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    Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System

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    Uloko Christopher
    The document discusses bone tissue and the skeletal system. It defines bones and their functions, which include supporting the body against gravity, providing leverage for muscle movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. It describes the different types of bones and how they develop through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones from membranes, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone. Bone tissue is made up of cells, nerves, blood vessels, and a mineralized matrix that provides structure and rigidity.

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    Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Uloko Christopher
    14 views10 pages
    The document discusses bone tissue and the skeletal system. It defines bones and their functions, which include supporting the body against gravity, providing leverage for muscle movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. It describes the different types of bones and how they develop through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones from membranes, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone. Bone tissue is made up of cells, nerves, blood vessels, and a mineralized matrix that provides structure and rigidity.

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    Bone Tissue

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    lec3-sem7-OrhoWk1-20150110

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    The document discusses bone tissue and the skeletal system. It defines bones and their functions, which include supporting the body against gravity, providing leverage for muscle movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. It describes the different types of bones and how they develop through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones from membranes, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone. Bone tissue is made up of cells, nerves, blood vessels, and a mineralized matrix that provides structure and rigidity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views10 pages

    Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    Uloko Christopher
    The document discusses bone tissue and the skeletal system. It defines bones and their functions, which include supporting the body against gravity, providing leverage for muscle movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. It describes the different types of bones and how they develop through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones from membranes, and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone. Bone tissue is made up of cells, nerves, blood vessels, and a mineralized matrix that provides structure and rigidity.

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    Bone Tissue and The Skeletal System

    LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    By the end of lecture, the student should be able to:

    Define bones, and its functions.

    Classify the bones.

    Describe the endochondral and intramembranous ossification.

    Differentiate between different types of cartilage and know their locations.

    THE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUE

    The dense, hard, and somewhat flexible connective tissue constituting the
    framework of the human skeleton. It is composed of compact osseous tissue
    surrounding spongy cancellous tissue permeated by many blood vessels and
    nerves and enclosed in membranous periosteum.

    The Skeletal System

    Functions of the Skeletal System

    Support against gravity


    Leverage for muscle action - movement
    Protection of soft internal organs
    Blood cell production
    Storage - calcium, phosphorous, fat
    The skeletal system includes:
    Bones
    Cartilages
    Joints
    Ligaments
    Other connective tissues Tissues in Bone

    Bones are dominated by bone tissue but also contain

    Nervous tissue and nerves


    Blood tissue and vessels
    Cartilage in articular cartilages
    Epithelial tissue lining the blood vessels
    Bone (Osseous Tissue)

    Specialized cells - 2% of bone weight


    Strong flexible matrix
    Calcium phosphate crystals - two-thirds of bone weight
    Collagen fibers
    General Shapes Of Bones

    Long bones (e.g., humerus, femur)


    Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals, patella
    Flat bones (e.g., parietal bone, scapula, sternum)
    Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones)
    Structure of Typical Long Bone
    Diaphysis - tubular shaft forming the axis of long bones.

    Composed of compact bone

    Central medullary cavity

    Contains bone marrow

    Epiphysis expanded end of long bones.

    Composed mostly of spongy bone

    Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

    Epiphyseal lines separate the diaphysis from the epiphyses

    Metaphysis where epiphysis and diaphysis meet

    Bone Membranes
    Periosteum
    Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
    Double-layered protective membrane, supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and
    lymphatic vessels entering the bone via nutrient foramina.
    Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
    Endosteum
    Delicate CT membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
    Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
    Lines canals in compact bone
    Also contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

    Gross Anatomy of Bones


    External Features of Bones projections, depressions, and openings that serve as
    sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or conduits for
    blood vessels and nerves
    Compact Bone dense outer layer
    Spongy Bone (cancellous bone) honeycomb of trabeculae (needle-like or flat
    pieces) filled with bone marrow

    Gross Anatomy - Bone Markings


    Superficial surfaces of bones reflect stresses on them
    There are three broad categories of bone markings
    Projections for muscle attachment
    Surfaces that form joints
    Depressions and openings

    Histology of Compact Bone

    Osteon the structural unit of compact bone

    Lamellae column-like matrix tubes composed of collagen and crystals of bone salts

    Central canal - (Haversian canal) canal containing blood vessels and nerves

    Lacunae - cavities in bone containing osteocytes


    Canaliculi - hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
    Perforating canal (Volkmanns) channels lying at right angles to the central canal,
    connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canal

    Cells in Bone

    Osteoprogenitor cells precursors to osteoblasts

    Osteocytes - mature bone cells between lamellae

    Osteoclasts - bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and
    release of calcium
    Source of acid, enzymes for osteolysis
    Calcium homeostasis

    Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells


    Responsible for osteogenesis (new bone)
    Source of collagen, calcium salts
    The Structure of Spongy Bone

    No osteons

    Lamellae as trabeculae

    Arches, rods, plates of bone


    Branching network of bony tissue
    Strong in many directions
    Red marrow (blood forming) spaces
    Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

    Plates of periosteum- covered compact bone on the outside with


    endosteum-covered spongy bone, diplo, on the inside

    Have no diaphysis or epiphyses

    Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae


    Bone Development

    Osteogenesis or Ossification the process of bone tissue formation that leads to:
    The formation of the skeleton in embryos
    Bone growth until early adulthood
    Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair
    Formation of the Skeleton
    Before week 8, the skeleton of a human embryo consists of fibrous membanes and
    hyaline cartilage
    Intramembranous ossification bone develops from a fibrous connective tissue
    membrane. The flat bones of the skull (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and the
    clavicles are formed this way.
    Endochondral ossification bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, uses hyaline
    cartilage bones as patterns
    Bone Formation and Growth

    Intramembranous Ossification

    OssificationProcess of converting other tissues to bone


    Forms flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle
    Stem cells differentiate to osteoblasts
    Produces spongy bone, then compact bone
    Intramembranous Ossification

    An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

    Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix within the fibrous membrane

    Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes

    Intramembranous Ossification
    The bone matrix develops into trabeculae.
    The trabeculae formed from various ossification centers fuse with one another to
    create spongy bone.
    Eventually the spaces between trabeculae fill with red bone marrow.
    Bone Formation and Growth

    Endochondral Ossification

    Most bones formed this way


    Cartilage model replaced by bone
    Replacement begins in middle (diaphysis)
    Replacement follows in ends (epiphyses)
    Longitudinal Bone Growth
    Longitudinal Growth (interstitial) cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone
    Bones lengthen entirely by growth of the epiphyseal plates
    Cartilage is replaced with bone CT as quickly as it grows
    Epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness

    Epiphyseal Plate
    Cartilage is organized for quick, efficient growth
    Cartilage cells form tall stacks
    Chondroblasts at the top of stacks divide quickly
    Pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
    Lengthens entire long bone
    Older chondrocytes signal surrounding matrix to calcify, then die and disintegrate
    Leaves long trabeculae (spicules) of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side
    Trabeculae are partly eroded by osteoclasts
    Osteoblasts then cover trabeculae with bone tissue
    Trabeculae finally eaten away from their tips by osteoclasts

    Appositional Bone Growth


    Growing bones widen as they lengthen
    Appositional growth growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface
    Bone is resorbed at endosteal surface and added at periosteal surface
    Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the external surface of the diaphysis
    Osteoclasts remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis
    Bone - Remodeling/Homeostasis

    Role of Remodeling in Support

    RemodelingContinuous breakdown and reforming of bone tissue

    Shapes reflect applied loads

    Mineral turnover enables adapting to new stresses

    What you dont use, you lose. The stresses applied to bones during exercise are
    essential to maintaining bone strength and bone mass

    Bone Remodeling
    Bone is active tissue small changes in bone architecture occur continuously 5 to
    7% of bone mass is recycled weekly spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years and
    compact bone approximately every 10 years
    Remodeling Units adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and reabsorb
    bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces

    Bone Remodeling

    Bone Depostition
    Occurs when bone is injured or extra strength is needed
    Requires a healthy diet - protein, vitamins C, D, and A, and minerals (calcium,
    phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, etc.)

    Bone Resorption
    Accomplished by Osteoclasts (multinucleate phagocytic cells)
    Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of:

    Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix

    HCl that converts calcium salts into soluble forms


    Dissolved matrix is endocytosed and transcytosed into the interstitial fluid
    the blood

    THANKS

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