Chapter 11 Student Notes

Chapter 11: The Mole
Chapter 11.1 The Mole

Definitions
Mole: (abbreviation _______________) used to measure the _______________
of a substance. It is equal to _________________________ representative
particles.
Avogadros Number: the volume of one mole (equals

_________________________)
Calculating Number of Particles/Atoms
Number of particles =
eg.
Practice Problems #1-3, page 311
Calculating Number of Moles
Number of moles =
eg.
1
Practice Problems #4, page 312
Moles
23 23
X 6.02 X 10 6.02 X 10
# of Particles
Chapter 11.2 Mass and the Mole

Definitions
Molecule: when two or more atoms bond together
Molecular Mass: to find the mass of a molecule, add the _______________ of all
the ________________ in that molecule.
eg.
amu: _______________ _______________ _______________
Molar Mass: mass of one mole of the substance. It is equal to the

_______________ _______________ but instead of amu, it has the units _______
eg.
2
Calculating Number of Moles from Mass
# moles =
eg.
Calculating Mass from Number of Moles
Mass of sample = _________________________ x ____________________
eg.
Moles
molecular mass mass sample

X # moles molecular mass
Mass
3
Calculating Atoms from Mass
When converting from atoms to mass, you must convert to

_______________ first.
eg.
Practice Problem #13, page 318
Calculating Mass from Atoms
Just like converting mass to atoms, when converting atoms to mass, you
must convert to moles first.
eg.
# of Particles
Moles
Mass
Assessment Questions: #9 page 312; #15, 18, 19 page 319; #96, 104 page 347
**make sure you show your work!
4
Chapter 11.3: Moles of Compounds
Useful Figure
- Figure 11-8, page 327
-
Convert Moles of a Molecule to Moles of an Atom in the Molecule
Use the ratio of _______________ to the number of the specific atom in
that _______________.
You can think of cookies If you have 1 dozen cookies, each with 8
chocolate chips, how many chocolate chips are there in total?
eg. For one mole C6H12O6:

Moles of C =
Moles of H =
Moles of O =
eg. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), often called alumina, is the principal raw
material for the production of aluminum. Alumina occurs in the
minerals corundum and bauxite. Determine the moles of aluminum ions
(Al3+) in 1.25 moles of aluminum oxide.
Practice Problems #20-26, page 321 & 322 (includes a review on the molar mass
of compounds)
5
Mole to Mass Conversion for Compounds
Use the same equation as in section 11.2, but calculate the mass of the
entire compound instead of single atom.
eg. The characteristic odour of garlic is due to the compound allyl sulfide
((C3H5)2S). What is the mass of 2.50 moles of allyl sulfide?

Mass to Mole Conversion for Compounds
eg. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is used to remove sulfur dioxide from the
exhaust gases emitted by power plants and for softening water by the
elimination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Calculate the number of moles of
calcium hydroxide in 325 g.
Converting Mass to Moles to Particles

Dont forget when converting mass to particles, convert to
_______________ first!
eg. How many hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in a 6.0 gram sample of
water?
6
eg. Aluminum chloride is used in refining petroleum and manufacturing
rubber and lubricants. A sample of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) has a mass
of 35.6 g.
a. How many aluminum ions are present?
b. How many chloride ions are present?
c. What is the mass in grams of one formula unit of aluminum chloride?
Note: Particle = atom = ion
Assessment Questions: #38, page 327; 108a, page 347; 132, page 348
7
Chapter 11.4 Empirical & Molecular Formulas
Definition
Percent by mass: the percentage of each element in a compound, can be
calculated if you are given the _______________ formula.
Percent by mass =
eg.
Gum A Gum B
Initial
Mass (g)
Final
Mass (g)
Mass
Sweetner (g)
% Composition
Sweetner (%)
MiniLab pg 329
Practice Problems: #42-45, page 331
Definition
8
Empirical Formula: the formula with the _______________ whole-number
_______________ ______________. It may not be the same as the actual
molecular formula
eg. empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is __________; the molecular

formula is __________
In both formulas, the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is _____:_____.
Calculating Empirical Formula

1. Calculate the number of _______________.
eg.
2. Divide each number by the _______________ number of

_______________.
eg.
3. If the answers to step #2 are not all whole numbers, multiply by the
_______________ _______________ that will make all the numbers
_______________ numbers.
eg. (see example below)
4. The numbers that are calculated in #3 are the numbers of each

_______________ in the _______________
eg.
eg. Methyl acetate is a solvent commonly used in some paints, inks, and
adhesives. Determine the empirical formula for methyl acetate,
which has the following chemical analysis: 48.64% carbon, 8.16%
hydrogen, and 43.20% oxygen.
9
Definition
Molecular Formula: specifies the actual number of _______________ of each
_______________ in one molecule or formula unit of the _______________.
Calculating Molecular Formula

1. Calculate the _______________ _______________
eg.
2. Calculate the _______________ _______________ of the empirical

formula.
eg.
3. Divide the actual _______________ determined mass by the

______________ molar mass of the empirical formula
eg.
4. Multiply the _______________ in the empirical formula by the number

calculated in step #_____.
eg.
eg. The molar mass of acetylene is 26.04 g/mol. The empirical formula of
acetylene is CH. What is the molecular formula of acetylene?
10
Practice Problems #51-53, page 335; #54 57, page 337
Assessment Questions #58 & 62, page 337; #139, page 348; #149, page 349
11

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Chapter 11: The Mole

Chapter 11.1 The Mole

Avogadros Number: the volume of one mole (equals

Calculating Number of Particles/Atoms

Practice Problems #1-3, page 311

Calculating Number of Moles

Chapter 11.2 Mass and the Mole

amu: _______________ _______________ _______________

Molar Mass: mass of one mole of the substance. It is equal to the

Practice Problems #11, page 316

Practice Problems #12, page 316

Calculating Mass from Number of Moles

Mass of sample = _________________________ x ____________________

molecular mass mass sample

When converting from atoms to mass, you must convert to

Practice Problem #13, page 318

Calculating Mass from Atoms

Practice Problem #14, page 318

eg. For one mole C6H12O6:

Practice Problems #27-29, page 323

Practice Problem #30, page 324

Converting Mass to Moles to Particles

b. How many chloride ions are present?

c. What is the mass in grams of one formula unit of aluminum chloride?

Note: Particle = atom = ion

Practice Problems #31-35, page 326

Practice Problems: #42-45, page 331

eg. empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is __________; the molecular

In both formulas, the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is _____:_____.

Calculating Empirical Formula

2. Divide each number by the _______________ number of

4. The numbers that are calculated in #3 are the numbers of each

Calculating Molecular Formula

2. Calculate the _______________ _______________ of the empirical

3. Divide the actual _______________ determined mass by the

4. Multiply the _______________ in the empirical formula by the number

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amu: _______ _ _________

Mass of sample = _____ x

In both formulas, the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is _:_.

2. Calculate the _ _ of the empirical