212 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

We solve this system using matrices, as follows:

1 1 1 500,000 1 1 1 500,000
0.08R1 R2 S R2
0.08 0.10 0.14 49,000 0 0.02 0.06 9,000
1 1 1 500,000 R2 R1 S R1
1 0 2 50,000
50R2 S R2
0 1 3 450,000 0 1 3 450,000
This matrix represents the equivalent system
x 2z 50,000 x 50,000 2z
so
y 3z 450,000 y 450,000 3z
z any real number
Because a negative amount cannot be invested, x, y, and z must all be nonnegative. Note
that x 0 when z 0 and that y 0 when 450,000 3z 0, or when z 150,000. Thus
the amounts invested are
$z at 14%, where 0 z 150,000
$x at 8%, where x 50,000 2z
$y at 10%, where y 450,000 3z
There are many possible investment plans. One example would be with z $100,000,
x $250,000, and y $150,000. Observe that the values for x and y depend on z, and
once z is chosen, x will be between $50,000 and $350,000, and y will be between $0
and$450,000.

CHECKPOINT 3 2 1 3 3 2 1
ANSWERS
1. (a) 1 1 2 4 (b) 1 1 2
2 3 1 3 2 3 1
2. x 1, y 1, z 2
3. x 100, y 80, z 110
4. x z 8, y 5z 2, z any real number
5. No solution

| EXERCISES | 3.3
In Problems 1 and 2, use the indicated row operation to In Problems 5 and 6, each matrix is an augmented
change matrix A, where matrix used in the solution of a system of linear equa-
tions in x, y, and z. What is the solution of the system?
1 2 1 7
A 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 8
1
4 2 2 1 5. 0 1 0 2 6. 0 1 0 1
1
0 0 1 5 0 0 1
1. Add 3 times row 1 to row 2 of matrix A and place 3

the result in row 2 to get 0 in row 2, column 1.

In Problems 710, each matrix is an augmented matrix
2. Add 4 times row 1 to row 3 of matrix A and place
representing a system of linear equations in x, y, and z.
the result in row 3 to get 0 in row 3, column 1.
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method (see Gauss-
Jordan elimination method box and Example 1) to find
In Problems 3 and 4, write the augmented matrix
the solution of the system.
associated with each system of linear equations.
1 1 2 1 1 5 2 6
x 3y 4z 2 x 2y 2z 3
7. 0 3 1 7 8. 0 2 3 9
3. 2x 2z 1 4. x 2y 4
0 2 4 0 0 1 3 0
x 2y z 1 y z1

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 SECTION 3.3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination: Solving Systems of Equations 213

1 2 5 4 1 1 1 3 The systems of equations in Problems 2338 may have

9. 2 2 4 2 10. 3 2 4 5 unique solutions, an infinite number of solutions, or
no solution. Use matrices to find the general solution of
0 1 3 7 1 2 1 4
each system, if a solution exists.
In Problems 1116, use row operations on augmented x y z0 2x y 3z 0
matrices to solve the given systems of linear equations. 23. 2x y z 0 24. x 2y 2z 0
x y z 0 x 2y z 3 x 2y 2z 0 x 3y z 0
11. x 2y 3z 5 12. 2x 5y 2z 7 3x 2y z 0 x 3y 2z 2
2x y 13z 17 x y 5z 12 25. x y 2z 2 26. 2x y 2z 1
2x 6y 12z 6 2x y z 1 3x 2y 1
13. 3x 10y 20z 5 2x 2y z 2 2x y z 2
2x 17z 4 27. x 2y 2z 1 28. x y 2z 3
3x 6y 9z 3 x 2y 2z 1 xy z1
14. x y 2z 0 x 3y 3z 7 3x 2y 4z 12
5x 5y 7z 63 29. x 2y z 2 30. 3x 3y 2z 15
x 2y 3z w 2 3x 2y 4z 5 4x 6y z 0
x 3y z w 7 2x 5y z 9 2x y z 2
15.
x y 2 31. x 4y 6z 2 32. 3x y 6z 7
x zw 2 3x 4y 2z 10 x y 2z 3
x 4y 6z 3w 3 xyz3 3x 2y z 3
33. 34.
x y 2w 5 xyz4 x yz2
16.
x z w 1
3x 2y 5z 14 x 4y z 4
y z w 0 35. 36.
2x 3y 4z 18 2x 5y 5z 9
In each of Problems 1720, a system of linear equations 0.6x1 0.1x2 0.4x3 10
and a reduced matrix for the system are given. (a) Use 37. 0.4x1 0.7x2 0.2x3 26
the reduced matrix to find the general solution of the 0.2x1 0.6x2 0.5x3 20
system, if one exists. (b) If multiple solutions exist, find
two specific solutions. 0.1x1 0.1x2 0.3x3 17
3 38. 0.2x1 0.3x2 0.1x3 9
x 2y 3z 1 1 0 5 0
6 0.3x1 0.2x2 0.5x3 5
17. 2x y 3 0 1 5 0
x 2y 3z 2 0 0 0 1 In Problems 3946, use technology to solve each system
2x 3y 4z 2 1 0 2 0 of equations, if a solution exists.
18. x 2y 2z 1 0 1 0 0 x1 3x2 2x3 2x4 3
x y 2z 2 0 0 0 1 x1 x2 3x3 4
39.
2x y z 7 1 0 23 11
3
2x1 2x3 3x4 4
19. x yz 4 0 1 1
3 13 x1 3x2 1
3x 3y z 10 0 0 0 0 x1 x2 x3 2x4 1
3x y z 3 1 0 2
3
7
3
x1 3x3 2
40.
20. 3x 2z 7 0 1 13 23 x1 3x2 x4 2
3x 4y 2z 5 0 0 0 0 x2 4x3 x4 0

21. How can you tell that a system of linear equations has 3x 2y z w 3
no solution by just looking at its reduced matrix? x y 2z 2w 2
41.
22. Describe the procedure for finding the general solution 2x 3y z w 1
of a system of linear equations if its reduced matrix x y 2z 2w 2
indicates that it has an infinite number of solutions.

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214 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

2x1 3x2 x3 3x4 x5 22 52. Loans A bank lent $1.2 million for the development
3x1 x2 4x3 3x4 x5 0 of three new products, with one loan each at 6%, 7%,
and 8%. The amount lent at 8% was equal to the sum of
42. x1 x2 3x3 4x4 2x5 6
the amounts lent at the other two rates, and the banks
x1 2x2 3x3 2x4 2x5 6 annual income from the loans was $88,000. How much
2x1 4x4 5x5 7 was lent at each rate?
x1 2x2 x3 x4 3 53. Car rental patterns A car rental agency in a major city
has a total of 2200 cars that it rents from three loca-
x1 3x2 4x3 x4 2
43. tions: Metropolis Airport, downtown, and the smaller
2x1 5x2 2x3 2x4 1 City Airport. Some weekly rental and return pat-
2x1 3x2 6x3 2x4 3 terns are shown in the table (note that Airport means
x1 2x2 3x3 4x4 2 Metropolis Airport).
x1 2x2 4x3 3x4 2
44. Rented from
2x1 4x2 6x3 8x4 4
Returned to AP DT CA
x1 4x2 3x3 4
Airport (AP) 90% 10% 10%
x1 3x2 4x3 x4 2x5 1 Downtown (DT) 5% 80% 5%
x1 x2 2x3 x4 3
45.
x1 2x2 3x3 x4 4x5 0 At the beginning of a week, how many cars should be at
2x1 2x2 2x3 2x5 4 each location so that same number of cars will be there
at the end of the week (and hence at the start of the
2x1 x2 x3 3x4 3x5 7 next week)?
x1 x2 x3 2x4 2x5 0 54. Nutrition A psychologist studying the effects of
46.
2x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 3 nutrition on the behavior of laboratory rats is feeding
4x1 x2 3x3 x4 x5 1 one group a combination of three foods: I, II, and III.
Each of these foods contains three additives, A, B, and
a1x b1y c1 C, that are being used in the study. Each additive is a
47. Solve for x. This gives a formula for
a2x b2 y c2 certain percentage of each of the foods as follows:
solving two equations in two variables for x.
a1x b1y c1 Foods
48. Solve for y. This gives a formula for
a2x b2 y c2 I II III
solving two equations in two variables for y. Additive A 10% 30% 60%
Additive B 0% 4% 5%
APPLICATIONS Additive C 2% 2% 12%
49. Nutrition A preschool has Campbells Chunky Beef
If the diet requires 53 g per day of A, 4.5 g per day of B,
soup, which contains 2.5 g of fat and 15 mg of choles-
and 8.6 g per day of C, find the number of grams per
terol per serving (cup), and Campbells Chunky Sirloin
day of each food that must be used.
Burger soup, which contains 7 g of fat and 15 mg of
55. Nutrition The following table gives the calories, fat,
cholesterol per serving. By combining the soups, it is
and carbohydrates per ounce for three brands of cereal.
possible to get 10 servings of soup that will have 61 g of
How many ounces of each brand should be com-
fat and 150 mg of cholesterol. How many cups of each
bined to get 443 calories, 5.7 g of fat, and 113.4 g of
soup should be used?
carbohydrates?
50. Ticket sales A 3500-seat theater sells tickets for
$75and $110. Each night the theaters expenses total
$245,000. When all 3500 seats sell, the owners want Cereal Calories Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g)
ticket revenues to cover expenses plus earn a profit All Fiber 50 0 22.0
of 25% of expenses. How many tickets of each price Frosted Puffs 108 0.1 25.7
should be sold to achieve this? Natural
51. Investment A man has $235,000 invested in three Mixed Grain 127 5.5 18.0
properties. One earns 12%, one 10%, and one 8%. His
annual income from the properties is $22,500 and the 56. Investment A brokerage house offers three stock port-
amount invested at 8% is twice that invested at 12%. folios. Portfolio I consists of 2 blocks of common stock
(a) How much is invested in each property? and 1 municipal bond. Portfolio II consists of 4 blocks
(b) What is the annual income from each property? of common stock, 2 municipal bonds, and 3 blocks

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 3.3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination: Solving Systems of Equations 215

of preferred stock. Portfolio III consists of 7 blocks of The botanist wants to use a food that has these nutri-
common stock, 3 municipal bonds, and 3 blocks of pre- ents in a different proportion and determines that he
ferred stock. A customer wants 21 blocks of common will need a total of 10,000 g of A, 20,000 g of B, and
stock, 10 municipal bonds, and 9 blocks of preferred 20,000 g of C. Find the number of bags of each type of
stock. How many units of each portfolio should be food that should be ordered.
offered? 62. Traffic flow In the analysis of traffic flow, a certain city
57. Investment Suppose that portfolios I and II in Problem estimates the following situation for the square of its
56 are unchanged and portfolio III consists of 2 blocks downtown district. In the following figure, the arrows
of common stock, 2 municipal bonds, and 3 blocks of indicate the flow of traffic. If x1 represents the num-
preferred stock. A customer wants 12 blocks of com- ber of cars traveling between intersections A and B, x2
mon stock, 6 municipal bonds, and 6 blocks of pre- represents the number of cars traveling between B and
ferred stock. How many units of each portfolio should C, x3 the number between C and D, and x4 the number
be offered? between D and A, we can formulate equations based on
58. Nutrition Each ounce of substance A supplies 5% of the principle that the number of vehicles entering an
the required nutrition a patient needs. Substance B intersection equals the number leaving it. That is, for
supplies 15% of the required nutrition per ounce, and intersection A we obtain
substance C supplies 12% of the required nutrition
200 x4 100 x1
per ounce. If digestive restrictions require that sub-
stances A and C be given in equal amounts and that (a) Formulate equations for the traffic at B, C, and D.
the amount of substance B be one-fifth of these other (b) Solve the system of these four equations.
amounts, find the number of ounces of each substance (c) Can the entire traffic flow problem be studied
that should be in the meal to provide 100% nutrition. and solved by counting only the x4 cars that travel
59. Nutrition A glass of skim milk supplies 0.1 mg of iron, between A and D? Explain.
8.5 g of protein, and 1 g of carbohydrates. A quarter
In Out
pound of lean red meat provides 3.4 mg of iron, 22 g of
200 800
protein, and 20 g of carbohydrates. Two slices of whole-
grain bread supply 2.2 mg of iron, 10 g of protein, and
12 g of carbohydrates. If a person on a special diet must
have 12.1 mg of iron, 97 g of protein, and 70 g of car- A x4 D
Out 100 In 500
bohydrates, how many glasses of skim milk, how many
x1 x3
quarter-pound servings of meat, and how many two-
slice servings of whole-grain bread will supply this? In 300 Out 100
60. Transportation The King Trucking Company has an B x2 C
order for three products for delivery. The following
table gives the particulars for the products.
Out In
Type I Type II Type III 200 200
Unit volume (cubic feet) 10 8 20
Unit weight (pounds) 10 20 40 63. Nutrition Three different bacteria are cultured in
Unit value (dollars) 100 20 200 one dish and feed on three nutrients. Each individual
of species I consumes 1 unit of each of the first and
If the carrier can carry 6000 cu ft, can carry 11,000 second nutrients and 2 units of the third nutrient.
lb, and is insured for $36,900, how many units of each Each individual of species II consumes 2 units of the
type can be carried? first nutrient and 2 units of the third nutrient. Each
61. Nutrition A botanist can purchase plant food of four individual of species III consumes 2 units of the first
different types, I, II, III, and IV. Each food comes in the nutrient, 3 units of the second nutrient, and 5 units of
same size bag, and the following table summarizes the the third nutrient. If the culture is given 5100 units of
number of grams of each of three nutrients that each the first nutrient, 6900 units of the second nutrient, and
bag contains. 12,000 units of the third nutrient, how many of each
species can be supported such that all of the nutrients
Foods (grams) are consumed?
I II III IV 64. Irrigation An irrigation system allows water to flow
in the pattern shown in the figure below. Water flows
Nutrient A 5 5 10 5
into the system at A and exits at B, C, D, and E with the
Nutrient B 10 5 30 10
amounts shown. Using the fact that at each point the
Nutrient C 5 15 10 25
water entering equals the water leaving, formulate an

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.