UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

Centre : Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS) Unit Code : FHSC 1034
Course : Foundation in Science Unit Title : Waves and Modern Physics
Year/ : Year 1 / Trimester 2 & 3 Lecturer :
Trimester
Session : 2015/10

Tutorial No.8 Quantum Physics (Part 1)

1. When light of wavelength 350 nm falls on a potassium surface, electrons having a maximum
kinetic energy of 1.31 eV are emitted. Find (a) the work function of potassium, (b) the cutoff
wavelength, and (c) the frequency corresponding to the cutoff wavelength.
[Ans: 2.24 eV, 555 nm, 5.411014 Hz]

2. Lithium, beryllium, and mercury have work functions of 2.30 eV, 3.90 eV, and 4.50 eV,
respectively. If 400-nm light is incident on each of these metals, determine (a) which metals
exhibit the photoelectric effect and (b) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons in each
case. [Ans: Li, 0.81 eV]

3. When light of wavelength 254 nm falls on cesium, the required stopping potential is 3.00 V. If
light of wavelength 436 nm is used, the stopping potential is 0.900 V. Use this information to plot
a graph of KEmax versus frequency, and from the graph determine the cutoff frequency for
cesium and its work function. [Ans: 4.81014 Hz, 2.0 eV]

4. Ultraviolet light is incident normally on the surface of a certain substance. The binding energy of
the electrons in this substance is 3.44 eV. The incident light has an intensity of 0.055 W/m 2. The
electrons are photoelectrically emitted with a maximum speed of 4.2 105 m/s. How many
electrons are emitted from a square centimeter of the surface each second? Assume that the
absorption of every photon ejects an electron. [Ans: 8.71012]

5. The extremes of the x-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum range from approximately 1.0
108 m to 1.0 1013 m. Find the minimum accelerating voltages required to produce
wavelengths at these two extremes. [Ans: 1.2102 V, 1.2107 V]

6. Calculate the minimum-wavelength x-ray that can be produced when a target is struck by an
electron that has been accelerated through a potential difference of (a) 15.0 kV and (b) 100 kV.
[Ans: 8.2910-11 m, 1.2410-11 m]

7. What minimum accelerating voltage would be required to produce an x-ray with a wavelength of
0.030 0 nm? [Ans: 41.4 kV]

8. A 0.001 6-nm photon scatters from a free electron. For what (photon) scattering angle will the
recoiling electron and scattered photon have the same kinetic energy? [Ans: 70]

9. X-rays with an energy of 300 keV undergo Compton scattering from a target. If the scattered rays
are deflected at 37.0 relative to the direction of the incident rays, find (a) the Compton shift at
this angle, (b) the energy of the scattered x-ray, and (c) the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron.
[Ans: 4.8910-4 nm, 268 keV, 32 keV]

10. A 0.110-nm photon collides with a stationary electron. After the collision, the electron moves
forward and the photon recoils backwards. Find the momentum and kinetic energy of the electron.
[Ans: 1.1810-23 kgm/s, 478 eV]
11. A monoenergetic beam of electrons is incident on a single slit of width 0.500 nm. A diffraction
pattern is formed on a screen 20.0 cm from the slit. If the distance between successive minima of
the diffraction pattern is 2.10 cm, what is the energy of the incident electrons? [Ans: 547 eV]
 UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
Centre : Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS) Unit Code : FHSC 1034
Course : Foundation in Science Unit Title : Waves and Modern Physics
Year/ : Year 1 / Trimester 2 & 3 Lecturer :
Trimester
Session : 2015/10

Tutorial No.8 Quantum Physics (Part 1)

1. (a) From the photoelectric effect equation, the work function is

hc
KEmax , or

6.63 10 34

J s 3.00 108 m s
1 eV
9 19 1.31 eV
350 10 m 1.60 10 J

2.24 eV

(b) c
hc

6.63 10
J s 3.00 108 m s
34
1 eV
555 nm
2.24 eV 19
1.60 10 J
c 3.00 108 m s
(c) f c 5.41 1014 Hz
c 555 109 m

2. (a) The energy of the incident photons is

E
hc

6.63 10 34

J s 3.00 108 m s 1 eV
3.11 eV
9
400 10 m 19
1.60 10 J

For photo-electric emission to occur, it is necessary that E . Thus, of the three

metals given, only lithium will exhibit the photo-electric effect.
hc
(b) For lithium, KEmax 3.11 eV 2.30 eV 0.81 eV

3. The two light frequencies allowed to strike the surface are

c 3.00 108 m s
f1 11.8 1014 Hz
1 254 109 m
3.00 108 m s
and f2 6.88 1014 Hz
436 109 m
The graph you draw should look
somewhat like that given at the
right.

The desired quantities, read

from the axis intercepts of the
graph line, should agree within
their uncertainties with
f c 4.8 1014 Hz and 2.0 eV
4. The total energy absorbed by an electron is
1.60 1019 J 1

2
E KEmax 3.44 eV 31
9.11 10 kg 4.2 10 m s
5

1 eV 2
or 19
E 6.3 10 J

The energy absorbed by a square centimeter of surface in one second is

E Pt I A t 0.055 W m2 1.00 104 m2 1.00 s 5.5 106 J
so the number of electrons released per second is
E 5.5 106 J
N 19
8.7 1012
E 6.3 10 J

5. Assuming the electron produces a single photon as it comes to rest, the energy of that
photon is E KE i eV . The accelerating voltage is then
hc 6.63 10 J s 3.00 10 m s 1.24 106 V m
34 8
E
V
e e 1.60 10-19 C
1.24 106 V m
For 1.0 108 m , V 8
1.2 102 V
1.0 10 m

1.24 106 V m
and for 1.0 1013 m , V 13
1.2 107 V
1.0 10 m

6. A photon of maximum energy and minimum wavelength is produced when the

electron gives up all its kinetic energy in a single collision.

hc 6.63 10 J s 3.00 10 m s 1.24 106 V m

34 8
hc
min
E max
eV 1.60 10-19 CV V
1.24 106 V m
(a) If V 15.0 kV , min 8.29 1011 m
15.0 10 V
3

1.24 106 V m
(b) If V 100 kV , min 1.24 1011 m
100 103 V

KE E hc 6.63 10 J s 3.00 10 m s
34 8

7. V
e e e 1.60 1019 C 0.030 0 10 9 m

4.14 104 V= 41.4 kV

8. If the scattered photon has energy equal to the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron,
the energy of the incident photon is divided equally between them. Thus,

E
E 0

hc

hc
, so 2 0 and 2 0 0 0.001 6 nm
2 2 0

The Compton scattering formula then gives the scattering angle as

1 0.001 6 nm
cos1 1 cos 1 70
C 0.002 43 nm

9. (a) C 1 cos 0.002 43 nm 1 cos37.0 4.89 104 nm

(b) The wavelength of the incident x-rays is

0
hc

6.63 1034 J s 3.00 108 m s 1 nm 4.14 103 nm
E 300 keV 1.60 1016 J keV 10-9 m
0

so the scattered wavelength is 0 4.63 103 nm

The energy of the scattered photons is then

E
hc

6.63 10 34
J s 3.00 108 m s 1 keV
1.60 1016 J 268 keV
4.63 10 3
nm 10 m 1 nm
-9

(c) The kinetic energy of the recoiling electrons is
KE E E 300 keV 268 keV 32 keV
0

10. This is Compton scattering with 180 . The Compton

shift is C 1 cos180 2 C 0.004 86 nm , and the
scattered wavelength is
0 0.110 0.004 86 nm=0.115 nm

The kinetic energy of the recoiling electron is then

1 1 hc
KE E E hc
0 0
0

6.63 10 34

J s 3.00 108 m s 0.004 86 nm
7.65 1017 J
0.110 10 9

m 0.115 nm

or
KE 7.65 1017 J 1 eV 1.60 10-19 J 478 eV
The momentum of the recoiling electron (non-relativistic) is

pe 2 me KE 2 9.11 1031 kg 7.65 1017 J 1.18 1023 kg m s

11. Tthe minima (or dark fringes) in a single slit diffraction pattern occur where
sin m a for m 1, 2, 3, Here, is the wavelength of the wave passing
through the slit of width a. When the fringes are observed on a screen at distance L
from the slit, the distance from the central maximum to the minima of order m is given
by ym L tanm L sin m m L a . The spacing between successive minima is then
L
y ym1 ym
a

Hence, if y 2.10 cm when L 20.0 cm and a 0.500 nm , the de Broglie wavelength of

the electrons passing through the slit must be
a 0.500 109 m
y 2.10 102 m 2
11
5.25 10 m

L 20.0 10 m

The momentum of one of these electrons is then

h 6.63 1034 J s
p 1.263 1023 kg m s
5.25 10-11 m

and, assuming the electron is non-relativistic, its kinetic energy is

1.263 1023 kg m s 1 eV 547 eV
2
p2
KE
2 9.11 1031 kg 1.60 10 J
-19
2me