At the end of the lesson, you should be able

to:
Solve with two types of units.
Derive the different equations used for
particles in rectilinear motion and apply
these derived equations in solving uniform
and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion
problems.
Apply graphing techniques in solving
rectilinear motion problems.
Apply integration techniques in solving
rectilinear motion problems.
 Particle moving along a straight line is said
to be in rectilinear motion.
Position coordinate of a particle is defined by
positive or negative distance of particle from
a fixed origin on the line.

The motion of a particle is known if the

position coordinate for particle is known for
every value of time t. Motion of the particle
may be expressed in the form of a function,
i.e.,

x(t ) 6t 2 t 3
or in the form of a graph x vs. t.
 Consider particle which occupies position P
at time t, and P at t +Dt,

Dx
Average velocity
Dt
Dx
Instantaneous velocity v lim
Dt 0 Dt

Instantaneous velocity may be positive or

negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred
to as particle speed.
 From the definition of a derivative,

Dx dx
v lim
Dt 0 Dt dt

x(t ) 6t 2 t 3
dx
v(t ) 12t 3t 2
dt
 Consider particle with velocity v at time t
and v at t+Dt,

Dv
Instantaneous acceleration a lim
Dt 0 Dt

Instantaneous acceleration may be:

- positive: increasing positive velocity
or decreasing negative velocity
- negative: decreasing positive velocity
or increasing negative velocity.
 From the definition of a derivative,

Dv dv d 2 x
a lim 2
Dt 0 Dt dt dt
e.g. v 12t 3t 2
dv
a 12 6t
dt
 Consider particle with motion given by

x 6t 2 t 3
dx
v 12t 3t 2
dt
dv d 2 x
a 2 12 6t
dt dt

at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2

at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0

at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2

at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = 24 m/s2

11 - 8
 Sample Problem:
The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation 1 3
x t 36t
3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
Draw the (a) x-t, (b) v-t, and (c) a-t curves,
and (d) determine when the velocity is zero,
(e) the interval where the particle is moving
to the right, (f) the total distance traveled
when t=6s.
 Exercise:
The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation x t 3 6t 2 9t 3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
Draw the (a) x-t, (b) v-t, and (c) a-t curves,
and (d) determine when the velocity is zero,
(e) the interval where the particle is moving
to the right, (f) the total distance traveled
when t=6s.
 Uniform Rectilinear Motion:
For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the
acceleration is zero and the velocity is
constant.
dx
v constant
dt
x t

dx v dt
x0 0
x x0 vt
x x0 vt
 Sample Problem:
An automobile is driven along a straight
line at 30 mph for 12 min, then at 40 mph
for 20 min, and finally at 50 mph for 8 min.
(a) What is its average speed over this
interval?
(b) How fast must the automobile move in
the last 8 min to obtain an average speed
of 35 mph?
 Example:
Car A at a gasoline station stays there
for 10 minutes after a car B passes at an
average speed of 50 kph. How long will it
take car A moving at an average speed of
60 kph to overtake car B?
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:
For particle in uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the
particle is constant.

v t

dv
a constant
dv a dt
v0 0
dt
v v0 at
v v0 at
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:

x t

dx dx v 0 at dt
v0 at x0 0
dt
x x0 v0t 12 at 2
x x0 v0t at 1
2
2
 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion:

v x

dv v dv a dx
v a constant v0 x0
dx 1
2 v 2

v02 a x x0
v 2 v02 2a x x0
 Sample Problem:
A stone is dropped down a well and 5
seconds later the sound of splash is heard.
If the velocity of the sound is 1120 fps,
what is the depth of the well? (Ans. 353
ft)
Ball tossed with 10 m/s
vertical velocity from
window 20 m above ground.

Determine:
velocity and elevation above
ground at time t,
highest elevation reached by
ball and corresponding time,
and
time when ball will hit the
ground and corresponding
velocity.
SOLUTION:
Integrate twice to find v(t) and
y(t).
Solve for t at which velocity equals
zero (time for maximum elevation)
and evaluate corresponding
altitude.
Solve for t at which altitude equals
zero (time for ground impact) and
evaluate corresponding velocity.
SOLUTION:
Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).

dv
a 9.81m s 2
dt
vt t
dv 9.81dt vt v0 9.81t
v0 0
m m
vt 10 9.81 2 t
s s
dy
v 10 9.81t
dt
yt t
dy 10 9.81t dt yt y0 10t 12 9.81t 2
y0 0
m
yt 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2
m
s s
 Solve for t at which velocity equals zero and
evaluate corresponding altitude.

m m
vt 10 9.81 2 t 0
s s
t 1.019s

Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and

evaluate corresponding velocity.

m
yt 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2
m
s s
m
y 20 m 10 1.019s 4.905 2 1.019s2
m
s s
y 25.1m
 Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and
evaluate corresponding velocity.

m
yt 20 m 10 t 4.905 2 t 2 0
m
s s
t 1.243s meaningless
t 3.28s

m m
vt 10 9.81 2 t
s s
m m
v3.28s 10 9.81 2 3.28s
s s
m
v 22.2
s
 Example:
A sprinter in a 400-m race accelerates
uniformly for the first 130 m and then
runs with constant velocity. If the
sprinters time for the first 130m is 25s,
determine
(a) his acceleration,
(b) his final velocity,
(c) his time for the race.
 Exercise:
The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation 1 3
x t 36t
3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
(a) Find the average acceleration during the
4th second. (b) When the particle reverses its
direction, what is its acceleration? (Ans. 7
fps2, 12 fps2)
 Exercise:
The acceleration of a particle is defined by
the relation
a 9 3t 2

The particle starts at t=0 with v=0 and

x=10m. Determine (a) the time when the
velocity is again zero, (b) the position and
velocity when t=5s , (c) the total distance
traveled by the particle from t=0 to t=5s.
 Sample Problem:
A sandbag is dropped from a
hot air balloon. The net effect
of both aerodynamic drag and
gravity is to produce an
acceleration = .
m/s2, where c (= 6.00104 m1)
is a drag coefficient when v is
expressed in m/s. Determine
the sandbags speed after it has
fallen 400 m. (Ans. 79.0 m/s)
 Exercise:
A minivan is tested for acceleration and braking. In
the street-start acceleration test, the elapsed time
is 8.2s for a velocity increase from 10km/h to
100km/h. In the braking test, the distance traveled
is 44m during braking to a stop from 100km/h.
Determine
(a) the acceleration during street-start test,

(b) the deceleration during the braking test.

 Exercise:
Cars A and B are traveling in adjacent highway lanes
and at t=0 have the position and speeds shown.
Knowing that car A has a constant acceleration of
0.6m/s2 and that B has a constant deceleration of
0.4m/s2, determine
(a) when and where A will overtake B,

(b) the speed of each car at that time.

 Given the x-t curve, the v-t curve is equal to
the x-t curve slope. :
Given the v-t curve, the a-t curve is equal to
the v-t curve slope.
 Given the a-t curve, the change in velocity
between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under
the a-t curve between t1 and t2.
 Given the v-t curve, the change in position
between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under
the v-t curve between t1 and t2. :
 Sample Problem:
A particle moves in a straight line with a
constant acceleration of -2.5 m/s2 for 6s, zero
acceleration for the next 5s, and a constant
acceleration of 3 m/s2 for 4s. Knowing that
the particle starts from the origin and that its
velocity is 4 m/s during the zero acceleration
time interval, draw the (a) a-t, (b) v-t, and (c)
x-t curves, and (d) determine the position and
the velocity of the particle and the total
distance traveled when t = 15s.
 Example:
Consider an object that moves with a constant
velocity of +5 m/s for a time period of 5 seconds
and then accelerates to a final velocity of +15
m/s over the next 5 seconds. Draw the (a) v-t,
(b) a-t, and (c) x-t curves, and (d) determine the
distance travelled by the object.
 Answer:

Rectangle Triangle
Area = base * height Area = 0.5 * base * height
Area = (10 s) * (5 m/s) Area = 0.5 * (5 s) * (10 m/s)

Area = 50 m Area = 25 m

The total area (rectangle plus triangle) is equal to 75 m.

Thus the displacement of the object is 75 meters during the
10 seconds of motion.
 Answer:

Since this motion has two separate acceleration stages, any kinematic
analysis requires that the motion parameters for the first 5 seconds not be
mixed with the motion parameters for the last 5 seconds.

a = 0 m/s2 a = 2 m/s2

The total displacement during the first 10

seconds of motion is 75 meters
 Example:
A subway car leaves station A; it gains speed
at the rate of 4 ft/s2 for 6 s and then at the
rate of 6 ft/s2 until it has reached the speed
of 48 ft/s. The car maintains the same speed
for a while, brakes are then applied giving the
car a constant deceleration and bringing it to
a stop in 6 s. The total running time from A
to B is 40 s. Draw the (a) a-t, (b) v-t, and (c)
x-t curves, and (d) determine the distance
between stations A and B.
 Answer:
 Answer:
 Exercise:
Otto Emissions is driving his car at 25.0 m/s. Otto
accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 for 5 seconds. Otto then
maintains a constant velocity for 10.0 more seconds.
(a) Represent the 15 seconds of Otto Emission's
motion by sketching a velocity-time graph. Use the
graph to determine the distance that Otto traveled
during the entire 15 seconds.
(b) Finally, break the motion into its two segments
and use kinematic equations to calculate the total
distance traveled during the entire 15 seconds.
 Exercise:
 Exercise:
 Other Graphical Methods:

Moment-area method to determine particle position at

time t directly from the a-t curve:
x1 x0 area under v t curve
v1
v0t1 t1 t dv
v0

using dv = a dt ,
v1
x1 x0 v0t1 t1 t a dt
v0
 Other Graphical Methods:

v1
t1 t a dt first moment of area under a-t curve
v0 with respect to t = t1 line.

x1 x0 v0t1 area under a-t curvet1 t

t abscissa of centroid C
 Exercise:
An elevator starts from rest and rises 40 m
to its maximum velocity in T s with the
acceleration record shown below. Determine
(a) the required time T, (b) the maximum
velocity, (c) the velocity and position of the
elevator at t=T/2.
 Effective Listening