ELECTROMAGNETIC

Part-I: Electro-Static
Dr. Ahmed Said Eltrass

Electrical Engineering Department

Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Fall 2015

Office hours: Sunday (10:00 to 12:00 a.m )

4th floor, Electrical Engineering Building
 Course Topics
Chapter 1: Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems

Chapter 2: Coulombs Law and Electric Field Intensity

Chapter 3: Electric Flux Density, Gausss Law, and Divergence

Chapter 4: Energy and Potential

Chapter 5: Conductors, Dielectrics, and Capacitance

Chapter 6: Electro-Static Applications

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 Course Text Book

Engineering Electromagnetics - 6th Edition

Authors: William H. Hayt and John A. Buck

Grading

Final Exam 90 (45 for each part)

Mid-Term Exam 30 (15 for each part)
Assignments + Project 30

Total 150

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 Why Study Electromagnetic (EM) Fields?
Unfortunately, the course of EM Fields is perceived as one of the toughest for
UG engineering students. The typical reasons for this issue are:
1. Lack of adequate background preparation
2. Inadequate teaching of the material.

EM fields provide the foundation for the topics of circuit theory, electronics,
communications, power generation and transmission, microwaves and
antennas,

Borrowing from the computer community, EM is like the machine language

and the way we deal with these EE topics is like writing the code in a
higherlevel language.

Two main benefits of studying EM fields as an undergraduate:

1) design skills

2) problem solving skills.

1- Design Skills?
As an Engineer, you are likely to get involved in the design, analysis, or testing
of an electrical or electronic device (or circuit). These devices and circuits are
typically made of conductors, dielectrics, and possibly magnetic media

When powered up, the electrical charge distribution within the device
structure is altered as to produce the desired device function.

Studying electromagnetic fields is about gaining the skill and acquiring the
tools that enables the engineer to relate to the physics of electrical charge
distributions and currents and their interaction with different materials.

The basic models of passive components, such as resistors, capacitors,

and inductors, all are developed based on EM field studies of material
structures. Similarly, the models of active components (devices), such as
diodes, and transistors require an EM field analysis of how their physical
structure and material properties react to different electromagnetic fields
excitations.
 Example of a simple resistor component.

Typically, designers would use the simplified model of a pure resistance in

the circuit analysis or design equations. The fact of the matter is that the
simple resistor contains other features that may be ignored in some cases
but would be critical to the circuit performance in others.

2- Problem Solving Skills?

This is manifested in the ability to take a physical problem through the steps
of deriving a physically based model for which a mathematical model is then
developed. Next, we do the math analysis and obtain results for which we
find relevant physical explanations and applications.
 Chapter 1 : Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems
Difference between scalar and vector quantity
A scalar is a quantity defined by magnitude only.
Examples: Distance (x), Mass (m), Voltage (V ), Charge (Q)

A vector is a quantity defined by magnitude and direction

Examples: Electric field (E), Force (F)

Vector Analysis
ax : Unit vector in x-direction
ay : Unit vector in y-direction
az : Unit vector in z-direction

|ax| = 1 : Magnitude of the vector ax

Similarly |az| = |ay|= 1

Unit Vector : is a vector has unit

magnitude and directed in certain
direction
 The vector rP is the vector extending
from the origin to the point P:

rP = (1-0) ax + (2-0) ay+ (3-0) az

= ax + 2ay + 3az

The vector from P to Q

RPQ = (2-1) ax + (-2-2) ay+ (1-3) az

= ax 4ay 2az

The vector from Q to P

RQP = (1-2) ax + (2+2) ay+ (3-1) az

= -ax + 4ay + 2az = - RPQ

Then RQP = - RPQ

 Vector A is expressed in terms of its component as:

Magnitude :

Scalar Multiplication:

Unit Vector : is a vector has unit magnitude and directed in certain direction

Unit vector in A direction:

Example1:
Find the unit vector extending from point P(1,2,3) to point Q(3,-3,2)?
Rules of Vector Algebra

1- Vector addition and subtraction

A B ( Ax ax Ay a y Az az ) ( Bx ax By a y Bz az )
Ax Bx ax Ay By a y Az Bz az

2- Dot Product
A
A B A B cos Scalar

where is the angle between the two vectors A and B

A B ( Ax ax Ay a y Az az ) ( Bx ax By a y Bz az ) B
Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz scalar

Note that : ax ax a y a y az az 1 ( 0)
ax a y ax az a y az 0 ( 90)
 Applications of Dot Product

1 - If A B 0 then A B

2 - To get the angle between two vectors A and B

A B
cos
AB



3 - Projection of A on B A cos B A
A
B B
B Vector
B A
B

B


B
B
if required is component of A on B : A Scalar Projection of A on B
B

Example 2:

Given : A 3a y 4a z and B 4a x 10a y 5 az

1 - Find A B
2 - Find the vector component of A in the direction of B
3- Cross Product

A B A B sin an vector

an is the unit vector perpendicular to both A and B

is the angle between the two vectors A and B

Note that : a x a x a y a y a z a z 0 ( 0)
ax a y az , a y az ax , az ax a y
a y ax az , az a y - ax , ax az - a y ay
az ax

If A Ax a x Ay a y Az a z and B Bx a x B y a y Bz a z
ax ay az

A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Ay Bz Az B y a x Ax Bz Az Bx a y Ax B y Ay Bx a z
 Applications of Cross Product

1 - If A B 0 then A // B

2 - To get the unit vector perpendicular to A and B vectors ay

A B az
an ax
A B sin

To get the direction of an , you can follow the right hand rule
For example : a x a y a x a y sin 90 a z a z

3 - To get the angle between two vectors A and B

A B
sin
AB
Example 3:

Given : A 2a x 3a y a z and B 4a x 2a y 5 a z

1 - Find A B

2 - Using the definition of cross product, find the angle between A and B
4- Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Laplacian

Nabla Operator : ax ay az
x y z

1 - If we have a scalar function v :

v v v
Grad (v) v ax ay a z Vector
x y z

2 - If the vector A is given by A Ax a x Ay a y Az a z
Ax Ay Az
Div A A Scalar
x y z
ax ay az

3 - Curl A A Vector
x y z
Ax Ay Az

2
v 2
v 2
v
4 - LaPlacian : 2 v Scalar
x 2 y 2 z 2
Chapter 1 Problems:

1. Given : A 10a x 4a y 8a z and B 8a x 7a y 2 a z

i - Find a unit vector in the direction of - A 2 B

ii - Find the magnitude of 5a x B 3 A

2. Given : F 10a x 20 x( y 1)a y and G 2 x 2 yax 4a y 2 a z
For the point p ( 2,3,-4 ), Find :

i - F and G

ii - a unit vector in the direction of F G

3. Given the points A( 1, 2, 1 ), B ( 2,1,3 ), and C ( 4 ,0 ,1 ), find

i - the vectors R AB and R AC

ii - the component of R AB on R AC

iii - the projection vector of R AB on R AC

iv - the angle between R AB and R AC by two different methods
 Coordinates Systems
1- Cartesian/Rectangular Coordinates
Variables: P(x, y, z)
ax a y az 1
Unit vectors:
ax a y az

Vectors: A Ax a x Ay a y Az a z

Ranges:
x , y , z
Coordinate Planes (surfaces):

1- Plane (x=constant): // yz plane

y and z are variable
2- Plane (y=constant): // xz plane
x and z are variable
3- Plane (z=constant): // xy plane
x and y are variable
2- Cylindrical Coordinates
Variables : P ( , , z )
: radius of cylinder
: angle measured from ve x - axis
z : height from xy - plane

Unit vectors: a a a z 1
a a a z

Vectors: A A a A a Az a z

Ranges:
0, 0 2 , z
Coordinate surfaces:
1 - constant : and z are variables
2 - constant : and z are variables
3 - z constant : and are variables
Relations to transform a point:

1- From Cylindrical to Cartesian:

x cos
y sin
zz
2- From Cartesian to Cylindrical:
x2 y2
y
tan 1
x
zz

Example 4:
Transform the point C(3, 2,7) to Cylindrical Coordinates?

Answer: C(3, 2,7) C( = 3.61, = 33.7, z = 7)

3- Spherical Coordinates
Variables : P (r , , )
r : radius of sphere
: angle measured from ve z - axis
: angle measured from ve x - axis

Unit vectors: ar a a 1
ar a a

Vectors: A Ar ar A a A a

Ranges:
r 0, 0 , 0 2

Coordinate surfaces:
1 - r constant : and are variables
2 - constant : r and are variables
3 - constant : r and are variables
Relations to transform a point:

1- From Spherical to Cartesian:

x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos
2- From Cartesian to Spherical :
r x2 y2 z 2
z
cos 2
1
x y2 z2

y
tan 1
x
Example 5:
Transform the point C(3, 2,7) to Spherical Coordinates?
 Vector Transformation
1- Cylindrical Vector Transformation
Cylindrical to Cartesian

Cartesian to Cylindrical
Will be given in exams

Example 6:

Transform the vector A ya x xa y za z into Cylindrical Coordinates?

Recall : x cos , y sin , z z

 2- Spherical Vector Transformation
Spherical to Cartesian

Will be given in exams

Cartesian to Spherical

Example 7:
xz
Transform the vector A ax into Spherical Coordinates?
y
Recall : x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos
Chapter 1 Problems (Continue):

4. Given : A 5, 70 , z 3 and B 2, -30 , z 1 find
i - a unit vector in Cartesian coordinates at A directed toward B
ii - a unit vector in Cylindrical coordinates at A directed toward B

5. Find the distance between the two points

A 3, 100 , z 3 and B 5, 130 , z 4.5
1 sin
6. Given : A 2 cosar a find :
r sin

i - A at P(r 0.8, 30 , 45 )

ii - a unit vector in the direction of A at P

iii - A in Cartesian coordinates
 Differential Elements
z
1- Cartesian Coordinates
dz dl
Differential Length
If we have charge distribution over length,
the differential length in general direction: dx y
dy

dl dxa x dya y dza z
x
Differential Area
If we have charge distribution over area(sheet), the differential area is:

Plane with constant z : ds1 dxdya z Differential area vector is
perpendicular to the area
Plane with constant y : ds 2 dxdza y
z
Plane with constant x : ds3 dydza x
ds3

ds 2
ds1 y

x
Differential Volume

If we have charge distribution over volume, the differential volume is:

dv dx dy dz Scalar
2- Cylindrical Coordinates
z
Differential Length
dz
In direction : dl da ( and z constant)

In direction : dl da ( and z constant) y
d
In z direction : dl dza z ( and constant)
d
In general direction : dl da da dza z x d
Differential Area Will be given in exams

Plane with constant z : ds1 dda z
ds3
Plane with constant : ds 2 ddza
ds1
Plane with constant : ds3 ddza ds 2

Differential Volume

dv d d dz Scalar
2- Spherical Coordinates
Differential Length

In r direction : dl drar ( and constant)

In direction : dl rda ( r and constant)

In direction : dl r sin da ( r and constant)

In general direction : dl drar rda r sin da

Will be given in exams

Differential Area

Plane with constant r : ds1 r sin ddar
2
ds3
ds1
Plane with constant : ds 2 rdrda ds 2

Plane with constant : ds3 r sin drda

Differential Volume

dv dr rd r sin d Scalar