
90 1 1 0 0 -12V x (0.5+0.25)=-9.0V
100 1 0 0 0 -12V x (0.5)=-6V
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CHAPTER NINE - MSI Logic Circuits
9-1 (a) All of the outputs are HIGH. (b) O0 = 0, O1- O7 = 1 (c) O0 - O6 = 1 , O7 = 0 . (d) Same
as (a).
9-2 Inputs = 6: Outputs = 64
9-3 (a) [ O6 ] -> A2=1, A1=1, A0=0, E3=1, E2 = 0, E1= 0

(b) [ O3 ] -> A2=0, A1=1, A0=1, E3=1, E2 = 0, E1= 0
(c) [ O5 ] -> A2=1, A1=0, A0=1, E3=1, E2 = 0, E1= 0
(d) [ O0 and O7 ] -> Only ONE output can be active at a time.
9-4
9-5 Each 74LS293 is connected as a MOD-8 (Q0 not used). The output O3 will be LOW only
when A2 A1 A0 = 011, E3=1, E2 =0.
This condition is present after the 28th and 29th NGTs of the clock. That is:
2810 = 0111002 2910 = 0111012
Thus, O3 will appear as shown below:
9-6 There are several possible solutions. One is given below.
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9-7 (a) When D=0, the C,B and A inputs determine which of the outputs O7 - O0 will be
activated. With D held HIGH, all of these outputs will be inactive (HIGH) because the input
code will be greater than 01112 (710).
(b)
9-8
9-9 For Relay K1 to be energized from t3 to t5, tie outputsO3 and O4 of 7445 together. For
Relay K2 to be energized from t6 to t9 tie outputs O6 , O7 and O8 of 7445 together.
This can be done because the 7445 has open-collector outputs and only one of its outputs
will be active (LOW) at any one time.
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9-10
9-11 (a) With CONTROL=0
(b) With CONTROL=1
9-12 The 'g' segment should be active for the following decimal digits: 2,3,4,5,6,8,9.
9-13 (a) Encoder (b) Encoder (c) Decoder (d) BCD-to-7-segment decoder (e)
Decoder/driver
9-14 The 74147 responds to higher-order A8 . Thus, the encoder output will be the complement
of the code for 8. That is 1 0 0 0 0111 .
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9-15
9-16 One possible design is shown below:
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9-17 If the fourth key were actuated, it would be entered into the MSD. For example, if you
entered 3095, the 5 would replace the 3 in the MSD so you would see 509 on the
displays. The following circuit will prevent the fourth key actuation from having any effect
(until CLEAR is again actuated). The PGT at Z will set W=1. This will hold gate output
HIGH and prevent further key actuation from clocking the ring counter.
9-18 Choice (b) is the only one, which would give the symptoms described. If Q is triggering the
X,Y,Z register, a negative-going transition will occur immediately upon the actuation of a
digit key. This would cause the shift register to shift and produce a positive-transition at
one of the X,Y or Z outputs before the outputs of the encoder have stabilized due to switch
bounce.
Choice (c) could not be the cause of the symptoms described, since it would trigger the
OS more than once for a given key actuation, thereby affecting more than one register.
9-19 Choice (a) could cause this symptom because the open input to the OR gate would
produce a constant HIGH at its output (for TTL), thereby preventing any clocking of the
ring counter. Choice (d) could also cause this symptom. The LOW at Y could pull down
the HIGH at Z so that the ring counter stays at 0002.
9-20 (a) Yes. An open would result in a constant HIGH at the D inputs of the FFs. Since this
is the LSB, the result would always be an odd-numbered entry.
(b) No. OR-gate output would be stuck HIGH, freezing all operation
(c) No. Same as (b).
9-21 A2 Bus line is open between IC-Z2 and IC-Z3.
9-22 Either the output of the INVERTER or input (2) on the NAND gate of Z4 is internally, or
externally shorted to Ground.
9-23 (a) Segment 'g' would be much brighter than the other six segments.
(b) Segment 'g' of display and/or output transistor of 7446/7447 could burn out.
9-24 Inputs D and C to the BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver have been wired in reversed order.
9-25 Segments 'a' and 'b' of the display are always ON. A short between the cathodes of
segments 'a' and 'b' must exist.
9-26 One possibility: The unused inputs of the remaining XOR gate were left floating (to get 7
XOR gates you need 2 quad 2-input XOR ICs). Most probable cause: Connection 'f' from
the BCD-to-7 segment dec./driver to the XOR gate is open.
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9-27
9-28
9-29
S1 S0 Output
0 0 I0
0 1 I2
1 0 I1
1 1 I3
The circuit of figure 9.75 functions as a 4-input Multiplexer.
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9-30 (a)
(b)
1_of_8
data7
1_of_4
data6
1_of_2
data3 data5
data1 data2 data4
result result result
data0 data1 data3
inst data0 data2
sel
inst3 data1
sel[1..0]
data0
inst2
sel[2..0]
9-31 (a)
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(b)
9-32 (b) The total number of connections in the circuit using the Multiplexers is 63, not including
Vcc and GND. The total number required for the circuit using separate decoder/drivers
and displays for each BCD counter is 66.
9-33 Assume counter starts at 0002.
9-34 When MSB of counter goes HIGH, it disables the MUX output so that Z=0.
9-35
Therefore, connect I3, I5, I6 and I7 to Vcc. Connect all other MUX inputs to ground.
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9-36
Connect inputs I1, I5, I8, I11, I14 and I15 to Vcc. Connect all other MUX inputs to ground.
9-37
9-38 (a) Z C B A D C B A D C B A
D=0 D=1
DCBA Z DCBA Z ICBA
0000 0 1000 0 I0=0

0001 0 1001 1 I1=D
0010 1 1010 1 I2=1
0011 0 1011 0 I3=0
0100 1 1100 0 I4= D
0101 0 1101 0 I5=0
0110 0 1110 0 I6=0
0111 0 1111 0 I7=0
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(b)
D=0 D=1
DCBA Z DCBA Z ICBA
0000 1 1000 0 I0= D

0001 0 1001 0 I1=0
0010 1 1010 1 I2=1
0011 1 1011 1 I3=1
0100 1 1100 1 I4=1
0101 1 1101 1 I5=1
0110 0 1110 0 I6=0
0111 0 1111 1 I7=D
9-39 (a) Encoder, Multiplexer (b) Multiplexer, Demultiplexer (c) Multiplexer (d) Encoder
(e) Decoder, Demultiplexer (f) Demultiplexer (g) Multiplexer
9-40
When A=B=C=0, output Q 0 will follow the DATA INPUT; all other outputs stay HIGH.
9-41
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9-42 (a) All of the LEDs will be off.
(b) Each LED will flash in sequence (0 through 7) for 0.1s.
(c) When the MOD-8 CTR reaches the count of 2 (010), the output of the MUX will be
the complement of I2 (LOW). At this time the DEMUX will be active and O2 will be
LOW allowing LED #2 to be lit for 0.1s. When the counter reaches the count of 6 10
(1102), which will be 0.4s later, LED #6 will lit for 0.1s. This will continue as the
counter sequences through its 8 states.
9-43 As the circuit below shows, five lines will go to the remote monitoring panel.
9-44
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9-45
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9-46 (a) Sensor output 3 will not be allowed to go HIGH when Actuator #3 is activated at the count
of 3. This will not allow the counter to be incremented. Thus, the process sequence will be
terminated at this time.
(b) When Actuator #3 is activated sensor #3 and I4 of MUX will be HIGH. Since at this time the
select inputs of the MUX are at the count of 310 (0112) its output will reflect the status of I3,
which is LOW. Thus, the counter won't get incremented and the process sequence will halt.
9-47 Clearly, the MSB (Za) of the 74157 MUX (tens) never goes HIGH. A possible cause could be
that the connection from MUX (tens) to the BCD-to-7 segment decoder/driver is shorted to
ground.
9-48 Connections Q0 and Q1 of the MOD-8 CTR are reversibly connected to the select inputs of the
MUX and DEMUX. This will cause the select inputs to change in the sequence: 0, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6,
5, 7.
9-49 There is a short between inputs I6 and I7 of the 74HC151 MUX.
9-50 By examining the waveforms the following is observed:
I. All of the signals appear to be correct between t0 and t9, with the O0 signal containing the
serial data from register A, and O1 containing the serial data from register B.
II. The O2 and O3 outputs are never activated.
III. Between t10 and t14, the O0 output, rather than O2, contains the serial data from register C.
IV. Between t14 and t18, the O1 output, rather than O3, contains the serial data from register D.
It appears that the select inputs of the receiver's DEMUX are selecting only O 0 and O1.
This would happen if S1 were stuck in the LOW state. This stuck node could be caused by
an internal short to ground at S1, Q1, or an external short to ground.
9-51
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9-52
9-53 (a) *another solution would be to add a third 74HC85 to the arrangement of figure 9.37(b).
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(b)
Prob9_53b
unsigned compare
aeb
dataa[9..0]
agb
datab[9..0]
alb
inst
9-54 D1 C1 B1 A1 D0 C0 B0 A0
BCD input = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
c S3 S2 S1 S0
Sum at the output of the first 75LS83 = 0 1 1 1 0
S3 S2 S1 S0
Sum at the output of the second 75LS83 = 1 0 0 0
b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
Binary output = 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
9-55 By looking at the results at the "Binary output" it can be concluded that a problem exists
for the first two BCD conversions (52 and 95), and that the last conversion for the BCD
number 27 is without fault. Further investigation can bring to conclusion that for the
conversions that exhibit a fault the actual condition of b0 is always the opposite of what it
should be with the exception of the last conversion for the BCD number 27. Now, what
than is the major difference between the two first BCD numbers (52, 95) and the last one
(27)?
The answer is that the last BCD number (27) is the only one with A0=b0. Thus, the most
probable cause for the fault is b0 being connected to B0 instead of A0.
9-56 True: (a), (c), (e) False: (b), (d)
9-57 Register C: OEB 0; IEC 1

Registers A and B: OEB OEA 1; IEB IEA 0
The contents of register [C] will be transferred to registers [A] and [B] when a CLOCK
pulse is applied.
9-58 (a) @ t1 [A] = 1011; [B] = 1000; [C] = 1000{ [B] [C] }
@ t2 [A] = 1011; [B] = 1000; [C] = 1000
@ t3 [A] = 1011; [B] = 1000; [C] = 1000
@ t4 [A] = 1011; [B] = 1011; [C] = 1011{ [A] [B] [C] }
(b) Since the registers' outputs are all in their HI-Z mode, register A would be loaded
with unpredictable data (noise) that would be floating on the Bus.
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9-59
9-60 (a) Set switches at SW3=1, SW2=0, SW1=SW0=1. Make ESW = 0 and IEA = 0 ; all other
input and output enables are kept HIGH. Apply CLOCK pulse. Set switches at 0001. Make
ESW = 0 and IEB = 0 . Apply CLOCK pulse. Set switches at 1110. Make ESW = 0 and
IEB = 0 . Apply CLOCK pulse.
(b) The 74HC174 register is clocked by the same CLOCK signal as the A, B, C registers.
Thus, each time data is transferred to one of these registers, the 74HC174 will latch the
same data. Since the last operation transferred 1110 to register C, the 74HC174 will also
hold 11102.
9-61 (a) At t1, ESW = 0 and IEA = 0 I because of the levels at OS1, OS0, IS1 and IS0. This will
transfer levels from the switches to register A. Thus, [A] = 1001. The 74HC174 register will
also hold 10012. Other registers have 00002. At t2, OEA = 0 and IEC = 0 . Thus,
[A] [C] so that [C]=10012, as does the 74HC174 register. At t3, OEC = 0 and IEB = 0 .
Thus, [C] [B] so that [B]=1001. All registers are now holding 10012.
(b) In theory, the answer is "no" because only one decoder output can go LOW at one
time, and so only one device's outputs can be enabled. However, in practice there
will be a very short overlap interval where two devices' outputs are enabled as the
output select code changes from one code to another.
9-62 1. Connect Esw from figure 9-67 to the ENABLE input of the 74HC541.
2. Connect SW0-SW3 to the inputs of the first four-tristate buffers of the 74HC541 IC.
Connect the other four unused inputs of the 74HC541 IC to ground.
9-63 (a) 57FA16

To activate the memory module O2 of the 74LS138 must be LOW. Therefore, A0=0,
A1=1, A2=0, E3=1, E2 0 , E1= 0 . Thus, CP must go LOW at the same time the
address bus has the following:
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

0 1 0 1 0 x x x x x x x x x x x
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(b) Hence, any address from 500016 to 57FF16 will be acceptable.

(c) To activate the memory module O4 of the 74LS138 must be LOW. Therefore,
A0=0, A1=0, A2=1, E3=1, E2 0 , E1= 0 . Thus, CP must go LOW at the same
time the address bus has the following:
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

1 0 0 1 0 x x x x x x x x x x x
Thus, any address from 900016 to 97FF16 will activate the second module.
(d) No. In order for the MPU to READ from or WRITE to both modules at the same time
both memory-modules would have to be active at the same time. This is impossible
because only one output from the decoder can be active (LOW) at any one time.
Therefore, both O2 and O4 of the decoder 74LS138 cannot be LOW at the same
time.
9-64 One possible design is shown below:
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9-65
% BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER SIMILAR TO A 7442 %
SUBDESIGN prob9_65
(
a[3..0] :INPUT; --binary inputs
O9,O8,O7,O6,O5,O4,O3,O2,O1,O0 :OUTPUT; --decoded outputs

)
BEGIN
DEFAULTS
O8=VCC;O9=VCC;
O7=VCC;O6=VCC;O5=VCC;O4=VCC;
O3=VCC;O2=VCC;O1=VCC;O0=VCC; --defaults all
HIGH out
END DEFAULTS;
CASE a[] IS
WHEN 0 => O0 = GND;
WHEN 1 => O1 = GND;
WHEN 2 => O2 = GND;
WHEN 3 => O3 = GND;
WHEN 4 => O4 = GND;
WHEN 5 => O5 = GND;
WHEN 6 => O6 = GND;
WHEN 7 => O7 = GND;
WHEN 8 => O8 = GND;
WHEN 9 => O9 = GND;
END CASE;
END;
-- BCD to decimal decoder similar to a 7447
ENTITY prob9_65 IS
PORT (
a :IN BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
O :OUT BIT_VECTOR (9 DOWNTO 0)
);
END prob9_65 ;
ARCHITECTURE truth OF prob9_65 IS

BEGIN
WITH a SELECT
O <= "1111111110" WHEN "0000", --O0 active
"1111111101" WHEN "0001", --O1 active
"1111111011" WHEN "0010", --O2 active
"1111110111" WHEN "0011", --O3 active
"1111101111" WHEN "0100", --O4 active
"1111011111" WHEN "0101", --O5 active
"1110111111" WHEN "0110", --O6 active
"1101111111" WHEN "0111", --O7 active
"1011111111" WHEN "1000", --O8 active
"0111111111" WHEN "1001", --O9 active
"1111111111" WHEN OTHERS; --disabled
END truth;
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9-66
-- HEX decoder driver for a 7-seg display
SUBDESIGN prob9_66
(
hex[3..0] :INPUT; --4-bit number
lt, bi, rbi :INPUT; --3 independent controls
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo :OUTPUT; --individual outputs
)
BEGIN
IF !bi THEN
(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo) = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0); % blank all %
ELSIF !lt THEN
(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo) = (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1); % test segments %
ELSIF !rbi & hex[] == 0 THEN
(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo) = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0); % blank leading 0's %
ELSE
TABLE % display 7 segment Common Anode pattern %
hex[] => a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo;
0 => 0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1;
1 => 1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1;
2 => 0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1;
3 => 0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1;
4 => 1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1;
5 => 0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1;
6 => 1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1;
7 => 0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1;
8 => 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1;
9 => 0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1;
10 => 0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1;
11 => 1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1;
12 => 1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1;
13 => 1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1;
14 => 0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1;
15 => 0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1;
END TABLE;
END IF;
END;
-- HEX to 7-segment decoder
ENTITY prob9_66 IS
PORT (
hex :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15;
lt, bi, rbi :IN BIT;
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,rbo :OUT BIT;
);
END prob9_66 ;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF prob9_66 IS

BEGIN
PROCESS (hex, lt, bi, rbi)
VARIABLE segments :BIT_VECTOR (0 TO 6);
BEGIN
IF bi = '0' THEN
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segments := "1111111"; rbo <= '0'; -- blank all

ELSIF lt = '0' THEN
segments := "0000000"; rbo <= '1'; -- test segments
ELSIF (rbi = '0' AND hex = 0) THEN
segments := "1111111"; rbo <= '0'; -- blank leading 0's
ELSE
rbo <= '1';
CASE hex IS -- display 7 segment Common Anode pattern
WHEN 0 => segments := "0000001";
WHEN 1 => segments := "1001111";
WHEN 2 => segments := "0010010";
WHEN 3 => segments := "0000110";
WHEN 4 => segments := "1001100";
WHEN 5 => segments := "0100100";
WHEN 6 => segments := "1100000";
WHEN 7 => segments := "0001111";
WHEN 8 => segments := "0000000";
WHEN 9 => segments := "0001100";
WHEN 10 => segments := "0001000";
WHEN 11 => segments := "1100000";
WHEN 12 => segments := "1110010";
WHEN 13 => segments := "1000010";
WHEN 14 => segments := "0110000";
WHEN 15 => segments := "0111000";
END CASE;
END IF;
a <= segments(0); --assign bits of array to output pins
b <= segments(1);
c <= segments(2);
d <= segments(3);
e <= segments(4);
f <= segments(5);
g <= segments(6);
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
9-67
% LOW priority encoder. Encodes lowest order input that is activated. %
SUBDESIGN prob9_67
(
sw[9..0], oe :INPUT;
d[3..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
buffers[3..0] :TRI;
BEGIN
IF !sw[0] THEN buffers[].in = 0;
ELSIF !sw[1] THEN buffers[].in = 1;
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ELSE buffers[].in = 0;
END IF;
buffers[].oe = oe & sw[]!=b"1111111111"; -- enable when OE AND key pressed
d[] = buffers[].out; -- connect to outputs
END;
-- LOW Priority encoder
LIBRARY ieee;
ENTITY prob9_67 IS
PORT(
sw :IN BIT_VECTOR (9 DOWNTO 0); --standard logic not needed
oe :IN BIT; --standard logic not needed
d :OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0) --must use std logic for hi-Z
);
END prob9_67;
BEGIN
d <= "ZZZZ" WHEN ((oe = '0') OR (sw = "1111111111")) ELSE
"0000" WHEN sw(0) = '0' ELSE
"0001" WHEN sw(1) = '0' ELSE
"0010" WHEN sw(2) = '0' ELSE
"0011" WHEN sw(3) = '0' ELSE
"0100" WHEN sw(4) = '0' ELSE
"0101" WHEN sw(5) = '0' ELSE
"0110" WHEN sw(6) = '0' ELSE
"0111" WHEN sw(7) = '0' ELSE
"1000" WHEN sw(8) = '0' ELSE
"1001" WHEN sw(9) = '0';
END a;
9-68
-- modified Fig9-66 to make an 8-bit comparator
SUBDESIGN prob9_68
(
a[7..0], b[7..0] :INPUT;
gtin, ltin, eqin :INPUT; % cascade inputs %
agtb, altb, aeqb :OUTPUT;
)
% standard cascade inputs: gtin = ltin = GND eqin = VCC %
BEGIN
IF a[] > b[] THEN
agtb = VCC; altb = GND; aeqb = GND;
ELSIF a[] < b[] THEN
agtb = GND; altb = VCC; aeqb = GND;
ELSE agtb = gtin; altb = ltin; aeqb = eqin;
END IF;
END;
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-- modified Fig9-66 to make an 8-bit comparator
ENTITY prob9_68 IS
PORT ( a, b : IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 255;
gtin, ltin, eqin : IN BIT; -- cascade inputs
agtb, altb, aeqb : OUT BIT);
END prob9_68;
-- standard cascade inputs: gtin = ltin = '0' eqin = '1'

BEGIN
PROCESS (a, b, gtin, ltin, eqin)
BEGIN
IF a < b THEN altb <= '1'; agtb <= '0'; aeqb <= '0';
ELSIF a > b THEN altb <= '0'; agtb <= '1'; aeqb <= '0';
ELSE altb <= ltin; agtb <= gtin; aeqb <= eqin;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
9-69
-- A 4-bit binary to 2-digit BCD converter
SUBDESIGN prob9_69
( binary[3..0] :INPUT;
ones[3..0], tens[3..0] :OUTPUT;
)
BEGIN
IF binary > 9 THEN
tens[] = B"0001" ;
ones[] = binary[] - 10;
ELSE tens[] = B"0000";
ones = binary[];
END;
--A 4-bit binary to 2-digit BCD converter
ENTITY prob9_69 IS
PORT ( binary :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 15;
ones, tens :buffer INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9);
END prob9_69;
BEGIN
PROCESS (binary)
BEGIN
IF binary > 9 THEN
tens <= 1;
ones <= binary - 10;
ELSE
tens <= 0;
ones <= binary ;
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END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
9-70
-- 3-digit BCD to 8-bit binary code converter handles input values 0 - 255
SUBDESIGN prob9_70
( hundreds[1..0], tens[3..0], ones[3..0] :INPUT;
binary[7..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE timesten[7..0] :NODE; % variable for tens digit times 10 %

timeshund[7..0] :NODE; % variable for hundreds digit times 100 %
BEGIN
timeshund[] = (hundreds[],B"000000") + (B"0",hundreds[],B"00000") + (B"0000",hundreds[],B"00");
% shift left 6X (times 64) + shift left 5 X (time 32) + shift left 2X (times4) %
timesten[] = (B"0",tens[],B"000") + (B"000",tens[],B"0");
% shift left 3X (times 8) + shift left 1X (times 2) %
binary[] = timeshund[] + timesten[] + (B"0000",ones[]);
% tens digit times 10 + ones digit %
END;
-- 3-digit BCD to 8-bit binary code converter handles input values 0 - 255
ENTITY prob9_70 IS
PORT ( ones, tens :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
hundreds :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 2;
binary :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 255);
END prob9_70 ;

SIGNAL timesten :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 90;
SIGNAL timeshund :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 200;
BEGIN
timeshund <= hundreds * 100;
timesten <= tens * 10;
binary <= timeshund + timesten + ones;
END vhdl;
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CHAPTER TEN - Digital System Projects Using HDL
10-1 (a) This project is a security system that monitors the open/closed status of a
number of doors in the building. The status of each door must be monitored in a
remote security shack. When any door is securely closed, the corresponding
LED in the guard's shack should be off. When the door is open, the
corresponding LED should blink. Specifications for this system:
Number of doors: 8
Number of LED indicators: 8
Blink rate: 2.5 Hz
Door sensors: Door open/contacts open, door closed/contacts closed.
(b) Three major blocks:

MUX
Timing and control (counter)
DEMUX
(c) Block interconnections:

MUX INPUTS: 8 door sensors (HIGH = OPEN, LOW =
CLOSED)
3 binary select lines
OUTPUT: 1 serial data line
Timing INPUTS: Clock

OUTPUTS: 3 binary select lines counting 0-7
DEMUX INPUTS: 3 binary select lines

1 serial data line
OUTPUTS: 8 LED drivers (active LOW)
(d) 20 Hz
(e) Only one LED will ever be lit at any time.
10-3 24 steps
10-3 4 states = 4 steps x 15/step = 60 of rotation.
10-4 8 states = 8 steps x 7.5/step = 60 of rotation.
10-5 3 state transitions x 15/step = 45 of rotation.
10-6 Connect a de-bounced push button switch to the step input, a toggle switch to the
dir input, two toggle switches to the mode (m1, m0) inputs, and four LEDs to the
outputs cout.
a. set m1, m0 to [0,0] and dir to 0. Apply pulses to step and compare the LED states to Table
10-1 Full step mode. Repeat with dir=1.
b. set m1, m0 to [0,1] and dir to 0. Apply pulses to step and compare the LED states to Table
10-1 Wave drive mode.
c. set m1, m0 to [1,01] and dir to 0. Apply pulses to step and compare the LED states to Table
10-1 Half step mode.
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Set m1, m0 to [1,1]. Connect toggle switches to each of the inputs Cin[3..0]. Using a logic
probe, monitor each cout line while toggling the input switches on Cin. Each Cout line should
follow the corresponding Cin line. The step and direction lines should have no effect.
10-7 % Complete stepper motor driver

MODES: 00 - Full step; 01 - Wave drive; 02 - Half step; 03 - direct drive %
SUBDESIGN prob10_7
(
step, dir :INPUT;
m[1..0], cin[3..0] :INPUT;
cout[3..0], q[2..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
count[2..0] : DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clk = step;
IF dir THEN count[].d = count[].q + 1;
END IF;
q[] = count[].q;
IF m[] == 0 THEN
TABLE -- FULL STEP
count[] => cout[];
B"000" => B"1010";
B"001" => B"1001";
B"010" => B"0101";
B"011" => B"0110";
B"100" => B"1010";
B"101" => B"1001";
B"110" => B"0101";
B"111" => B"0110";
END TABLE;
ELSIF m[] == 1 THEN
TABLE -- WAVE DRIVE
count[] => cout[];
B"000" => B"1000";
B"001" => B"0001";
B"010" => B"0100";
B"011" => B"0010";
B"100" => B"1000";
B"101" => B"0001";
B"110" => B"0100";
B"111" => B"0010";
END TABLE;
ELSIF m[] == 2 THEN
TABLE
count[] => cout[]; -- HALF STEP
B"000" => B"1010";
B"001" => B"1000";
B"010" => B"1001";
B"011" => B"0001";
B"100" => B"0101";
B"101" => B"0100";
B"110" => B"0110";
B"111" => B"0010";
END TABLE;
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ELSE cout[] = cin[]; --DIRECT DRIVE

END IF;
END;
-- Universal stepper motor driver

-- MODES: 00 - Full step; 01 - Wave drive; 02 - Half step; 03 - direct drive
ENTITY prob10_7 IS
PORT ( step, dir :IN BIT;
m :IN BIT_VECTOR (1 DOWNTO 0);
cin :IN BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
cout :OUT BIT_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0) );
END prob10_7;

BEGIN
PROCESS (step)
BEGIN
IF (stepEVENT AND step = 1 THEN
IF dir = 1 THEN count := count + 1;
ELSE count := count 1;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= count;
IF m = 00 THEN -- FULL STEP
IF count = 0 THEN cout <= 1010;
ELSIF count = 1 THEN cout <= 1001;
END IF;
ELSIF m = 01 THEN -- WAVE DRIVE

END IF;
ELSIF m = 10 THEN -- HALF STEP

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END IF;
ELSE cout <= cin -- DIRECT DRIVE
END IF;
END PROCESS
END vhdl;
-- original design by TW Schultz
-- modified by NS Widmer
10-8
% Complete stepper motor driver
MODES: 00 - Full step; 01 - Wave drive; 02 - Half step; 03 - direct drive %
SUBDESIGN prob10_8
(
step, dir, oe :INPUT;
m[1..0], cin[3..0] :INPUT;
cout[3..0], q[2..0] :OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
buffers[3..0] : TRI;
count[2..0] : DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clk = step;
IF dir THEN count[].d = count[].q + 1;
END IF;
q[] = count[].q;
CASE m[] IS
WHEN 0 =>
CASE count[] IS -- FULL STEP
WHEN B"000" => buffers[].in = B"1010";
END CASE;
WHEN 1 =>
CASE count[] IS -- WAVE DRIVE
END CASE;
WHEN 2 =>
CASE count[] IS -- HALF STEP
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END CASE;
WHEN 3 => buffers[].in = cin[]; --DIRECT DRIVE
END CASE;
cout[]= buffers[].out ;
buffers[].oe = oe;
END;
-- Universal stepper motor driver

-- MODES: 00 - Full step; 01 - Wave drive; 02 - Half step; 03 - direct drive
LIBRARY ieee;
ENTITY prob10_8 IS
PORT ( step, dir, oe :IN BIT;
m :IN BIT_VECTOR (1 DOWNTO 0);
cin :IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0);
cout :OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (3 DOWNTO 0) );
END prob10_8 ;

BEGIN
PROCESS (step)
BEGIN
IF (stepEVENT AND step = 1 THEN
IF dir = 1 THEN count := count + 1;
ELSE count := count 1;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= count;
IF oe = 1 THEN
CASE m IS
WHEN 00 => -- FULL STEP
CASE count IS
WHEN 0 => cout <= 1010;
WHEN 1 => cout <= 1001;
WHEN 2 => cout <= 0101;
WHEN 3 => cout <= 0110;
WHEN 4 => cout <= 1010;
WHEN 5 => cout <= 1001;
WHEN 6 => cout <= 0101;
WHEN 7 => cout <= 0110;
END CASE;
WHEN 01 => -- WAVE DRIVE

CASE count IS
WHEN 0 => cout <= 1000;
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WHEN 1 => cout <= 0001;

WHEN 2 => cout <= 0100;
WHEN 3 => cout <= 0010;
WHEN 4 => cout <= 1000;
WHEN 5 => cout <= 0001;
WHEN 6 => cout <= 0100;
WHEN 7 => cout <= 0010;
END CASE;
WHEN 10 => -- HALF STEP

CASE count IS
WHEN 0 => cout <= 1010;
WHEN 1 => cout <= 1000;
WHEN 2 => cout <= 1001;
WHEN 3 => cout <= 0001;
WHEN 4 => cout <= 0101;
WHEN 5 => cout <= 0100;
WHEN 6 => cout <= 0110;
WHEN 7 => cout <= 0010;
END CASE;
WHEN 11 => cout <= cin -- DIRECT DRIVE

END CASE;
ELSE cout <= ZZZZ;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END vhdl;
-- original design by TW Schultz
-- modified by NS Widmer
10-9
R3 R2 R1 R0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
10-10 1111
10-11 Yes
10-12 (a) 1011 (b) 102 (row 2) (c) 012 (row 1) (d) 1001
10-13 No
10-14 DAV
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Keypad
DAV Clk
D3 D3
Q3
D2 D2
Q2
D1 D1
Q1
D0 D0
Q0
+5v MR
10-15 The data goes away (high-Z) before the DAV goes LOW. The high-Z is latched.
10-16 (a) 60 clock cycles (b) 600 clock cycles (c) 3600 clock cycles
1 Clock Cycle (1 sec)

terminal
count (tc)
10-17 60 cycles/sec x 60 sec/min x 60 min/hr x 24 hr/day = 5,184,000 cycles/day.

This will take a long time to generate a simulation file.
10-18 When the set input is active, bypass the prescaler and feed the 60 Hz clock directly
into the units of seconds counter.
10-19
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10-20 (a)
q0 BAND4
q1
q2 OUTPUT zero
q3
mod10
NOT down counter inst3
LoadN sload modulus 10
inst1
data[3..0] q[3..0]
Data OUTPUT ones
q[3..0]
OUTPUT tc
clock cout
Clock
cnt_en
aclr
Enable
inst
NOT
ClearN
inst2
(b)
SUBDESIGN MOD10
( data[3..0], loadn, clrn, clk, en :INPUT;
ones[3..0], tc, zero :OUTPUT; )
VARIABLE
count[3..0] :DFF;
BEGIN
count[].clk = clk;
count[].clrn = clrn; -- clear the counter asynch
IF loadn == 0 THEN count[].d = data[]; -- load the counter
ELSIF en THEN
IF count[].q == 0 THEN count[].d = 9; -- reset to 9
--tc = VCC;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q - 1; -- increment
END IF;
ELSE count[].d = count[].q; -- hold
END IF;
IF count[] == 0 THEN zero = VCC;
END IF;
tc = en & count[].q == 0;
ones[] = count[].q;
END;
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(c)
ENTITY mod10 IS
PORT
( data :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
loadn, clrn, clk, en :IN BIT;
tc, zero :OUT BIT);
END mod10;
ARCHITECTURE digit of MOD10 IS
BEGIN
PROCESS (clk, clrn)
BEGIN
IF clrn = '0' THEN count := 0; -- asynch clear
ELSIF (clk'EVENT AND clk = '1') THEN -- look for PGT
IF loadn = '0' THEN count := data; -- load data
ELSIF en = '1' THEN
IF count = 0 THEN count:= 9; -- start over at 9
ELSE count := count - 1; -- count down
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
IF count = 0 THEN zero <= '1'; -- mimimum limit of 0
ELSE zero <= '0';
END IF;
IF en = '1' AND count = 0 THEN tc <= '1'; -- mimimum AND enabled
ELSE tc <= '0';
END IF;
ones <= count;
END PROCESS;
END digit;
10-21 (a)
SUBDESIGN ENCODER
(
key[9..0], clk, enablen :INPUT; -- Individual inputs to encode, clock 10Hz
D[3..0] :OUTPUT; -- Encoded data out
pgt_1Hz, loadn :OUTPUT; -- Data available strobe
)
VARIABLE debounce[2..0] :DFF; -- make a non recycling counter 0-7
div10[6..0] :DFF; -- divide by 100
BEGIN
--------MOD 100 to produce 1 Hz out -------------
div10[].clk = clk;
IF div10[].Q < 99 THEN div10[].D = div10[].Q + 1; -- count up mod 10
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ELSE div10[].D = 0; -- synch reset to zero

END IF;
-------Debounce non-recycling counts 0 - 7 and holds. Clears when key released
debounce[].clk = clk;
debounce[].clrn = !loadn; -- clear counter when key released
IF debounce[].Q < 7 AND loadn == 0 THEN
debounce[].D = debounce[].Q + 1; -- 0-7 non recycling
ELSE debounce[].D = debounce[].Q; -- HOLD
END IF;
-------Multiplexer to select clock signal for counter block ------
IF enablen == 0 THEN
pgt_1Hz = debounce[2].q; -- MUX action to output pgt
ELSE
pgt_1Hz = div10[6].Q; -- CLOCK /100 FOR 1 hZ OUT
END IF;
----- Priority key encoder for 0 - 9 with active LOW load strobe
IF key9 THEN D[] = 9;
ELSIF key8 THEN D[] = 8;
END IF;
IF key[] != 0 AND enablen == 0 THEN loadn = GND; -- load is LOW while key pressed
ELSE loadn = VCC;
END IF;
END;
(b)
ENTITY encoder IS
PORT (
clk, enablen :IN BIT; --clock 100Hz
key :IN BIT_VECTOR (9 DOWNTO 0); -- Individual inputs to encode,
D :OUT INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9; -- Encoded data out
pgt_1Hz :OUT BIT;
loadn :BUFFER BIT); -- Data available strobe
END encoder;
ARCHITECTURE vhdl OF encoder IS

BEGIN
PROCESS (clk)
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VARIABLE debounce :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 7; -- delay between key press and

PGT
VARIABLE div100 :INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 99; -- mod 100 to produce 1 HZ out
BEGIN
IF ( clk'EVENT AND clk = '1') THEN
----- CONTROL LOAD STROBE
IF key /= "0000000000" AND enablen = '0' THEN -- any keys pressed
loadn <= '0'; -- activate load
ELSE loadn <= '1'; -- deactivate load
END IF;
----- DEFINE DEBOUNCE COUNTER AS 0-7 NON RECYCLING: CLEARS WHEN NO KEYS PRESSED
IF loadn = '1' THEN debounce := 0; -- clear debounce counter

ELSIF debounce < 7 THEN
debounce := debounce + 1;
ELSE debounce := 7; -- non recycling. stops at 7
END IF;
---- DEFING MOD 100 TO PRODUCE 1 HZ OUT
IF div100 < 99 THEN -- MOD 100 counter
div100 := div100 + 1;
ELSE div100 := 0;
END IF;
--- MULITPLEXER CHOOSES BETWEEN DEBOUNCE OUTPUT AND 1 hZ CLOCK
IF enablen = '0' THEN
IF debounce < 4 THEN pgt_1Hz <= '0';
-- OUTPUT pgt FOR COUNTER BLOCK
ELSE pgt_1Hz <= '1';
END IF;
ELSE
IF div100 < 64 THEN pgt_1Hz <= '0'; -- OUTPUT 1 HZ
ELSE pgt_1Hz <= '1';
END IF;
END IF;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
-- Priority key encoder for 0 - 9
d <= 9 WHEN key(9) = '1' ELSE

8 WHEN key(8) = '1' ELSE
0 WHEN key(0) = '1' ;
END VHDL;
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10-22 (a)
NOT S-R LATCH
startn INPUT
VCC AND3
inst5 NOR2
INPUT
SET
door_closed
VCC
NOT
timer_done INPUT inst2
VCC inst1
inst4
NOT
NOR2
OR3 Q
inst9 OUTPUT magnetron
NOT inst
INPUT inst12 RESET
stopn
VCC
inst8
(b)
SUBDESIGN control
(
startn, stopn, clearn, door_closed, timer_done :INPUT;
magnetron :OUTPUT; -- HIGH = ON
)
VARIABLE
cook :DFF; -- use DFF for asynchronous preset and clear features
BEGIN
cook.clk = GND; -- just using asynch inputs. Not using clock or D
cook.d = GND;
cook.prn = !(!startn & door_closed & !timer_done);
-- start only if door closed w/time on clock
cook.clrn = !(!stopn # !clearn # !door_closed # timer_done);
-- turn off mag under these circumstances
magnetron = cook.q; -- connect DFF output to block output port
END;
(c)
ENTITY control IS
PORT
(startn, stopn, clearn, door_closed, timer_done :IN BIT; -- n suffix designates active
LOW.
magnetron :BUFFER BIT); -- HIGH = ON
END control;
ARCHITECTURE on_off OF control IS

BEGIN
PROCESS (startn, stopn, clearn, door_closed, timer_done)
BEGIN
IF (startn = '0' AND door_closed = '1' AND timer_done = '0')
THEN
magnetron <= '1'; -- start (set) only if door closed w/time
on clock
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ELSIF (stopn = '0' OR clearn = '0' OR door_closed = '0' OR

timer_done = '1') THEN
magnetron <= '0';
-- turn off (clear) nukes under these circumstances
ELSE magnetron <= magnetron; -- stay the same state as it was
(latch)
END IF;
END PROCESS;
END on_off;
10-23 (a)
(b)
SUBDESIGN decode
(
sec_ones[3..0] :INPUT; -- lower digit = seconds
sec_tens[3..0] :INPUT; -- middle digit = 10s of seconds
min[3..0] :INPUT; -- upper digit = minutes
sec_ones_segs[0..6] :OUTPUT; -- active LOW LED drive for 7
segment
sec_tens_segs[0..6] :OUTPUT; -- note order [0..6] <-> [a..g]
min_segs[0..6] :OUTPUT; --
)
BEGIN
% NOTE LOW digit always displays zero %
TABLE
sec_ones[] => sec_ones_segs[];
0 => 1; -- Display a zero
1 => H"4f";
2 => H"12";
3 => H"06";
4 => H"4C";
5 => H"24";
6 => H"20";
7 => H"0F";
8 => H"00";
9 => H"04";
END TABLE;
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IF min[] == 0 & sec_tens[] == 0 THEN -- detect leading zeros

sec_tens_segs[] = H"7F"; --blank the display
ELSE
TABLE -- blanking for middle digit
sec_tens[] => sec_tens_segs[] ;
0 => 1; -- Display a zero
1 => H"4f";
2 => H"12";
3 => H"06";
4 => H"4C";
5 => H"24";
6 => H"20";
7 => H"0F";
8 => H"00";
9 => H"04";
END TABLE;
END IF;
TABLE
min[] => min_segs[]; -- This is most significant digit
0 => H"7F"; -- always blank leading zero
1 => H"4f";
2 => H"12";
3 => H"06";
4 => H"4C";
5 => H"24";
6 => H"20";
7 => H"0F";
8 => H"00";
9 => H"04";
END TABLE;
END;
(c)
ENTITY decode IS
PORT
( lo, mid, hi :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 9;
-- lo = seconds, mid= 10s of seconds, hi = minutes
ha, hb, hc, hd, he, hf, hg :OUT BIT;
-- active LOW LED drive: minutes
ma, mb, mc, md, me, mf, mg :OUT BIT;
-- tens of seconds
la, lb, lc, ld, le, lf, lg :OUT BIT);
-- ones of seconds
END decode;
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ARCHITECTURE display OF decode IS

SIGNAL losegs :BIT_VECTOR (6 DOWNTO 0);
SIGNAL midsegs, hisegs :BIT_VECTOR (6 DOWNTO 0);
BEGIN
-- This section drives the least significant digit
-- NOTE LOW digit always displays zero
WITH lo SELECT
losegs <= "0000001" WHEN 0,
"1001111" WHEN 1,
"0010010" WHEN 2,
"0000110" WHEN 3,
"1001100" WHEN 4,
"0100100" WHEN 5,
"0100000" WHEN 6,
"0001111" WHEN 7,
"0000000" WHEN 8,
"0000100" WHEN 9,
"1111111" WHEN OTHERS;
-- This section drives the middle digit and requires zero blanking logic
PROCESS(mid, hi)
BEGIN
IF hi = 0 AND mid = 0 THEN -- detect leading zeros
midsegs <= "1111111"; --blank the display
ELSE
CASE mid IS
WHEN 0 => midsegs <="0000001";
-- Display a zero
WHEN 1 => midsegs <="1001111";
-- Display 1
WHEN 2 => midsegs <="0010010";
WHEN 3 => midsegs <="0000110";
WHEN 4 => midsegs <="1001100";
WHEN 5 => midsegs <="0100100";
WHEN 6 => midsegs <="0100000";
WHEN 7 => midsegs <="0001111";
WHEN 8 => midsegs <="0000000";
WHEN 9 => midsegs <="0000100";
-- Display 9
END CASE;
END IF;
END PROCESS;
-- This section drives the most significant digit
WITH hi SELECT
hisegs <= "1111111" WHEN 0, -- always blank when zero
"1001111" WHEN 1,
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"0010010" WHEN 2,
"0000110" WHEN 3,
"1001100" WHEN 4,
"0100100" WHEN 5,
"0100000" WHEN 6,
"0001111" WHEN 7,
"0000000" WHEN 8,
"0000100" WHEN 9,
"1111111" WHEN OTHERS;
(la, lb, lc, ld, le, lf, lg) <= losegs; -- connect internal signals to outputs
(ma, mb, mc, md, me, mf, mg) <= midsegs;
(ha, hb, hc, hd, he, hf, hg) <= hisegs;
END display;
10-24
Frequency Counter
Display Counter Timing & Control
Latch Decoder 7-seg Clock Prescaler MUX Timing
MOD-10 MOD-6 Decoder

MOD 10 Pulse
Shaper
10-25
% MOD 6 used in FREQ COUNTER project

counts 0-5 decodes three states: clear = 0, enable = 2, store = 4 %
SUBDESIGN PROB10_25
(
clock :INPUT; -- synch clock
q[2..0] :OUTPUT; -- 3-bit counter
clear, enable, store:OUTPUT; -- timing signals
)
VARIABLE
count[2..0] :DFF; -- declare a register of D flip flops.
BEGIN
count[].clk = clock; -- connect all clocks to synchronous source
IF count[].q < 5 THEN
count[].d = count[].q + 1; -- increment current value by one
ELSE count[].d = 0; -- force unused states to 0
END IF;
q[] = count[].q; -- connect register to outputs
CASE count[] IS
WHEN 0 => clear = VCC; enable = GND; store = GND;
WHEN 2 => clear = GND; enable = VCC; store = GND;
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WHEN 4 => clear = GND; enable = GND; store = VCC;

WHEN OTHERS => clear = GND; enable = GND; store = GND;
END CASE;
END;
-- MOD 6 for FREQ COUNTER PROBLEM

-- counts 0-5 decodes three states: clear = 0, enable = 2, store = 4
ENTITY prob10_25 IS
PORT( clock :IN BIT ;
clear, enable, store :OUT BIT );
END prob10_25;
BEGIN
PROCESS ( clock) -- respond to clock
BEGIN
IF (clock = '1' AND clock'event) THEN
IF count < 5 THEN -- maximum (terminal) count
count := count + 1;
ELSE
count := 0;
END IF;
END IF;
q <= count; -- update outputs

CASE count IS
WHEN 0 => clear <= '1'; enable <= '0'; store <= '0';
WHEN OTHERS => clear <= '0'; enable <= '0'; store <= '0';
END CASE;
END PROCESS;
END a;
10-26
% MUX for Freq Counter %
SUBDESIGN prob10_26
(
1Hz, 10Hz, 100Hz, 1KHz, 10KHz, 100KHz :INPUT;
s[2..0] :INPUT; -- select inputs
freqout :OUTPUT;
)
BEGIN
CASE s[] IS
WHEN 0 => freqout = 1Hz;
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WHEN 3 => freqout = 1KHz;

END CASE;
END;
-- MUX for Freq Counter
ENTITY prob10_26 IS
PORT(
Hz1, Hz10, Hz100, KHz1, KHz10, KHz100 :IN BIT;
s :IN INTEGER RANGE 0 TO 5;
freqout :OUT BIT );
END prob10_26;
ARCHITECTURE truth OF prob10_26 IS

BEGIN
WITH s SELECT
freqout <= Hz1 WHEN 0, --switch 1 to output y
Hz10 WHEN 1, --switch 10 to output y
Hz100 WHEN 2, --switch 100 to output y
KHz1 WHEN 3, --switch 1k to output y
KHz10 WHEN 4, --switch 10k to output y
KHz100 WHEN 5; --switch 100k to output y
END truth;
10-27
10-28
-- prescaler made from 5 MOD10 modules

-- freq cntr project in Chapter 10
-- used in problem 10-28
include "fig10_26.inc"; -- mod-10 counter module
SUBDESIGN prescaler (
clk : INPUT;
freqs[5..0] : OUTPUT;
)
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206
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VARIABLE
KHZ10 : fig10_26; -- mod-10
KHZ1 : fig10_26;
HZ100 : fig10_26;
HZ10 : fig10_26;
HZ1 : fig10_26;
BEGIN
KHZ10.clock = clk; -- synchronous clocking
KHZ10.enable = VCC;
KHZ1.clock = clk;
KHZ1.enable = KHZ10.tc;
Hz100.clock = clk;
HZ100.enable = KHZ1.tc;
Hz10.clock = clk;
HZ10.enable = HZ100.tc;
Hz1.clock = clk;
HZ1.enable = HZ10.tc;
freqs[] = (clk, KHZ10.tc, KHZ1.tc, HZ100.tc, HZ10.tc, HZ1.tc);
END;
-- Timing and Control section of freq cntr project in Chapter 10
include "prescaler.inc";
include "prob10_26.inc";
include "prob10_25.inc";
SUBDESIGN T_and_C (
clk, freq_range[2..0] : INPUT;
clear, enable, store : OUTPUT;
)
VARIABLE
presc : prescaler; -- frequency prescaler
fmux : prob10_26; -- multiplexer selects freq
control : prob10_25; -- control signal generator
BEGIN
presc.clk = clk;
(fmux.KHZ100, fmux.KHZ10, fmux.KHZ1, fmux.HZ100, fmux.HZ10, fmux.HZ1) =
presc.freqs[];
control.clock = fmux.freqout;
clear = control.clear;
enable = control.enable;
store = control.store;
fmux.s[] = freq_range[];
END;
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CHAPTER ELEVEN - Interfacing With the Analog World
11-1 (a) Analog output = (K) x (digital input)
(b) Smallest change that can occur in the analog output as a result of a change in the digital input.
(c) Same as (b).
(d) Maximum possible output value of a DAC.
(e) Ratio of the step size to the full-scale value of a DAC. Percentage resolution can also
be defined as the reciprocal of the maximum number of steps of a DAC.
(f) False.
(g) False (It is the same).
11-2 011001002 = 10010

101100112 = 17910
(179/100) = (X/2V)
X = 3.58V
11-3 LSB = 2V/100 = 20mV

Other bits: 40mV, 80mV, 160mV, 320mV, 640mV, 1280mV, and 2560mV.
11-4 Resolution = Weight of LSB = 20mV; % Resolution = [1/(28-1)] x 100% 0.4%
11-5 10 bits---> 210-1 = 1023 steps; Resolution = 5V/1023 5mV
11-6 Assume resolution = 40A. The number of steps required to produce 10mA F.S. =
10mA/40A = 250. Therefore, it requires 8 bits.
11-7 Number of steps = 7; % Resolution = 1/7 = 14.3%; Step-size = 2V/7 = 0.286V
11-8 The glitches are caused by the temporary states of the counter as FFs change in response to clock.
11-9 12-bit DAC gives us 212-1 steps = 4095. Step-Size = F.S/# of steps = 2mA/4095 = 488.4nA
To have exactly 250 RPM the output of the DAC must be 500A. ((250 x 2mA)/1000RPM)
In order to have 500A at the output of the DAC, the computer must increment the input
of the DAC to the count of 1023.75. (500A/488.4nA)
Thus, the motor will rotate at 250.061 RPM when the computer's output has incremented
1024 steps.
11-10 Step Size (resolution) = VFS / (212 1) = 3.66 mV

% Resolution = step size / full scale x 100% = 3.66 mV / 15.0 V x 100% = 0.024%
0110100101012 = 168510
Vout = 1685 x 15 / 4095 = 6.17 V
11-11 The most significant 8 bits: DAC[9..2] => PORT[7..0].

Full scale is still 10 volts and step size is 39 mV.
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11-12 Number of steps = 12 V / 20mV = 600

2n 1 > 600, Thus, n = 10 bits.
11-13 (a) Step-Size = RF x (5V/8K) = 0.5V. Therefore, RF = 800
(b) No. Percentage resolution is independent of RF.
11-14 (a) IO = VREF/R = 250A

LSB = IO/8 = 31.25A
VOUT(LSB) = -31.25A x 10K = -0.3125V
VOUT(Full Scale) = -10K(31.25+62.5+125+250)A = -4.6875V
(b) (-2V/-4.6875V) = RF/10K

RF = 4.27K
(c) VOUT = K(VREF x B)

-2V = K(5V x 15)
K = -0.0267
11-15 With the current IC fabrication technology, it is very difficult to produce resistance
values over a wide resistance range. Thus, this would be the disadvantage of the
circuit of figure 11.7, especially if it was to have a large number of inputs.
11-16 (a) Absolute error = 0.2% x 10mA = 20A
(b) Step-Size = (F.S./# of steps) = 10mA/255 = 39.2A. Ideal output for 00000001 2
is 39.2A. The possible range is 39.2A 20A = 19.2A-59.2A. Thus, 50A is
within this range.
11-17 (a) 0.1 inches out of a total of 10 inches is a percentage resolution of 1%.
Thus, (1/2n-1) x 100% 1%. The smallest integer value of n which satisfies this
criteria is n=7.
(b) The potentiometer will not give a smoothly changing value of VP but will change in small
jumps due to the granularity of the material used as the resistance.
11-18 (a) Resistor network used in simple DAC using a an op-amp summing amplifier. Starting with
the MSB resistor, the resistor values increase by a factor of 2.
(b) Type of DAC where its internal resistance values only span a range of 2 to 1.
(c) Amount of time that it takes the output of a DAC to go from zero to within 1/2 step
size of its full-scale value as the input is changed from all 0s to all 1s.
(d) Term used by some DAC manufacturers to specify the accuracy of a DAC. It's
defined as the maximum deviation of a DAC's output from its expected ideal
value.
(e) Under ideal conditions the output of a DAC should be zero volts when the input is
all 0s. In reality, there is a very small output voltage for this situation. This
deviation from the ideal zero volts is called the offset error.
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11-19 Step-Size = 1.26V/63 = 20mV; 0.1% F.S. = 1.26mV = 1mV

Thus, maximum error will be 2.26 mV.
0000102 2 x 20mV = 40mV [41.5mV is within specs.]

0001112 7 x 20mV = 140mV [140.2mV is within specs.]
0011002 12 x 20mV = 240mV [242.5mV isn't within specs.]
1111112 63 x 20mV = 1.26V [1.258 V is within specs.]
11-20 The actual offset voltage is greater than 2mV. In fact, it appears to be around 8mV.
11-21 The DAC's binary input next to the LSB (00000000) is always HIGH. It is probably open.
11-22 The graph of Figure 11.32 would've resulted, if the two least significant inputs of the DAC were
reversed (000000002). Thus, the staircase would've incremented in the following sequence:
0,2,1,3,4,6,5,7,8,10,9,11,12,14,13,15.
11-23 A START pulse is applied to reset the counter and to keep pulses from passing through
the AND gate into the counter. At this point, the DAC output, VAX, is zero and EOC is
high.
When START returns low, the AND gate is enabled, and the counter is allowed to count.
The VAX signal is increased one step at a time until it exceeds VA. At that point, EOC
goes LOW to prevent further pulses from being counted. This signals the end of
conversion, and the digital equivalent of VA is present at the counter output.
11-24 (a) (Digital value) x (resolution) VA+VT; (Digital value) x (40mV) 6.001V = 6001mV.
Therefore, Digital value 150.025. This indicates a digital value of 151 or
written in binary 100101112.
(b) Using same method as in (a) the digital value is again 100101112.
(c) Maximum conversion time =(max. # of steps)x(T CLOCK); TCLOCK = (28-1) x (0.4s) = 102s.
Average conversion time = 102s/2 = 51s.
11-25 Because the difference in the two values of VA was smaller than the resolution of the converter.
11-26 The A/D converter has a full-scale value of (28-1) x 40mV=10.2V. Thus, a VA of 10.853V
would mean that the comparator output would never switch LOW. The counter would
keep counting indefinitely producing the waveform below at the D/A output.
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The circuit below can be used to indicate an over-scale condition.
11-27 (a) With 12 bits, percentage resolution is (1/(212-1)) x 100% = 0.024%.

Thus, quantization error = 0.024% x 5V = 1.2mV.
(b) Error due to .03% inaccuracy = .03% x 5V = 1.5mV.

Total Error = 1.2mV + 1.5mV = 2.7mV.
11-28 (a) With VA = 5.022V, the value of VAY must equal or exceed 5.023V to switch
COMP. Thus, VAX must equal or exceed 5.018V. This requires 5.018V/10mV =
501.8 = 502 steps.
This gives VAX = 5.02V and digital value 01111101102.
(b) VAY 5.029V, VAX 5.024V; # of steps = 5.024V/10mV = 502.4 = 503 steps (V AX =
5.03V). This gives digital value 01111101112.
(c) In (a) quantization error is VAX - VA = 5.02V - 5.022V = -2mV. In (b) VAX - VA =
5.03V - 5.028V = +2mV
11-29 01000111002 = 28410; At count of 28410, VAY = 2.84V + 5mV = 2.845V; At count
of 28310, VAY = 2.83V + 5mV = 2.835V. Thus, the range of VA = 2.8341V --->
2.844V
11-30
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For a more accurate reproduction of the signal, we must have an A/D converter with
much shorter conversion times. An increase in the number of bits of the converter will
also help, especially during those times when the original waveform changes rapidly.
11-31
(a) Since the Flash ADC samples at intervals of 75s, the sample frequency is 1/75s =13.33
kHz.
(b) The sine wave has a period of 100 s or a F=10 kHz. Therefore, the difference
between the sample frequency and the input sine wave frequency is 3.3 kHz.
(c) The frequency of the reconstructed waveform is approximately 1/300 s or 3.33 kHz.
11-32 (a) Input signal = 5 kHz; (b) Input signal = 9.9 kHz; (c) Input signal = 9.8 kHz
(d) Input signal = 5 kHz; (e) Input signal = 900 Hz; (f) Input signal = 800 Hz
11-33 (a) digital-ramp ADC; (b) successive approximation ADC; (c) successive approximation ADC
(d) both; (e) both; (f) digital-ramp ADC; (g) successive approximation ADC; (h) both
11-34
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11-35
11-36 80s: Conversion time is independent of VA.
11-37 t0: Set MSB (bit 5); t1: Set bit 4; clear bit 4; t2: Set bit 3; clear bit 3; t3: Set bit 2
t4: Set bit 1; clear bit 1; t5: Set LSB; Digital result = 1001012
11-38 The range is 3.0V ; The offset is 0.5V.; The Resolution = 3V/255 = 11.76mV : 10010111 2=15110
Thus, the value of the analog input is approximately (15110 x 11.76mV) + 0.5V = 2.276V
11-39 With VREF/2 = 2.0V, the range is = 4V ; The offset is 0.5V.

The Resolution = 4V/255 = 15.69mV : 100101112=15110. Thus, the value of the analog
input is approximately (15110 x 15.69mV) + 0.5V = 2.869V
11-40 (a) Since we must measure accurately from 50F to 101F, the digital value for 50F for
the best resolution should be 000000002.
(b) The voltage applied to the input VIN(-) should be 500mV. With VIN(-) = 500mV, when
the temperature is 50F the ADC output will be 000000002.
(c) The full range of voltage that will come in is: (101F x 0.01V) - (50F x 0.01V) = 510mV.
(d) A voltage of 255mV (full range/2) should be applied to VREF/2 input.
(e) An input temperature of 72F causes the LM34 sensor to output a voltage of (72F x
0.01V) = 720mV. However, since there is an offset voltage of 500mV, the ADC will
convert (720mV-500mV) = 220mV. The resolution will be 510mV/256 = 1.99mV, so
220mV/1.99mV = 11010 = 011011102.
(f) The sensor will change by 10mV for every 1F change. Therefore, an output change
of one step of the ADC (1.99mV) corresponds to a temperature change of 0.199F.
Thus, the resolution is 0.199F/step.
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11-41 Since a conversion would take place every 1s rather than the 1V/25s rate of
conversion, the result would've been a much closer reproduction of the analog signal.
11-42
11-43 (a) flash. (b) digital-ramp and SAC; (c) flash. (d) flash; (e) digital-ramp. (f) digital-
ramp, SAC, and flash; (g) SAC and flash.
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11-44 (a) pipelined

(b) flash ADC
(c) voltage-to-frequency ADC
(d) voltage-to-frequency ADC
(e) dual-slope ADC
(f) dual-slope ADC.
11-45 If the switch is stuck closed, the output will follow VA. If the switch is stuck open, or if
Ch is shorted, the output will be 0V.
11-46
A MOD-16 counter is used between the 50KHz clock and the clock input of the MOD-
4 counter because a 320s time delay is needed for the proper operation of the
circuit. The 320s was determined according to the following requirements:
(a) 200s for the time conversion (10-bits x clock period).
(b) The outputs must remain stable for 100s after the conversion is complete.
(c) A 10s delay (OS1) is needed in order to allow the analog signal VA to stabilize
before the ADC is given a Start pulse
(d) Finally, a 10s-duration Start pulse is required (OS2).
11-47 (a) The CS signal is LOW only when ALE=0 and the following address is on the address bus:
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7-->A0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 x--->x = EAXX16
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(b) Add an inverter between address line A9 and input A1 of the 74LS138.
(c) 1. Remove the inverter between address line A12 and the NAND gate.
2. Change CS from output 2 of the 74LS138 to output 7.
11-48 Yes. Connect the two least significant bits (b0 and b1) to ground. Attach b2 through
b9 from the ADC to the port.
11-49
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IN[n] (v) 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10
OUT[n] (v) 0 0 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 10 10
11-50
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
IN[n] (v) 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10
OUT[n] (v) 0 0 0 0 4 7 9 10 10 10
11-51 Multiply Accumulate
11-52 (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) T (e) F (f) T (g) F (h) T
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CHAPTER TWELVE - Memory Devices
12-1 6x1,024 = 16,384 words; 32 bits/word; 16,384x32 = 524,288 cells
12-2 16,384 addresses; one per word.
12-3 216= 65,536 words = 64K. Thus, memory capacity is 64Kx4.
12-4 Data input lines = 16; Data output lines = 16; Address lines = 13 (2 N = 8192)
Capacity in bytes = 16,384 ((8192x16)/8)
12-5 (a) Random Access Memory (RAM) - Memory in which the access time is the same for any location.
(b) Read/Write Memory (RWM) - Any memory that can be read from and written into with equal ease.
(c) Read-Only Memory (ROM) - Memory devices that are designed for applications where the ratio of
read operations to write operations is very high.
(d) Internal Memory - This is also referred to as the computer's main memory. It stores the
instructions and data that the CPU is currently working on.
(e) Auxiliary Memory - This type of memory is also referred to as mass storage. It stores large
amounts of data without the need for electrical power.
(f) Capacity - A way of specifying how many bits can be stored in a particular memory device or
complete memory system.
(g) Volatile - Any type of memory that requires the application of electrical power in order to store
information.
(h) Density - Another term for Capacity.
(i) Read - The operation whereby the binary word stored in a specific memory location is sensed
and then transferred to another device.
(j) Write - The operation whereby a new word is placed into a particular memory location.
12-6 (a) Address bus, Data bus, and Control bus; (b) Address bus; (c) Data bus. (d) CPU.
12-7 (a) CS 1 produces Hi-Z state outputs; (b) Data out = 11101101
12-8 (a) Only register 11 will have both enable inputs activated; (b) Input address code 0100
will activate both enable inputs of register 4.
12-9 (a) 16K = 16,384. (b) There are 4 bits per register; (c) 16,384 = 214 = 27x27 = 128x128.
Thus, two 1-of-128 decoders are required.
12-10 (a) True; (b)Process of entering data into the ROM; (c) The delay between the
application of a ROM's inputs and the appearance of the data outputs during a READ
operation.
(d) Data Inputs = 4; Data Outputs = 4; Address Inputs = 10; (e) Its function is to activate
one row-select line and one column-select line.
12-11 Since the address inputs to the ROM are stable 500ns prior to the TRANSFER pulse,
then our only concern is to accommodate the tOE delay of 120ns. Thus, the PGT of
TRANSFER should not occur for at least 120ns after its NGT. This neglects the set-up
time requirement of the 74ALS273.
12-12 Since the address inputs will have changed only 70ns prior to the NGT of the
TRANSFER pulse, we have to accommodate the access time requirement of 250ns.
Thus, the PGT of the TRANSFER PULSE should occur for at least 180ns after the NGT.
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217
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12-13 (a) PROM; (b) MROM; (c) All of these memories are nonvolatile; (d) EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH.
(e) EEPROM; (f) EPROM; (g) EEPROM, FLASH; (h) PROM; (i) FLASH; (j) EEPROM, FLASH.
(k) PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH. (l) EPROM
12-14 Row 3 will be active (HIGH). Thus, transistors Q13, Q14 and Q15 will be conducting.
12-15
Row 0: Connections to the bases of transistors Q3 and Q1 will be made. Connections to the bases
of transistors Q0 and Q2 will be unconnected.
Row 1: Connection to the base of transistor Q4 will be made. Connections to the bases of
transistors Q5, Q6 and Q7 will be unconnected.
Row 2: Connections to the bases of transistors Q8, Q10 and Q11 will be made. Connection to the
base of transistor Q9 will be unconnected.
Row 3: Connections to the bases of transistors Q12, Q13 and Q14 will be made. Connection to the
base of transistor Q15 will be unconnected.
12-16 (a) Counter is initially RESET so that address inputs to EPROM are 000000000000. Switches
are set for desired data. The PROGRAM push-button is depressed and released. This
triggers OS to apply an inverted 50ms PROGRAM PULSE to the EPROM. The NGT of the
PROGRAM PULSE increments the counter to the next address. Likewise, the inverted
PROGRAM PULSE programs the 2732 EPROM with data from the switches. This process
is repeated until each EPROM address has been programmed with desired data.
(b)
(c) Switch bounce should have no effect because the bounce duration will not exceed 50ms.
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218
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12-17 (a) Invert A15 and drive CD; Connect RD to OE; Connect WR to WE.
(b) The Data Bus
(c) A WRITE cycle
12-18 Each data output waveform will change according to the truth table as the counter
sequences through the various addresses. The D0 waveform is shown below.
12-19
Change D7 in truth-table of figure 12.6 (b) so that it has the levels shown above at the various
addresses. Therefore, the hex data will be 5E, BA, 05, 2F, 99, FB, 00, ED, 3C, FF, B8, C7, 27, EA,
52, 5B.
12-20 (a) 100Hz x 256 = 25.6KHz; (b) Adjust Vref.
12-21
(a) Multiplexer
(b) Demultiplexer
(c) To update all DACs simultaneously
(d)
Wave A9 A8 Number
Triangle 1 1 3
Sine 0 0 0
+ Ramp 0 1 1
-Ramp 1 0 2
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219
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12-22 (a)
(b)
B 120
. Thus, B = 8510 = 55H
FFH 360
C 240
. Thus, C = 17010 = AAH
FFH 360
(c) 1-Cycle = 256 points 60 cycles/sec = 60 x 256 points/sec = 15,360 Hz
(d) Sequencer outputs A, B, and C must remain active long enough to allow for tpd
of the counter, tacc of the ROM, and tpd of the octal latch.
TCK(min) = 10+20+5 = 35ns
FCK(max) = 1/TCK(min) = 1/35ns = 28.6 MHz
(e) It takes 4 cycles of CK for each DAC-OUT pulse and 256 DAC-OUT pulses per cycle.
TSINE = TCK x 4 x 256 = 35.84 s
FSINE = 1/TSINE = 1/35.84 s = 27.9 kHz
(f) It supplies the Most-significant address bits to ROM to select the type of waveform.
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220
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12-23
12-24 Refer to figure 12.22:
(a) tACC=100ns: (b) tOD=30ns: (c) tRC=100ns; 1/100ns=10 million: (d) tAS=20ns:
(b) (e) tDS+tDH=30ns: (f) tAH=tWC-(tAS+tW )=40ns: (g) tWC=100ns; 1/100ns=10 million
12-25
We save 9 address pins by using address multiplexing, but we need RAS and CAS
signals instead of a single CS. Thus, we save a Net Total of 8 pins.
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221
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12-26
12-27
12-28/29 See section 12.15 of text book.
12-30 The cycles of CAS -before- CAS must be applied at least every 7.8s (4ms/512) in
order for the data to be retained.
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12-31 (a) 2 select bits: 22 = 4 banks.

(b) 8 MB / 4 banks = 2 MB per bank
(c) 12 address bits specify the row address: 212 = 4096 rows.
(d) 2 MB per bank = 221. Row address uses 12 bits. Column address must use the rest.
21-12 = 9 bits in the column address register.
12-32
12.33
SRAM 0 has an address range from 000016-1FFF16

SRAM 1 has an address range from 200016-3FFF16
12-34 1)Add four more PROMs (PROM-4 through PROM-7) to the circuit of fig.12.37.
2) Connect AB13 to C input of the 3-line-to-8-line decoder.
3) Connect outputs 4 through 7 of the decoder to the CS inputs of PROMS 4 through 7
respectively.
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12-35 (1) Connect AB13, AB14, and AB15 to the inputs of a 3-input OR gate.
(2) Replace the existing LOW at input C of the decoder with the output of the OR gate.
12-36 (a) The RAM

(b) No. The chip is completely decoded, only one address accesses this memory location.
(c) 6007 stores in the EEPROM. Since A11, A12 are not involved in decoding (don't cares)
there are other addresses in the system that will access the same memory location in the
EEPROM as address 6007. They are 6807, 7007, and 7807.
(d) Storing a byte at 6800 will actually write over (and destroy) the byte that was previously
stored at address 6000. A careful programmer will avoid this situation.
12-37
* Each 64Kx8 module consists of two 64Kx4 RAM chips with their address inputs, chip select
inputs and R/W inputs tied in parallel.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN - Programmable Logic Device Architectures
13-1 (a) Standard logic refers to SSI and MSI chips that provide basic digital functions.
(b) ASICs are ICs that are designed to implement a specific application.
(c) Microprocessor/DSP devices control components in a system and manipulate data
by executing a program of instructions,
13-2 The necessary speed of operation for the circuit, cost of manufacturing, system power
consumption, system size, amount of time available to design the product, etc.
13-3 Because its functionality is determined by the program of instructions, the "software."
13-4 Speed of operation.
13-5 (a) PLDs use programmable electronic switches to create the desired functionality using
the logic hardware available on the IC.
(b) Gate arrays use customized interconnections, created during IC fabrication, between
the prefabricated gates on a silicon wafer to create the desired functionality.
(b) Standard cells use predefined logic function building blocks to create the desired
functionality in an IC.
(c) Full custom employs layout of components and interconnections to design an IC for
the desired application.
13-6 Advantages: highest speed and smallest die area.

Disadvantages: design/development time and expense.
13-7 Fuse, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash, SRAM, Antifuse;

OTP: Fuse and Antifuse;
Volatile: SRAM
13-8 SRAM-based PLDs must be configured (programmed) upon power-up
13-9 (a) LAB (Logic Array Block) is a set of 16 macrocells.

(b) PIA (Programmable Interconnect Array) is a bus that connects signal sources and
destinations within the CPLD.
(c) Macrocell is the programmable logic block containing an AND/OR circuit & a flip-flop to
create desired logic functions.
13-10 In a PLD programmer or in-system (via JTAG interface)
13-11 Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) interface
13-12 An LUT is a Look Up Table, used to define logic functions using SRAM memory.
13-13 MAX7000S uses AND/OR array and the MX II uses a look-up table (LUT).
13-14 SRAM
13-15 By configuring itself automatically at power-up from the on-chip configuration flash
memory (CFM).
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225

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INSTRUCTOR'S RESOURCE MANUAL

by Ronald J. Tocci/Neal S. Widmer/Gregory L. Moss

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken

RONALD J. TOCCI/NEAL S. WIDMER/GREGORY L. MOSS

DIGITAL SYSTEMS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 1 Introductory Concepts 1

CHAPTER 2 Number Systems and Codes 3

CHAPTER 3 Describing Logic Circuits 12

CHAPTER 4 Combinational Logic Circuits 34

CHAPTER 5 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 59

CHAPTER 6 Digital Arithmetic: Operations and Circuits 87

CHAPTER 7 Counters and Registers 103

CHAPTER 8 Integrated-Circuit Logic Families 156

CHAPTER 9 MSI Logic Circuits 166

CHAPTER 10 Digital System Projects Using HDL 189

CHAPTER 11 Interfacing with the Analog World 208

CHAPTER 12 Memory Devices 217

CHAPTER 13 Programmable Logic Device Architectures 225

CHAPTER ONE - Introductory Concepts

1-5 (a) DOOR_OPEN

0.2V 4ms 4ms

1-7 T = 6ms ; F = 1/6ms = 167Hz ; DC = 4/6 = 66.7%

1-9 T = 7ms ; F = 1/7ms = 143Hz ; DC = 5/7 = 71.4%

1-10 (a) PERIODIC ; T = 4s ; F = 250 KHz ; DC = 1/4 = 25%

1-11 (a), (e) are digital.

1-12 (a), (e) are analog

1-13 (a) 110012 = 16+8+1 = 2510

1-14 (a) 100112 = 16+2+1 = 1910

1-15 0002, 0012, 0102, 0112, 1002, 1012, 1102, 1112

1-17 2N-1 = 210-1 = 1023

1-18 2N-1 = 214-1 = 16,383

1-19 28 = 256 and 29 = 512, therefore 9 bits are needed.

1-20 2N-1 = 63, therefore 6 bits are needed.

1-21 (a) Increasing time between samples decreases quality.

CHAPTER TWO - Number Systems and Codes

2-1 (a) 101102 = 16+4+2 = 2210

2-2 (a) 3710 = 32+4+1 = 1001012

2-3 (28-1) = 25510 ; (216-1) = 65,53510

2-4 (a) 74316 = 7x162+4x161+3x160 = 185910

2-5 (a) 59/16 = 3 Remainder of 11 (B)}

(b) 372/16 = 23 Remainder of 4 }

(c) 919/16 = 57 Remainder of 7 }

(d) 1024/16 = 64 Remainder of 0 }

(e) 771/16 = 48 Remainder of 3 }

(f) 2313/16 = 144 Remainder of 9 }

(g) 65536/16 = 4096 Remainder of 0 }

(h) 255/16 = 15 Remainder of 15 (F)}

(i) 29/16 =1 Remainder of 13 (D)}

(j) 33/16 =2 Remainder of 1 }

(k) 100/16 =6 Remainder of 4 }

(l) 200/16 = 12 Remainder of 8 }

2-6 (a) 74316 = 111010000112

(f) ABCD16 = 10101011110011012

2-7 (a) 101102 =1616

2-9 2133/16 = 133 Remainder of 5 }

2-11(a) 9216 = 9x161+2x160 = 14610

2-12 (a) 75/16 =4 Remainder of 11 [B] }

(b) 314/16 = 19 Remainder of 10 [A] }

(c) 2048/16 = 128 Remainder of 0 }

(d) 24/16 =1 Remainder of 8