Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp.

88-96

2014 by IFSA Publishing, S. L.

http://www.sensorsportal.com

Design of an Electric Commutated Frog-Leg Winding

Permanent-Magnet DC Machine
Hang Zhang, Yue-Jin Zhang, Chen Li, J. Z. Jiang
Department of Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China
Tel.: (86)-021-56331266, fax: (86)-021-56331266
E-mail: zhanghang@shu.edu.cn

Received: 7 March 2014 /Accepted: 28 March 2014 /Published: 31 March 2014

Abstract: An electric commutated frog-leg winding permanent-magnet (PM) DC machine is proposed

in this paper. It has a semi-closed slotted stator with a classical type of mesh winding introduced from the
conventional brushed DC machine and a polyphase electric commutation besides a PM excitation rotor and a
circular arrayed Hall position sensor. Under the cooperation between the position sensor and the electric
commutation, the proposed machine is basically operated on the same principle of the brushed one.
Because of its simplex frog-leg winding, the combination between poles and slots is designed as 4/22, and the
number of phases is set as 11. By applying an exact analytical method, which is verified comparable with the
finite element analyses (FEA), to the prediction of its instantaneous magnetic field, electromotive force (EMF),
cogging torque and output torque, it is well designed with a series of parameters in dimension aiming at the
lowest cogging torque. A 230 W, 4-pole, and 22-slot new machine is prototyped and tested to verify the
analysis. Copyright 2014 IFSA Publishing, S. L.

Keywords: DC machine, Electric commutation, Permanent magnet, Simplex frog-leg winding.

1. Introduction [2]. A CLM is generally such a system in

combination of a synchronous motor having a three-
There is a long time for the seeking of non- phase star-delta winding and a three-phase thyristor
contact commutated DC machine as early as 1934, inverter which supplies synchronous AC power
owing to the fundamental weaknesses of a corresponding to the rotating frequency. From then
conventional brushed DC machine such as on, more and more worldwide researchers focused on
mechanical brushes and commutation spark which the electric commutation, and then the research
lead to many disadvantages like complex structure, direction was evolved into two branches, i.e., AC and
difficult maintenance and restricted environment for quasi-DC electric commutation. In late 1970s, Yukio
practical use. Several researchers attempted to design Takeda and Kenya Sakamoto from Japan, on behalf
a thyratron machine [1] using electronic tubes under of the quasi-DC electric commutated machine
the poor technical and economic conditions at that branch, proposed a thyristor brush machine (TBM),
time, in which case the thyratron machine had been which is composed of a polyphase drum type closed
hardly evolved. Until 1960s, the striving for coil armature and a polyphase thyristor bridge
commutatorless DC machine has made great progress rectifier (i.e. converter) circuit, as equivalent DC
since the appearance of thyristors (SCRs), prompting machine, and it has fundamentally the same
the realization of commutatorless machine (CLM) characteristics as that of the conventional DC

88 Article number P_RP_0082

 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

machine [3]-[5]. However, the most published papers there are several issues need to be improved, for
focus on the AC electric commutated (i.e. inverter) instance, the simplex lap winding with winding pitch
machine, which evolved into the well-known as 4 means longer end of coil resulting in more
brushless DC machine (BLDC). The transient of copper loss, the equalizer should be configured for
TBM indicates the bottlenecks in power switching the simplex lap winding to ensure stable operation,
device development at that time on one hand, and the and it takes no account of fault-tolerance either.
significant development of BLDC on the other hand, As always there is a trade-off, in order to be
therefore, it vanished from most people's sight applied to direct drive applications featuring higher
for nearly half a century. torque at low speed, wide speed range and fault-
Considering the output torque and power tolerance, passing over the copper loss and
of BLDC will be limited by the existence of internal processing difficulty, the new DC machine dealt with
inductance as it would cause worse mechanical in this paper, is such a electromechanical system
characteristics than that of a brushed DC machine formed by a PM synchronous motor having a frog-
near the breakdown torque, and it is more difficult leg armature as a stator, and a polyphase electric
to realize speed range extension [6]-[13], a new DC commutation having the same number of phases
machine whose brushes and field winding is replaced equals to the split number of phases of armature coil
by an electric commutation and PMs respectively is of the motor as 11. By properly controlling the 11-
proposed. It seems that the evolution of commutator- phase electric commutation according to the exact
less DC machine will be back to the TBM to point energizing sequence in a given revolving direction of
out a better solution, i.e., a new design and simulation the rotor, its operation principle is basically the same
method of TBM can reproduce its role in non-contact as a brushed one, whereby it not only keeps the
commutated DC machine and it still can be operated characteristics of a brushed DC machine such as wide
in the same way as a brushed one but not a BLDC operating speed range, smooth speed regulation,
nowadays. overload capacity and high holding torque, but also
Until 2009, the TBM attached people's attention improves the efficiency and power density. Both the
again, mainly in China. A simplex wave winding PM theoretical analysis and experimental results validate
brushless DC machine with a special combination the feasibility of the proposed electric commutated
number of pole and slot, i.e., 10-pole and 11-slot frog-leg winding PM DC machine.
[14]-[15], is typically designed in several aspects,
such as lower peak cogging torque thanks to the
"goodness" factor of slot number and pole number 2. Machine Structure Characteristics
combination [16] with the value of 1, less copper loss
owing to the reduced winding pitch as 1, smaller The proposed machine is not really a new
volume for higher pole number as 10 and wider speed invention as a whole for it combines an inverted
range on account of properly controlling the switch conventional DC machine and a polyphase electric
status to decrease the number of coils connected into commutation composed of 11 electric commutator
the equivalent circuit. However, because of its simple segments, i.e., 11 half-bridges, every of which
simplex wave winding, it leaves fault tolerance out of is assembled by 2 power switches, and then the
consideration, and its analytical model, which is control logic and energizing sequence of power
based on conformal mapping considering slotting electronic switches substitutes for the relative motion
effect, doesn't seem so accurate that the results from between mechanical commutator and carbon brush.
this analytical model are not compatible with that of As summarized foregoing from a perspective based
corresponding FEA at the positions of air-gap under on the operation of the proposed DC machine, it turns
slot. With the same theory, a new 4-pole and 18-slot to the topic of machine design as if it is a
simplex lap winding PM brushless DC machine has combination of a PM synchronous DC machine with
been put into practice for the application requiring a frog-leg armature and an 11-phase quasi-DC
high speed no less than 10,000 rpm, such as direct- electric commutation, from which it attributes the
driven twister [17]. According to the split number of success to the design of frog-leg armature inherited
phases of armature coil of this motor as 9, the total from the conventional brushed DC machine.
number of power electronic switching devices It is essential to concern the commutation process
adopted in the electric commutation is 18, which is in the design of a DC machine in general. To ease the
less than that of the 10-pole/11-slot machine as 22. commutation process and ensure stable operation, the
Nevertheless, most of their work focus on the branch potential and current distribution in the
operation of this new DC machine, such as sensorless winding should be balanced, which would be
control scheme and circuit analysis of armature [18]- destabilized by many unforeseen reasons leading to
[21], rather than its electromagnetic field calculation uneven magnetic reluctance or air gap, such as
and analysis for machine ontology design. Moreover, discontinuity of material, installation error and
they have made two low-level misunderstandings in deformation of shaft. Therefore, the equalizer has
the inverse of control (IOC) by just inversing current always been configured for the conventional DC
flowing through coils without any consideration of armature winding to avoid this case. As referred to
Hall arrangement, and the choice of armature the simplex lap winding without equalizer, the coils
winding for high-speed application. Consequently, from the same branch are placed under the different

89
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

magnetic poles, if the magnetic reluctance or air gap It ought to take the electric commutation
is nonuniform, then there would be unbalanced in consideration for the armature winding design
branch potential caused by unequal magnetic flux of the proposed machine, because the torque ripple
under magnetic poles. Moreover, a surge circulation arose from the jumping magnetomotive force (MMF)
current would be generated by a little disturbance in decreases as the number of edges of the closed
potential and smaller internal resistance of armature winding, which equals to that of the phases of electric
winding. At last, when it operates on load, the commutation is increased. There is a trade-off
distribution of current between the two branches between the number of power electronic switches and
becomes seriously imbalanced, which leads to the amplitude of torque ripple, and then the mean
overheated armature with more copper loss. number of series coils per path N2a is set as 5.5 which
However, there is no need to install equalizer for the is same with [14]. Besides, the simplex frog-leg
simplex wave winding for its connection principle is armature winding with the degree of multiplicity of
just the same as a natural equalizer. the wave winding is set as m=2 in common use.
Although the configured equalizer can reduce Therefore, according to formula (1), the number of
copper loss and improve commutation, it makes the poles is 2p=4 and the total number of pairs of parallel
armature more complicated and wastes more copper. paths is a=aL+aW=4, that is, the number of pairs of
Therefore, a simplex frog-leg winding is introduced, parallel paths through the simplex lap winding aL is
for the same purpose as the equalizer to make full use equal to p as 2 and that of the duplex wave winding
of the copper, to be employed in the proposed DC aW is equal to m as 2, and then the total number of
machine because of its excellent potential for use coils is N=44 by multiplying N2a and 2a. From the
under high voltage and large current to obtain wide above, it comes to a conclusion that the number of
speed range and high torque besides fault tolerance. slots is K=22 for there are 2 complete windings on
The rules for designing a simplex frog-leg the armature to average N. Since the coils' ends
winding of DC machines are presented below [22], connected to the virtual commutators cross each other
leading to more copper waste as ykL=-1 and ykw=11,
m = p when ykL=1 and ykw=10, either y1L=5 and y1W=6, or
y + y = K / p y1L=6 and y1W=5 is obtained. In conclusion, the
1L 1W proposed machine is designed with 4 poles and 22
ykL + ykW = K / p , (1) slots, and it has a simplex frog-leg armature winding
y = 1
kL of simplex lap and duplex wave with the number of
y1L = K / 2 p winding/virtual commutator pitch as y1L=5/ykL=1 and
y1W=6/ ykw=10 respectively.
where p is the number of pairs of poles, m is the From the given parameters calculated above, the
degree of multiplicity of the wave winding, that is, developed winding diagram of a simplex frog-leg
m=1 for simplex wave, 2 for duplex, and so forth, K armature winding with 4 poles and 22 slots including
is the number of slots, which is the same as that of 22 commutator bars and 4 carbon brushes can be
commutator bars of a conventional DC machine, y1L drawn according to its drawing principle.
and y1W is the winding pitch of the lap winding and It is obvious that the 4 fixed symmetrical brushes
wave winding respectively, ykL and ykw is the virtual divide the armature winding circuit into 2 paralleling
commutator pitch of the lap winding and wave units. Inspired from this, a novel 11 split phases
winding respectively, is a correction to make y1L armature winding for the electric commutated PM
an integer. DC machine emerges, i.e. Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Simplex frog-leg armature winding.

90
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

Eliminating the 22 commutator bars and 4

carbon brushes of the conventional DC machine with
simplex frog-leg armature winding, and connecting
every two coils' ends contacted to the same pole of
brushes together by assuming that the brushes are
forwarding in a certain direction, a special armature
winding type is presented for the electric commutated
PM DC machine, with the split number of phases of
armature coil as 11, which is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Although it is indeed more complex than either of the
new DC machines referred in section 1, the final
commutation circuit is unexpectedly symmetrical like
a spider web named araneose coil armature and even
more advanced as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 3. 2-D view of stator and rotor.

3. Principle of Operation
The operation principle of the proposed machine
is basically as same as a brushed DC machine that in
brief the current direction of coils under N or S pole
remains unchanged by accurately controlling the
power electronic switch status [14]. However, it is
only the presentational rules concluded from the
operation of a brushed DC machine, instead of the
fundamental principle to rotate it which demonstrates
the essential difference between the proposed
machine and the well-known machine (BLDC) that
the rotational magnetic field is generated by quasi-
DC rather than AC.
Fig. 2. Commutation circuit. It is not an exclusive physical phenomenon
of a three-phase symmetry AC armature energized
by three-phase symmetry AC to generate a circular
Compared to the commutation circuits of the rotating magnetic field, which is regarded
two new DC machines, each coil of the original as an important basis in the operation analysis
commutation circuit is replaced by 4 coils connected of AC synchronous or asynchronous machines.
in parallel, which means larger armature current The quasi-DC armature, as shown in Fig.2, energized
arose from smaller resistance of armature winding by a specific form of quasi-DC, which is generated
under the same voltage and better fault-tolerance. by properly controlling the 11-phase electric
Taken away the armature winding, what it gets commutation according to the exact energizing
is just the rotor and stator of a BLDC machine with sequence in counterclockwise direction of the rotor
surface-mounted PMs as shown in Fig. 3. The as shown in Table 1, could also generate a rotating
dimensions are well-designed using an analytical magnetic field.
method, which will be introduced in section 4, based From Fig. 2, the number of the two current
on the analysis of electromagnetic field which is direction paths is not the same, that is, the number
more accurate and fast, while neither magnetic circuit of coils under a pair of poles is odd as 11, which
method nor FEA method has yet met the goals of is convenient for the control of the 11-phase electric
both accuracy and rapidity. In addition, paying commutation as it only needs to change one switch
attention to the 4 layers along the height of slot for from one status to another, as shown in Table 1.
the two complete double-layer windings on the Therefore, assuming the DC bus current amplitude
armature, the wave winding should be placed on the is Id, then the phase current of every four layers after
first and forth layers from above down, while the lap commutation fluctuates between Id5/11 and Id6/11
winding should be placed on the second and third for each commutation in other phases. The wave
layers accordingly. form of phase current is roughly shown in Fig. 4.

91
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

Table 1. Energizing sequence of power electronic switch. From Fig. 5 (b), if we want the machine to rotate
counterclockwise, coils under the same pole should
P 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 have the same current direction with the right hand
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1
rule to orient the MMF keeping 90 electrical degree
with PM MMF in advance, and then it gets the same
current distribution referred in the previous
paragraph. Pay attention to slot 7 and 18, the resultant
current is zero, which means coil L1, L12, W1 and
W13 are commutating.

Fig. 4. Wave form of phase current.

When S6H and S1L are turned on as the first

status in Table 1, coil L7, L8, L9, L10, L11, L18, L19,
L20, L21, L22, W7, W8, W9, W10, W11, W19, W20,
W21, W22, and W12, with the total number as 20
(5 coils per path), have the same current direction, Fig. 6. Coils' position under 2-pole (=0).
and so for coil L6, L5, L4, L3, L2, L1, L17, L16, L15,
L14, L13, L12, W6, W5, W4, W3, W2, W1, W18, W17,
W16, W15, W14, and W13, with the total number as Besides the switch status (S6H, S1L), the other
24 (6 coils per path). Therefore, the current direction switch statuses can also generate an effective MMF
of each layer of slot with S6H and S1L on at = 0 through the 11-phase electric commutation as long
can be exhibited in Fig.5, where the circle in slot as the distance between the two switches is the same
means the current direction is vertical out of the as the pitch of pole, and then all the effective switch
paper, and the cross in slot means the opposite statuses can be deduced by rotating the 2-pole rotor
current direction. While from another point of view, counterclockwise every = (2/p)/22 = /22
i.e., when and which switches to be turned on to to determine the coils' current direction and the
supply a quasi-DC to drive the machine to rotate switches to be turned on. The total number
counterclockwise, since there are 2 units, it can be of effective switch statuses is 22, as listed in Table 1.
electrically equivalent to a 2-pole machine, and the As a consequence, the current distribution along the
upper side coils' position can be rearranged according armature surface is just a symmetrical square
to their original position under N or S pole as shown waveform, the space period of which is a pair
in Fig. 6. of poles, as shown in Fig. 7.

As Fa

Fig. 7. Distribution of current along armature surface.

In Fig. 7, it assumes that the energized coils

concentrated in slots are equivalent to a current sheet
distributed along the circumferential surface of
armature hence MMF of armature Fa generated by
the current sheet is a triangle wave [23], whose
amplitude can be obtained by

Fa = As / 2 , (1)
AS = N1I aI / t (2)
= D / 2 p , (3)
Fig. 5. Current of coils (S6H and S1L on at =0).

92
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

where AS is the line load along the armature surface, comprehensively introduced to provide an accurate
N1 is the number of coils' sides in each slot, Ia1 is the and fast scheme for well-designed dimensions
current of each path, t is the pitch of teeth, D is the compared to FEA. It aims at lower peak cogging
diameter of armature, and is the pitch of pole. torque and higher torque density for the proposed
The position of MMF peak at the interface machine.
of positive and negative current is just the space For the sake of convenience and generality of the
position of axis of MMF indicated by Fa as shown introduced exact analytical method, the detailed
in Fig. 5, from which it can be concluded that the solutions for the model are omitted. In Fig. 8, the
switch status should be renewed for certain coils' comparisons between analytical method and FEA are
commutation at every /22 mechanical position angle illustrated, and they are compatible with each others
of rotor to generate an effective MMF to keep the while the analytical method costs less time to predict
rotor rotating in a certain direction. Therefore, the performance of the new machines with different
according to the switch status sequence in Table 1, dimensions, which means an efficient and effective
the MMF generated by quasi-DC is rotating way to design a new DC machine.
counterclockwise with the aid of the 11-phase quasi-
DC electric commutation. As a result, the rotor with
Table 2. Major Parameters.
surface-mounted PMs follows. Finally, as a quasi-DC
machine, its rotation speed can be conveniently Rated Power 230 W
regulated by controlling the DC bus voltage or the Rated Voltage 48 V
switch statuses to update the number of coils Rated Speed 220 rpm
connected into the equivalent circuit [14]. Rated Load 10.5 Nm
Pole/Slot Number 4/22
4. Simulation and Experiments Stator Outer Diameter 151 mm
Stator Inner Diameter 81 mm
As referred in section 2, an exact analytical Stator Axial Length 101 mm
method, which is based on the solutions of Laplace's Thickness of Magnets 4 mm
and Possion's equations using magnetic vector Mechanical Air Gap 0.6 mm
potential for air-gap, PM and slot domains under Magnet Remanence 1.15 T
boundary and interface conditions [24], for predicting Slot Open Width 1.5 mm
the instantaneous magnetic field, EMF induced in the Pole Arc Coefficient 0.74
armature winding, cogging torque and output torque
of the proposed DC machine [25], is

(a) No-load field distribution. (b) Back-EMF (Phase W1 at 220 rpm). (c) Armature reaction field
distribution.

(d) Magnetic field distribution (e) Electromagnetic torque. (f) Cogging torque.
on load.
Fig. 8. Simulation comparisons.

93
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

Its major parameters can be determined by the

rated value and the repeated calculation of peak
cogging torque from the exact analytical model
to make it lower, i.e., adjusting the slot open width
considering manufacturing process and pole arc
coefficient based on the predicted optimal effective
pole arc coefficient [26], as given in Table 2.
Its general assembly drawing is illustrated in Fig. 9.

(a) Experimental platform.

(b) Wiring stator. (c) Adjustable Hall PCB

backseat.

Fig. 10. Prototype components and experimental platform.

Fig. 9. General assembly drawing of prototype.

From Fig. 8(c), the maximum calculated

cogging torque is 0.13 Nm while the electromagnetic
torque is about 10.5 Nm, and then the predicted
torque ripple caused by cogging torque is lower than
2 %. Since there are 11 phases of the armature
winding, considering the axial magnetic field of
specially designed PM commutated rotor, the
position sensor should be accurately equipped with
11 Hall elements arrayed evenly around the center
hole on the PCB board as shown in Fig. 10(c). To
validate the principle of proposed DC machine and
the simulation model, the prototype is used as a
generator driven by a conventional DC machine as (a) Experimental results. (2 V/div, 40 ms/div, 110 rpm)
shown in Fig. 10(a), and the no-load EMF wave
forms of phase 1 and phase 2 at the speed of 110 rpm
are recorded using an oscilloscope and then
compared with corresponding simulation results, as
shown in Fig. 11. We can learn that the maximum
no-load EMF is about 5 V at the speed of 110 rpm.
Observing Fig. 8 (b) and Fig. 11, we can find that
there are distinct differences between the no-load
EMF wave forms of analytical and FEA, while that
of experiment is basically the same with FEA, on the
hillside between zero and the positive or negative
maximum EMF. It is likely due to the assumption
for the modeling of analytical method that the gaps
between poles are filled with a kind of virtual
material with the same permeability of PMs, which
leads to smooth magnetic flux under pole. Beyond
that, results from experiment are still compatible with
(b) Simulation results (110 rpm).
corresponding simulation, and the design of the
proposed DC machine is validated. Fig. 11. No-load EMF wave forms of phase1 and phase 2.

94
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

5. Conclusions [7]. W. Soong, T. J. E. Miller, Field-weakening

performance of brushless synchronous ac motor
drive, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
An electric commutated frog-leg winding PM DC Vol. 141, No. 6, 1994, pp. 331-340.
machine has been proposed, and experiments are [8]. A. Fratta, A. Vagati, and F. Villata, Design criteria
carried out. The new DC machine is regarded as a of an IPM machine suitable for field-weakened
system in combination of a PM synchronous machine operation, in Proceedings of the ICEM., Sep. 1990,
having a frog-leg armature as a stator, and pp. 1059-1064.
an 11-phase electric commutation besides [9]. M. Barcaro, N. Bianchi, and F. Magnussen, Design
an 11-phase circular arrayed Hall position sensor. considerations to maximize performance of an IPM
By properly controlling the electric commutation motor for a wide flux-weakening region, in
Proceedings of the XIX ICEM, 6-8 Sep. 2010,
according to the exact energizing sequence, the pp. 1-7.
operation principle of this new DC machine [10]. D. G. Dorrell, M. Hsieh, et al., A review of the design
is basically the same as a brushed one, whereby it not issues and techniques for radial-flux brushless surface
only keeps the characteristics of a brushed and internal rare-earth permanent-magnet motors,
DC machine, but also improves the efficiency and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
power density. Finally, the results comparison Vol. 58, No. 9, 2011, pp. 3741-3757.
between the simulation, based on the proposed exact [11]. T. M. Jahns, Torque production in permanent-magnet
analytical method and FEA, and the prototype synchronous motor drives with rectangular current
experiments validate the feasibility of the excitation, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, Vol. IA-20, No. 4, 1984, pp. 803-812.
design proposal. [12]. J. F. Gieras and M. Wing, Permanent magnet motor
Compared to the two machines with the same technology: design and applications, Marcel Dekker,
theory referred in section 1, it contributes the novelty New York, 2002.
of the proposed new DC machine to the design [13]. S. Chaithongsuk, B. N. Mobarakeh, et al., Optimal
of frog-leg armature inherited from the conventional design of permanent magnet motors to improve field
brushed DC machine. Besides, a more efficient and weakening performances in variable speed drives,
effective method to design a new DC machine based IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.
on a general exact analytical model turns out to be a 59, No. 6, 2012, pp. 2484-2494.
novel way to rival FEA method, and the quasi-DC [14]. L. Zhu, S. Z. Jiang, J. Z. Jiang, et al., A new simplex
wave winding permanent-magnet brushless DC
armature winding could also be promoted to whether machine, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 47,
asynchronous or synchronous machines for the No. 1, 2011, pp. 252-259.
future work. [15]. L. Zhu, S. Z. Jiang, J. Z. Jiang, et al., Speed range
extension for simplex wave winding permanent-
magnet brushless DC machine, IEEE Transactions
on Magnetics, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2013, pp. 890-897.
Acknowledgments [16]. L. Zhu, S. Z. Jiang, Z. Q. Zhu, et al., Analytical
methods for minimizing cogging torque in
The authors would like to thank for the project permanent-magnet machines, IEEE Transactions on
supported by National Natural Science Foundation Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2009, pp. 2023-2031.
of China (51177097). [17]. Z. P. Wang, M. X. Chen, M. Y. Xu, et al., Practice on
the new generation of DC motor (New DCM),
Micromotors, Vol. 43, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1-6
(in Chinese).
References [19]. Z. P. Wang, M. X. Chen, About armature winding
and armature circuit of DC motor circular current
[1]. E. F. W. Alexanderson, A. H. Mittag, The thyratron problem (Part 1), Micromotors, Vol. 45, No. 7, 2012,
motor, Electrical Engineering, Vol. 53, 1934, pp. 1-5 (in Chinese).
pp. 1517-1523. [20]. Z. P. Wang, M. X. Chen, About the armature winding
[2]. O. Eiichi, K. Takeshi, and A. Masahiko, The thyristor and armature circuit of DC motor (Part 2) armature
commutatorless motor, IEEE Transactions on main circuit, Micromotors, Vol. 45, No. 9, 2012,
Magnetics, Vol. 3, Issue 3, 1967, pp. 236-240. pp. 6-12 (in Chinese).
[3]. T. Yukio, S. Kenya, and M. Iwao, On the thyristor [21]. M. X. Chen, L. Chen, and Z. P. Wang, Analysis
brush motor, Conference Record of Spring Lecture of armature circuit of the new DCM, Micromotors,
Meeting of MESJ, 1976, No. 114 (in Japanese). Vol. 46, No. 4, 2013, pp. 8-13 (in Chinese).
[4]. T. Yukio, et al., On the thyristor brush type dc [22]. H. B. Dwight, R. G. Haltmaier, Rules for designing
machine, Bulletin of MESJ, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1977, frog-leg windings of DC machine, Transactions of
pp. 177-184. the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol.
[5]. T. Yukio, et al., On the generator characteristics of 70, Issue. 1, 1951, pp. 707-712.
the thyristor brush type dc machine, Bulletin of [23]. Z. P. Wang, M. X. Chen. New theory of DC motor,
MESJ, Micromotors, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-6
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1978, pp. 61-68. (in Chinese).
[6]. T. M. Jahns, Flux-weakening regime operation [24].J. B. Li, L. B. Jing, et al., Exact analytical method
of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor for surface-mounted permanent-magnet brushless
drive, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, motors, Transactions of China Electrotechnical
Vol. IA-23, No. 4, 1987, pp. 681-689. Society, Vol. 27, No. 11, 2012, pp. 83-88
(in Chinese).

95
 Sensors & Transducers, Vol. 167, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 88-96

[25]. A. Bellara, Y. Amara, et al., Two-Dimensional exact [26]. L. Zhu, S. Z. Jiang, Z. Q. Zhu, et al., Analytical
analytical solution of armature reaction field in methods for minimizing cogging torque in
slotted surface mounted PM radial flux synchronous permanent-magnet machines, IEEE Transactions on
machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 45, Magnetics, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2009, pp. 2023-2031.
No. 10, 2009, pp. 45344538.
______________

2014 Copyright , International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA) Publishing, S. L. All rights reserved.
(http://www.sensorsportal.com)

96