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    Y. Castin, LKB - ENS, Paris: Basics of Bose-Einstein Condensation Theory

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    M.a. Aditya
    1) Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled to low enough temperatures that a large number of atoms occupy the lowest quantum state. 2) As the gas is cooled, its density and coherence length increase until the phase space density exceeds a critical value and a macroscopic number of atoms form a coherent matter wave in the ground state. 3) Experimental techniques like laser cooling and forced evaporative cooling are used to reach the ultralow temperatures required for Bose-Einstein condensation by removing higher energy atoms from the trap. The condensed atoms can then be described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

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    Y. Castin, LKB - ENS, Paris: Basics of Bose-Einstein Condensation Theory

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    M.a. Aditya
    44 views18 pages
    1) Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled to low enough temperatures that a large number of atoms occupy the lowest quantum state. 2) As the gas is cooled, its density and coherence length increase until the phase space density exceeds a critical value and a macroscopic number of atoms form a coherent matter wave in the ground state. 3) Experimental techniques like laser cooling and forced evaporative cooling are used to reach the ultralow temperatures required for Bose-Einstein condensation by removing higher energy atoms from the trap. The condensed atoms can then be described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

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    1) Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled to low enough temperatures that a large number of atoms occupy the lowest quantum state. 2) As the gas is cooled, its density and coherence length increase until the phase space density exceeds a critical value and a macroscopic number of atoms form a coherent matter wave in the ground state. 3) Experimental techniques like laser cooling and forced evaporative cooling are used to reach the ultralow temperatures required for Bose-Einstein condensation by removing higher energy atoms from the trap. The condensed atoms can then be described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views18 pages

    Y. Castin, LKB - ENS, Paris: Basics of Bose-Einstein Condensation Theory

    Uploaded by

    M.a. Aditya
    1) Bose-Einstein condensation occurs when a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled to low enough temperatures that a large number of atoms occupy the lowest quantum state. 2) As the gas is cooled, its density and coherence length increase until the phase space density exceeds a critical value and a macroscopic number of atoms form a coherent matter wave in the ground state. 3) Experimental techniques like laser cooling and forced evaporative cooling are used to reach the ultralow temperatures required for Bose-Einstein condensation by removing higher energy atoms from the trap. The condensed atoms can then be described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    BASICS OF BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION THEORY

    Y. Castin, LKB - ENS, Paris

    OUTLINE

    atoms: waves and particles


    the Bose law
    when the Bose gas becomes degenerate
    how to reach Bose-Einstein condensation
    atomic interactions and Gross-Pitaevskii equation

    1
    ATOMS: WAVES AND PARTICLES
    Analogy with optics:
    Object optics atomic physics

    field E(r, t), B(r, t) (r, t)


    1 2 h2
     
    equation of motion 2 t B = 0 iht =
    c 2m
    particle photon atom
    1
    energy h mv 2
    2
    momentum hk p = mv
    2 h h
    wavelength = = =
    k hk p
    hk2
    dispersion relation = ck =
    2m

    2
    Values in an ordinary gas:
    equipartition of energy:
    1 2 1
    mhvxi = kB T
    2 2
    sodium atoms at 300 K:
    vx = 300 m/s
    = 5 1011 m
    With Sisyphus cooling:
    1 m.

    3
    ATOMIC MODES IN A BOX

    Energy levels of an atom in a box:


    periodic boundary conditions:
    (x + L, y, z) = (x, y + L, z) = (x, y, z + L)
    = (x, y, z).

    quantisation of wavevectors:
    (x, y, z) ei(kxx+ky y+kz z)
    2
    k = q
    L
    quantisation of energy:
    h2  2 2 + q2
    
    k = q + q
    2mL2 x y z

    4
    THE BOSE LAW

    Indistinguishable particles in quantum theory are:


    bosons:
    P |iB = |iB

    or fermions:
    P |iF = ()|iF .

    Configuration defined by a set of occupation numbers {n}

    Example: two spin 1/2 particles of opposite spin:


    |iB |+i |i + |i |+i
    |iF |+i |i |i |+i
    |+i |i meaningless

    5
    Thermodynamics of the ideal Bose gas:

    1 P ()n
    Proba({n}) = e

    where = 1/(kB T ) and is the chemical potential.

    Bose law for the occupation number:


    1
    hni =
    e() 1
    so that
    < < 0.

    6
    Lower limit for is non-degenerate regime:
    3 h 2k2/2m
    hn~k i ' e

    in a large box, where


    s
    2h2
    =
    mkB T
    is the thermal de Broglie wavelength.
    The coherence length of the gas is .

    7
    WHEN THE BOSE GAS BECOMES DEGENERATE
    3  1

    Saturation of excited state population:


    0
    X X 1 0
    N hni < Nmax
    e (0) 1
    6=0 6=0

    For a large cubic box


    h2
    L  , i.e. kB T  ,
    2mL2
    0
    X 1 L3
    Nmax = ' 2.612 3
    e h2k2/2m 1
    ~
    k6=~0

    8
    0
    If N > Nmax ...
    0
    . . . there are at least N Nmax atoms in the ground mode
    of the box.
    A condensate forms if:

    3 > 2.612 . . . Einstein, 1925


    Totally counter-intuitive for Boltzmann statistics.
    In a harmonic potential:
    3
    kB T
    
    0
    Nmax ' 1.202
    h
    where is the geometric mean of the trap frequencies.

    9
    0
    Even in a trap one has for N = Nmax :

    (~0 )3 ' 2.612

    Below Tc: condensate fraction

    0 3/2
    N0 N Nmax T
    
    ' ' 1 box
    N N Tc
     3
    T
    ' 1 harmonic trap
    Tc
    Realistic examples:

    T /Tc = 1/2 everyday

    T /Tc = 1/4 the good days

    10
    BEC in position space: kB T = 20h N = 500 to 32000
    4
    10

    2
    10
    (r) [a0 ]
    3

    0
    10

    2
    10

    4
    10
    0 10 20
    r [a0]

    11
    Results of JILA:

    0.8

    0.6
    N0/N

    0.4

    0.2

    0
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
    0
    T/T c

    12
    HOW TO REACH BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION

    The problem of solidification:


    For air with pressure 1 atm:
    Tc ' 0.4K
    but then one expects a solid phase.

    He4 does not solidify. Experiences superfluid transition


    at 2K
    but is a liquid, not a gas (condensate fraction < 0.1).

    Only polarized hydrogen is gaseous at 1 atm, 0 K.

    13
    Low density route: use of metastability
    2-body elastic collisions ensure thermalisation:
    elas

    3-body collisions form molecules:


    inel 2
    but are much slower at low density!

    the obtained condensate is metastable.

    Price to pay: ultralow temperatures


    Tc 40nK to 1K.

    14
    How to cool ?
    laser cooling alone not yet succeeded:
    2
    opt =
    kL
    and bad effects of light when 3opt 1.

    forced evaporative cooling: remove atoms in high energy


    tails, let gas rethermalize, and so on

    efficient if elas
    > 100.
    loss

    15
    EFFECT OF ATOMIC INTERACTIONS

    Not ideal
    Bose gas!

    Coherence
    length!!

    16
    How to characterize the interaction potential?
    by its r dependence: by its scattering length:
    h2
    500

    250 (r) = 0
    m
    0
    V(r12) /kB [K]

    250
    (r) = C0 + C1/r
    500
    a
    1
    750
    0 0.5
    r12 [nm]
    1 1.5
    r

    Typical values
    a = 50 nm (87Rb) a = 1.5 nm (7Li)
    but a can be tuned.

    17
    THE GROSS-PITAEVSKII EQUATION

    " #
    h2
    iht(~
    r , t) = + U (~ r , t)|2 (~
    r ) + gN0|(~ r , t)
    2m

    Comes from mean field for model interaction potential

    V (~
    r ) = g(~
    r )r(r )

    4h2
    with coupling constant g = a.
    m
    Explains almost everything, including superfluidity.

    18

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