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    Letter Bulu Construction

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    sarojpapu
    This presentation discusses servomechanisms and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses error sensing and negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Some key points: - Servo systems are used for position control, speed control, and other applications. Examples include industrial machines, satellites, and autofocus cameras. - The skeletal muscle is a biological servomechanism. It contains intrafusal and extrafusal fibers that work together via alpha and gamma motor neurons in a feedback loop to precisely control muscle movement and tension. - Servomechanisms have advantages like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient operation without power needed to hold static loads. Their use

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    Letter Bulu Construction

    Uploaded by

    sarojpapu
    25 views26 pages
    This presentation discusses servomechanisms and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses error sensing and negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Some key points: - Servo systems are used for position control, speed control, and other applications. Examples include industrial machines, satellites, and autofocus cameras. - The skeletal muscle is a biological servomechanism. It contains intrafusal and extrafusal fibers that work together via alpha and gamma motor neurons in a feedback loop to precisely control muscle movement and tension. - Servomechanisms have advantages like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient operation without power needed to hold static loads. Their use

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    BULU CONSTRUCTION

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    This presentation discusses servomechanisms and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses error sensing and negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Some key points: - Servo systems are used for position control, speed control, and other applications. Examples include industrial machines, satellites, and autofocus cameras. - The skeletal muscle is a biological servomechanism. It contains intrafusal and extrafusal fibers that work together via alpha and gamma motor neurons in a feedback loop to precisely control muscle movement and tension. - Servomechanisms have advantages like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient operation without power needed to hold static loads. Their use

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views26 pages

    Letter Bulu Construction

    Uploaded by

    sarojpapu
    This presentation discusses servomechanisms and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses error sensing and negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Some key points: - Servo systems are used for position control, speed control, and other applications. Examples include industrial machines, satellites, and autofocus cameras. - The skeletal muscle is a biological servomechanism. It contains intrafusal and extrafusal fibers that work together via alpha and gamma motor neurons in a feedback loop to precisely control muscle movement and tension. - Servomechanisms have advantages like continuous duty, reversibility, and efficient operation without power needed to hold static loads. Their use

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    * PowerPoint Presentation *

    Topic :- Servomechanism And Control


    Systems
    By :-
    Parshuram Send.

    Content
    Introduction to ServoMechanism
    Uses of ServoMechanism
    Position Control
    Speed Control
    Other Uses
    Some ServoMechanism Devices
    Servo Control system
    Introduction
    ServoMechanism :-
    A servomechanism, sometimes shortened to
    servo, is an automatic device that uses error-sensing
    negative feedback to correct the performance of a
    mechanism and is defined by its function. It usually
    includes an in built encoder.
    The term correctly applies only to systems
    where the feedback or error-correction signals help
    control mechanical position, speed or other
    parameters.
    For example, an automotive power window control
    is
    not a servomechanism, as there is no automatic
    feedback
    that controls positionthe operator does this by
    observation. By contrast a car's cruise control uses
    closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a
    servomechanism.
    Uses Of ServoMechanism
    1. Position control :-
    A common type of servo provides position
    control. Servos are commonly electrical or partially
    electronic in nature, using an electric motor as the
    primary
    means of creating mechanical force. Other types of
    servos
    use hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles.
    Servos
    operate on the principle of negative feedback, where
    the
    control input is compared to the actual position of
    the
    mechanical system as measured by some sort of
    transducer
    at the output. Any difference between the actual and
    wanted
    values (an "error signal") is amplified (and
    converted) and
    used to drive the system in the direction necessary to
    reduce
    or eliminate the error.
    2. Speed control :-
    Speed control via a
    governor is another type of
    servomechanism. The steam engine
    uses mechanical governors; another
    early application was to govern the
    speed of water wheels. Prior to
    World War II the constant speed
    propeller was developed to control engine
    speed for maneuvering aircraft. Fuel
    controls for
    gas turbine engines employ either hydro
    mechanical
    or electronic governing.
    Other Uses
    Positioning servomechanisms were first used
    in military
    fire control and marine navigation equipment.
    Its also used in automatic machine tools,
    satellitetracking
    antennas, remote control airplanes, automatic
    navigation systems on boats and planes, and
    antiaircraftgun
    control systems.
    Many autofocus cameras also use a
    servomechanism to
    accurately move the lens, and thus adjust the
    focus. A
    modern hard disk drive has a magnetic servo
    system with
    sub-micro meter positioning accuracy.
    In industrial machines, servos are used to
    perform
    complex motion, in many applications.
    Some Servo Mechanism Devices
    Servo Control System

    A servo control system is none of the


    most important and widely used form of
    control system.
    Any machine or piece of equipment that
    has rotating
    parts will contain one or more servo
    control system.
    The job of control system may include:
    Maintaining the speed of motor within c
    ertain limits,
    even when on the output of motor might
    vary. This
    is called regulation.
    Varying the speed of motor and load
    according to an
    externally set programme of values. This
    is called
    set point (or reference) tracking.
    Advantages of Servo Control
    System

    Intermediate motor and control costs


    Continuous duty
    Reversible.
    Speed is proportional to the applied
    voltage
    Torque is proportional to the current
    Very efficient
    No power required to hold a static load
    inposition
    Flat speed-torque curve
    Peak torque available for short periods
    of time
    Smooth rotation at low speeds
    Good up to 3,000 RPM
    Future Treads
    Due to increase of Automation and
    development of
    new application of servo system it has a high
    scope
    in future.
    Due to Price reductions there is a
    beneficial effect
    on growth of servo systems in future.
    Due to continuous technology
    improvement in this
    electronics devices system it has a high
    scope in
    future.
    The servo drives sector is benefiting from
    the popularity of intelligent drives that
    combine drive
    and controller capabilities, which leading it
    towards high growth.
    Summary

    Servo Control System reduces the


    error of the
    system and improves the output
    mechanism.
    Due to blocking of error, the
    efficiency of the
    devices increases.
    Its easier to design and implement.
    It can operate on both AC or DC
    THE SKELETAL MUSCLE SERVO
    MECHANISM
    CONTENTS
    DEFINITION
    ANATOMY
    MECHANISM
    ALPHA LOOP CONTROL
    GAMMA LOOP CONTROL
    SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
    SERVO MECHANISM
    servomechanism, automatic device
    used to
    correct the performance of a mechanism by
    means of an error-sensing feedback. The term
    servomechanism properly applies only to
    systems in which the feedback and
    errorcorrection
    signals control mechanical position
    or one of its derivatives such as velocity or
    acceleration.
    ANATOMY
    EXTRAFUSAL CONTRACTING
    FIBERS
    1. Extra fusal muscle fibers is the term
    given to standard Muscle fibers
    2. Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated
    by alpha motor neurons and generate
    tension by contracting, thereby
    allowing for skeletal movement.
    INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBER
    Intrafusal muscle fibers are
    skeletal muscle fibers that
    comprise the muscle spindle
    and are innervated by gamma
    motor neurons.
    These fibers are proprio-
    -ceptors that detect the
    amount and rate of change in
    length of a muscle.
    Intrafusal fibers are wrapped by
    two types of
    afferent endings that send sensory
    inputs to the CNS
    Primary afferent endings (annulo-spiral
    endings)
    group 1 fibers
    Innervate the center of the spindle
    Secondary afferent endings(flower spray
    endings)
    Type II fibers
    Associated with the
    ends of the spindle
    MECHANISM
    The extrafusal fibres are attached
    to bone
    through tendons exhibit a finite
    spring
    stiffnesss,and which are embedded
    in golgi
    tendon organs
    These organs are mechano
    receptors sensitive
    to the total muscle tension.
    Alpha loop control
    The tendon organs provides
    inhibitory
    feedback to the alpha motor
    neuron but do
    not constitute the basic positive
    feedback
    element for this servomechanism
    Loop control
    Activating the motor neurons that
    stimulate
    the distal ends of the intrafusal fibers to
    contact
    thus stretching the mid-portion of the
    spindle
    (internal stretch)
    Whatever the stimulus, when the
    spindles are
    activated their associated sensory
    neurons
    transmit impulses at a higher frequency
    to the
    spinal cord
    The spindle cells primary afferents
    have an
    excitatory effect on alpha motor
    neurons
    travel via spinal cord in a fast mono
    synaptic
    reflex arc
    The spindle cells secondary
    afferent conduct
    more slowly through a multi
    synaptic
    connection
    A local feedback loop exist in the
    spinal
    cord called renshaw cell to the local
    motor
    neuronal pool
    This feedback is inhibitory.

    Branches of the afferent fibers


    also synapse
    with inter- neurons that inhibit
    motor neurons
    controlling the antagonistic muscles
    Inhibition of the antagonistic
    muscles is called
    reciprocal inhibition
    SCHEMATIC OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
    CONTROL SYSTEM
    CONCLUSION

    Servo mechanics can apparently


    be driven by
    either of two reference command
    inputs from
    higher nervous centers,so called as
    alpha and
    gamma efferent pathways.
    Firing frequency of spindles
    primary afferent
    in the steady state is
    approxiamately
    propotional to muscle extension
    over the
    physiological range.
    References
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spindle mechanism
    www.slideshare.net
    John H.Milsum text book
    References
    www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-cse/.../ce110-
    servo%20trainer%2013
    www.toolingu.com/definition-460330-42782-
    servo-system
    Introduction to servo system-
    By I. A. Getting
    Servo Control System
    By Elke Laubwald
    IEEE Industry Applications Magazine
    March/April 1996, pg 74

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