I Vote No To This Treaty
I Vote No To This Treaty
I Vote No To This Treaty
Senate President Jovito R. Salonga's speech casting his vote against ratification of
the extension of the RPUS Bases Agreement. September 16, 1991
Ginoong Pangulo at mahal na mga kasama sa Senado: Bago ako
magsimula, nais kong bumati at magpasalamat sa isang taong lubos kong
ginagalang at hinahangaan, isang dakilang Pilipino na nakasama natin sa
maraming pakikibaka at pakikipaglaban, sa loob at labas ng Senadong ito,
isang lalaking sa kabila ng kanyang karamdaman ay nagkusang magsadya dito
upang maging saksi sa makasaysayang desisyon na ating gagawin ngayon.
Ang tinutukoy ko ay ang mabunying bayani ng lahi, ang dating Senador Lorenzo
M. Tanada, ang lalaki sa lahat ng panahon the man for all seasons.
Senador Tanada: nais kong malaman ninyo na dahil sa pangunahing papel
na ginampanan ng inyong mahal na anak, ang aming kasamang si Senador
Bobby Tanada na siyang isponsor ng "Resolution of Nonconcurrence"
binigyan niya ng pambihirang karangalan ang inyong walangbahid na
pangalan.
Dumating na ang huling sandali ng katotohanan, at palagay ko, sa araw na
ito, ay maaari na nating isulat ang isang maningning na kabanata ng ating
kasaysayan.
I recall it was around this time nineteen years ago to be more precise in
September 1972 when Mr. Marcos imposed martial law and declared that for
as long as he was in power, Americans need not worry US military bases
would stay in the Philippines.
There was not a whimper of protest from Washington. Filipinos began to
wonder "How about the assurances of American presidents that US bases in
the Philippines are for the defense of the free world and our democratic way of
life?" The need to maintain US bases in the Philippines explains why the US
supported the corrupt, repressive Marcos dictatorship for almost fourteen years.
Without US acquiescence, Marcos could not have imposed martial law.
Without increasing US military and economic support, the Marcos dictatorship
would have collapsed after a few years.
Today, we have finally summoned the political will to stand up and end four
hundred seventy years of foreign military presence here in the Philippines.
Salonga, The Senate That Said No, UP Press and The UP College of Public Administration, 1995. 1
To be sure, this decision is not without its cost. There will be temporary
dislocations and hardships all around, especially in Central Luzon but we
should learn the lesson we should have learned long ago: namely, no nation
can become truly free without sacrifice. The trouble is that sometimes we want
freedom and independence without sweat and without tears. But there is no
other way. Salamat na lamang at hindi tayo nagdaan sa isyung ito sa isang
malupit at madugong digmaan.
Ang sabi ng ating mga kaibigan kayo po naman ay hindi nakadanas ng
paghihirap. Maawa naman kayo sa amin na mawawalan ng trabaho.
Unemployment is a big problem, indeed and we sympathize. It is because of
our sensitivity to this problem that one of us, Senator Saguisag, on his own
initiative, proposed a threeyear phased withdrawal from Subic, so this problem
as well as other problems in Central Luzon can be attended to during that
period of adjustment which will allow for a smooth transition. But as the nation
knows, some of our distinguished colleagues and the Palace shot down this
propoor proposal, for political reasons. Entirely apart from the Saguisag
proposal, what will operate beginning tomorrow (September 17) is Article VII,
Section 3 of the ManglapusSchultz Agreement: .
"Upon the final termination of the use by the Government of the United
States of the Facilities or earlier relinquishment, the United States and the
Republic of the Philippines will take appropriate measures as they shall
jointly determine to ensure a smooth transition with respect to custody and
control of the Facilities and in order to minimize any disruptive effects of
such termination."
Thus, the way is now open to the smooth transfer of Subic from the
American military to Filipino hands, so that with the cooperation and goodwill of
the US, Filipinos can, as soon as possible, service and repair foreign vessels,
including American vessels, on a commercial basis.
Let me now be a little personal by way of answer to the argument that we
have not experienced suffering.
Salonga, The Senate That Said No, UP Press and The UP College of Public Administration, 1995. 2
but that is another story.
When Marcos imposed martial law in September 1972, I was among the
earliest to oppose it openly and publicly. I handled the cases of wellknown as
well as obscure political detainees. I was persecuted, arrested and thrown into
the same isolation room where Ninoy Aquino had been imprisoned for more
than seven and a half years of his memorable life. I recall that in the early years
of martial law we were only a few fighting the Marcos dictatorship.
Many friends to whom we owe debts of gratitude or are bound by ties of
pakikisama have called us or approached us so we would change our vote from
No to Yes to this onesided, unjust treaty. To them, I say
'Malaki ang aking utang na loob sa inyo, at marahil ako y makakabayad din
sa inyo balang panahon. Nguni't hindi ko maaaring ipagpalit ang kapakanan at
ang kalayaan ngatinglnangBayan.'
Maaring kayo'y probases, nguni't tingnan naman ninyo ang kasunduang ito
– masyadong api naman at agrabiadong, agrabiado ang bansang Pilipino. "
I would like to thank the many students, teachers, priests and pastors and
nuns and members of NGOs and causeoriented groups who have come to this
Senate to cheer us up with their parting words "Stand fast, do not lose
courage. Our hope is in you. Do not let us down."
I thought we who are against this treaty had only a few supporters but thanks
to the mass media independent, responsible and objective mukhang biglang
dumami ang mga antibases treaty. In any case, let me say to all who came
"Thank you for giving us your support. But even if you were in the pitiful
minority, which does not seem to be the case, questions of right and wrong are
not decided by shifting, temporary majorities." In the first referendum as
recorded in the New Testament (Mark 15:615), given a choice between
Barrabas and Jesus Christ, the crowd shouted "Crucify him" (referring to Jesus)
and there is no indication that our Lord got even one vote in that first electoral
exercise conducted by Pontius Pilate.
But when we are alone, we ask ourselves: Am I right? Could I be wrong?
In the end, we live with our conscience, everyone of us. None of us here in
the Senate, not even the President, can escape the unerring judgment of
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history.
I realize that the nation is divided. We in this Senate are divided. Even the
probases senators are apparently divided about their adherence to this one
sided, anachronistic treaty. Senator Shahani, the chairperson of the Committee
on Foreign Relations, has given a "critical yes" to this Treaty, obviously because
of the defects she has just pointed out. Senator Santanina Rasul wrote her "very
grave reservations" on the Resolution of concurrence. Senator Alberto Romulo
was against the treaty before because it was "lamentably deficient, palpably
insensitive and purposely vague." Senator Heherson Alvarez delivered a
thoughtful privilege speech against the Treaty for which he will be long
remembered. In International Law, a critical yes, with amendments and
reservations, is actually a polite no. Kaya't sa katotohanan higit sa labing
dalawang disipulo ng kalayaan ang antibases Treaty. All of us are apparently
agreed that this is a flawed, defective agreement! I wish it were possible to
follow the suggestion of Senator Pimentel that we give a unanimous no and
thereby heal the division in the Senate. Incidentally, I understand even the
members of Cory's Cabinet are also hopelessly divided!
I think all of us are engaged in a search a search for the soul of the nation,
a quest for the best in the Filipino character, a search for the true Filipino spirit.
We summon the memories of those we honor from Jose Rizal to Andres
Bonifacio, from Abad Santos to Ninoy Aquino.
Their collective message, even on the eve of their death, was one of hope,
not of fear; of faith, not of doubt; of confidence in the capacity of the Filipino to
suffer and overcome, not of his unwillingness to stand the rigors of freedom and
independence.
Those who have spoken before me have examined the Treaty, pro and con.
I shall not repeat and belabor the arguments of those who, like me, are
against the Treaty.
I look at the Treaty once more it is entitled "A Treaty of Friendship,
Cooperation and Security." But when we read the text and analyze its
implications, it does not strike me as a treaty of friendship, it is a treaty of
surrender; it is not a treaty of cooperation, it is a treaty of capitulation; it is not a
treaty of security, it is a treaty of greater insecurity. Ships and aircraft in transit
carrying nuclear weapons can come in, without the approval or knowledge of
the Philippine Government. Seabased nuclear missiles, it should be noted
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parenthetically, are more dangerous than landbased weapons. The release of
landbased nuclear missiles is severely limited by a chain of command
procedure. In contrast, the firing of seaborne missiles is at the discretion of the
commander of each naval vessel. But, really, what is the point of bringing
nuclear weapons here when the US is the only remaining superpower in the
world?
We are told by our friend, Ambassador Pelaez, that even if it is only an
executive agreement on the US side, the treaty no matter how onesided will
be registered with the United Nations Secretariat by the United States. Under
Article 102 of the UN Charter, the effect of nonregistration with the Secretariat
is that, even if it is valid as between the parties, it cannot be invoked before any
organ of the United Nations. In any case, registration is of little value to the
Philippines, since the side letter of President George Bush which unlike the
treaty contains some semblance of obligation on the part of the United States
cannot be registered with the UN. Only treaties and international agreements,
not side letters, qualify for registration.
Relations between US and the Philippines
We have been told that if we reject this treaty, no matter how unjust and one
sided it may be, the act of rejection will send a wrong signal to Washington. So,
we had better ratify otherwise, we will be punished by Uncle Sam. Once we
ratify, even if there are no concrete obligations imposed upon the United States
by the Treaty, the generosity and altruism of the US Government would descend
upon our poor nation, as a result of our blind act of servility.
Fortunately, we can draw lessons from the words of wisdom of American
policymakers themselves:
(1) From President Dwight Einsenhower, who once served under Gen.
MacArthur in the Philippines and who declared in 1958:
"Everything we do in the foreign field has for its basic purpose our
own national security, our own national prosperity... We are not doing
these things in the foreign field as a matter of altruism and charity."
(2) From Ambassador Charles Bohlen, one of the ablest US ambassadors
who served here in the late 50s. He reminded his Filipino audience: "We in the
US Embassy are here (in the Philippines) to protect American interests. We
expect your officials to protect your own interests."
What a stinging rebuke to many Filipinos who are inclined to believe that
Salonga, The Senate That Said No, UP Press and The UP College of Public Administration, 1995. 5
they also serve our own interests when they first promote US interests!
The truth of the matter is that for as long as the bases are here, our relations
with the US will not be healthy and normal.
If we ask for a higher compensation, they tell us we are mercenaries and our
brand of diplomacy a cashregister diplomacy. Iyon pala babaratin tayo ng
husto!
When we told them before the eruption of Pinatubo that their bases here
were the biggest US overseas bases in the world and we should get the
compensation we justly deserve, their retort was that we should not view this as
a real estate transaction but a mutual security arrangement. But after the
Pinatubo eruption, the whole thing from their perspective became a real estate
transaction!
Why our relations with the US will never be normal while they have their
bases here is truthfully explained by former Ambassador Francis Underhill (a
political counsellor in Manila from 1968 to 1971), who advocated their closure
long ago:
"Our relations with the Philippines can never be normal while our bases
remain... On the one hand, the bases symbolize their "special relationship"
with us... On the other hand, the bases are also regarded as an affront to
Philippine national pride and a symbol of imperfect independence and
continuing dependency... In third world circles they yearn to join, the
Filipinos are condemned and ostracized because of the bases and the
solatium they (now) seek they see as modest compensation for the obloquy
they suffer on our account... The base relationship also helps to perpetuate in
the Philippines a neurotic, manipulative, psychically crippling form of
dependency. As a consequence, the Philippines is a country that is difficult
to take seriously."
Only yesterday, as if to refute claims that some Southeast Asian countries
want to host US bases, Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas stated that
Indonesia opposes foreign bases in Southeast Asia. "We cannot accept the
presence of foreign military bases and we do not see the benefits of their
presence in other countries. They will only raise international tensions," Alatas
said (Sunday Times, September 15,1991, p. 1)
Isn't it sad, isn't it ironic that if we ratify this Treaty, we would go back to
where we were more than half a century ago? Like this Treaty, the Philippine
Independence Act of 1934, also known as the TydingsMcDuffie Act, provided
for a tenyear transition period after which Philippine independence would be
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proclaimed and military bases in the Philippines would be gone. We would
cease to be a colony of the United States. Our "independence" was proclaimed
on July 14,1946. Nguni't kung pagtitibayin natin ang kasunduang ito, imbis na
pagsulong, tayo ay uurong.
The world has changed since 1947 when we ratified the original Military
Bases Agreement. The Soviet Union has agreed to the withdrawal tack it is as
if the Cold War was not yet over. China, rent by restiveness, is now a
collaborator of the United States. The logic of events should point to a lessening
of warlike postures in Southeast Asia, especially the Philippines.
Long before the eruption of Pinatubo, responsible American officials, aware
of the contradictions and strains that warp PhilippineAmerican relations, have
recommended the withdrawal of American bases in the Philippines. George
Kennan, the principal architect of American foreign policy after World War II,
had advocated in 1948 that the US must, without any sentimentality, control a
theoretically independent Philippines in order to contain Soviet expansion. But
in 1977, at the height of the Marcos dictatorship, Kennan reversed himself and
urged "immediate, complete, resolute and wordless" withdrawal of US bases in
the Philippines. He said that paying "huge annual bribes as a form of hush
money" to keep Filipino leaders quiet and to cause them to "accommodate
themselves reluctantly... is not a position in which the US should ever choose to
appear."
And after his election as US president, Jimmy Carter declared that human
rights would be the centerpiece of American policy. But in his testimony before
the US Congress, his own Secretary of State Cyrus Vance candidly admitted
that "human rights of Filipinos will have to yield to overriding US security
considerations" for as long as the US bases are in the Philippines.
I have stayed long enough in exile in the US more than three years in fact
after my release from prison to know that ordinary Americans do not even
know where Subic is. They will not even understand why we are voting on this
onesided treaty even as they could not understand in 1983 why a corrupt,
ruthless dictatorship that in their opinion had something to do with the barbaric
assassination of Ninoy Aquino should be aided and supported by their
Government. I have no doubt that average Americans, known for their
generosity of spirit, their decency and sense of fair play would condemn this
treaty as unconscionable, if they had the chance to read it. As for wellinformed
Americans in universities, churches and organizations devoted to peace,
disarmament and international understanding and for many Americans who
Salonga, The Senate That Said No, UP Press and The UP College of Public Administration, 1995. 7
once served as missionaries and teachers here, I have not yet received any
letter or message asking us to ratify this treaty all, without any exception, have
manifested their objection to this unjust agreement. The reason is simple the
acts of the Pentagon and the State Department have not always come up to the
basic decency and the sense of fairness of the American people.
One last word. I have been warned by wellmeaning friends that my stand on
this Treaty may hurt my chances of becoming president. No matter. That is an
insignificant consequence. In times of great crisis, our martyrs and heroes
offered their lives that our people might become truly free. Anong kuwenta ng
puwesto kung ito'y ihahambing natin sa halaga ng buhay? I said it before but I
will say it again. After walking through the valley of the shadow of death, twice in
my life, titles and positions do not mean that much to me anymore. What is
more important is to be of real service to our people, with or without any position
in Government.
In our history as a nation, our best years were when we took our destiny in
our own hands and faced the uncertain future with boldness and hope and faith.
Those were the times when Filipinos experienced a sense of national renewal
and selfrespect. The Revolution of 1896, the battle for the liberation of the
Philippines from 1942 to 1945, the struggle for freedom during the darkest years
of martial law culminating in the mountainpeak experience of EDSA in
February 1986 how can we ever, ever forget these high moments in the life of
this nation?
September 16, 1991 may well be the day when we in this Senate found the
soul, the true spirit of this nation because we mustered the courage and the will
to declare the end of foreign military presence in the Philippines and help pave
the way to lasting peace here and in the world. "Blessed are the peacemakers,"
Jesus said in his deathless Sermon on the Mount, "for they shall be called the
children of God."
I vote No to this Treaty. And, if it were only possible, I would vote 203 million
times No! I vote a resounding Yes to the Resolution of Nonconcurrence.
Salamat po at mabuhay ang bansang Pilipino!
Salonga, The Senate That Said No, UP Press and The UP College of Public Administration, 1995. 8