The document discusses a first order irreversible gas phase reaction carried out over a packed bed catalyst. It provides calculations to determine the catalyst weight needed for 60% conversion of reactant A under:
a) Isothermal operation, where temperature is kept constant. The catalyst weight is determined using mole and rate laws.
b) Adiabatic operation, where temperature is allowed to change. The catalyst weight is again determined using mole and rate laws as well as an energy balance equation.
c) A comparison shows that for an exothermic reaction, isothermal operation enhances conversion along the bed and requires less catalyst for a given diameter. Adiabatic operation hinders conversion due to retained heat,
The document discusses a first order irreversible gas phase reaction carried out over a packed bed catalyst. It provides calculations to determine the catalyst weight needed for 60% conversion of reactant A under:
a) Isothermal operation, where temperature is kept constant. The catalyst weight is determined using mole and rate laws.
b) Adiabatic operation, where temperature is allowed to change. The catalyst weight is again determined using mole and rate laws as well as an energy balance equation.
c) A comparison shows that for an exothermic reaction, isothermal operation enhances conversion along the bed and requires less catalyst for a given diameter. Adiabatic operation hinders conversion due to retained heat,
The document discusses a first order irreversible gas phase reaction carried out over a packed bed catalyst. It provides calculations to determine the catalyst weight needed for 60% conversion of reactant A under:
a) Isothermal operation, where temperature is kept constant. The catalyst weight is determined using mole and rate laws.
b) Adiabatic operation, where temperature is allowed to change. The catalyst weight is again determined using mole and rate laws as well as an energy balance equation.
c) A comparison shows that for an exothermic reaction, isothermal operation enhances conversion along the bed and requires less catalyst for a given diameter. Adiabatic operation hinders conversion due to retained heat,
The document discusses a first order irreversible gas phase reaction carried out over a packed bed catalyst. It provides calculations to determine the catalyst weight needed for 60% conversion of reactant A under:
a) Isothermal operation, where temperature is kept constant. The catalyst weight is determined using mole and rate laws.
b) Adiabatic operation, where temperature is allowed to change. The catalyst weight is again determined using mole and rate laws as well as an energy balance equation.
c) A comparison shows that for an exothermic reaction, isothermal operation enhances conversion along the bed and requires less catalyst for a given diameter. Adiabatic operation hinders conversion due to retained heat,
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P 11-11B
The irreversible gas-phase reaction
A B
Is carried out adiabatically over a packed bed of solid catalyst particles. The reaction is first order in the concentration of A on the catalyst surface:
-rAs = k Cas
The feed consists of 50% mole A and 50% inerts and enters the bed at a temperature of 300 K. The entering volumetric flow rate is 10 dm3/s (i.e. 10000 cm3/s). The relationship between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number is
Sh = 100 Re1/2
As a first approximation, one may neglect pressure drop. The entering
concentration of A is 1.0 M. Calculate the catalyst weight necessary to achieve 60% conversion of A for
a) Isothermal operation
b) Adiabatic operation
c) What generalizations can you make after comparing parts (a) and (b)
Additional Information Kinematic viscosity: / = 0.02 cm2/s Particle diameter: dp = 0.1 cm Superficial velocity: U = 10 cm/s Catalyst surface area/mass of catalyst bed: a =60 cm2/g cat. Diffusivity of A: De = 10-2 cm2/s Heat of reaction: = - 10000 cal/g mol A Heat capacities: CpA = CpB = 25 cal / g mol. K CpS (solvent) = 75 cal/g mol.K k (300 K) = 0.01 cm3/s g cat with E = 4000 cal/mol
Diketahui:
Isothermal dx r mol Mole balance : FAO dW = gAcat.s , dimana FAO = CAO VO = 10 mol/cm3
Rate law : rA = k CAS
Asumsi : mass transfer limited 0.01cm3 k : (300 K) g cat s
Adiabatic Mole balance dan rate law sama seperti isothermal Irreversible gas phase
The reaction is first order dengan konsentrasi A r AS = k CAS
Ditanya:
a. Isothermal operation b. Adiabatic operation c. What generalization can you make after comparing parts a and b? Jawab: a) Isothermal Operation Jawab: a) Neraca Mol dx mol rA = FAO dW g cat. s mol dm3 cm3 Dimana FAO = CAO VO = 1 dm3 1 1000 cm3 10000 = 10 mol/cm3 s
b) Rate Law r AS = k CAS
Tetapi nilai CAs tidak diketahui, sehingga membuat asumsi laju reaksi dimana perpindahan massa yang terjadi yaitu terbatas. Sehingga,
= . = !.
CAS = + cm3 s mol rA = + g cat s cm3
Dimana k = 0,01 cm3/g cat.s pada temperatur 300 K (27 oC) (konstan isotermal).
= 100 102 10 0.1 = 100 = 100 = 70.71 / 0.1 0.02
Hasil tersebut dikonversi, sehingga
cm3 70.71 = 70.71 60 = 4243 g cat s 0.01 4243 rA = () = exp( ) 4243 + 0.01 c) Stokiometri: Fase Gas, Tekanan, dan Temperatur Konstan 1 CAS = CAO ( ) 1+ Dimana = = 0.5 (1 1) = 0
CAS = CAO (1 ) CAO = 1 3 = 103 3 dm cm Kemudian menggunakan program Polymath untuk mendapatkan kurva, yaitu menggunakan metode Persamaan Diferensial Biasa (PDB), berikut adalah hasil dari menggunakan Polymath: b) Adiabatic Operation 1. Neraca mol dx mol rA = FAO dW g cat. s mol dm3 cm3 Dimana FAO = CAO VO = 1 dm3 1 1000 cm3 10000 = 10 mol/cm3 s
2. Rate law r AS = k CAS Asumsi: perpindahan massa yang terjadi terbatas = ( ) = k CAS
CAS = + cm3 s mol rA = + g cat s cm3 0.01cm3 Dimana = pada T = 300 K (27C) g cat s
= 100
102 10 0.1 = 100 = 100 = 70.71 / 0.1 0.02
Hasil tersebut dikonversi, sehingga
cm3 70.71 = 70.71 60 = 4243 g cat s 0.01 4243 rA = () = exp( ) 4243 + 0.01
3. Stokiometri 1 CAS = CAO ( ) 1+ Dimana = 0, = 300 , CAO = 10 3 /cm3 Neraca energi dapat ditulis: dF ( ) + ( ()) = =0 dt
( ) = (10 25( 300)) + (10 75( 750))
( ) = 1000( 300)
1000( 300) + 10(10000) = 0
Kemudian dengan menggunakan polymath dengan metode PBD, berikut ialah hasilnya: c) Comparing parts a and b
Reaktor isothermal adalah reaktor proses yang terjadi pada keadaan
suhu yang tidak berubah selama berlangsungnya proses tersebut. Umumnya berkaitan dengan perubahan fasa. Semisal pencairan dan penguapan. Pada perubahan isothermal suhu dipertahankan agar konstan.
Sebagai contoh dengan menempatkan silinder yang dihubungkan
dengan sumber air pada suhu yang di inginkan. Silinder mempunyai dinding yang tipis yang terbuat dari bahan yang dapat menghantarkan panas,misalnya tembaga, sehingga panas dengan mudah mengalir secara bolak-balik antara sumber air dan gas. Sumber air cukup besar dengan suhu yang tidak dapat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah perubahan panas dan gas. Selama ekspansi isothermal, panas mengalir ke gas untuk menjaga suhu agar konstan (ingat, suhu gas menurun jika panas terhalangi untuk mengalir ke gas selama ekspansi terjadi). Pada kondisi operasi adiabatic, penambahan variasi temperatur tidak berpengaruh terhadap konversi, profil konsentrasi, tetapi nilai angka sedikit berbeda. Karena reaksinya adalah eksotermik, kondisi operasi isothermal meningkatkan profil konversi sepanjang packed bed, jadi untuk diameter yang diketahui dibutuhkan katalis yang lebih sedikit. Kondsi operasi adiabatic, menghambat konversi karena panas yang tidak terbuang dari system, dan katalis yang dibutuhkan untuk konversi yang telah ditetapkan menjadi lebih banyak jumlahnya. Pembuangan dari panas yang tergenerasi pada reaksi memungkinkan pengurangan dari 85 kg katalis di bed. Secara segi ekonomi, kondisi operasi isothermal lebih menguntungkan
