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    CH 3

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    The document discusses risk assessment and toxicity analysis. It covers understanding toxicity and dose exposure, computing intake rates, and uncertainty in exposure assessments. It also discusses toxicity scales, exposure routes like inhalation, what constitutes a dose, and why rats and mice are commonly used in toxicology tests.

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    CH 3

    Uploaded by

    bawanlava
    26 views28 pages
    The document discusses risk assessment and toxicity analysis. It covers understanding toxicity and dose exposure, computing intake rates, and uncertainty in exposure assessments. It also discusses toxicity scales, exposure routes like inhalation, what constitutes a dose, and why rats and mice are commonly used in toxicology tests.

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    The document discusses risk assessment and toxicity analysis. It covers understanding toxicity and dose exposure, computing intake rates, and uncertainty in exposure assessments. It also discusses toxicity scales, exposure routes like inhalation, what constitutes a dose, and why rats and mice are commonly used in toxicology tests.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views28 pages

    CH 3

    Uploaded by

    bawanlava
    The document discusses risk assessment and toxicity analysis. It covers understanding toxicity and dose exposure, computing intake rates, and uncertainty in exposure assessments. It also discusses toxicity scales, exposure routes like inhalation, what constitutes a dose, and why rats and mice are commonly used in toxicology tests.

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    Risk Assessment

    W-3-1

    Twana A. Tahir
    Class Content

    1. Understanding Toxicity and Dose-exposure Analysis.

    2. Computing Dose Intake rate.

    3. Uncertainty of Exposure Assessment.


    Quantitative Risk Analysis
    A Toxic Word

    Toxic means poisonous or dangerous

    Toxicology: Is the study of poisons.

    Toxicity: is a measure of how dangerous a


    chemical is.
    A Toxicity Scale
    Signal Words Symbol on
    Toxicity Rating
    on Package Package

    DANGER or
    Highly Toxic
    POISON

    Moderately Toxic WARNING

    Slightly Toxic CAUTION

    Not Toxic none


    How would you rate these products?

    Toxicity Rating

    Highly Toxic

    Moderately Toxic

    Slightly Toxic

    Not Toxic
    And the answers are

    Toxicity Rating

    Highly Toxic

    Moderately Toxic

    Slightly Toxic

    Not Toxic
    Exposure is

    The total amount of a hazard that comes in


    direct contact with human body.
    The 3 parts of exposure

    The The
    The
    Source Contact
    Environmental
    of the hazard (inhaled fumes)
    Pathway
    (bus exhaust)
    (air)
    Route #1: Inhalation

    Inhalation:

    Breathing. When
    chemicals enter
    the body through
    this route of
    exposure, they
    can get stuck in
    the lungs and/or
    be taken up into
    the bloodstream.
    What is dose? X
    Exposure X
    X

    X
    X
    X X Dose X
    X X
    X

    X X

    X = hazard

    Dose is the amount of a hazard that actually


    enters your body.
    Dose can depend on

    Frequency of Body Size:


    Duration of
    Exposure: How big or small are
    Exposure:
    How often? you?
    How long?

    L
    M

    S S
    Dose & Body Size

    Dose can depend on how big or small you are. To


    understand how, lets take three different size
    flasks and fill them with water. Imagine each one
    represents a different human body - one small, one
    medium, and one large.

    L
    M
    s s
    A Dose Experiment
    Now we will take a dropper of an imaginary
    hazardous substance and put 3 drops in
    each flask. What will happen? How will
    each flask look after the 3 dark purple
    drops have been added? s M L
    What is a LD50 and LC50?
    Why Rat and Mice are mainly used in
    the Toxicology Tests?
    1. Rodents are small, easily housed and maintained, and adapt well to
    new surroundings.

    2. They also reproduce quickly and have a short lifespan of two to


    three years, so several generations of mice can be observed in a
    relatively short period of time.

    3. Also, Their genetic, biological and behavior characteristics closely


    resemble those of humans, and many symptoms of human
    conditions can be replicated in mice and rats.

    4. Rats and mice are mammals that share many processes with
    humans and are appropriate for use to answer many research
    questions.
    Uncertainty in risk assessment study
    Data on Toxic Chemicals usually come from:

    1. Laboratory experiments on Animals, not epidemiology studies of humans.


    2. These sources data cause problems because:

    a. An animal or cell is not a human being


    b. Most animals toxicity data is short-term.
    c. Relatively high exposure are used experimentally, to cause statistically significant
    effects.

    3. By contrast, humans are diverse in their response to chemicals due to:

    Genetic make up
    Age
    Habits
    Occupation
    Health status
    diet
    Uncertainty in risk assessment study
    When no effect is seen in lab animals, is there negligible risk to
    humans exposed at such level?

    A 1% incidence of any disease would be impossible to detect in a


    study of 25 animals, but would represent more than 2 million cases
    if the entire US population were exposed.

    Human, in general, have longer life expectancies than most


    nonhuman species, metabolize substances differently, and are
    exposed to a multitude of different environmental factors over our
    lifetimes.
    Diseases that develop in people differ in significant ways from
    artificially imposed symptoms or in animals that have been
    genetically engineered.

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