CO2 Transport via Pipeline and Ship

Stanley Santos
IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Cheltenham, UK

CCS Opportunities in CCOP Region

CCOP-EPPM Workshop (Indonesia)
September 2012
Presentation Overview
Introduction and Overview
Modes of CO2 Transport
Fundamentals of CO2 Phase Diagram
Gaseous Phase
Liquid Phase
Dense Phase
CO2 Processing
P i
CO2 Pipeline
p Transport
p
CO2 Compressors
Safety Considerations
CO2 Ship Transport 2
CO2 Transport
Pipeline

Motor Trucks
Mode of Transport

Rail

Ships (Ocean Going / Barge)

3 3
CO2 Transport Important Notes
Technology is available and mature
For example: USA about 2000 miles of CO2
pipeline.
Economic Consideration is the main driver
on the choice of CO2 transport technology
options.
options
o Demand and Capacity Utilisation
o Economy of Scale
o Flexibility of Ship transport

Operating pressure and temperature defined

by the chosen transport technology option.
CO2 processing could be an integral part of
the CO2 transport
4
CO2 Processing
Additional processing of CO2 rich gas
maybe required to remove impurities
this could be dependent on the
development of a regulatory framework
or guidelines with regard to the
classification of the captured CO2 rich
gas.
Some knowledge gap has been noted in
understanding of impact of impurities in
p
the captured CO2 rich stream. ((i.e. impact
p
of SOx and NOx).
5 5
Information from Air Products 6 6
Pipeline Transport
There are some 3,100 km of CO2 pipelines worldwide,
with a capacity of 44
44.7
7 million tonnes per year of CO2
CO2.
Pipelining is the most economical method for
transporting large quantities of CO2 over land.
The estimated construction cost of a pipeline in the US
is about $$20K to 30K pper inch pper km. However,, this
cost is greatly influenced by the type of terrain, river
crossing, state regulations and right of way.
For pipeline throughput of > 10 million tonnes per year,
transport cost can be less than US $1-10/tonne of CO2
per 100 kkm. (d
(depending
di on various
i ffactors
t i.e.
i
capacity, distance, operating parameters, et. al.)

77
Pipeline Transport
CO2 compression and pumping
With or without
ith t b
booster
t station?
t ti ?
Liquid, Gaseous or Dense Phase operation?
CO2 pipeline operation
CO2 metering
Pipeline inspection
CO2 health and safety
Pipeline design safety consideration (i.e.
Crack arrester)
Corrosion issues
Hydrate formation 8
CO2 Compression
CO2 compression uses mature technologies
typically found in large scale fertilizers
manufacturing plant (ie. production of Urea).
Similar compression technology is also used in
natural gas pipeline transport worldwide
worldwide.
Centrifugal compressors are preferred for large
volume applications.
applications
The main additional operating issues for CO2
are avoiding corrosion and hydrate formation.

99
Phase Diagram of CO2

10 10
Enthalpy Diagram

11 11
CO2 Compression in a Commercial
O
Operation
ti

12 12
 CO2 Compression in a Commercial
Operation
p
(Novazot Urea Plant)

Operation
p Profile:
MAN Turbo RG 093/10
Discharge Pressure: > 200 Bar (20 MPa)
I t k P
Intake Pressure: 1 B
Bar (0
(0.1
1 MP
MPa))
Density at 10th Stage: 320 kg/m3
Motor Driven ((Rating:
g 4.6 MWe))
Volume Intake: 23 475 m3/hr
Motor Drive Speed: 1491 RPM
Started Operation: 1995

13
13
 CO2 Compression in a Commercial Operation
(Dakota Gasification Plant CO2 to Weyburn EOR)

Operation Profile
MAN Turbo RV 042/07
Motor Driven ((~19500 HP))
Mass Flow: 125 000 kg/hr
Inlet Pressure: 1 Bar
Discharge Pressure: 190 Bar
2 units started operation in
2000 (each unit transporting
~55 mmSCFD)
3rd units started operation in
J
June 2006

14
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Compressing CO2 for Transport
It is easier to transport a dense liquid than a gas.
So it is typical to compress CO2 to above 74 Bar
(7.38 MPa) for efficient transport
When
Wh transporting
t ti CO2 via i pipelines,
i li frictional
f i ti l
loss must be accounted for. This can be
achieved
hi d by
b maintaining
i t i i inlet
i l t pressure to
t the
th
pipeline to maintain an overall pressure of 74 Bar
(7 38 MP
(7.38 MPa)) or iinstall
t ll booster
b t stations
t ti to
t make k up
for pressure losses.
Industry preference is to operate the pipeline at
greater than 103 Bar (10.3 MPa) at the inlet to
maintain CO2 at the supercritical phase during
transport. 115
Operational Issues CO2
C
Compression
i
The water content in the CO2 stream must be strictlyy
controlled to prevent corrosion or hydrate formation.
A glycol dehydrator or molecular sieves can be used for this purpose.
To avoid potential heat exchanger problem, it is
advisable to use stainless steel throughout the
compressor piping if H2S is present in the CO2
stream.
Special sealing materials and gaskets are used to
avoid hardening of some petroleum based and
synthetic
y lubricants in compressors
p and pipelines.
pp
The impact of impurities on CO2 compressors and
pipelines is a current topic of research

116
Pipeline Design
Pipeline pressures: 10-20
10 20 MPa (existing
pipelines)
CO2 is
i a dense
d phase
h fluid
fl id (about
( b 0.8
08
t/m3)
Moisture below 10 ppm level is now
expected as a pre
pre-requisite.
requisite
Retrofit of existing Hydrocarbon or NG
pipeline is possible.
Special steels are not required
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Operational Issues
Pipeline Inspection an important part of
CO2 transport operation which would require
extensive review during design and
implementation.
implementation
i.e. Pipeline Pigging Exercise
CO2 metering this is an important aspect to
provide accountability between CO2 capture
and storage.
storage
i.e. Orifice and venturi meters
Start
St t up and d shut
h t down
d
Drying procedure during start up
Depressurisation procedure during shut down
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Pipeline Safety
CO2 is not flammable or explosive
CO2 iis an asphyxiant
h i t andd is
i heavier
h i than
th air
i
Leaking CO2 may accumulate in low-lying
places
The number of incidents is similar for
existing CO2 and natural gas pipelines
No deaths from CO2 pipeline accidents
Existing pipelines are mostly is sparsely
populated regions
Existing
g pipelines
pp pass
p through
g some small
built-up areas
Further work is needed to assess potential
hazards in some circumstances,
circumstances e e.g.
g for
offshore EOR
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Pipeline Safety

21
Ship Transport
Ship transport could make the
economics consideration of CO2
transport more flexible. (Mix and Match
with pipeline transport)
Transport of CO2 by ship in smaller
volume (i e <1500 m3) is currently
(i.e.
practiced in the industry
Shipping at lower pressure is preferred
preferred.
However, operating at higher pressure
should not be a major problem
problem, as
tankers currently used for shipping
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can be
used for CO2
222
CO2 Ships Transport
CO2 is
i ttransported
t d ffor the
th food,
f d
drink and chemical industries
Coral Carbonic 1250 m3 CO2

Larger ships would

be needed for CCS
Daewoos proposed
100k m3 CO2 ship
hi

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 River barge transport

Barges
g have been used to transport
p liquefied
q gases
g for
many decades
Barges may have cost and regulatory advantages over CO2
pipelines in some circumstances
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ZEP study

25
Motor Transport

A fleet of CO2 tanker trucks for oil field applications in China

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Motor Transport
Liquefied
q CO2 can be transported
p in
motor carriers such as tank trucks
with trailers and stored in cryogenic
y g
vessels.
The vessels range in size from 2 to
30 tonnes. Condition of the CO2 is
1 7 MPa and -30oC.
typically at 1.7 C
Tank trucks are flexible, adaptable
and reliable means for transporting
smaller quantities of CO2

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Rail Transport
Special rail car has been developed to
transport CO2 at 2.6 MPa (weighs about 60
tonnes).
tonnes)
Currently only done in small batches
Railway can carry large volumes but will
only become competitive if existing
infrastructure are available and the
logistics can be properly managed. If new
rail lines have to be built, costs would be
prohibitively
p y high.
g

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 Thank you
Email: stanley.santos@ieaghg.org
Website: http://www ieaghg org
http://www.ieaghg.org
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