RF LTE Planning and Dimensioning

LTE RF Planning and
Dimensioning
RA41203EN60GLA0 2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Table of contents
LTE Overview LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

Overview Dimensioning Dimensioning Aspects
Simulation, Lab
1 and Field Findings
Performance
Simulation
2 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Table of contents
LTE Overview LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

Overview Dimensioning Dimensioning Aspects
Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

LTE Overview - LTE/SAE Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
HSS
eNB Mobility
Management
Entity Policy & Charging
S6a Rule Function
X2
MME S10
S7 Rx+
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi
PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
LTE-UE (eNB)
SAE
Gateway
4 RA41202EN60GLA0 2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

LTE Overview - Schedule for 3GPP releases
Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA A true global roaming technology
and cdma2000
Specification: HSUPA HSPA+
UMTS/ HSDPA LTE-A
WCDMA IMS MBMS LTE Studies studies LTE-
WLAN IW LTE & EPC
A
3GPP Rel. 99/4 Rel. 5 Rel. 6 Rel. 7 Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel. 10
2000 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 year

LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been simple multimode implementation
and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have in common:
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on hardware due to
high processing requirements.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.

LTE Overview - Radio Interface Key Features
LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Access Network
(EUTRAN)
SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
eNode-B Serving PDN Network
GW GW
LTE Radio Interface Key Features

Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)
Spectrum Flexibility
FDD & TDD modes
Multi-Antenna Transmission
Frequency and time Domain scheduling
Uplink (UL) Power Control

LTE Overview - EUTRAN Key Features

Access Network
(EUTRAN)
SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
GW GW
EUTRAN Key Features:

Evolved NodeB
IP transport layer
UL/DL resource scheduling
QoS Awareness
Self-configuration

LTE Overview - EPC Key Features

Access Network
(EUTRAN) SAE-GW
MME Packet
Data
GW GW
EPC Key Features:

IP transport layer
QoS Awareness
Packet Switched Domain only
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks

LTE Overview - LTE Radio Interface & the X2 Interface
LTE-Uu interface
Air interface of LTE
(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User PDUs
Based on OFDMA in DL & SC-FDMA in UL
PDCP
RLC FDD & TDD duplex methods
TS 36.300
MAC Scalable bandwidth: 1.4MHz - 20 MHz
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA) eNB
X2 interface
LTE-Uu
Inter eNB interface
X2-UP
X2AP: special signaling protocol (Application
X2-CP (User Plane) Part)
(Control Plane) User PDUs
Functionalities:
TS 36.423 X2-AP GTP-U
X2 In inter- eNB HO to facilitate Handover and
SCTP UDP TS 36.424 provide data forwarding.
TS 36.422 IP IP
In RRM to provide e.g. load information to
TS 36.421 L1/L2 L1/L2 TS 36.421 neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference
management.
TS 36.420 Logical interface: doesnt need direct site-to-
site connection, i.e. can be routed via CN as
eNB well
LTE Overview - S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces
S1 interface is divided into two parts: S1-MME
(Control Plane)
S1-MME interface
NAS Protocols
Control Plane interface between eNB & MME TS 36.413 S1-AP MME
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol TS 36.412 SCTP
IP
MME & UE will exchange NAS signaling via eNB L1/L2 TS 36.411
through this interface ( i.e. authentication, tracking S1-U
area updates) (User Plane)
User PDUs
S1 Flex: an eNB is allowed to connect to a eNB GTP-U Serving
maximum of 16 MME. (LTE2, RL20)
TS 36.414 UDP Gateway
S1-U interface IP
TS 36.411 L1/L2
User plane interface between eNB & Serving
Gateway.
TS 36.410
Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
LTE4: Multi-Operator Core Network (MO-CN): An eNB can be connected simultaneously to the different
Evolved Packet Cores (EPCs) of different operators, and shared by them.

LTE Overview - LTE UE Categories Power Tx Power Tolerance
Class (dBm) (dB)
All categories support 20 MHz 1 [+30]
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink 2 [+27]
(except Cat 5 & 8) 3 +23 +/-2 dB
4 [+21]
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Cat 1
LTE-A Category 6 Onward
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8
peakrate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 299/75 Mbps 301/50 Mbps 301/102 Mbps 3000/1500 Mbps
RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM
Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 2x2 or 4x4 8x8

LTE Overview: Voice in LTE CS Fallback
- CS Fallback is performed during the call setup as:

Inter-RAT handover from LTE to UTRAN or
Inter-RAT cell change order from LTE to GERAN (NACC)
The EPC needs to support CS inter-working because the MME indicates the eNB to perform
HO/NACC
- Benefits
Existing 2G/3G infrastructure can be reused in initial LTE deployments
CSFB feature can be further utilized in roaming scenarios
Switching is based on priorities of layers

configured by an operator:
GSM layer = set of BCCH frequencies,
UMTS layer = carrier frequency.

LTE Overview: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
- At this phase, the operator provides VoIP over LTE access and IMS is used as
enabling SIP session control machinery for VoIP. However, as shown in it is assumed
that LTE coverage is not yet complete and thus interworking with underlying legacy access
technology is required. From the voice traffic perspective this implies handing over LTE VoIP call to
CS voice call provided by the legacy access technology. The handover functionality from VoIP to
CS domain is referred to as Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC).
Neighbor cell list, measurements and

thresholds like for standard inter-RAT HO
(blacklisting possible).

LTE Overview: Voice over LTE
- Similar to step SRVCC, at this phase the operator provides VoIP-over-LTE access and IMS is used
as enabling SIP session control machinery for VoIP traffic However, the difference compared to
step SRVCC is that LTE coverage is complete and mature for Voice User thus no interworking with
underlying legacy CS access technologies is required. Furthermore, IMS is used as a generic SIP
session control machinery for all services, thus removing the need for a CS service infrastructure.
At this time the need for CSFB and SRVCC solutions have disappeared.

Table of contents
LTE LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

Overview Overview Dimensioning Dimensioning Aspects
Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

LTE Advanced Overview - First features standardized in 3GPP Release10
Key aspects in
3GPP Rel.10 Carrier Aggregation
Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation
.. Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8 carriers from
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n different frequency bands
8x MIMO 4x Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation
New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO
Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint
2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also
known as cooperative system
Receiving transmission from multiple sectors
(not necessary visible for UE)
Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB
Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain
Enhancements for office Femto handovers

LTE Advanced Overview - Bandwidth Extension by Carrier Aggregation
Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10 .. up to 100 MHz
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n
Flexible component carrier aggregation
8x MIMO 4x
different frequency bands Component Carrier
asymmetric in UL/DL (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
Mobility
Coordinated Multipoint 20 MHz 10 MHz
Aggregated BW: 30MHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
in JuneAggregated
2009 BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps
1.5Gbps

LTE Advanced Overview - Carrier Aggregation (CA)
- High peak data rate of 1 Gbps in downlink and 500 Mbps in uplink can be achieved with
bandwidth extension from 20 MHz up to 100 MHz.
- Backwards compatibility to Release 8 by combining N Release 8 component carriers to N x
LTE bandwidth, for example 5 x 20 MHz = 100 MHz
- Old LTE terminals use one carrier, new ones all N
Both contiguous and

non-contiguous CA is
supported offering
improved spectrum
flexibility (e.g. for
refarming).
CA also offers opportunities
for autonomous interference
management schemes
especially relevant for
heterogeneous networks.

LTE Advanced Overview - Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)
Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n
8x MIMO 4x
Coordinated Multipoint
Cooperation of antennas of multiple
sectors / sites
Interference free
by coordinated
transmission /
reception
Highest
performance
potential Service Area

Table of contents

Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

Air Interface: Multiple Access Methods Comparison
TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA

Time Division Frequency Division Code Division Frequency Division
Orthogonal subcarriers
f f f f
t t t t
f f f f
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
Air Interface: OFDM Basics
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio
signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth

15 kHz in LTE: fixed Orthogonality:
The peak ( centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers

Air Interface: The OFDM Signal

Air Interface: Bandwidth and Subcarrier in LTE
- Channel bandwidth: DL bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
- Data subcarriers: the number of data subcarriers varies with the bandwidth
72 for 1.4 MHz to 1200 for 20 MHz

Air Interface: SC-FDMA in UL
- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access:

Transmission technique used for Uplink
Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency
OFDMA
allocation offered by OFDM.
SC-FDMA
It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to
OFDMA
TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an SC-
FDMA symbol.
- Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware requirements
(power amplifier)

Air Interface: SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison

Air Interface: LTE Physical Layer
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA DL & SC-FDMA in UL
This is the same for both FDD & TDD mode of operation
There is no macro-diversity in use
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
no frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping is dynamically driven by the
scheduler
FDD Frequency band 1

.. ..
Frequency band 2
.. ..
TDD Single frequency band

.. ..
Downlink Uplink

Air Interface: Subframe structure & CP length
Subframe length: 1 ms for all bandwidths

Slot length is 0.5 ms
1 Subframe= 2 slots
Slot carries 7 symbols with normal CP or 6 symbols with long CP
CP length depends on the symbol position within the slot:
Normal CP: symbol 0 in each slot has CP = 160 x Ts = 5.21s; remaining symbols CP= 144 x
Ts = 4.7s
Extended CP: CP length for all symbols in the slot is 512 x Ts = 16.67s
Ts:
Short cyclic prefix: sampling time of the overall channel
5.21 s basic Time Unit
= 32.5 nsec
Long cyclic prefix: 1 sec
Ts =
16.67 s Subcarrier spacing X max FFT size
= Data
= Cyclic prefix Copy

Air Interface: Physical Resource Blocks
12 subcarriers
In both the DL & UL direction, data is
.. ..
allocated to users in terms of
Frequency resource blocks (RBs).
Resource 1 ms subframe a RB consists of 12 consecutive
block or TTI subcarriers in the frequency domain,
reserved for the duration of 0.5 ms
0.5 ms slot slot.
Time The smallest resource unit a
During each TTI,
scheduler can assign to a user is a
resource blocks for
scheduling block which consists of
different UEs are
two consecutive resource blocks
scheduled in the
eNodeB

Air Interface: Resource Block and Resource Element
Physical Resource Block PBR or Resource Block RB:

12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain
Capacity allocation based on Resource Blocks
Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Channel bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (MHz)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of 72 180 300 600 900 1200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarriers
KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
180
Number of resource 6 15 25 50 75 100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Resource Element RE:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 theoretical min. capacity allocation unit
1 slot 1 slot 1 RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation symbol
1 ms subframe on a subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits (QPSK), 4 bits
(16QAM), 6 bits (64QAM).

Air Interface: FDD Physical Layer Frame Structure
FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both UL & DL
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame length = 10 ms
0.5 ms slot
- FDD: 10 sub-frames of 1 ms for UL & DL
sy sy sy sy sy sy sy
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
10 ms frame - 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 OFDM
symbols (extended CP)
s s s s s s s s .. s18 s19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.5 ms slot
SF: SubFrame
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9
s: slot
1 ms sub-frame Sy: symbol
In FDD, there is a time offset between uplink and downlink transmission.

Air Interface: TDD Physical Layer Frame Structure
Frame Type 2 (TS 36.211-900; 4.2)
each radio frame consists of 2 half frames = 10 subframes = 10 ms (1 subframe = 1 ms)
Half-frame = 5 ms = 5 Sub-frames of 1 ms
UL-DL configurations with both 5 ms & 10 ms DL-to-UL switch-point periodicity are supported
Special subframe with the 3 fields DwPTS, GP & UpPTS; length of DwPTS + UpPTS +GP = 1 subframe; (i.e. depending
on frame configuration one or two Special Subframes)
DL / UL ratio can vary from 1/3 to 8/1 according to service requirements of the carrier
Radio Frame: 10ms
Half Frame: 5 ms
f SF
DwPTS
SF SF SF SF
DwPTS
SF SF SF
UpPTS
UpPTS
GP
GP
UL/DL
carrier
#0 #2 #3 #4 #5 #7 #8 #9
Subframe 1ms time

DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot Downlink Subframe
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot Uplink Subframe
GP: Guard Period to separate between DL/UL Special Subframe
DL or UL Subframe

Air Interface : TDD UL/DL Configurations
- TDD allows flexible bandwidth allocation between UL & DL to support asymmetric traffic
The number of subframes dedicated to UL & DL within the 10ms frame can be adjusted
- 7 different frame configurations
Chosen UL/DL Configuration should be the same across all cells of a network to avoid interference between
transmission directions (Rel.8 static or semi-static TDD system)
- Nokia supports Configuration 1 & 2:
Configuration 1 DL:UL=2:2
Configuration 2 DL:UL=3:1
Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
configuration Switch-point periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
D Downlink S Special U Uplink

Air Interface: Special Subframe Configuration
More info: TS36.21
- Total length of special subframe is 1ms but the length of the each field may vary
9 different formats supported
Nokia supports formats 5 & 7
Fields:
- Downlink Pilot time Slot (DwPTS)
shortened DL subframe
for Reference Signals & control information
may carry user data
contains PSS (note: SSS transmitted on
the last symbol of subframe 0)
- Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS)
mainly used for RACH and SRS transmission
- Guard Period (GP)
Switching point between DL & UL transmission
Compensates for the delay when switching between transmission directions
Its length determines the maximum supportable cell size
For 5ms periodicity subframe#6 is also

a special subframe (otherwise is normal)
SUBFRAME 1
Air Interface: Cell-Specific Reference Signals Mapping
R0 R0
R0 R0
For Channel estimation
R0 R0
Measurements (e.g. RSRP)
R0
l =0
R0
l =6 l =0 l =6
Synchronisation in frequency & time
Cell Id (Physical Layer Cell Identity)
R0 R0 R1
R0 R0 R1 R1 For more detailed information

R0 R0 R1 R1
according to UE specific
Reference Signals and their
R0
l =0
R0
l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0
R1
l =6 l =0
R1
l =6
position see: TS 36.211; 6.10.
RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6

Air Interface: DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated traffic channels in LTE, neither UL nor DL.

PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
carries user data, L3 signaling, System Information Blocks & Paging
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
for Master Information Block only
PMCH: Physical Multicast Channel
for multicast traffic as MBMS services
PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
indicates number of OFDM symbols for Control Channels = 1..4
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
carries resource assignment messages for DL capacity allocations & scheduling grants for UL
allocations
PHICH: Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
carries ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to UE in respond to UL transmission

Air Interface: UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel

Transmission of user data, L3 & L1 signaling (L1 signaling: CQI, ACK/NACKs, etc.)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel

Carries L1 control information in case that no user data are scheduled in this subframe (e.g. H-ARQ
ACK/NACK indications, UL scheduling request, CQIs & MIMO feedback).
These control data are multiplexed together with user data on PUSCH, if user data are scheduled in
the subframe
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

For Random Access attempts; SIBs indicates the PRACH configuration (duration; frequency;
repetition; number of preambles - max. 64)

Air Interface: Mapping of Signals on Physical Layer
Example shown below for 72 subcarrier (1.4 MHz), single

antenna case
Primary and Secondary Synchronisation Signals occupy 2 blocks of
symbols per 10 ms (central 72 subcarriers for all channel bandwidths)
Reference Signals
20 slots = 10 subframes = 10 ms = 10 TTI
Synchronisation Signals
72 subcarriers
Check Online
http://dhagle.in/LTE

Air Interface: Example Mapping of Physical Channels on Physical Layer
PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH and PHICH physical channels
also occupy symbols and represent an overhead
PDSCH physical channel used to transfer application data has access
to whatever is left over
PBCH
20 slots = 10 subframes = 10 ms = 10 TTI
PCFICH
PDCCH
72 subcarriers
PHICH
PDSCH
Reference Signals
Control information at start TTI

of every TTI Check Online Synchronisation Signals
http://dhagle.in/LTE

Table of contents

Simulation, Lab
Performance
Aspects

Air Interface Dimensioning : Scenario Approach
Network scenarios can be divided into two principal categories:
Greenfield
The greenfield scenario means building the network from scratch, that is, the operator does not have any existing
cellular network or sites.
Overlay with existing 2G or 3G Network
The most frequent case, however, is that the operator has an existing network or sites and uses LTE as a capacity
expansion layer
Radio dimensioning process can be divided into two main parts:
Coverage dimensioning link budget calculations taking into account air interface physical aspects along with impact of signal
propagation in a real environment resulting in the estimated cell range value and as a turn in the number of sites
required to assure network coverage in the area
Baseband dimensioning calculations taking into account real hardware (Flexi System Modules) capabilities and assumed
Traffic Model resulting in the number of site required to assure enough processing capacity to serve the assumed area
.
Coverage Output Capacity Output Equipment Output
Customer Coverage Capacity Equipment
number of sites number of sites number of sites
Requirements Dimensioning Dimensioning (capacity)
Dimensioning (baseband)
(coverage)
cell range cell capacity
System parameters System parameters System parameters

TX power spectral efficiency
system module
antenna scheme capacity gains
Infrastr. parameters Traffic demand Planning parameters
number of sectors service type
number of connected UEs
required coverage area number of subscribers
Planning parameters Planning parameters
interference margin
cell load
environment type
Air Interface Dimensioning : Example of Overlay Scenario
2G BCCH TRX Received Level = 10*log(Px1000) PL(gsm)

3G CPICH Received Level = 10*log(Px10%x1000) PL(umts)
4G RSRP Received Level = 10*log(Px1000) 10*log(12*PRB) PL(lte)
Assumption:
All Technologies using the same power 20Watt
The same Value for PL(gsm)=PL(umts)=PL(lte)=140db*
2G BCCH TRX= 43dbm 140 db = -97dbm

3G CPICH = 33dbm 140 db = -107dbm
4G RSRP 5Mhz = 18.23 dbm 140db = -122dbm
*In Actual Path Loss between Technologies are different to due many parameters such as Bandwidth, Service Bearer,
Noise Figure.

Air Interface Dimensioning : Link Budget 1/2
LTE Link Budget
calculated based on service throughput at cell edge. This
Service Throughput must be defined by operator Coverage
- EIRP
- RX sensitivity
Parameter Consideration
- Other margins (i.e.
User Throughput Defined at Cell edge body loss, gains,
Operating Spectrum interference margin) - Carrier frequency
TDD/FDD Selection - eNB / UE height
Maximum Allowable Path
Channel Bandwidth (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) Loss
- Clutter specific
corrections
System Overhead Capacity (All related with
- Shadowing std.
signalling, such as PDCCH Symbol, Cyclic Prefix, deviation
RACH Density, etc) Propagation
Propagation models:
Transmit Power/RF Module 20W, 30W, and 40W) macro and indoor
Noise Figure Coverage reliability
Antenna Configuration and Gain
Cell Load Factor (Interference Margin) Cell range
UE Power Class
Site count

Air Interface Dimensioning : Link Budget 2/2
Assumption
Operating Band: 1800Mhz (FDD) UE Power Class : Class 3 (23dBm, h=1.5 meter)
Channel Bandwidth: 5 Mhz Cell Load Factor : 50%
Flexi RF Unit: 20Watt (43 dBm) Propagation: Cost 231 TWO slope
Feeder Loss: 0.5 dB (Feederless) Other parameters: using
Antenna Configuration: 2Tx-2Rx MIMO Channel Mode: Enhanced Pedestrian 5Hz(EPA05)
Antenna Gain and Heigh: 18 dBi/30 meter (Dense valid for low speed mobile in General
Urban)
* 8db Std Dev, 93% Coverage Probability, and 20 db Building Penetration Loss for Dense
Urban
Uplink Limited
Air Interface Dimensioning: Impact of cell-edge throughput
UL Link Budget is clearly determined

by the amount of allocated resources
UPLINK (due to sharing the Tx power among
allocated subcarriers).
DL Link Budget is less impacted by

throughput requirement (especially in
range of throughput<2Mbps).
DOWNLINK

Air Interface Dimensioning : LTE-FDD 1800 5 Mhz vs 3 Mhz Coverage
Urban

Air Interface Dimensioning : LTE-FDD1800 5 Mhz vs 10 Mhz Coverage
Urban

Air Interface Dimensioning : Total Overhead System per Channel Bandwidth

Air Interface Dimensioning : TDD Link Budget
TDD LTE Link Budget

Most of parameters in FDD apply for TDD Link Budget

Air Interface Dimensioning : LTE-FDD 1800 vs LTE-TDD 2300 Coverage
Special Sub-frame 5
Urban
Air Interface Dimensioning : LTE-FDD1800 vs GSM1800 Coverage
Urban

Air Interface Dimensioning : TDD 2300 10MHz vs FDD2600 5MHz vs FDD2600 10MHz
TDD2300 with different DL:UL Ratio Configuration TDD2600 with different Channel Bandwidth
* *
* *
Urban
Table of contents
LTE LTE-A Air Interface Link Budget Baseband Deployment

Overview Overview Dimensioning Aspects
Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

Baseband Capacity Dimensioning: Baseband Dimensioning Process
Baseband Dimensioning are based on

three aspects
Bandwidth and Number of Cells
(Carrier) per Site
Maximum Throughput per cell
Connected User per cell

Baseband Capacity Dimensioning: Bandwidth and Number of Cell
Flexi Multiradio 10 BTS: System Module Sharing 2G and LTE mode
customer confidential
Baseband Capacity Dimensioning: Cell Throughput
Average site throughput
Peak throughput
Maximum FSMD / FSME / FSMF / Lite HW Capacity with 2 TX MIMO and
2 RX
Bandwidth [MHz] 5 10 15* 20*

Peak L1 DL Throughput
37 75 110 150
per cell [Mbit/s]
Peak L1 UL Throughput
12 25 38 50
per cell [Mbit/s] *
Note: Numbers subject to change according to radio conditions,

3GPP standardization and product optimization.
Initial releases of UE are not expected to support 64QAM in UL, thus max 16QAM considered.
* 15 and 20 MHz not in Flexi Lite

Baseband Capacity Dimensioning: Connected User
Flexi Multiradio 10 BTS: System Module Sharing 2G and LTE mode
Maximum number of connected users per cell

(assuming 2x2 MIMO, IRC for 2RX)
1,4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
FSMF
40 120 480 600 720 840
(up to 3 cells)
FSMF
- - 420 420 - -
(up to 6 cells)
Maximum number of connected users per cell

(assuming 4x2 DL MIMO and IRC 4Rx)
1,4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
FSMF
- - 480 600 - -
(up to 3 cells)
FSMF
- - - - - -
(up to 6 cells)
customer confidential
Table of contents

Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier (EGCI)
The E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier (ECGI) is specified within 3GPP TS 36.300. It is used to identify
cells globally, and is constructed from the MCC, MNC and E-UTRAN Cell Identifier (ECI). The ECI is
used to identify cells within the PLMN. The MCC, MNC and ECI are broadcast within SIB 1. The ECI
has a fixed length of 28 bits and contains the eNodeB Identifier (eNB-ID).
ECGI
MCC MNC E-UTRAN Cell Identifier (ECI)
eNB-ID Cell-ID
Id Range
eNB id 0 to1048575
Cell id 0 to 255

PCI Planning
What is the PCI?

PCI Planning
Planning Overview

PCI Planning
Impact in Reference Signal Position (1/2)

PCI Planning
Impact in Reference Signal Position (2/2)

PCI Planning
Module 3 Rule

PCI Planning
MIMO 2x2

PCI Planning
Module 3 Rule

PCI Planning
Module 6 Rule

PCI Planning
Module 30 Rule

PCI Planning
Recommendations

PCI Planning
6 Sector Sites

PCI Planning Methods

TAC Planning
Introduction (1/2)

TAC Planning
Introduction (2/2)

TAC Planning
Planning Guidelines 1/2
Tracking areas should be planned to be relatively large (100 eNodeB, 3 cells/eNodeB) rather than
relatively small
Their size should be reduced subsequently if the paging load become high
Tracking areas should not run close to and parallel to major roads nor railway. Likewise, boundaries
should not traverse dense subscriber areas.
Cells which are located at a tracking area boundary and which experience large numbers of updates
should be monitored to evaluate the impact of the update procedures
A UE can be registered in multiple tracking area to avoid unnecessary tracking areas updates at the
tracking area borders. This is done via the TA list i.e. a list allowed TA delivered to the UE in the attach
and TAU procedures. The TA list is configured in the MME.
Tacking Area (TA) capacity dimensioning is proprietary of MME capacity.

TAC Planning
Planning Guidelines 2/2
Tracking Area:
Tracking Area are used for EPS Mobility Management(EMM)
Each eNB can contains cells belonging to different tracking areas
Paging messages are broadcasted across the tracking area within which the UE is registered
A tracking area can be shared by Multiple MME
Tracking Area Idenity (TAI) constructed from MCC + MNC + TAC . All broadcasted within SIB1
General Tracking Area Recommendations:

Tracking areas should be planned to be relatively large, rather than relatively small
Their size should be reduced subsequently if the paging load becomes high
Existing 2G or 3G location area (LAC) should be used as a basis for defining LTE tracking area
boundaries
Tracking areas should not run close to and parallel to major roads nor railways. Likewise, boundaries
should not traverse dense subscriber areas
Cells which are located at a tracking area boundary and which experience large numbers of updates
should be monitored to evaluate the impact of the update procedures

Table of contents

Simulation, Lab
Performance
Simulation

Cell Edge Data Rate Simulations
100
L TE 2 0 M H z
90 L TE 1 0 M H z
L TE 5 M H z
80 HSDPA 5 M Hz
70
60
Median (50%) data rate over
Mbps
50 the cell area (70% distance)

40 HSDPA 3.4 Mbps
LTE 10 MHz 8 Mbps
30
LTE 20 MHZ 16 Mbps
20
10
0 Cell edge G-factor = -4 dB

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
D is t a n c e fro m B T S [ re la t ive t o c e ll ra d iu s , 1 = c e ll e d g e ] 2x2 MIMO
G- factor: own cell to other cell interference value

Aspect Performance: Impact of interference from neighbour, SINR
SINR & Throughput
100
90
80
70
60
UE
dB/Mbps
PCTel S-SCH
50 PCTel RS
R&S S-SCH
Throughput
40
30
Big variance on SINR
20
measurements,
depending on:
10
Measurement method
0
1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 183 197 211 225 239 253 267 281 295 309 323 337 351 365 379 Measurement
sec
equipment
Both cell in idle state Download started in Download started in Download stopped in Neighbor cell
(no traffic) the serving cell the neighbor cell the neighbor cell shut down

Performance Aspect: Impact of wrong PCID settings for RS SINR(1/2)
Original PCID settings

Performance Aspect: Impact of wrong PCID settings for RS SINR(2/2)
Original PCID
settings
PCID 31 -> 33
PCID 32 cell shut down

Cell Load
Cell Load [%]

- Cell load represents the average resource utilization in terms of PRBs
It accounts for the average load of the system over longer time period (minutes, hours,...)
For the link budget calculation, which is a single cell-edge user case to estimate maximum
possible coverage, cell load reflects the average neighbour load but it does not impact own cell
resource allocation
In other words a cell edge user occupying 100% resources per TTI (100% of PRBs) does not
mean 100% load (i.e. over long time period)
- Affects the Interference Margin (IM)

Higher cell load means higher interference from the neighbour cells
High neighbour cell load increases the IM that in terms reduces the MAPL*
High neighbour cell load limits the possibility of selecting high MCS
- Recommended value: 50% (subject to change)
- Customer may provide this value
*MAPL = Maximum Allowed Path Loss

DL Interference Margin
Interference margin IM
Interference Margin can be defined as a relation between signals received with & without interference
S/N
IM =
S /( I own + I other + N )
S: useful signal (received power)

Iown: own cell interference ( 0 in LTE due to the orthogonality of subcarriers)
Ioth: other cell interference
N: noise power
100% orthogonality could be assumed in UL & DL due to OFDM & SC-FDMA so that the Intra-cell
interference is close to zero
The only interference which counts is the Inter-cell interference
DL Interference Margin could be derived analytically

Interference Margin
Downlink (simulation for 10MHz BW)
By selecting high neighbour cell load we are

limiting to the usage of low ( robust) MCS
since for higher MCS the IM increases a lot.
IM as a function of Neighbour Cell Load for different MCS and cell Edge User
Throughputs

Interference Margin
Uplink
- Uplink Interference Margin

Currently obtained from system level simulations. Due to the non-deterministic
characteristic of uplink interferences it is difficult to make a mathematical model (like in
downlink)
It is a function of cell load
IM as a function of Cell Load

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What are the key components of an LTE network?

What are the key components of an LTE network?

What are some key features of the LTE radio interface?

What are some key features of the LTE radio interface?

LTE RF Planning and

RA41203EN60GLA0 2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

LTE Overview LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

2 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

LTE Overview LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

3 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

4 RA41202EN60GLA0 2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Next step for

2000 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 year

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LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

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LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EUTRAN Key Features:

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LTE Radio Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EPC Key Features:

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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8

RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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- CS Fallback is performed during the call setup as:

Switching is based on priorities of layers

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Neighbor cell list, measurements and

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LTE LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

15 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

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Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

Aggregated BW: 30MHz

300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps

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Both contiguous and

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Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation

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LTE LTE-A Air Interface Air Interface Baseband Deployment

20 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

TDMA FDMA CDMA OFDMA

Total transmission bandwidth

The peak ( centre

22 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

23 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

24 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

- Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access:

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26 2017 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

FDD Frequency band 1