‘TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES {4994 Revised Edition) By: ‘TECHNICAL STANDARDS COMMITTEE. of the KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER SA PILIPINAS ARCADIO CARANDANG, JR. LEONCIO GALANG CARLOS SALIUAN, JR. ROMUALDO LINTAG .. SALVADOR CASTILLO ‘ALFREDO CERALDE. FILOMENO BABAS . ROLANDO AGBAY ERNESTO CLAUDIO Chairman, ‘Vice-Chairman NTC Representative Member Member Member Member Member Member ENDORSED BY: Karfseran Na Mea Kapisanan Ng Mga Brodkaster ‘sa Piipinae 82 Pilipinas APPROVED BY: faa — 5 Mi E. BENEDICTO I Commissioner ‘National Telecommunication CommissionTABLE OF CONTENTS 2 3. Allocation of Frequencies for FM Broadcast Stations 4. Classes of FM Broadcast Stations... 5. Technical Requirements . 6. Broadcast Auxiliary Services 7. Operating Requirements ... 8 9. FM Broadcast Translators and Signal Boosters .... |. Public Information File 10. Annexes ..FM BROADCAST STANDARDS 4. INTRODUCTION The Increasing Importance of the role of FM. broadcasting in the Philippines has encour aged broadcast engineers and the National ‘Telecommunications Commission topool thelr resources together and come up with tochni- ccal standards and rules and regulations relat- Ing to FM broadcast. ‘These technical standards and regulations were derived from CCIR recomendations, relevant engineering data and rules and regu- lations of the Federal Communications Com mission, and other data supplied by manufac: ‘turers of radio equipment and by licensees of FM broadcast stations. These standards and regulations shall be revised from time to time tobe effective and compatible with technical progress. 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS 21 AM Droadeast band ‘That portion of the radio frequency spectrum from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. The band Is divided into 100 channels. 2.2 FM broadcast channel ‘A band of frequencies 200 kllohertz wide and is designated by its center frequency. Channels for FM broadcast stations begin at 88.1 megahertz and continue in successive steps of 200 ilohertz to and including 107.9 megs- hertz. 2.3 FM broadcast station Astation employing frequency modu. lation in the FM broadcast band and Intended to be received by the general public, 2.4 Frequency Modulation A system of modulation where the Instantaneous frequency varies in pro- portion tothe instantaneous amplitude Of the modulating signal, and the in- stantaneous radio frequency is inde- pendent of the frequency of the modu- Jauing signet. 2.5 Center frequency ‘The camer frequency allocated by ‘the Authority, 2.6 Frequency Swing The instantaneous departure ofthe frequency of the emitted wave from the center frequency resulting from mocu: lation. 27 Antenna heignt above average terrain (HAAT) means a. The heightof the radiation centor of the antenna above the terrain 3 to 46 kilometers from the an- tena. (Generaily.a different an- tenna height will be determined for each radial direction from the antenna. The average of these various heights is considered as the antenna helght above aver- ‘age terrain). b. Where circular or elliptical polari- zation is empleyed the antenna height above average terrain shall bbe based upon the helght of the radiation center of the antenna which transmits Ue horizontal ‘components of radiation. 2.8 Antenna fieid gain ‘The ratio of the effective free space field Intensity produced at 1.6 Kilometers in the hortzontal plane ex- ‘pressed in millivolts per meter for one (1) Kilowatt antenna input power, to 137.6 millivolts per meter. 2.9 Antenna power gain The square of the ratio of the raot- ‘mean-square free space field strength produced at 1.6 kilometers inthe hori- zontal plane, in millivolts per meter for one (2) Kilowatt antenna power, to 137.6 millivolts per meter. This ratio ‘should be expressed in decibels (a8). (I specified for a particular direction, ‘antenna power gain is based on the field strength in that dlrection ony). 2.40 Effective radiated power (ERP) ‘The product of te wansmitterpower (tensmitter output power less trans- mission line loss) multiplied by (a) the ‘antenna power gan of (b) the antenna fleld gain squared, Where circular or elliptical polarization Is employed, the term “effectve radiated power” Is244 2.42 2.13 244 2.45 2.16 247 applied separately to the horizontal and vertical components of radiation. Field intensity “Field intensity’* es used in these: ‘standards shall mean the electric field intensity in the horizontal direction. Free space fleld Intensity ‘The field intensity that would exist at 2 point, in the absence of waves re- ‘ected from the earth or other reflect ing objects. Service area ‘As applied to FM broadcasting, means the service resulting from an assigned etfective radiated power and anterina height above everage terrain. Radio-frequency (R.F.) Protection Ratio The value of the radiofrequency wantedto-interfering signal rato tat enables, under specified conditions, the radiofrequency protection ratio 0 ‘be obtained atthe output of a revelver. Percentage modulation ‘The ratio of the actual frequency swing to the frequency swing defined £28100 percent modulation, expressed in percentage. For FM broadcasting stations, 0 frequency swing of 375 lilohertz Is defined as 100 percent ‘modulation. Multiplexing In ts simplest sense, muttiplexing Inplies that two or more independent sources of Infotmatlon are combined for cariage over a shigle medium, namely, the radio frequency “‘cartier", andthen are separated at the receiving end. Instereophonic broadcast, for example, program information consist: ing of left and right audio signals are ‘muttiplexed onto anFMcameror rans- missiontorevelvers which subsequently reoover the original audio signals. FM Stereophonic Broadcast ‘The transmission of a stereophonic program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main channel and a stereophonic subchannel. 248 2.19 2.20 221 2.22 223 2.24 2.25 Ghannet Atransmission path. The distinc: tion between the concept of a “*Chan- nel" and a “signal” are not always clear. The usage herein distinguishes between transmissionchannels ;€.€., main channel, _stereophonic subchannel, ete., and left and right Composite Baseband Signal ‘A signal which Is the sum of all signals which frequency modulates the maincamer. The signal can be repre- ‘sented by a formula which includes all signal components: the main channel Signal, the modulated stereophonic subcamier, the pilot subcarier and the SCA suboarrer(s). FM Baseband The frequency band from 0 Hertr (Hz) to a specified upper frequency which contains the composite baseband signal. Main Channel The band of frequencies from 50 (or Jess) Hz to 15,000 Hz on the FM baseband which contains the main channel signal. Main Channel Signal Aspecified combination ofthe mono- phonic or left and right audio signals which frequencymodulates the main carer. ‘Stereophonic Sound ‘The audio Information carried ty plurality of channels arranged to afford, the listener a sense of the spatial distribution of sound sources. Stere- ‘phonic sound Includes, but is not limited to,biphonic (two channel), ‘tiphonie (three channel) and quadro- phonic (four channel) services. Stereaphonic Sound Subcarter Asubcarrierwithin the FM broadcast baseband used for transmitting sig: nals for stereophonic sound reception ‘ofthe mainbroadcast program service. Stereopnonic Sound Subchannel The band of frequencies from 232.26 2.27 2.28 229 230 2.34 2.32 2.33 KHz to 99 KHz containing sound subcarriers and their associated sidebands, ‘Subchannel A transmission path specified by a Subchannel signal occupying a speci- fled band of frequencies. Subchannel Signal Subcarrier(s) and associated ‘sidebandis) which frequency modulate ‘the main carer. itis synonymous with “subcarrier”, as In the stereophonic subcarrier or SCA subcarrier, Pilot sub-carler A pilot subcarrier serving 26 a con- ‘vol signal foruse in the reception of FM ‘stereophonic broadcast. Left (or Right) signal The clectical output of @ micro- hone or a combination of microphones placed $0 a5 10 convey the intensity, ‘ime, and location of sounds originat- ing predominantly to the listener's left (orright) of the center of the performing rea. Left (or Right) stereophonie channel The left (or right) signal as electr- cally reproduced in the reception of an FM stereophonic broadcast. ‘Stereophonle separation ‘The ratio of the electical signal ‘caused in the ight (orlefY) stereophonic channel, tothe electrical signalcausod {In the left (or right) stereophonic chan- Fel, by the transmission of only a right (or left) signal. Frequency Deviation ‘The peak difference between the Instantaneous frequency of the modu lated wave and the carrier frequency. Injection Ratio The ratio of the frequency swing of the FM canter by a subchannel signal tothe frequency swing defined as 100 percent modulation, expressed in per: centage. The total injection of more ‘han one subchannel signal is the arithmetic sum of each subchannel. 2.34 2.35 2.36 237 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 Crosstalk ‘An undesired signal occuringin one channe! caused by an electrical signal in another channel. Linear Crosstalk A form of “crosstalk” in which the undesired signals) iscteated by phase ‘or gain inequalities in another channel ‘or channels. Such crosstalk may be ‘due to causes extemal to the stere- ‘phonic generator, consequently it is sometimes referred to as “system crosstalk”. Nonlinear Crosstalk A form of crosstalk In which the undesired signals) is eroated by har- ‘monie distortion or intermadulation of ‘electrical signal(s) In another channel or channels. Such crosstalk may be ‘due to distribution within the stere- ‘ophonic generator or FM vansmitier, consequently itis sometimes referred to as “transmitter crosstalk’ SCA ‘The term SCA Is an acronym for a “Subsidiary Communications Author zation."" Index of cooperation As applied to facsimile broadcast Ing, 1S the product of the number of lines per inch, the avaliable length in Inches, and the reciprocal of the line- Use ratio (e.g. 105 x 82 x 8/7 = 984). Line-use ratio As epplied to facsimile broadcast- Ing Is the ratio of the available line to the total length of scanning tine. Available tine ‘Means the portion ofthe total length of scanning line that can be used specifically for plcture signals. Rectllinear scanning The process of scanning an area in a predetermined sequence of narrow staignt parallel strips. Optical density ‘The logarithm (tothe base 10) of theTable 1. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS. Channeldesignation of FM broadcast fre- quercies are shown in the table below. (utiz) (tia) Channel No. Frequency Channel No. Frequency 201 88.1 254 202 88.3 252 203 88.5 253 204 88,7 254 205 889 255 206 89.4 256 207 99.3 257 208 89. 258 209 89.7 259 210 89.9 260 214. 90.1 261 212 90.3 252 213 90.5 263 214 90.7 264 215 90.9 265 216 ota 266 217 913 267 218 915 268 219 917 269 220 91.9 270 221 924 271 222 923 212 223 925 273 224 927 274 225 929 275 226 938.4. 276 27 93.3 27 s 228 935 278 103.5 229 93.7 273 103.7 230 93.9 280 103.9 231 94.4 281 104.1. 232 94.3 282 104.3 233 945 283 104.5 234 947 284 104.7 235 94.9 285 104.9 236 95.4 286 105.1 237 5.3 287 105.3 238 95.5 268 105.5 239 95.7 289 105.7 240 95.9 290 105.9 2st 6.4 291 106.1 282 96.3 292 106.3 243 96.5 293 106.5 244 96.7 294 106.7 245 96.9 295 106.9 246 7.4 206 107-4 247 97.3 297 107.3 248 97.5 298 107.5 249 97.7 299 107.7 250 97.9 300 107.9ratio of incident to transmitted or re- flected light. 2.43. Experimental Period ‘The period between 12 midnight to 5:00 e.m, local standard time (1660- 2100 GMT). This period may be usod for experimental purposes in testing {and maintaining epparatus bythe licen- See of any FM broadcast station on Its assignedfrequency and not in excess fof Its authorized power, provided no Interference is caused to other sta. ons maintaining a regular operating schedule within such period. 2.44 Operating Power This is the product of the plate voltage Ep) and the plete current(p) of ‘the last radio stage end efficiency factor, F, expressed: Operating Power = EpxlpxF. This Is the Indirect metiod of determining the operating power of ‘each FM station for the purpose of specifying the operating power rane of FM transmitters, The factor F shall be established by the transmitter man facturer for each type of vansmitter andshallbe spectfiedin the instruction book (8) supplied to each customer with each transmitter. 2.45 Last radio stage The oscillator or radiofrequency- Power amplifier stage which supplies ower to the antenna, 2.46 Qualified technician ‘As applied to FM broadcasting means a person who is a holder of ary ‘lass of Radio Telephone Operator's License or its equivalent except those mentioned in Section 7.4 as issued ty the existing regulatory body. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES FOR FM BROADCAST STATIONS (See Table 1.) ‘CLASSES OF FM BROADCAST STATIONS. 4.1 Class-A Stations A Class station shall have an au- thorized transmitter power not exceed- Ing 25 kilowatts and an Effective Radi ‘ated Power (ERP) not exceeding 125 ‘ilowatts and limited in antenna height ‘of 2,000 feet above average terrain. The minimum transmitter power shall be 10 KW. Glass A station shall only be allowed In MetroMenila and MetroCebu, 4.2 Class-B station A Clas B station shall have an ou thorized transmitter power not exceed. Ing 10 kilowatts and an Effective Radl- ated Power not exceeding 30 idlowatts, andlimited in antenna height of 500 feet above average terrain. The minimum. ‘transmitter power shall be 1 KW. 4.3 Class stations A Class station Is 2 non-commer- cal, community station having an au- thorized radiated power not exceeding 41,000 watts (ERP), 44 Class-D Station A class-D station shall have an au. thorized transmitter power not exceed ng 10 watts. Educational stations shall be allowed to operate with Class- D vansmitter power. 4.5 All classes of FM stations shall be protected to the 1 mV/m contour or 60. ‘dBu contour. 4.6 Table of Assignments ‘The frequency assignments for the cies of Manila, Laoag, Legaspi, Cebu, Davao, and Zamboanga shall be se- lected from table 2. Table 2 ‘Channel No. Frequency (mH) 202 88.3 206 89.1 210 89.9 214 90.7 218 91.5 222 92.3 226 93.4 230 93.9 234 94.7 238 95.5 242 96.3 246 97-4 250 97.9 254 98.7 258 99.5 262 100.3 266 101.4 270 101.9 214 102.7 278 103.5(Table 2 continuation) 282 104.3 286 105.4 290 105.9 294 106.7 208 107.5 4,7 Radio Frequency Protection Ratios 4.7.4 The following. radio frequency protec- tion ratios (Table 3) provide for the minimum physical separation between stations and protecton of stations {rom interference, Table 3 RADIO-FREQUENCY PROTECTION RATIOS (dB) (based on the horizontal component of radiation) Frequency Spacing. RF. Slenat Ratlo (kHz) 9 60 abu : 15 abu 200 60 dBu : 53 dBu 400 60 Bus : 80 dBu 4.7.2 Intermediate frequency amplifiers of most FM broadcast receivers are de- signed to operate on 10.7 megaHertz. For this reason the assignment of two stations in the same area, one with a frequency 10.6 of 10.8 megottertz removed from that ofthe otter, should be avoided If possibie. 4.7.3 FM Broadcast Stations, shall not be ‘authorized to operate in the same city ‘oF In nearty cities with 2 frequency ‘separation of less than 800 kHz. 4.1.4 The nature and extent of the protection from interference accorded the FM broadcast stations is limited solely to thatwhich results from the application of the radio frequency protection ratio. 5 A commercial broadcast entity may establish only one primary FM radio stationwithin the geographical bounds- fies of ary province. ‘TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Safety Requirements 5.1.4 Conformity with Electrical Wiring Rules All equipmentusing electrical power shall conform with the proxisions of the Philippine Elec- ‘ical Code and the Philippines Electronics Code so s to ensure ‘the safety of property, equip- ‘ment, personnel and the public in general. 5.1.2 All component parts shall be in ‘accordance with generally ac- cepted standards or those of the International Standards. 5.2 Transmitting Facilities 5.2.1 Location and Layout a. Any site particulary suitable for FM broadcasting in an area, inthe absence of other ‘comparable sites, may be shared by and be made avell- able to 2s many applicants 2s possible. The transmitting site should be selected consistent with the purpose of the station, Le, whetheritis intended to serve a small city, a meto- politan area, of a large re gion. The location should be $0 chosen that Ine-ot sight can be obtained from the antenna over the principal city oF cites to be served. 5.2.2 Antenna System 2. ft shall be standard to em- ploy horizontal polarization. However, circular or elliptical polarization of the clockwise oF counterclockwise rotation may be employed, if so de- sired. b. The antenna must be con- structed such that itis clear of surrounding buildings or objects that would cause shadow problems. Inthe event'acommon tower Is used by two or more licen ‘sees for antenna and/or an- ‘tena supporting purposes, ‘the licensee who owns the tower shall assume full re- ‘sponsibility for the mainte- nance ofthe tower structure, Hts painting and Wghting re-quirements. In case of shared ownership, only one licensee shall assume such responsibility. For the protection of alr navigation, the antenna and ‘supporting structure shall be painted and illuminated in accordance with ATO regula- tons. 5.2.3 Transmitter and Associated Equipment a. Electrical Performance Standards The general design of the FM broadcast transmitting ‘system (from Input terminal of microphone preamplifier, ‘through audio facilities at the ‘studio through lines or other iroults between studio and transmitter, through audio facilities at the transmitter, ‘and through the transmitter, but excluding equalizers for ‘the comectionof deficiencies In microphone response) ‘shall be In accordance with the following principles: end ‘specifications: 4) The vansmitter shail op- crate sotisfactoilyin the operating power range with a frequency swing of £75 kiloHertz, which {is defined as 100 per. ‘cent modulation. 2) Thetransmittingsystem shallte capable oftrans- iting @ band of fre- quencies from 50 to 15,000 Hertz. Preem- Phasis shallbe employed in accordance with the impedance-frequency characteristics of @ se- fies inductance resist ‘ance network having a ‘Ume constant of 75 mt ceroseconds (See Annex Fi. 2). The deviation of the system response from the standard pre- emphasis curve shall le 4) 8) between two limits. The upper of these limits shall be uniform: (no deviation) from 50 to 18,000 Hertz. The lower limit shall be uniform from 100 to 7,500 Hertz and 3 dB below the up- per limit; from 50 t0100 Hertz and the lower limit shall fall from the 3 0B limit at a uniform rate of 1.48 per octave (4 dB at S0Hertz; from 7,500 to 15,000 Hertz, the lower limit shall fall from the 3 dBlivitat a uniformrate of 28 per octave (5 dB at 15,000 Hert). At eny modulating fre- ‘quency between 50 and 15,000 Hertz and at modulation percentages ‘of 25, 50 and 100 per- ‘cent, the combined au- lo frequeney harmonics ‘measured in the output Of the system shall not exceed the root mean- square values given in the following table: Weis ‘reqvoney___Dstartion 2010 100K enn 39K 300 12 700% 238 7500 w 150002 30% Measurements shall be made employing a 75- microsecond deempha- sis in the measuring ‘equipmentand 75-micro- ‘second preemphasis in the transmitting equip ‘ment, and without com pression, if @ compres: sion amplifier Is em- ployed. Harmonics shall be included to 30,000 Hertz. Its recommended that none of the three main divisions of the system (wansmitter, studo to ‘ansmitter circuit, and audio facies) contri we over onehalf ofthese6) 7 9 percentages since at some frequencies the ‘total distortion may be: ‘come the artthmetic sum 9F the distortion of the divisions. ‘The transmitting system output noise level (fre- quency modulation) in thebandof 5010 15,000 Hertz shall be at least 60 decibels below 100 percent modulation (fre- quency swing of 475 KiloHertz). The measurement shall bemade using 400 Hertz modulation as a reference. The noise measuring equipment ‘shall be provided with a ‘standard 75- microsec- ond deemphasis; the ballisticcharacteristic of the instrument shall be similar to those of the standard VU meter. ‘The traneittingsystem output noise level (am- plitude modulation) inthe band of 50 to 15,000 Hertz shall be at least 50 decibels below the lvol representing 100 percentamolitude mode lation. The noiseeas- Uuringequipmentshallbe provided with a standard 75 microsecond deer phasis; and the balistic characteristics of the n- suument shail be sim larto those of the stand- ard WU meter. ‘Automatic means shell be provided in the trans- miter to. maintain the assigned center fre- quency within the allow: able tolerance of 2000 Hertz). ‘The transmitter shall be equipped with suttabie indicating instruments for the determination of operating powerand with otherinstruments esare necessary for proper adjustments, operation, {and maintenance of the equipment. 10) Adequate provision shell bbe made for varying the ‘vansmitier output power to compensate for ex: cessive variations inline voltage or for other fac- tors affecting the output power. 411) Allowances shall be pro- Vided in all component parts to avoid overheat: ing at the rated max ‘mum output power. 12) If limiting or compres- sion amplifier is em- ployed, precaution ‘should be maintained in its connection in the cir ‘cult due 10 the use of pre-emphasis in the ‘transmitting system. 13) Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from the camer by be- tween 120. khz, and 240kHz, inclushve, shall bbe attenuated at least 25 decibels below the leveloofthe unmodulated camer. 114) Any emission appearing on a frequency removed from the camer by more than 240 kz and up to ‘and including 600 kHz shall be attenuated at least 35 db below the level ofthe unmodulated camer. 115) Ary emission appearing ‘on a frequency removed ‘rom the camer by more ‘than 600 KHz shell be attenuated at least 43 + 10 Log, (Power, in watts) decibels below the level ofthe unmodulatedcamer, or 80 decibels, of the panets with alt whichever is the lesser access doors attenuation, closed. b. Construction ©) Properbleederresis- tors oF other auto- matic means shall be Installed across Ingeneral, the vansmitter shall be constructed either fn racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames pro- so any vottage tected as required by the pon Which may remain cigtstierasdidetrote accessible with ao- ‘and the Philippine Electrical Soe eee ean mnomesete Tot less than 360 volts pear within 2 seconds ‘The transmitter shall com after the access: ply with the following: door is opened, 1) Enclosure. The wans- d) All plate supply and mitter shall be enclosed ther high voltage in ametal frame or grille, equipment, includ OF Separated from the Ingtransformers, fil- ‘operating space by @ ters, rectifiers and barler or other equiva: motor generators, Jent means. All metallic ‘shall be protected parts shalibe connected ‘So as to prevent in- to ground. Jury to operating per 2) Grounding of controls. ae All external metallic han- e) Power equipment dies and controls acces- and control panels: sible tothe operating per- of the tensmitter sonnel shall be effec. shallmeetthe above ‘Wvely grounded. No cir requirements ex ‘cuit In excess of 100 ~ posed 220 volts AC volts shall have any part ‘switching equipment ‘exposed to direct con on the front of the tact. A complete dead power control pan- front type of switchboard els is not recom. Is preferred. mendes. 3) Interlocks on doors. ¢. Wiring and Shielding a) All access doors 4) The wensmiter panets shall be provided ot writs shall be wired withinerlocke which Inaocordance mth stand. will disconnect all ardswitchboard practice, voltages in excess either with insulated of 350 volts when leads properly eabled any access door Is and supported or with opened. ‘ile bus bar property In Jie accowe-se ulated ard protected. provided for mak- 2) Wiring between units of ing all tuning ad- the transmitter, with the Justment, requiring exception of cireutts car- voltages In excess tying radio-frequency of 350 volts to be energy, shallbe Installed applied to the cir in conduits or approved ‘cult, from the front ‘ber or metal racewaysfor protection from me- chanical injury, Circus. canying radio- frequency energy be- ‘tween units shall be co- ‘axial, oF twowire bal- ‘anced lines, or property shielded. All stages or units shall be adequately shielded and filtered to prevent Interaction andradiation. 4. Metering equipment » a All instruments having more then 1,000 volts Potential to ground on the moverents snail be Protected by a cage or cover. (some instru. ments are designed by the manufacturer to op- erate safely withvoltages ‘inexcess of 1,000 volts on the movement). Incase the plate voltme- ter Is located on the low potential side of the multiplier resistor with ‘the potential ofthe high Potential terminal to the instumentatorlessthan 1,000 volts above ground, no protective case is required. How ever, Itis good practice to protect voltmeters ‘subject to more than 5,000 volts with suftabie avervoltage protective device(s) across the in- ‘strument terminal in ese the winding opens, ‘Transmission tine me- ters and any other redio- frequency instrument which maybe necessary for the operator to read, shall be $0 installed es to be easily and accu- ‘ately read without the ‘operator having to risk contact with cireuits car- tying high potential re dlofrequency energy. 10 @. Indicating instruments 1) Each FM broadcast sta- tion shall be equipped with indicating Instu- ments formeasuring the direct plate voltage and ‘current of the last radio ‘stage and the transmis: ‘slonline radio frequency power. 2) Inthe eventthat the plate voltmeter or plate am- meter in the last radio stage is defective, the ‘operatingpower shall be maintained by means of the radio-frequency ower meter. f.) Installation, 1). The installation shail be made In suitable quar ters, 2) Since an operator must tbe on duty at the trans- tmitter controf during op- eration, ‘suitable facil tes for his welfare and ‘comfort shallbe provided ‘at the contol point, Other technical-data. An ‘accurate clroult diagram, 2s furnished by. the manufac- turer of the equipment, shall be retained at the tvansmit- ter location. 5.2.4 Monitoring Equipment a... Frequency Monitor 1) Thelicensee ofeach sta- ‘Yon shall have in opera tion, either at the trans- miter of at the place ‘where the transmitter is ‘controlled, a frequency monitor of a type ap- proved by the Commis- sion which shall be inde- pendertofthe frequency contol of the vensmit- ter. 2) Inthe event that the fre- ‘quency monitor becomes defective, the stationmay be operated without such equipment endings its repeir or feplacement for period notinexcess of 60 days without further authority of the Commission: Pro- vided, That: a) Appropriate entries ‘shall be made in the cperation log of the Station to. show the date and time the monitor was removed from and restored to sevice, b) The Engineer in (Charge of the Region Inwhich the station is located shall be not fiedbotn immediately after the monitor is found to be defective and Immediately af- terthe repeired orre- placement monitor has been Installed and is functioning Properly. ©) The frequency of the station shall be com- pared with an exter nal frequency source ‘of known accuracy at sufficiently frequent Intervals to nsure tat the frequencyis main- tained within the tol ‘erence. An entry shall be made In the sta- tion log as to the ‘method used and the results thereof. 3) If conditions beyond the control ofthe licensee or permittee prevent the res- ‘oration of the monitor to service within the above ‘allowed period informal re- quest may de filed with the Engineer in Cherge of the Region in which the statlonis located forsuch ‘edditiona ime as may be required to complete re- a4 alts of the defective in- ‘strument or equipment. Modulation Monitor ‘The modulation monitor (deviation monitor) is an ‘optional requirement for an FM station. The FM station may refer to the monitoring section of the ‘Authority, to the Standards authority of the KBP or toother FM stations for modulation measurements. 5.3, Stereophonic Transmission Standards a b L The modulating signal for the main channel shall consist of the sum of the left and right signals. A pilot subcarrier at 19,000 Hertz pss or minus 2 H2, shall be trans- mitied that shall trequency-modu- late the main carrer botwoen the limits of 8 and 10 percent. The stereophonic subcarrier shail be the second harmonic of the pilot subcarrier and shall cross the Ume axis with apositive slope simultane- ously with each crossing of time axis by the pilot subcarrier. Amplitude modulation of the stere- ‘phonic subcarrier shall be used. The stereophonie subcarrier shail be suppressed to a level less than ‘one percent modulation of the main canter. ‘The stereophonio subcamier shall bbe capable of accepting audio fre- ‘quencies from 50 to 15,000 Hz. ‘The modulating signal for the stere- ‘ophonic subcarrier shall be equal to ‘the difference of the left and right signals. The pre-emphasis characteristics ‘of the stereophenic subchannel shall be identical with those of the main channel with respect to phase and amplitude at ail frequencies, ‘Thesum ofthe side bands resulting from amplitude modulation of the stereophonic subcarrier shall not ‘cause @ peak devietion of the main cartier in excess of 45 percent of total modulation (excluding SCA subcarriers) when only a left (or right) signal exists; simultaneously in the main channel, the deviation when only @ left (or right) signaln exists shall not exceed 45 percent (of total modulation (excluding SCA subcarriers). The maximum medulation of the main cartier by all SCA subcartiers Shall be limited to 10 percent. At the instant when only a positive left signal is applied, the main chan- nel modulation shall cause an up- ward deviation of the main carrier frequency: and the stereophonic subcarrier and Its sidebands signal shall cross the time axis simultane- ‘ously and in the same direction. The ratio of peak main channel deviation to. peak stereophonic ‘subchannel deviation, when only @ steady state left (or right) signal ‘exists, shall be within plus orminus, 3.5 percentof unity forall levels of ‘this signal and all frequencies from 50 to 15,000 Hertz The phase difference between the zero points of the main channel signal and the —stereophoric subeantersidebandsemelope, when ‘only a steady state left (or right) ‘signal exists, shall not exceed plus. ‘of minus 3 degrees for audio modu lating frequencies from 50 to 15,000 hz. If the 'stereophonic separation be- tween left and right stereophonic channels is better than 29.7 deck bels et audio modulating frequen- les between 500 15,000 Hz itil bbe assumed that (I) and (m) of this section have been complied with. cross: talk into the main channel caused by a signal in the store ‘ophonic subchannel shall be attenu- ated at least 40 decibels below 90 percent modulation. Grosstalk into the stereophonic subchannel caused by a signal In ‘the main channel shall be atten ated atleast 40 decibels below 90 percent modulation. For required transmitter perform ‘ance the maximum modulation to bbe employed is 90 percent ( exclud- Ing pilot subcarrier) rather than 100 percent. a. For electrical performance stand- ards of the transmitter and associ ated equipment, 100 percent modu: lation is referred to include the pilot subcarrier. 5.4 Subsidiary Communications Authort- zation (SCA) 5.4.4. Permissible usesof the SCAmust fall within one or both of the following categories: a. Transmission of programs which are of a broadcast nature, but which are of inter est primarily to limited seg- ments of the public wishing to subscribe thereto. llustrative services include: background music, storecasting, detailed weather forecasting: special time signals; and other ma- terial of a broadcast nature expressly designed and In tended for business, profes- ‘sional, educational, religious, ‘wade, labor, agricultural, or ‘other groups engaged in ary lawful activity b. Transmission of signals which are directly related to the operation of FM broad Gast stations; for example: relaying of broadcast mate fal to other FM and stand- ard AM broadcast stations; remote cueing and order circuits: remote control telemetering functions as: sociated with authorized ‘STL operation, and similar uses. 5.4.2 An application for the SCA shall specify the particular nature and purpose of the proposed use. If visual transmission of program material (Ss contemplated, the ‘application shall include certain ‘technical information concerning ‘he visual system, on which the ‘Authority shall rely in issuing an SCA. If ary significant change is subsequently made in the sys- tem, revised information shall be submitted. The technical infor:mation to be submitted is as of SCA subcarriers shall at tollows: all times be within the range ‘& Afull description ofthe visual Kaghe BS airihlsinansestci none, ‘eer, that when the stationis engaged in stereophonic b, Ablock dlagram of the sys- broadcasting. the instants. tem, as installed at the sta neous frequency of SCA ‘ion, with all components, subcarriers shall at all mes including fikers, identified be within the range 53 to 75 as to make and type. Re- itz, ‘sponse curves of all com. ‘ps thee Sah be tur ¢. The arithmetic sum of the Pare ‘modulation of the main car- Fler by SCA subcarriers shall 5.4.3. SCAoperations may be conducted ‘ot exceed 30 percent: Pro- without restriction as to time, so Yided, however, that when Jong a& the main channel is pro- the station Is engaged in ‘grammed simultaneously. Stereaphonic broadcasting, ‘the arithmetic sum of the 5.4.4 Nature of the SCA ap lee Reateelpied 8, The SCA is of a subsidiary or rier by the SCA subcamiers ‘secondary nature and shall shall rot exceed 10 percent. eo acme 4d. The total modulation of the Peers or peak. Ne ems: ‘main cerrer, inctuding SCA fer or assignment of it shall Se, eee neues ‘subcarriers, shall meet the aire es requirements of 6.2.2. failure to transfer the SCA ¢. Frequency modulation of the with the FM license renders main carrier caused by the ‘the SCA void. Any assign ‘SCA subcarrier operation ment or transfer of an SCA ‘shall, in the frequency range ‘shall, if desired, be requested 90 to 16,000 Hz, be at @s part of the main station's least 60 dB below 100 tvansferor assignment appli- pPercert, modulation: = Pro cation. The licensee or vided, however, that when permittee must seck renewal ‘the station is engaged in Of the SCA at the same time stereophonic broadcasting, ‘it applies for its renewal of frequency modulation of the FM license or permit; failure: main carrier by the SCA ‘to renew the latter automati- ‘subcarrier operation shall, in cally terminates the SCA. the frequency range 50 to 53,000Hz, be atleast60 8 below 100 percent modula- tion. b. The grent or renewel of an FM license orpermitshall not be furthered or promoted by the Proposed or past operation f, The center frequency of each under an SCA; the licensee SCA subcarrier shell be kept mustestablish thathis broad- at all times within 500 hertz cast operation is in the pub- of the authorized frequency. lie interest wholly apart from the SCA actities. 5.4.6 faeiniie engineering stand- 5.4.5 Multiplex Operations Engineer- oa ing standards apply ea to facsimile broadcasting under {8 Frequency madulation of SCA SCA operations. seers = a by Used. ‘a Rectiinear scanning shall be . The instantaneous frequency employed, with scanning spotf progressing fromleft to right and scanned lines progress- Ing from top to bottom of ‘subject copy. The standard index of coop- eration shall be 984, ‘Therumberof scanninglines er minute shall be 360. The lineuse ratio shall be 7/8, of 315 degrees of the full scanning cycle. The 1/Scycle or 45 degrees not included in the avaliable scaming line shall be dé vided into 3 equal parts, the first 15 degrees being used for transmission at approxi ‘mately white level, the sec- ‘ond 15 degrees fortvansmis- sion at approximately black level, and the third 15 de- ‘gees for transmission atap- proximately white level. ‘An interval of not more than 12 seconds shall be aveit able between two pages of subject copy, for the trans- mission of @ page-separa- tion signal and/or other serv- ices, Amplitude or (frequency shift) modulation of the subcarrier shall be used. ‘Subcartier modulation shall ‘normally vary approximately linearly with the optical den- sity of the subject copy. Negative modulation shail be used, i.e., for amplitude modulation of subeartler, maximum subcarrier arpll- ‘tude and maximum radio fre ‘quency swing on blacig for frequency modulation of subvartier, highest instanta- neous frequency of subeanier on black. ‘Subcartier noise level shall bemeintainedat least 30.48 below maximum (black) pio ture modulation level, at the radio transmitter input. k. The facsimile subcarrier ‘transmission shall be con ducted inthe frequencyrange between 22 and 28 KHz, ‘Should amplitude modulation ofthesubcarrierbe employed the subcarrier frequency shat be 25 Khz with sidebands eatending not more then 3 Kitz in either direction from the subcarrier frequency. ‘Shouidfrequency modulation ofthe subcarrierbe employed the total swing at the subcarrier shall be within the range from 22 to 28 kHz, with 22 kHz corresponding to white and 20 kHz correspond ing to black on the transmit- ted copy. In multiplex opera- tion, the modulation of the FM cantor by the modulated subcarrier shalinotexceed 5 percent. In simplex opera: tion, the modulation of the Fad camer ty the modulated subcarrier shall not exceed 30 pereent. During periods of multiplex fecsimile transmission, fre- ‘quency modulation of the FM carrier caused by the aural * signals shall, inthe frequency rarge from 20 to 30 kHz, be at least 60dB below 100 percent modulation. Fre: ‘quency modulation of the FM camer caused Dy the fao- simile signais shall, in the frequency range from 50 to 15,000 hertz, be atleast60 dB below 100 percent medu- lation. 5.5 Studio, Equipment & Allied Facilities 5.5.1 The studio being the recognized ‘source of program materials and other forms of intelligence of var- ‘ous kinds and content, must be properly equipped to faithfully respond to these impressions and produce the same to the highest degree possible, up to ‘the tumover point which is the ‘transmitter input. 5.5.2 Studio Location and Layout"2. Each studio shell be associ are required to be installed ated with acontrol room from with it. ‘which the operational erea of _ een 5.7 Spare Component Parts with. However, when the In order to cut downtimes during sstudlo and control rooms ~ Scheduled on-air operations, @ reason- ‘are integrated into one, an able variety andnumber of spare compo- announcershall perform sim- nents appropriate to the equipment in- ple front panel type functions stalledat the site, shall be kepton hand. like level adjustments and & BROAD Sead user }CAST AUXILIARY SERVICES Bornes 6.1 Bioodcast auxilary services fall under ie Sue tea these three categories: shall be So constructed that a. StudlotoTransmitter Link (STL) they are adequetely insu = - tee mr b. Remote Pickup Broadcast Station extraneous noise end vibra ©. Communications, Coordination, and ton, and the acoustic treat: Control Link. ment of such studios and control rooms shell be in ‘accordance with good engl- 6.2 The frequency bands and transmitter ower output authorized for the zbove services are as follows: neering practice. Teel Eneeea chibi rasiniae a. SuudloTo‘Transmitter Link Bond A 900915 MHz 5.6.1 Altemate Main Transmitter oe ‘a. The regular and the optional BandC 962952 MHz main vansmitter shall be co- located in a single place. ‘The maximum power allowable forSTI Bands A, B, and C shall be b. Theemtemal effects tr both Hate reguer end altemate main transmitters shall substan b. Remote Plekup Broadcast Sta- ‘lally be the seme as to fre- on A ects ta BandA 315-325 MHz 5.6.2 Auallary Transmitter BandB 450451 Miz An auniliary tancmitter may Bad Cm A068 Miz be provided and may be in The maximum power alowable stalled in the same location for Remote Pickup Bands A, 8, and a tre regular main vanemt- C shall be 35 watts. nie) stomer leon. ¢. Communications, Coordination and », te operating power shall not Control Link be less than 10% or never lesiie then the satonced Band 4.12MHz(non-exclusive) Band © 25.67-26.1 MHz ‘Operating power of the main BandC — 162.235-162.615 MHz transmitter. 466.250 and 170.150 MHz ©. Alicensedd operator shall be incontvol whenever an aux. Oe eee lary transmitter is placed in ‘operation. The maximum power allowable for Communications, Coordination eee and Control Link shall be: differentfromthat ofthe regu: lar main vansmitter, a type- Band A - 100 watts (S88) ‘approved modulation mont Band B - 160 watts (ERP) tor and a frequency monitor Band G - 160 watts (ERP) Bend D - 200 watts (for repeater)6.3 TheNatlonalTelecommunications Com 7.2.2 The percentage of madulation mission shall authorize the employ- hall be maintained 2s high 2s ment of any one or all of these possible consistent with good broadcast transmission services to a quality of transmission and good station depending on the necessity roadcastpractice and innocase and availabilty of frequencies for the less than 8 percent nor mare purpose. Any AM or PM station author than 100 percent on peaks of ized to operate is entitled to use any frequem. recurrence during any broadcast transmission services re selection which rommally is trans ‘evant to the efficient operation of the mitted at the highest level of the station where the use of physical lines progam under consideration . ‘or cables Is not feasible. 7.2.3 The operating power of each sta OPERATING REQUIREMENTS ‘ton shell be maintained as near ‘8s precticable to the authorized 7.4. Hours of Operation Sealing power, aid stan net 7.1.4 Minimum Operating Schedule - exceed the limits of 5 percent ‘The licensee of each FM station ‘above and 10 percent below the shall maintain a minimum ope ‘authorized power, except that in ating schedule of twothirds of an emergency when it becomes the total hours that it is author impossibie to operate within the Ized to operate, except in emer authorized power, the station may gencles when, due to causes be operated with reduced power. beyond the control of the licensee, it becomes impossible to continue operating. The ‘station maycease operations for a period not exceeding 10 days, ‘The operating power of each station shall be determined by the Indirect method. This Is the product of the plate voltage (Ep) ‘and the plate current (Ip) of the 7.4.2 Broadcast outside of the a last radio stage, end on eff thorized regular operating sched- cleney factor, F; that is, Operat- Ue (a5 before regular sign-on ing Power = Ep x 1p x F schedules and/or beyond the regular sign-ott schedules) may be aired without prior euthoriza- ‘ton from the appropriate regula ‘The efficiency factor, F, shall bbe established by the transmitter manufacturer for each type of tory body provided the program een fais under an emergency cat 7.2.4 The station equloment shall be gory oF of very important re 50 operated, tuned and adjusted evance 10 the station's exist that erissions outside of the ence, The Information shall be ‘authorized channel do not cause ‘entered in the program and oper- hharmfulinterference tothe recep- ating logs at the time the broad- tion of other radio stations. FM cast was aired. broadcast stations shall main 7.1.3 irapermanentdiscontinuance of ee meted ‘operations isbeing contemplated, with the specifications set forth In this section. Stations shall echieve the highest degree of ‘compliance practicable with their ‘then the licensee shell notify the appropriate regulatory body In writing, at least two (2) days before atin eeorice Ged cakient ater affected. case, shouldharmful interference 7.2 Other Operating Requirements Se a ‘stations occur, the licensee may 7.2.4 The center frequency of each FM be required to take such further broadcast station shail be main steps as may be necesary t0 tzined within 2000 Hertz of the eliminate the interference. ‘assigned center frequency.72.5 a limiting or compression armpli- fier is employed, care should be maintained in ts use due to pre- ‘emphasisin the transmitting sys- tem. 7.3 Posting of Station and Operator Ucenses 73.4 The station license and other inetrument(s) of station author zation shall be posted in a con ‘spicuous place and in such @ manner that all terms are Visible, at the place the licensee considers to be the principal con- ‘vol point of the transmitter. At all other control points listed on the station authorization, @ pho- ‘tocopy of the station license and other instrument(s) of station ‘authorization shall be posted, 7.4 Operators Requirements Ta 74.2 Radio Operators holding a vaild radiotelephone first class opera: tor’s license, excent as provided for In paragraph 7.4.2 of this ‘section, shall be in actual charge ofthe transmittingapparatus and shall be on duty either at the transmitter location or remote control point. Astation whichis authorized with ‘a power of 20 kilowatts or less ‘may be operated by persons hold ing commercial radio operator's license of any class, exceptthose with an aircraft radiotelephone ‘operator authorization or a tem porary limited radiotelephone operator class license, when the equipment Is so designed that the stability of the frequency is maintained by the transmitter t- self within the limits of tolerance ‘specified, and none onthe opera- tons , except those specified in ‘sub-paregrephs (a) through(c) of this poragreph, necessary to be performed during the course of ‘normal operation, may cause off frequency operation or result in any unauthorized radiation. Ad- Jusments of the vansmitiing ‘equipment by such operators, ‘except when under the immed a7 ‘ate supervision of a radiotel ephone firstclass operator, shall be limited to the following: a. Those necessary to com mence or terminate trens- miter emissions a5 a row tine matter. b. Those extemal adjustments ‘that may be required as a result of varlations of pri- ‘mary power supply. ©. Those extemal adjustments, which may be necessary to insure modulation within the limits required. 4, Those adjustments neces- sary to effect any change in ‘operating power which may be required by the station's Instrument(s} of authorize tion. Should the transmitting apparatus be observed to be ‘operating in @ manner incon- sistent with the station's in- ‘strumentof authorization and none of the above adjust ments are effective in bring: Ing i into proper operation, person holdingotherthena radio telephone first class operator's license and not ‘acting under the immediate supervision of a radio-tel ‘ephone firstclass operator, shall be required to tem ‘ate the station's emissions. 7.4.3 & station shall employ at ieast one fulltime first class radio- telephone operator whose primary duty shall be to effect and ensure ‘the proper functioning of the trans- mitting equipment. 7.5 Log Requirement The licensee or permittee of each FM broadcast station shall maintain sepa fate program and operating logs and. Shall require entries to be made as. follows: 7.5.1. In the program log a. An entry of the time each station identification an- ouncement call letters, fre-75.2 75.3 ‘quency endlocetion) ismade, b. An entry briefly describing each programbroadcast such as "music", "drama", “speech”, ete. together with the name at the beginning ‘and ending of the comalete program. If a mechanical recordis used, theenty shall show the exact nature ‘thereof, such as “record”, “transcription” ete, andthe ‘time it Is announced as. a mechanical record. if a speech is made by apolitical candidate, the name and polltical affiliation of such a ‘speeker shall be entered. . An entry showing that each sponsored program broad casthas been announced as ‘sponsored, paid for, or fur. ‘ished by the sponsor, d. An entry showing, each pro- Fam of network origin, the name of the network originat- ing the program. In the Operating log ‘a. Anentty ofthe tme the station begins tosupply power tothe antenna, and the time it stops. b. Anentry of the tme the pro- fam begins and ends. ¢. Anentry of each interruption tothecartierwave, its cause, and duratlors of an interrup- ‘ton of program transmission. d. Anentyof the following every 30 minutes: 1) Operating constants of the last radio frequency stage (totalplatecurrent and plate voltage) 2). Any other entry required by the Instrument of ‘Authorization. Hamaintenance logis keptaside fromthe operating og, the follow Ing entries are recommended : a. An entry of the time and result ofthe test of auiliary transmitter. b. A notation of all frequency checks and measurements made independently of the frequency monitor and of the. correlation of these meas- urements with frequency ‘monitor indications. ©. Anotation of the calibration check of autornation record: ing devices. An entry of the data end time of removal from the restoration to ser kee of any of the following equipment in the event it becomes defective: 4) Final RF. stage plate volt meter readings. 2) Final R.F. stage plate volt meter readings. 3) Transmission line radio frequency voltage cur. rem, or power meterread- ings. 4) Theentnes requiredcon- ‘cerning quarterly inspec- ‘tions of the condition of ‘the tower lights end as- sociated control equio- ment and an entry when towers arecieanedand/ oF repainted. 5) Entries which describe fully any experimental operation oftransnitter. 6) Any other entries re- quired by the current ine Strument of Authorize: tion of the station and the provisions of this subpart. 7.5.4 Alog must be Kept of all opera- tions during the experimental period. If the entries required ‘above are not applicable thereto thenthe entries shall be made 50 as tofully describethe operation. 7.5.5 Logs of FM broadcast stations shall be retained ty the licensee Cr permittee for @ period of two(2)years: Provided, however, that the original rough or memoranda logs. Involving communications andall portionis) thereot sallbe Incident to @ disaster of which procerved and made part of the Include communications incident complete log. ed eto 7.6 Operation under Subsidiary Communt- ese aminatpaleng catlons Authorizations see or permities has been roth 7.6.1 Operations conducted under a fled, shall be retained by the ‘Subsidiary Comrrunications Aur licensee or permitize until he is thorization (SCA) shall conform specifically authorized in writing totheuses and puposes author bythe appropriate regulatory body ized by the Authority in granting to destroy them : Provided fur the SCA apaication. Prior per ther, that logs incident to or In mission to engage in any new or volved in any etm or complaints additional sctity must be ob- ofthe licensee or pemnittee has tained trom the Authority pursu- notice, shall be retained by the ant to application therefor. licensee or permittee until such claim or complaint has been fully satisfied or until the same has been barred by the statute limit- 7.6.2 Superauditle and subaudible ‘tones and pulses may, when au- ‘thorized by the Authority, be em Ployed by SCA holders to activate Inge ine re rec sus ea ——— 7.5.8 Each log shall be Kept by the The use of these or any other fais Masdpasal ronan control techniques to delete main a gate en channel material Is. spestfcally sign the log when starting duty gory and again when going off duty. 7.6.3 In all arrangements entered into ‘he logs shall be made available with outside parties affecting SCA upon request by an authorized operation, the licensee or representative(s) of the appropri. Permittee mustretain control over ate regulatory body during rea ail material transmitted over the ‘sonable hours of the day. ‘Station's facilites, with the night 7.5.7 A log shall be kept in to reject any material which it deems inappropriate or undesir. able. Subchamelleasing agree- ment shall be reduced to wilting, kept at the station, and made ‘available for inspection upon re ‘manner in sultable form, and in ‘such detail that the deta required forthe particular class of station ‘concemed are readily available. Key letters or abbreviations may ree be used if proper meaning or s ‘explanation is contained else- 7.6.4 The logging announcements and ‘where iin the log. other requirements imposed on logs and station identification are ot applicable to material trans- mitted on authorized subcarrier 7.5.8 No log of portions thereof shall bbe erased, obligated, or willfully destroyed within the period of retention provided ty the rules. eee? ‘Any necessary correction may be 7.6.5 Tothe extent that SCA circuits are ‘made only by the person originat: used for transmission of ‘pro- ‘ng the entry who shall strike out gram material, each licensee or the erroneous portion, inital the ermittee shall maintain a daily correction made, end indicate program log in which a general the date of correction. Rough description of the material trans- logis) mey be vanscribed into mitted shall be entered once dur- ‘condensed fornbutin such cases Ing each broadcast day; Provided