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    History of Fluid Mechanics

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    Zetsu Black
    This document provides a history of important figures in fluid mechanics from 287 BC to the 20th century. Some of the key contributors include Archimedes who formulated laws of buoyancy, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni who applied experimental methods to fluid statics, Leonardo da Vinci who derived equations of conservation of mass, and Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler who developed differential equations of fluid motion and the Bernoulli equation. In the 19th century, scientists such as Osborne Reynolds, Navier, and Stokes developed equations like the Navier-Stokes equations that describe fluid motion and flow. Their work established the foundation for modern fluid dynamics.

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    History of Fluid Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Zetsu Black
    2K views5 pages
    This document provides a history of important figures in fluid mechanics from 287 BC to the 20th century. Some of the key contributors include Archimedes who formulated laws of buoyancy, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni who applied experimental methods to fluid statics, Leonardo da Vinci who derived equations of conservation of mass, and Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler who developed differential equations of fluid motion and the Bernoulli equation. In the 19th century, scientists such as Osborne Reynolds, Navier, and Stokes developed equations like the Navier-Stokes equations that describe fluid motion and flow. Their work established the foundation for modern fluid dynamics.

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    History of Fluids

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    This document provides a history of important figures in fluid mechanics from 287 BC to the 20th century. Some of the key contributors include Archimedes who formulated laws of buoyancy, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni who applied experimental methods to fluid statics, Leonardo da Vinci who derived equations of conservation of mass, and Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler who developed differential equations of fluid motion and the Bernoulli equation. In the 19th century, scientists such as Osborne Reynolds, Navier, and Stokes developed equations like the Navier-Stokes equations that describe fluid motion and flow. Their work established the foundation for modern fluid dynamics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2K views5 pages

    History of Fluid Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Zetsu Black
    This document provides a history of important figures in fluid mechanics from 287 BC to the 20th century. Some of the key contributors include Archimedes who formulated laws of buoyancy, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni who applied experimental methods to fluid statics, Leonardo da Vinci who derived equations of conservation of mass, and Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler who developed differential equations of fluid motion and the Bernoulli equation. In the 19th century, scientists such as Osborne Reynolds, Navier, and Stokes developed equations like the Navier-Stokes equations that describe fluid motion and flow. Their work established the foundation for modern fluid dynamics.

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    HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS

    Archimedes (287 BC 212 BC)

    He formulated the laws of buoyancy and applied them to


    floating and submerged bodies, actually deriving a form of
    the differential calculus as part of the analysis.

    Abu Rayhan & Al-Biruni (973-1048)

    Al-Biruni and Al-Khazini were the first to apply


    experimental scientific methods to fluid mechanics,
    especially in the field of fluid statics, such as for
    determining specific weights. Biruni discovered that
    there is a correlation between the specific gravity of an
    object and the volume of water it displaces.

    Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

    He derived the equation of conservation of mass in one-


    dimensional steady flow. His notes contain accurate
    descriptions of waves, jets, hydraulic jumps, eddy
    formation, and both low-drags (streamlined) and high-drag
    (parachute) designs.

    Evangelista Torricelli (1608 1647)

    Torricelli's chief invention was the mercurial barometer,


    which arose from solving an important practical problem.
    This was the first barometer. This discovery has
    perpetuated his fame, and the Torr, a unit of pressure
    commonly used in vacuum measurements, was named in
    his honor
    Edme Mariotte (1620-1684)

    He is founded on a great variety of well-conducted


    experiments on the motion of fluids, performed at Versailles
    and Chantilly. He built the first wind tunnel and tested
    models in it.
    Blaise Pascal (1623,1662)

    Pascal's work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics


    and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic
    fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press (using
    hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the syringe. he
    made important contributions to the study of fluids, and
    clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by
    generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli.

    Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

    He postulated his laws of motion and the law of viscosity of


    the linear fluids now called Newtonian fluids.

    Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

    Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about


    the flow of fluids. In particular, they wanted to know about
    the relationship between the speed at which blood flows
    and its pressure. Bernoulli's method of measuring pressure
    is still used today in modern aircraft to measure the speed
    of the air passing the plane; that is its air speed.

    Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

    Euler developed both the differential equations of motion of


    fluids and their integrated form, now called the Bernoulli
    equation. This calculus was first applied to the motion of
    water by d'Alembert, and enabled both him and Euler to
    represent the theory of fluids in formulae restricted by no
    particular hypothesis.
    Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783)

    DAlembert used the equation developed by Euler to show


    his famous paradox: that a body immersed in a frictionless
    fluid has zero drag.

    Antoine Chzy (1718-1798)

    First to express the mean flow velocity in terms of channel


    roughness, hydraulic radius, and bed slope. This formula
    describes the mean flow velocity of steady, turbulent open
    channel flow

    Pierre Louis Georges Dubuat (17341809)


    One of the most successful labourers in the science of hydrodynamics at
    this period . he published, in 1786, a revised edition of his Principes
    d'hydraulique, which contains a satisfactory theory of the motion of fluids,
    founded solely upon experiments
    St. Venant (1797 - 1886 )

    He formulated the equations of unsteady flow in open


    channels.

    Poiseuille(1797-1869)
    In 1838 he experimentally derived, and in 1840 and 1846
    formulated and published, Poiseuille's law. This concerns the
    voluminal laminar stationary flow of an incompressible
    uniform viscous liquid (so-called Newtonian fluid) through a
    cylindrical tube with constant circular cross-section.

    Gaspard Riche de Prony (17551839)

    The theory of running water was greatly advanced by the


    researches he had done. he succeeded in drawing up general
    formulae, which afforded a simple expression for the velocity
    of running water.
    Johann Albert Eytelwein (1764-1848)

    He showed theoretically that a water wheel will have its


    maximum effect when its circumference moves with half the
    velocity of the stream.

    Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette (1769-1834)

    JNP Hachette in 1816-1817 published memoirs containing


    the results of experiments on the spouting of fluids and the
    discharge of vessels.

    Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919)

    He proposed the technique of proposed the technique of


    while he was trying to understand why the sky is blue.

    Application: Dimensional analysis is used to derive


    relationships between the physical quantities that are
    involved in a particular phenomenon that one wishes to
    understand and characterize.

    Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912)

    He published the classic pipe experiment in 1883 which


    showed the importance of the dimensionless Reynolds
    number named after him.

    Navier (1785-1836) and Stokes (1819-1903)

    The NavierStokes equations, describe the motion of fluid substances.


    These equations arise from applying Newton's second law to fluid motion,
    together with the assumption that the fluid stress is the sum of a diffusing
    viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity), plus a pressure
    term.
    Application: The equations are useful
    because they describe the physics of many
    things of academic and economic interest.
    They may be used to model the weather,
    water flow in a pipe, air flow around a
    wing.

    Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953)

    Prandtl pointed out that fluid flows with small viscosity


    (water and air flows) can be divided into a thin viscous
    layer, or boundary layer, near solid surfaces and interfaces,
    patched onto a nearly inviscid outer layer, where the Euler
    and Bernoulli equations apply.

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